FABRICATION OF SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER TEST RIG

AND DETERMINATION OF COP

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

B. MANIKANTA (15MP1A0334)
E. KALYAN (15MP1A0312)
S. HEMANTH (15MP1A0339)
G. SANTHA RAO (15MP1A0325)
Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. K. PREMA KUMAR

(Associate professor)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)

CHILAKAPALEM, SRIKAKULAM

2015-2019
 SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “FABRICATION OF SPLIT AIR
CONDITIONER TEST RIG AND DETERMINATION OF COP” is work of B. MANIKANTA
(15MP1A0334), E. KALYAN (15MP1A0312), S. HEMANTH (15MP1A0339), G. SANTA
RAO (15MP1A0325) of IV B.Tech in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, Sri Sivani College Of
Engineering, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Technological University Kakinada during the year 2018-2019
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of the Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering.

Signature of the project guide

MR. K. PREMA KUMAR

EXTERNAL EXAMINER HOD

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express sincere gratitude to Mr. K. PREMA KUMAR,

Assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering for his guidance and encouragement
throughout the project. We greatly appreciate his foresight which enabled us in choosing this
project.

We are deeply initiated to Mr. B. BALA BHASKAR, head of the department

of mechanical engineering, who encouraged us a lot and his guidance and suggestion
throughout the project.

We would like to thank the principal Dr. B.MURALI KRISHNA, for being
helpful and providing us with valuable device and timely guidance.

We would like to thank the management of “SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING” for providing us with requisite facilities to carry out the project work
successful.

We would like to thank all the members of Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of
Mechanical Department for their support in completion of our project.

Our deep thanks to our Friends and Family for their help and support in making
our project success.

Sincerely
B. MANIKANTA (15MP1A0334)
E. KALYAN (15MP1A0312)
S. HEMANTH (15MP1A0339)
G. SANTHA RAO (15MP1A0325)
 SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)

Chilakapalem Village, Srikakulam.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Institute Vision

 To be an institute of eminence, to produce highly skilled, globally

competent technocrats.

Institute Mission

 Providing high quality, real world, industry relevant, career oriented,

professional education to students towards their excellence and growth.

 Serving as a centre of technical excellence, creating globally

competent, human resources with ethical and moral values.
 SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)

Chilakapalem Village, Srikakulam.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Department Vision

• To emerge as a Center of Eminence in Mechanical Engineering to produce quality

mechanical engineering graduates who are globally competent with innovation and creativity.

Department Mission

• M1: To provide vibrant learning environment and resources to achieve students’ personal and
professional growth.

• M2: To make rural students professionally skillful and intellectually proficient and promote a
sense of excitement among the students in research, design, development and
entrepreneurship.

• M3: To nurture communication skills, leadership, ethics and entrepreneurship

among students’ for their sustained growth.
 SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)

Chilakapalem Village, Srikakulam.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The graduates of Mechanical Engineering shall:

• P EO 1 : Preparation: Have acquired new knowledge and expertise through professional

development opportunities or advanced education

• P EO 2 : Core competence: Practice mechanical engineering in a broad range of industries.

• P EO 3 : Breadth: Be engaged in workplace, professional or civic communities

• P EO 4 : Professionalism: Conduct them-selves in a responsible, professional, and

ethical manner.

• P EO 5 : Lifelong learning: Pursue advanced education, research and development, and

other creative and innovative efforts in science, engineering, and technology, as well as other
professional careers.
 SRI SIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)

Chilakapalem Village, Srikakulam.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PO.1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

PO.2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences

PO.3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

PO.4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO.5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO.6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO.7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO.8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO.9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO.10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

PO.11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO.12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

PSO1: Shall have the responsibility of optimum design, development and implement of
solutions in view of sustainability and environmental issues.

PSO2: Capable of qualifying in national level competitive examinations for

successful higher studies and employment.
 ABSTRACT
A split air conditioner unit consists of Compressor, Condenser, Expansion
valve, Evaporator. Refrigerant flows in the vapour compression cycle compressing the
refrigerant and rejecting heat in the condenser and again expanding the gas and cooling it and
absorbing heat in the evaporator and maintaining the refrigerated space at a desired cooling
temperature.

The heat from the outdoor unit is rejected into the atmosphere making the
heat flow into the atmosphere.

Our project idea to calculate the coefficient of performance of split air

conditioner by installing pressure gauges, thermocouples, Rotameter at required inlets and
outlets. Once our fabrication unit is ready we can use it for experimentation purpose.
 CONTENTS

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition

Chapter2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 4: CLASSIFICATION OF SPLIT A/C SYSTEM

4.1 Types of Split A/C systems

4.1.1 Window A/C system

4.1.2 split A/C system

4.1.3 Central A/C system

4.1.4 Packaged A/C system

CHAPTER5: COMPONENTS OF SPLIT A/C

5.1 MAIN COMPONENT OF SPLIT A/C

5.1.1 Compressor

5.1.2 Condenser

5.1.3 Expansion Device

5.1.4 Evaporator

5.2EXPERIMENTAL ACCESSORIES

5.2.1 Pressure Gauge

5.2.2 Thermocouple

5.2.3 Energy Meter

5.2.4 Rotameter
CHAPTER6: REFRIGERANTS

6.1 Refrigerant

6.2 Properties of Refrigerant

6.3 Applications

APPLICATIONS OF SPLIT A/C

P-H DIAGRAM

CHAPTER7: TEST RIG OF SPLIT A/C

7.1 What is test rig of Split A/C

7.2 Specifications

7.3 Experimental Set Up

7.4 Procedure

DETERMINATION OF C.O.P

CHAPTER8: CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

ANNEXURE
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning is a process of which heats, cools, cleans and circulates
air, as well as controlling the moisture content of air. Thus air conditioning makes it possible
to change the condition of air in an enclosed space. Before 1992 conditioned air was used to
produced items such as candy, Gum, cheese and matches. During 1992 the comfort
installation was made in theatres. Since then, almost every major type building has been air
conditioned and in the later part of 20th century the applications of air conditioning have been
outstanding.

FOR EXAMPLE.
 Computer aided tracking of missiles in military operations
 Atomic submarines
 Modern medicines
 Space explorations
 Printing and textile industries etc..

W.H Carrier (1876-1950) is known as father of air conditioning. He

engineered and installed the first year round A/C system. To bring various groups of
engineers together, ASRE (American Society of Refrigeration Engineers)was formed in
1904.

1.2 DEFINITION AND MEANING:

Air conditioning is defined as the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, air
circulation and cleanliness of Air with in an enclosed space.

Control of temperature implies heating or cooling the air in winter or summer respectively.

Control of humidity is increasing moisture content in the air in winter or decreasing the same
in summer.

Control of air circulation involves the distribution of conditioned air evenly and pleasantly
throughout the space at all times.

Control of cleanliness involves removal of dust, dirt, soot and any foreign matter by filtering the air
that enters the AC plant; ozonate or ionize the conditioned air for elimination of unpleasant smell.
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Potential Refrigerants for Room Air Conditioner”, 2010 International

Symposium on Next-Generation Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology, Japan.

Aprea, c. and Maiorino, a., “Heat rejection pressure Optimization for a

carbon dioxide split system and experimental study”, Applied energy vol. 86, 2009, p2373-
2380. A split system air conditioning prototype operating with CO2 refrigerant, Two
compresser stages, and their internal heat exchanger (IHX) was used in this project. At an
Evaporating temperature of 5C and gas cooler outlet temperature of 30C with 80 bar
operating pressure, the cooling capacity is approximately 3 kW. Air was the heat transfer
fluid for the evaporator and the gas coolers. An EVV connected in series with the back
pressure value was used as the throttling device to improve evaporator operating when load
changes. Optimum pressure level for the gas cooler vs external ambient temperature was
determined for ambient temperature of 25, 30, and 35C

Cavallini, A., Cecchinato, L., Corradi, M., Formasieri, E., and Zilio, C., “
Two stages transcritical carbon dioxide cycle Optimization: A theoretical and experimental
analysis” International Journal of Refrigeration vol. 28, 2005, p.1274-1283.Tests were run
with a reciprocating two- stages compressor using CO2 as the refrigerant. The system of
equipped with external gas inter cooling between the two compressor status and a back-
pressure value as the throttling device. The test conditions were chosen in the range of air
conditioning applications. evaporator saturation temperature 2.7oc evaporator outlet
temperature 8 to10oc, and gas cooler outlet temperature 33oc. The evaporator and gas inter
cooler were fin-tube coils with air as external fluid. The result confirmed that an
Optimumgas cooler pressure gave maximum COP in the transcritial cycle. The effect of
temperature of the secondary fluid in the intercooler was evaluated as well.

[cho00] Cho, H., Back, C., and kim, Y., “ performance evolution of Two- Stages CO2 cycle
with gas injection in the cooling mode operation”, International Journal of refrigeration,
vol.32, 2000, p. 40-46. This study investigated the performance of two - stages CO2 cycle
with and without gas injection and with optimal control of EEV opening in a two-stage cycle
with gas injection. The test conditions for a comfort cooling application. The refrigerant
charge amount, compressor drive frequencies, and EEV opening were varied to determine the
optimum conditions for COP and cooling capacity.
 CHAPTER-3

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER

Split Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an
occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be used in both
domestic and commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to achieve a
more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and other animals; however, air
conditioning is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-producing electronic
devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and even to display and store some
delicate products, such as artwork.
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied
space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Electric
refrigerant-based AC units range from small units that can cool a small bedroom, which can
be carried by a single adult, to massive units installed on the roof of office towers that can
cool an entire building. The cooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but
sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made
based on desiccants (chemicals which remove moisture from the air) and subterraneous pipes
that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling.
In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology
that modifies the condition of air humidification, cooling, cleaning, ventilation, or air
movement). In common usage, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which cool air.
In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to
as HVAC.

3.1 WORKING OF AIR CONDITIONER

Conditioners and refrigerators work the same way. Instead of cooling just the
small insulated of a refrigeration, an air conditioner cools a room, a whole house or an entire
business. Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back
again. This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air.

The machine has three main parts, they are a Compressor, a condenser and an
evaporator. The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside air portion of
the air conditioner. The evaporator is located on the inside the house.

Vapour refrigerant compressed in compressor then passed to the condenser,

that vapour refrigerant converts into liquid refrigerant by the condensation. That condensed
liquid refrigerant passed to the evaporator through expansion valve, that liquid refrigerant
absorbs heat from the room or surroundings in an enclosed space and given cooling. due to
absorbed heat, liquid refrigerant converts into vapour and passed to the compressor. Cycle is
repeated.
Fig 3.1: Air Conditioning-schematic of systems
 CHAPTER-4
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEMS

4.1 TYPES OF A/C SYSTEMS:

 Window A/C systems
 Split A/C systems
 Central A/C systems
 dPackaged A/C systems

4.1.1 WINDOW AIR CODITIONER SYSTEMS:

Window air conditioner is sometimes referred as room air conditioner as
well. It is the simplest form of an air conditioning system and is mounted on window or
walls. It is a single unit that is assembled in a casing where all the components are located.

This refrigeration unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on
both sides of the motor .one at the evaporator side and the other at the condenser side

The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling of the space and
the condenser side outdoor for the heat rejection. There is an insulated partition separating
this two sides within the same casing

Fig: 4.1 Window Air Conditioning System

FRONT PANEL:

The front panel is the one that is seen by the user from inside the room
where it is installed and has a user interfaced control be it electronically or mechanically.
older unit usually are of mechanical control type with rotary knob to control the temperature
and fan speed of air conditioner.

The newer units come with electronic control system where the functions
are controlled using remote control and touch panel wit digital display

The front panel has adjustable horizontal and vertical (some models)
louvers where the directions of airflow are adjustable to suit the comfort of the users.The
fresh intake of air called VENT (ventilation) is provided at the panel in the event that user
would like to have a certain amount of fresh air from the outside

INDOOR UNIT COMPONENTS:

The indoor parts of a window air conditioner include:

Cooling coil with a air filter mounted on it. The cooling coil is where the
heat exchange happen between the refrigerant in the systems and the air in the room. Fan
blower is a centrifugal evaporator blower to discharge the cool air to the room. Capillary
Tube is used as an expansion device. It can be noisy during operations if installed too near the
evaporator.

Operation Panel is used to control the temperature and speed of the

blower fan. A thermostat is used to sense the return air temperature and another one to
monitor the temperature of the coil.

Type of control can be mechanical or electronic type.

Drain Pan is used to contain the water that condensate from the cooling coil and is discharged
out to the outdoor by gravity.

OUTDOOR UNIT COMPONENTS:

The outdoor side parts include:

Compressor is used to compressor the refrigerant.

Condenser coil is used to reject heat from the refrigerant to the outside air.

Propeller Fan is used in air cooled condenser to help move the air molecules over the surface
of the condensing coil.

Fan motor is located here. It has a double shaft where the indoor blower and outdoor
propeller fan are connected together.

OPERATIONS:

During operation, a thermostat is mounted on the return air of the unit.

This temperature is used to control the on or off the compressor. Once the room temperature
has been achieved, the compressor cutoff.
 Usually, it has to be off for at least three minutes before turning on again
to prevent it from being damaged for mechanical control type, there is usually a caution to
turn on the unit after the unit automatically control the cut-in and cut-off of compressor

The evaporator blower fan will suck the air from the room to be
conditioned through the air filter and the cooling coil. Air that has been condensed is then
discharged to deliver the control and dehumidified air back to the room. This air mixes with
the room air to bring down the temperature and humidity level of the room.

The introduction of fresh air from the room is done through the damper
which is mixed with the return air from the room before passing it over the air filter and the
cooling coil. The air filter which is mounted in front of the evaporator acting as a filter to
keep the cooling coil clean to obtain good heat transfer from the coil.

4.1.2 SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM:

A split air conditioner is a suitable alternative to valve, window, or

centralized air conditioner system. Often called mini-split, ductless split, or duct-free air
conditioning, this system can adequately cool air standard-sized house without requiring
extensive installation cost and efforts.

Split air conditioners are home appliances that do not require ductwork,
which reduces the energy expenditures. Still, many home owners shy away for split air
conditioner system because they do not know how it works or why it is a viable option for a
cooling down.

The following information will fill you in the function and installation of
split air conditioner systems they are un common, but not through any fault or flaw. You may
discover that a split system sounds ideal for your home needs.

COMPONENTS:

A split air conditioner is consists of two units they are indoor and
outdoor units. The indoor unit consists of evaporator and blower, outdoor consists of
condenser, compressor and expansion valve. Both of these units exists is more common
central air units and wall air conditioners. The difference with a mini-split system is that they
are separated into two different, distant components, one being outdoors and one being
indoors.

The two sections are connected with a set of electrical wires and tubing,
also called lines, used to transport air between two sections. Its these lines that allow the split
AC to be considered ductless and the fact that the wires and tubing are so small and discrete
compared to large ducts is where the “mini” split name comes from.

FUNCTIONS:

The compressor is control by internal thermostat. As the thermostat detects warm air, it
activates the outdoor compressor. The compressor circulates a refrigerant gas, increasing the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant as it compresses it through a series of pipes the
refrigerant then moves to the condenser for further processing.

In the condenser, a cooling system removes heat from the high pressure
gas and the gas changes phase and becomes a liquid. This chilled liquid is passes thorough
the tubing indoor until its reaches the evaporator system.

Fig: 4.2 Split Air Conditioner

Inside the home the evaporator fan collects warm air and passes it
through a chamber containing the chilled refrigerant. The fan system blows this air, which
has been cooled, back into the room, lowering the overall temperature of the space. If the
thermostat still defects air that is warmer than desirable, the process continues, and the
refrigerant and any access heat that remains in the system are passed back outdoors t the
compressor in order to begin the cycle again.

BENFITS OF SPLIT AIR SYSTEMS:

Less energy loss:

A Split air conditioner is compact and isolated between two localized

component section, so there is very little opportunity for heat and other energy to escape the
system. Centralized air conditioning systems waste enormous amounts of energy due to heat
exchange in the air conditioner duct system. However, the problem is virtually eliminated in a
spit air conditioner system.

Less heat loss:

Split air conditioner systems are preferable to window and wall air
conditioning unit as well. although the latter are small and easy to install, they do not provide
reliable cooling to a large space or to multiple rooms. Even with thoroughly sealed windows
and walls, these air conditioner units allow for heat to enter the space partially negotiating the
effects of the system.

Targeted heating and cooling:

Additionally, its possible to have more than one indoor evaporator and
fan. You could have one in each room or area of your home and run them each independently
with only one outdoor compressor. This combines the efficiency and customization of a space
heater or fan with the convenience of central air.

4.1.3 CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM:

The best air conditioner is the one you don’t have a think about. It
comes on the moment the indoor temperature set on the thermostat requires cooling
performance and then runs quietly

and efficiently when needed. But when its to perform routine maintenance, make repairs or
replace your system it helpful to understand how an air conditioning system works.

PARTS OF A CENTRAL AC SYSTEM:

To get better sense of how your air is cooled, it helps to know a little bit
about the parts that make up the air conditioning system. A typical central air conditioning
systems is a two-part or split systems that includes:

The outdoor unit contains the condenser coil, compressor, electrical components and a fan.

The evaporator coil, which usually installed on top of the gas furnace inside the home.

A series of pipes, or refrigeration lines, connecting the inside and outside equipment.

Refrigerant, the substance in the refrigeration lines that circulates through the indoor and
outdoor unit.

Ducts that serve as air tunnels to the various spaces inside your home.

A Thermostat or control system to set your desired temperature.

Fig: 4.3 Central Air Conditioner System

The Refrigerant cycle:

Using electricity as its power source, the refrigerant flows through a closed system of
refrigeration lines between the indoor unit and the outdoor unit. Warm air from the inside of
your house is pulled into ductwork by a motorized fan. The refrigerant is pumped from the
exterior compressor coil to the interior evaporator coil, where it absorbs the heat from the air.
This cooled air is then pushed through connecting ducts to vents throughout the home,
lowering the interior temperature. The refrigeration cycle continues again, providing a
consistent method to keep cool.

Benefits:

Indoor comfort during warm weather – Central air conditioning helps keep your home cool
and reduces humidity levels.

Cleaner air – As your central air conditioning systems draws air out of various rooms in the
house through return air ducts, the air is pulled through an air filter, which removes airborne
particles such as dust and lint. Sophisticated filters may remove microscopic pollutants, as
well. The filtered air is then routed to air supply duct – work that carries it back to rooms.

Quieter operations – Because the compressor-bearing unit is located outside the home, the
indoor noise level from its operations is much lower than that of a free – standing air
conditioning.

4.1.4 PACAKAGED AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM:

Package air conditioner is a bigger version of the window air conditioner.

However unlike window air conditioner or PTAC units, it has a higher cooling or heating
capacity and is usually able to cool an entire house or a commercial building. The nominal
capacities ranges from 3 ton to 15 ton.

The conditioned air are transferred to the space to be conditioned through

ducting which is usually hidden in the ceiling and wall of the building. The unit is placed
outside the house, a special room in a building or even on top of a roof. This unit is factory
assembled and skilled techniques are needed to uninstall this type of unit.

Protection devices such as high/low pressure switch, overload relays for all
motors, water flow and air flow switches are included in the units. The compressor have
winding protection thermostat built into the winding to disconnect the circuit in the event of
overheating. There is an interlocking circuit with the evaporator fan motor starter to ensure
that the compressor can only start if the fan motor is running.
COMPONENTS:

This self contained unit is assembled in a casing where all the air conditioning components
are housed. They include:

 Compressor usually hermetic or semi – hermetic type for operation on 380/400 Volts
3phase is used.
 water – cooled or air – cooled condenser
 . Electric panel
 Thermostatic Expansion valve
 Air filter.
 Front Panel & Return Air Grill.
 Evaporator coil.
 Evaporator Fan and Housing
 Heating and humidifying components may be included in the unit. Dehumidification
is needed for cooling mode during summer and Humidification for heating mode
during winter.

Fig : 4.4 Packaged Air Conditioner System

CHAPTER 5
COMPONENTS OF AIR CONDITIONER

5.1 MAIN COMPONENTS OF AC:

 COMPRESSOR
  CONDESER
 EXPAMSION VALVE
 EVAPORATOR

5.1.1COMPRESSOR:

Fig: 5.1 Compressor

Air conditioner compressor is used to remove the heat laden vapour refrigerant
from the evaporator of air conditioning system .the compressor compresses or squeezes the
vapour into smaller volume at higher temperature. An electric motor is also be used to drive
it directly.

In the study and analysis of performance of major components of refrigeration

equipment the compressor is first component is the dealt with. Compressor is the heart of the
compression system. It is drive by an electric motor and is located between the evaporator
and condenser. it basic function is to create motive force in the refrigerant vapour so that the
refrigerant sustains motion in the system. Compressor draws refrigerant vapour leaving the
evaporator during suction. The suction line falls on low pressure side of the system.

The vapour is compressor to high pressure and discharged out of compressor to

condenser that line on high pressure side of the system.

TYPE OF COMPRESSORS:
 Reciprocating Air Conditioner Compressor.
 Scroll AC Compressor
 Screw AC Compressor
 Rotary Air Conditioning Compressor
 Centrifugal Air Conditioning Compressor
Reciprocating compressor:
The reciprocating compressor is the most popular type of AC compressor. A piston
compresses the air by moving up and down inside of a cylinder. As the piston moves down, it
creates a vacuum effect that sucks in the refrigerant. As it moves up, the gas compresses and
moves into the condenser. A reciprocating air conditioning compressor is very efficient, as
AC units can have up to eight cylinders within the compressor.
Scroll compressor:
Scroll air conditioning compressors contain one fixed coil—called the scroll—in the center
of the unit, and then there is another coil that rotates around it. During this process, the
second scroll pushes the refrigerant towards the center and compresses it. Scroll compressors
are quickly becoming as popular as reciprocating compressors because they do not have as
many moving parts and are therefore more reliable.
Screw type compressor:
The screw compressor is extremely reliable and efficient, but it is mainly used in large
buildings where there is a vast amount of air that requires continuous cooling. A screw air
conditioning compressor contains two large helical rotors that move the air from one end to
the other. As the refrigerant moves through the compressor, the space gets smaller, and it gets
compressed.
Rotary conditioning compressor :
Rotary compressors are small and quiet, so they are popular in locations where noise is a
concern. The inside of this type of AC compressor contains a shaft with several blades
attached to it. The bladed shaft rotates inside the graduated cylinder, consequently pushing
the refrigerant through the cylinder and compressing it simultaneously

Centrifugal conditioning compressor :

The final type of AC compressor is the centrifugal compressor. As the name implies, it uses
centrifugal force to pull in the refrigerant gas and then spins it rapidly with an impeller to
compress it. Centrifugal air conditioning compressors are usually reserved for extra large
HVAC systems.
5.1.2 CONDENSER:

Fig: 5.2 Condenser

Condenser is that component which is placed next to compressor in a

vapour compressor refrigeration system. It is heat exchanger that effect transfer between
refrigerant gas, vapour or super saturated vapour coming from compressor and cooling
medium such as air or water.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONDENSER:

Condensers are broadly divided into three types. They are

1. Air Cooled Condenser

2. Water Cooled Condenser
3. Evaporative Condenser

All of these serve the industrial refrigeration field as well. In comparison to the air-
conditioning industry, however, a lower percentage of air-cooled condensers and a higher
percentage of evaporative condensers are operating in industrial refrigeration plants. In
industrial refrigeration practice, it is common to connect the evaporative condensers in
parallel a concept not normally used in air conditioning.

Air cooled condenser:-

The building blocks of an air cooled condenser. An air cooled condenser is made up of
modules that are arranged in parallel rows. Each module contains a number of fin tube
bundles. An axial flow forces the cooling air across the heat exchange area of the fin tubes.

Fig: 5.2.1 Air Cooled Condenser

Water cooled condenser:-
The function is to reject the heat that was absorbed by the refrigerant in the
evaporator. Water is used to cool the hot air refrigerant (180°F or 82°C) from the compressor
by pumping counter-flow water in the condenser.

Fig: 5.2.2 Water Cooled Condenser

Evaporative Condenser:-
An evaporative cooler works by cooling the supply air stream through evaporation of water,
which generally results in increased relative humidity inside the home. Evaporative
 condensers use the same principle but to cool the refrigerant at the outdoor condensing unit
by cooling entering condenser air.

Fig:5.2.3 Evaporative Condenser

5.1.3 EXPANSION DEVICES:

Fig: 5.3 Expansion device

An expansion device is needed in every compression refrigeration

system to control the flow of liquid refrigerant into evaporator high pressure liquid refrigerant
from compressor flows to an expansion device which expands it down to evaporator pressure.
An expansion device thus compress the dividing point between the high pressure and low
pressure side of the system. Expansion device also meters the quantity of flow of refrigerant
through it into the evaporator . the purpose of the an expansion device is therefore , two fold :

i. A thermodynamic function i.e., it has to reduce the pressure the pressure of liquid
refrigerant ,and
ii. Control function i.e., it has to regulate the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator .
an expansion device is essentially a restriction on offering resistance to flow so
that the pressure drops as in throttling process.

Classification of expansion devices:

Basically they are two types of expansion devices namely

 Variable - restriction type

 Constant - restriction type
 In the variable restriction type the extent of opening or flow keeps on changing
depending on the type of control. There are two common types of such devices, name
i)automatic expansion valve and ii) thermostatic expansion valves

In addition to the above there are float valve type devices high side float and low side
float valves. The high side float maintains the liquid at a constant level in the condenser
and low side float valve maintains the liquid at constant level in the evaporator . hand
operator needle valves are also of variable type expansion device

A secondary i.e., constant restriction type expansion devices have fixed narrow area
of flow. Capillary tube or choke is the best example of this type of expansion device .

5.1.4 EVAPORATOR:

Fig:5.4 Evaporator
Evaporator is that component which absorbs heat from its surrounding or
space to be cooled or products to be cooled. It employs, for this purpose , a volatile liquid
called a refrigerant .quick evaporating refrigerant flows through the coils of evaporator and
absorbs the heat of products placed In it . evaporator is installed in a low pressure side of the
refrigerant system.

Evaporator is known by many names “cooling coil:”, blower coil “ ,chilling unit , unit
cooler etc depending on its application . it is in evaporator where the liquid refrigerant after
absorbing heat from the products , evaporates and changes into vapour state. The heat picked
up by the refrigerant is carried to the compressor and then to the condenser.

Pressure in the evaporator should be low in order to evaporate the refrigerant at lower
temperature than the required to be maintained in the refrigerated space.

CLASSIFICATION OF EVAPORATORS::-

 Bare Tube Evaporators

 Plate Type of Evaporators
 Finned Evaporators
 Shell and Tube types of Evaporators
Bare tube evaporator :-

The bare tube evaporators are made up of copper tubing or steel pipes. The copper tubing is
used for small evaporators where the refrigerant other than ammonia is used, while the steel
pipes are used with the large evaporators where ammonia is used as the refrigerant. The bare
tube evaporator comprises of several turns of the tubing, though most commonly flat zigzag
and oval trombone are the most common shapes. The bare tube evaporators are usually used
for liquid chilling.

FIG: 5.4.1 Bare type Evaporator

Plate type of evaporator:-

In the plate type of evaporators the coil usually made up of copper or aluminum is embedded
in the plate so as so to form a flat looking surface. Externally the plate type of evaporator
looks like a single plate, but inside it there are several turns of the metal tubing through which
the refrigerant flows.

Plate Type of Evaporators

 FIG: 5.4.2 Plate type Evaporator

Finned evaporator:-

The finned evaporators are the bare tube type of evaporators covered with the fins. When the
fluid (air or water) to be chilled flows over the bare tube evaporator lots of cooling effect
from the refrigerant goes wasted since there is less surface for the transfer of heat from the
fluid to the refrigerant. The fluid tends to move between the open spaces of the tubing and
does not come in contact with the surface of the coil, thus the bare tube evaporators are less
effective.

Shell and tube type evaporator:-

The shell and tube types of evaporators are used in the large refrigeration and central air
conditioning systems. The evaporators in these systems are commonly known as the chillers.
The chillers comprise of large number of the tubes that are inserted inside the drum or the
shell. Depending on the direction of the flow of the refrigerant in the shell and tube type of
chillers, they are classified into two types: dry expansion type and flooded type of chillers.

5.5 BLOWER:
 Fig:5.5 BLOWER

Air conditioner blower or a fan is one of the key components that is needed as
part of the air conditioning systems. The function of the blower is to produce air movement to
the space that is being conditioned. There are basically four types of fan that arecommonly
used in the HVAC equipment. They are propeller fan, centrifugal fan, vane-axial fan and
tube-axial fan.

In our project we are using propeller fan as exhaust blower which transmits
power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between
the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped bade, and a fluid(such as air or water) is
accelerated behind the blade.

Blower fan motor is a part of HVAC system that is located within the condensing unit. This
unit also consists of the compressor and condenser coil. The outdoor unit works to keep the
air conditioning unit cool when it is running.

FIG: 5.6 BLOWER MOTOR

5.2 EXPERIMENTAL ACCESSORIES

5.2.1PRESSURE GAUGE:

Fig: 5.7 PRESSURE GAUGE

Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid

or gas) on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area.
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum.
Instruments used to measure and display pressure in an integral unit are called present gauges
or vacuum gauges. It uses a column of liquid to both measure and indicate pressure. Likewise
the widely used for the gas is mechanical device which both measures and indicates and is
probably the best-known type of gauges.

A vacuum gauge is a pressure gauge used to measure pressure lower than

the ambient atmospheric pressure which is set as the zero point in negative values. Most
gauges measure pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure as the zero, So this form of
reading is simply referred to as “gauge pressure”. However anything greater than total
vaccum is technically a form pressure. For very accurate readings, especially at very low
pressures, a gauge that uses total vaccum as the zero point maybe used, giving pressure
readings in an absolute scale.

5.2.2 Energy meter:

Fig: 5.8 ENERGY METER

Energy meter or watt-hour meter is an electrical instrument that measures

the amount of electrical energy used by the consumers. Utilities are one of the electric
departments, which install these instruments at every place like homes, industries,
organizations, commercial buildings to charge for the electricity consumption by load such as
by fans, refrigerators, and other home appliances. The basic unit of power is watt and it is
measured by using wattmeter one thousand watt make one kilo-watt. Energy meters measures
the rapid voltage and currents, calculate their product and give instantaneous power this
Tower is integrated a time interval which gives the energy utilized over that time period.

The electricity supply connection may be either single phase or three phase
depending on the supply utilized by the domestic or commercial installations.

5.2.3 ROTAMETER

Fig:5.9 ROTAMETER

Rotameter is device that measures the volumetric flow rate of fluid in a

closed tube. It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters, which measures flow
rates by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid Travels through to vary causing a
measurable effect.

A Rotameter consists of tapered tube typically made of glass with a

float (shaped weight made either of anodized aluminium or a ceramic), Inside that is pushing
up by the drag force of the flow and pulled down by the gravity.

A Higher volumetric flow rate through a given are increases flow

speed and drag force, so the float will be pushed upwards.

 A Rotameter requires no external power or fuel.

 A Rotameter is also a relatively simple device that can be mass
manufactured out of cheap material.
 Since the area of the flow passage increases as the float moves up th tube,
the scale is approximately linear.

5.2.4 THERMOCOUPLE:
 Fig:5.10:THERMOCOUPLE

AThermocouple is an electric device consists of two dissimialar

electrical conductors forming n be interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a
widely used type of temperature sensor.
The wires that make up the thermocouple must be insulated from each
other everywhere, except at the sensing junction. Any additional electrical contact between
the wires, or contact of wires to other conductive object modify the voltage and a give a false
reading of temperature.
Plastics are suitable insulators for flow temperature parts of a
thermocouple, whereas ceramic insulation can be used up to around 1000°c.
Thermocouples are suitable for measuring over a large temperature
range from -270 to3000°c for short , in inert atmosphere.

CHAPTER 6
 REFRIGERANTS

6.1 REFRIGERANTS:

A refrigerant is any substance which acts as a cooling agent by

absorbing heat from another substance. It is a working agent or medium employed in a
refrigeration system. It is defined as follows.

Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigeration system

which absorbs heat at a low temperature and low pressure and rejects heat at higher pressure.

Either is the first refrigerant known to mankind. In the early days,

Ethylchloride (C2H5Cl) was used as a refrigerant which soon gave way to ammonia (NH3)
and sulpher dioxide SO2 as early as in 1875. Later with the development of small, automatic
domestic and commercial units, refrigerants such as methyl chloride and carbondioxide came
into use. During 1910-30 many new refrigerants, such as N2O3, CH4, C2H6, C2H4 and other
hydrocarbons were employed for low-temperature refrigeration.

A major breakthrough occurred in the field of refrigeration with the

development of freons. Freons are a group of fluorinated hydro-carbons, generally known as
fluorocarbons derived from methane, ethane etc.,

6.2 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL REFRIGERANT:

 Low boiling point and low freezing point

 Stable over a wide range of pressure and temperatures
 High critical temperature and low critical pressure
 Non poisonous, non explosive and non corrosive
 High enthalpy of vaporization
 High thermal conductivity
 Low specific heat in liquid state
 Low viscosity
 Easily available, storable and cheap
 Should not be electrically conductive and hydroscopic.

6.3 A FEW COMMON REFRIGERANTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS:

Primary refrigerants:

Primary refrigerant is that which cools the substances by absorbing

heat equal to its latent heat them. A few of them are discussed below.

(A) Inorganic Compounds:

(i) R 717 Ammonia (NH3):

BP=-33°c; FP=-78°c
Toxic, slightly explosive and inflammable

Low specific volume in vapour state

High refrigerant effect

Ammonia should be used with steel pipes and never with copper, brass or
their alloys, Extensively used in cold storages, ice plants, food refrigeration plants etc.,

(ii) R 744 Carbon Dioxide (CO2):

BP=-78°c ; FP=-57°c

 Odourless, non-toxic, non-flammable

 Non-explosive and non-corrosive
 Low refrigerating effect

Solid carbon dioxide is called Dry Ice. Chiefly used in air-conditioning of

theatres, hospitals, hotels etc., where safety is prime consideration. Used on board ships
transporting cartons containing perishables.

(iii) R 764 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2):

BP=-10°c ; FP=-75.5°c

 Non-flammable, non-explosive
 Works at low pressures

(B) Halocarbons :

These are the compounds which contains one or more of the halogens i.e chlorine
,bromine and fluorine . they are obtained after replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in
either of the hydrocarbons i.e methane or ethane . mostly flouorinated halocarbon are used as
refrigerants of high quality . these are available in the market under trade names , Freon ‘s
genetrons , arctons ,isotrons etc..

R11 Trichloro fluoro methane (C CL3 F):

BP =-24°c: FP =-111°c

 Non toxic , non flammable and non corrosive

 Low operating pressure
  Mixes well with mineral lubricating coils
 It is used with centrifugal compressor
 It is used in 50 tons capacity air conditioning plant

R12 Dichloro Diflouro Methane(C CL2F2)

BP=-30°c; f=-158°c
 Non toxic ,non flammable, non explosive
 Highly stable
 Condenses at odarate pressures

Used in domestic applications and water coolers under the trade name Freon – 12. Freon
group is corrsive to magnesium or aluminium.

R-22 Chlorodifluoro Methane(CHCL F2):

BP= -40.76°c ; FP= -160°c

Trade name : Freon-22

Used with reciprocating copressors in large units such as package units and cental air
conditioning plants . it is used for low temperature refrigeration appliacations such as cold
storage , food freezing and storage ectc it has refrigerating capacity than of R-12. It needs
relatively smaller compressor.

Secondary refrigerants :
Secondary refrigerant is that which cools the substances by absorbing theat eual to its
sensible heat from them.

R729 AIR

Bp =-194°c; critical temp = -140°c

 Harmless
 Freely available
 Equipment becomes bulky
 High operating cost
 Low heating carrying capacity
 Low cop

R718 WATER
Bp=100°c ; FP=0°c ; critical temp= 374°c
 Freely available
 Used in system ejector system only for air conditioning
APPLICATIONS OF SPLIT A/C
Applications of air conditioner:

1. comfort of conditioning

 Summer air conditioner

 Winter air conditioner
 Year round air conditioner
 Remote unit air conditioner
 Window air conditioner
 Desert coolers

2. Industrial air conditioning

 Tool room air conditioning

 Military applications such as tracking of missiles
 Atomic sub-marines
 Modern medicines – manufacture and storage
 Commercial air conditioning(hotels, cinema halls)
 Textile ,Printing, Chemical, Biological process industries
P-H DIAGRAM

6.4 P-H DIAGRAM

Fig: 6.1 P-H Diagram

It is pressure – enthalpy diagram and a graphic means of representing the

properties of refrigerants.

With saturated – liquid and saturated – vapour lines as the references, lines of
constant temperature, entropy, and specific volume are found in the diagram, The sub –
cooled liquid region falls to the left of the saturated – liquid line. In the region the constant –
temperature line is almost vertical.

This line is horizontal in the mixture region because here the temperature must
correspond with the saturation pressure. Space between the two reference lines is liquid –
vapour mixture region, The saturated region lies to the right of saturated – vapour line. The
line of constant temperature here drops first slightly to the right and them vertically.

The line of constant volume slopes upward to the right. The line of constant
entropy runs upward to the right. Hence a reversible adiabatic compression, which is
isentropic, shows the increase in enthalpy as the pressure increases during compression.
 CHAPTER 7
TEST RIG OF Split A/C

WHAT IS TEST RIG OF A/C:

Fig:7.1TEST RIG OF SPLIT A/C

The Air Conditioning test rig works on simple vapour compression

refrigeration cycle using R22 as a refrigerant.

The system is fabricated such that student can study all the air
conditioning processes.

It is also useful to understand working of all the components of

system, their performance and control etc.. The experimental refrigeration cycle test rig
consist of a compressor unit, condenser, evaporator, cooling chamber, controlling devices and
measuring instruments those are fitted on a stand and a control panel. The apparatus is
fabricated in such a way; to refrigeration system hermetically sealed compressor is fitted on
stand with the help of flexible foundation bolts to minimize vibrations. Electric power input
to the compressor is given through thermostatic switch.

7.1 SPECIFICATIONS:

 Compressor : Scroll type : 50HZ : 240V

 Condenser: Axial fan
 Expansion device: capillary tubes : 3rows : 60dia : 22inc
 Evaporator
 Blower unit: Centrifugal forward curved fanPressure
gauges for measurement of pressures
7.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET–UP:

1. Systems assembly includes compressor, condenser, evaporator or expansion device, and

filter.

2. Motor with blower & fan assembly includes, a double ended shaft motor, a fan and motor
and suitable bracket for it.

3. Cabinet and air distributing assembly – it includes a cabinet as enclosure for whole
systems, an air distributing systems

4. Control panel assembly – it includes the switched those required to control the entire AC
system as per the requirement, IC temperature, humidity etc

The AC Test Rig is designed and fabricated, to determine the

performance and to study its working principle. The AC test rig consist a 1.5 T sealed
compressor unit, a finned condenser (heating coil) and evaporator (cooling coil), a double
ended (shaft) motor to run fan and blower simultaneously and fitted on wooden stand and
properly covered by grill. A duct is assembled along with blower unit as a carrier of comfort
air, the velocity of the air passing through the coil is measured by using a pilot tube fitted in
duct itself and connected to V- tube manometer which is fitted on control panel. The control
panel is fitted over compressor and fan0blower assembly. Control panel consists of 1 phase
energy meter to measure power consumed by compressor, a Rotameter to measure flow rate
of refrigerant pressure gauge to measure pressure of discharge side compound vaccum gauge
to measure suction side pressure, a digital temperature indicator to measure temperature at
various places. The desired temperature find out by changing position of selector switch with
it.

7.3 PROCEDURE:

Switch on the compressor and let it run for considerable time. Say for automatic cut off by
thermostatic switch at normal position. Fill a measured quantity of water in ice cane (100 gm)
and put it into cooling chamber. Measure initial temperature of water before putting into
cooling chamber by noting the value of T4 as T4i note down the energy meter reading. Wait
till compressor starts. Compressor shall be started automatically as and when temperature of
cooling chamber falls up to adjusted temperature.
After starting the compressor note down the temperature T4 at the interval of every 15
minutes and note it down as T4C.
Note down the power consumed by compressor till ice forms i.e. temperature T4 should reach
O°C. At 0°C of ice cane note down all the temperature i.e. T1, T2, T3,
T4 and T5. Also note down the suction and discharge pressure by the respective gauges. Note
down the flow rate of refrigerant by rotometer.
DETERMINATION OF C.O.P
DETERMINATION OF COP:

Using p-H chart for

Make state points, 1.(P1,T1) ; 2.(P2,T2)

3.(T3) ; 4.(T4)

And read out enthalpies H1,H2,H3 and H4

C.O.P = (H1-H4) / (H2-H1)

T1 = P1 =
T2 = P2 =
T3 = P3 =
T4 = P4 =
NOTE:

Psi = Pounds Per Sq. inch (1b/in2)

Kpa = KN/m3 ;1 Psi = 6.9 kpa

Form P-H charts

H1= H2=

H3= H4=

Net refrigeration effect, N = H1 – H4

Work supplied = Compressor power input = W

W =H2 – H1

C.O.P = N \ W
Net refregitoration effect
Actual COP = compressor power consumption +fan power consumption

𝑁
= 𝑊𝑐+𝑊𝑓

If flow rate of refrigerant (measured at the exist of condenser) is 1 lit/min i.e., 10 -3/min, and
density ρ of refrigerant as read from tables or chart is 1200kg/m3, then

M, mass flow rate = V. ρ

i.e., m =

let energy meter constant be

let time taken for 5 revolutions

total revolution/sec

energy consumed by fan =

thus, wf =

COP =
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:

In this project we studied about the details about split air conditioner.

Its basic construction with all the related diagrams, we determine the
coefficient of performance of split air conditioner by installing the various accessories like
gauges, flow meter and thermocouples.
PHOTO GALLERY
REFRENCES
REFERENCES:

 A Text Book of Refrigeration And Air Conditioning by RS Kurmi and JK Gupta

 A Text Book of Refrigeration And Air Conditioning by Arora
 A Thermak text Book of Thermal Engineering by Rudramurthy
 Ramesh Chandra. “Mechanical Vapour Compression refrigeration”. Refrigeration and
Air Conditioning New Delhi Indian PHI Learning. P.3ISBN81-203-3915-0 .
 Refrigerator – adjusting Temperature Controls. Geappliances.com

Brustall, Aubery F. (1965). A history of mechanical engineering . the MIT press. ISBN 0-
262-52001-X.

“improved process for the artificical production of ice” , U.S patent office, patent 8080, 1851

Dennis R. Heldman (29 august 2013), encyclopedia of agricultural, food, and biological
engineering (print). CRC PRESS.P.350. ISBN 978-0-8247-0938-9

“freezing and food safety” USDA. Retrieved 6 august 2013

Production-household refrigerators – country any region comparisons. Statinofo.biz. retrieved

on 26 august 2013

Refrigerator -adusting
ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE

Fig: 3.1 Air Conditioner-schematic of systems

Fig: 4.1 window Air Conditioning system

Fig: 4.2 Split Air Conditioning system

Fig: 4.3 Central Air Conditioning system

Fig: 4.4 Packaged Air Conditioning system

Fig: 5.1 Compressor

Fig: 5.2 Condenser

Fig: 5.2.1 Air cooled Condenser

Fig: 5.2.2 Water cooled Condenser

Fig: 5.2.3 Evaporative Condenser

Fig: 5.3 Expansion Valve

Fig: 5.4 Evaporator

Fig : 5.4.1 Bare Tube Evaporator

Fig : 5.4.2 Plate type Evaporator

Fig :5.5 Blower

Fig: 5.6 Blower Motor

Fig: 5.6 Pressure Gauge

Fig: 5.7 Energy Meter

Fig: 5.8 Rotameter

Fig: 5.9 Thermocouple

Fig:6.1 P-H Diagram

Fig: 7.1 Test Rig of Split Air Conditioner