ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of Secondary Teacher Education)

(unit 5-9)
Course: Educational Leadership and Management (8605)
Level: B.Ed
Semester: Spring 2018
ASSIGNMENT 2

Q NO:1 Define the concept of classroom management. Discuss various techniques of classroom
management.(20)

The first principle is that effective classroom management must be planned especially in terms
of transitions and potential disruptions. Consider the following suggestions:

Names are power in the classroom. Address students by name. Access a seating chart ahead of time or
prepare seating charts ahead of time; create name tents for each student to grab on their way into class
and take to their desks or have students to create their own name tents on a piece of paper.

Identify the common times for student disruptions and behaviors, usually at the start of the lesson or
class period, when topics are changed, or at the wrap-up and conclusion of a lesson or class period.

Be ready for the behaviors outside of the classroom that are brought into the classroom, especially at
the secondary level when classes change.

Consider the following suggestions:

Develop a routine with students at the start of class and at the end of class so that students know what
to expect.

Be effective when giving instructions by keeping them short, clear, and concise. Do not repeat directions
over and over, but provide directions-written and or visual- for students to reference.

Provide an opportunity for students to acknowledge understanding of the instruction given. Asking for
students to hold a thumbs up or thumbs down (close to the body) can be a quick assessment before
moving on.

Designate areas in the classroom for student access so that they know where to grab a slip of paper or a
book; where they should leave papers.

Circulate in the classroom when students are engaged in completing activities or working in groups.
Groups of desks together allow teachers to move quickly and engage all students. Circulating allows
teachers the chance to gauge time needed, and answer individual questions students might have.

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Conference regularly. Time spent speaking individually with a student reaps exponentially high rewards
in managing the class. Set aside 3-5 minutes a day to speak to a student about a specific assignment or to
ask "how's it going" with a paper or book.

Finally, teachers who are effective classroom managers continuously observe and documenttheir
learning, reflect and then act on noticeable patterns and behaviors in a timely manner.

Consider the following suggestions:

Use positive rewards (log books, student contracts, tickets, etc) that allow you to record student
behaviors; look for systems that provide opportunities for students to chart their own behaviors as well.

Include parents and guardians in classroom management. There are a number of opt-in programs (Kiku
Text, Send Hub, Class Pager, and Remind 101) that can be used to keep parents updated on classroom
activities. E-mails provide direct documented communication.

Take note of general patterns by noting how students behave during the assigned period of time:

When students are most active (after lunch? first 10 minutes of class?)

When to introduce new material (which day of week? what minute of the class?)

Time the transitions so you can plan accordingly (time for entry or exit slip? time to settle into group
work?)

Notice and record combinations of students (who works well together? separately?)

Timeliness is critical in classroom management. Dealing with minor problems as soon as they surface can
head off major situations or stop problems before they escalate.

Q NO:2 Critically discuss the role of Audio visual Aids (AV-aids) in teaching learning process.(20)

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

Introduction:
Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning
process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual material and
teaching learning process.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational
programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. A.v. aids are
multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning
experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning.

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 Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned
educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken learning facilities for clear
understanding.
Definitions:
1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning
experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
2. According to Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate
and reinforce learning.
3. According to Carter.v.Good: audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular
process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.
4. According to good’s dictionary of education: audio visual aids are any thing by means of which
learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight.
5. According to Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of
ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also
termed as multi sensory materials.
6. According to McKean and Roberts: audio visual aids are supplementary devices by which the teacher,
through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish and correlate
concepts, interpretations andappreciations.
7. According to KP. Neeraja: an audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the message can be
heard as well as seen.
Purposes:
· To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-learning more concrete.
· To serve an instructional role in itself.
· To create interest among the group.
· To make teaching as an effective process.
Advantages:
1. A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
2. A.V.Aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students.
3. A.V.Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.
4. A.V.Aids is helpful in new learning.
5. A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and students.
6. A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience.
7. A.V.Aids can meet individual demands.
8. A.V.Aids is useful in for education of masses

Importance of Audio Visual Aids in Teaching and Learning Process

The use of audio visual aids in teaching has increased in the past few years due to technological
advancement. Technology blessed the teachers, administrators and student community with multimedia
presentations which increase interest in the classrooms. According to studies, when teachers use
learning aids, students show interest and get more stimulate.
Following are some importance of audio visual aids in teaching and learning process.

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 1. The study changes living bodies, for example seed germination, development of plants and
animals. For this purpose film, projectors, chart, models etc. can be uses.
2. To show the interior of things: human body, internal structure of animals and palms and
interior of machines etc. can only be studied with the help of photographs, films, models etc.
3. To present historic material: photographic records of important events, people and places can
be used for this purpose.
4. To give information about large and complicated machine: many machines and industries are
too complicated to be understood. So T.V programs, photographs, films, charts etc. can help in
such situation.
5. To present exotic materials: This can be done by photography, paintings, diagrams, projectors,
transparencies, film, strips, models, T.V etc. Pupils can be given understandings about different
materials in distant places.
6. To present information about inaccessible places: it is often impossible to visit some local
industries or where there are prohibited places in the region in such instances photographs,
films and T.V programs act as effective aids to give information to the pupils.
7. To summaries a series of observation: after a field trip a suitable film presents a quick summary
of things observed.
8. To present information about microscopic materials: Charts, models, transparencies and
projected slides are useful for presenting information about microscopic material such as
microorganism.

Q NO:3 prepare a list of physical and learning resources essential for a secondary school.
Describe how these can be maintained.(20)

A learning resource centre is a facility within a school, staffed by a specialist, containing several
information sources.
Purpose Information and communication development opportunities and information flow are the big
challenges arising from a dedicated review of most educational questions, whether from theoretical
frames or material :wikt:facilitate|facilitations. School libraries are then considered one of the most
important resources within educational facilities. The need to develop school libraries is urgent in that,
on the one hand there is a need to convey information via a wide diversity of technologies and
resources, and on the other hand, there is a myriad of new teacher and student roles to support. Within
this view, came the project of learning centers. The objective is to raise school libraries to an
international and more technical standard. Learning Resource Centres can also be institutionalized in
various institutions for teaching and learning purposes. The purpose of a resource center is to advanced
the learning experience of students and teachers in any educational sector.
Concept A school utility driven by a qualified expert. It contains several information resources and their
techniques, which the teacher directly deals to acquire searching skills of information, analyze and
evaluate to build a new knowledge and experience, then develop them using several learning methods.
It also provides services to, facilitate the useful for both teaching and learning.

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This view encourages educational trends, ruled in mid of 1960s and 1970s, whereas these are the
methods of self-learning, from programmed learning and learning for mastery and learning
throughout audio media to passing earliest beginnings to employ computer in learning process. And,
information technology and teaching and learning theories have added a new dimension into learning
resources centers concept.
Reasons for establishing resources centers

 The strong connection between learning resources and method, and passing away supporting and
cultural general role of school libraries into essential, accurately planned, role to achieve the method
and its purposes.
 The book and printed material become not the only information resource.
 Development of educational theories, international tends to self learning, taking in account
differences of individuals, make the learner the axis of educational process, and the teacher role
change into a leader and facilitator of learning process.
 Learning resources centers concentrate on amalgamation of resources, information and
communication technologies with educational practices inside centers.

There are many benefits students receive from high school physical education classes that contribute
to students becoming responsible adults who are aware of the importance of a healthy lifestyle. High
school students retain a higher level of knowledge related to overall health that help them make
educated decisions regarding their own health, safety and well-being.

Regular Fitness Activity

Physical fitness is an important component to leading a healthy lifestyle. The inclusion of regular fitness
activity helps students maintain fitness, develop muscular strength and improve cardiovascular health. A
regular fitness activity improves the absorption of nutrients by the body, improves digestive processes
and increases physiological processes.
Builds Self-Confidence
The participation in physical education in high school provides a positive influence on a student's
personality, character and self-esteem. In addition, the team-building process enhances communication
skills, and the skills required to get along and cooperate with students of varying ethnic backgrounds and
personalities.
Develops Motor Skills
Physical education in high school is essential to the development of motor skills and the enhancement of
reflexes. Hand-eye coordination is improved, as well as good body movements, which helps in the
development of a healthy body posture.
Health and Nutrition
Physical education teaches students the importance of physical health. High school is an age where
students misinterpret the meaning of "overweight" and eating disorders prevail. Physical health and
education informs students on sound eating practices and the essential guidelines for nutrition.
Relieves Stress
High school students have substantial amounts of stress due to curriculum, homework, families and peer

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pressures. Involvement in sports, recreational activities or other forms of physical fitness offer a method
of stress relief.
Considerations
Special considerations may be necessary regarding physical activities for some students with health
issues, and those students should proceed under the direction of a doctor.

Teaching materials" is a generic term used to describe the resources teachers use to deliver
instruction. Teaching materials can support student learning and increase student success. Ideally, the
teaching materials will be tailored to the content in which they're being used, to the students in whose
class they are being used, and the teacher. Teaching materials come in many shapes and sizes, but
they all have in common the ability to support student learning.

Examples
Teaching materials can refer to a number of teacher resources; however, the term usually refers to
concrete examples, such as worksheets or manipulatives (learning tools or games that students can
handle to help them gain and practice facility with new knowledge -- e.g. counting blocks). Teaching
materials are different from teaching "resources," the latter including more theoretical and intangible
elements, such as essays or support from other educators, or places to find teaching materials.
Student Learning Support
Learning materials are important because they can significantly increase student achievement by
supporting student learning. For example, a worksheet may provide a student with important
opportunities to practice a new skill gained in class. This process aids in the learning process by allowing
the student to explore the knowledge independently as well as providing repetition. Learning materials,
regardless of what kind, all have some function in student learning.
Lesson Structure
Learning materials can also add important structure to lesson planning and the delivery of instruction.
Particularly in lower grades, learning materials act as a guide for both the teacher and student. They can
provide a valuable routine. For instance, if you are a language arts teacher and you teach new vocabulary
words every Tuesday, knowing that you have a vocabulary game to provide the students with practice
regarding the new words will both take pressure off of you and provide important practice (and fun) for
your students.
Differentiation of Instruction
In addition to supporting learning more generally, learning materials can assist teachers in an important
professional duty: the differentiation of instruction. Differentiation of instruction is the tailoring of
lessons and instruction to the different learning styles and capacities within your classroom. Learning
materials such as worksheets, group activity instructions, games, or homework assignments all allow you
to modify assignments to best activate each individual student's learning style.
Acquiring Teaching Materials
Getting your hands on valuable teaching materials is not nearly as difficult as it can seem at first. The
Internet has many resources for teachers, most of them free, that can significantly increase the contents
of your teaching toolbox. You can also make your own materials. Every learning material you develop will

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be an asset to you when you next teach a similar unit. An investment of time or money in good teaching
materials is an investment in good teaching.

Q NO:4 Explain the need and importance of school records. Explain the essential items of
information for developing school calendar.(20)

SIGNIFICANCE OF RECORD KEEPING IN SCHOOLS:

School records are books, documents, diskettes and files in which are embodied information on what
goes on in school (e.g. social, academic and non academic activities, important events etc), the school
plant as well as other relevant information focusing on the growth and development of the school.

Meanwhile, Durosaro (2002) explained that school records are official transcript or copies of proceedings
of actions, events other matters kept by the school manager, school records could be viewed as
authentic register or instruments or documents of official accounts of transaction or occurrence which
are preserved in the school’s office. Therefore, the Education Law in virtually all states of the federation
requires that every school must keep certain specified records. For example, section 22 (1) of the
Education (General) Regulation 1964 of the Education Law, 1964 of Northern Nigeria stipulates that
every institution, other than a corresponding college or training college shall keep records and books.
Those that are statutorily specified by law are referred to as a statutory records while, those necessary
are known as non-statutory records.

However, Olagboye (2004) citing Adepoju (1998) & Ojelade (1998) listed some general reasons or
importance of keeping school records which includes the fact that school records tells the history of the
school and are useful historical sources.tells the history of the school and are useful historical sources.
facilitate continuity in the administration of a school

Facilitate and enhance the provision of effective guidance and counseling services for pupils in the social,
academic career domains. Provide information needed on ex-students by higher and other related
institutions and employers of labor for admission or placement.facilitate the supply of information to
parents and guardians for the effective monitoring of the progress of their children/wards in schooling or
performance provide data needed for planning and decision making by school heads, ministries of
education and related educational authorities provide a basis for the objective assessment of the state of
teaching and learning in a school, including staff and student performance by supervisors and inspectors.

provide information for the school community, the general public employers as well as educational and
social science researchers for the advancement of knowledge enable school heads to collate information
on pupils and staff for decision making by higher authorities, the law courts security agencies and other
related government agencies when occasion demands provide a mechanism such as the school
timetable for the productive management of time and coordination of school work and activities. serve
as data bank on which both the school head and staff and even students can draw on.

1. Admission and withdrawal Register:

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This is a permanent record book into which is entered information regarding the entry and exit, including
the details of the education and progress of each pupils that ever passes through the school;

2. Attendance Register

An attendance register is a book in which the presence or absence of students in a school is recorded on
a daily basis. It is a statutory record that must be kept by every school. This record is kept on individual
class basis.

The class teacher is the custodian of this record.

Its importance includes:

Providing necessary data that may be requested from time to time either by researchers, planners or
ministry officials

Information from it could assist considerably in determining the amount of grant to be given to a
particular school.

It could be used to identify a child’s interest and problems and to take administrative decisions.

It is also helpful in identifying sick students, truants, absentees and students who attend school regularly.

3. The log Book

The log book is a historical record of events that have significant effects on the schools activities.

It records detailed happenings, during the visit of dignities whose signatures appear in the school visitors
book It amplifies the local history of a village or town, especially the role of the school in such
development.

It reveal important events or occurrences in the life of the school e.g new building, rainstorm, collapsed
building, motor vehicles, accidents in school, expulsion or fire disaster.

The Visitors book

The book is meant for recording the visit of important personalities, including officials from the
ministries of education or other related government agencies or any other school related visitors.
Importance includes:

It provides a record of the interest shown by the community in the school

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It could serves as a means of getting the contact addresses of very important people who have shown
interest in the school.

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5. Staff and Students’ personal files

It is necessary that the school should have as much information on every one of teachers and
students as possible without violating their privacy.

6. Corporal punishment book

The book contains the names of pupils who create disciplinary problems in school and the
nature of punishment awarded mostly canning, flogging, whipping and hard knocks.

7. Cumulative Record folder

Students’ cumulative record folder is a storehouse of information on student cognitive,

affective and psychomotor development.

8. Students report sheet/card

i. it keeps data on students academic performance in termly basis

It assists in monitoring students academic progress

It is a compliment to commulative record folders.

9. Lesson note/plan

It gives information on what a teacher plans to teach the students at a period of time.

It clearly shows the teachers level of preparedness and his level of competence.

It psyches and challenges teachers for the task ahead

10. Scheme and record of work book

it reflects estimate of academic work which a teacher expects to accomplish in each subject
based on number of lessons he will have during each term.

11. Record of work book or weekly diary

A carefully kept record of work is a strong stimulus to dutiful and progressive work. Pertinently
it shows the ability of the teacher to organize the year’s work his resourcefulness and
enthusiasm regarding the progress of the pupils.

12. School time-table

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It provides information on when classes begin, when school opens and closes

It shows activities to be performed by the teacher and student

13. Staff time book and movement book

They provides information on when staff report and or close at work.

They promote regular attendance and punctuality

They help checking truancy and gross indiscipline in staff.

14. The school cash Register

It is a records of financial transactions in schools

It gives information about income and expenditures

It promotes accountability and prevent corrupt and sharp practices.

15. Transfer and leaving certificate

Transfer and leaving certificate lincesed the formal exist of the pupils after completion of study
or leaving during the course of study in a school. Other vital school records which are very
paramount to the effective management of the school system are, mark book, heath record,
report files, board of governors minutes book and others, principal/headmaster announcement
book and staff information book, handing over/taking over file, national policy on education,
subject curricula, anecodota/record, report on guidance and counseling programme etc

Q NO:5 Explain the concept of evaluation for school management. Critically discuss the
application of CIPP model of evaluation in educational context.(20)

CIPP model is a popular model for curriculum evaluation given by Stufflebeam. C- Context,
IInput, P- Process and P- Product. The authors believe that the model can be effectively applied
for school evaluation. Context refers to the background, History, goals and objectives of the
school. Inputs refer to material and human resources needed for effective functioning of the
school. Process refers to implementation of different school practices. Product refers to the
quality of students learning and its usefulness for the individual and for society. The paper
focuses on some practical aspects which can be considered while evaluating schools with

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respect to elements of CIPP model. The paper explains use of this model formative and
summative evaluation as well. This model can indeed be extended further and could be called
Decision/ Accountability oriented evaluation.

Quality has become a key word for everything that you talk about in today’s life. Quality
education has become an issue in Indian education system. Although much is talked about and
implemented by government and policy makers, the quality of education that is imparted in
schools, colleges and other educational institutions is questionable. Very few educational
institutions are providing educations that satisfy its stakeholders. Talking about school
education where the foundations for all further are laid down, the present scenario is very sad.
There is an utmost need to improve the quality of school education. People take efforts to
improve the quality of something only when it is evaluated, If there is no evaluation, no
mistakes, lacunae, errors are found and no remedies are given leading to worsening the quality.
To improve the c Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com
Abstract SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ MR. YOGESH PATIL, MR. SUNIL KALEKAR (2615-2619) JUNE-JULY,
2015, VOL. 2/10 www.srjis.com Page 2616 quality of higher education bodies like NAAC are
already formed and are functional. Although there is a debate as to whether it helps to improve
the quality of higher education or not, it ahs certainly has initiated the thought process to
change the present picture of higher education. Similar efforts are needed even for school
education.

CIPP approach to evaluation:

CIPP model is Context, Input, Process, Product approach, developed by Stufflebeam (1983). It
basically provides a very systematic way of looking at many different aspects of the curriculum
development process. Although originally advocated for curriculum development process, it
can be effectively used for school evaluation. For school education the kind of knowledge, skills,
attitudes, habits that students acquire in their educative process is the actual product. There
are various processes carried out in the school to get this product. Certain inputs are given to
carry out these processes. All this i. e. input, process and product work under some context.
When we talk about school education in rural area and in urban area, the context in which the
two different schools work is different. We can apply this CIPP model to assess various aspects
of school. This will enable us to evaluate schools in a very comprehensive manner. Basically this
needs asking series of questions about four elements i. e. context, input, process and product
of the model.

Process:

Includes how the school is running the programmes. Implementation is a crucial phase in which
the inputs are utilized in appropriate way to achieve the desired product. The evaluators when

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assess school processes, they will gain information about what is actually occurring in the
school. It is in this phase that we can take implementation decisions. The schools have various
programmes and practices. Each and every process in the school has to have a systematic
approach. It may be teaching learning process, organizing events like workshops for students,
parent teacher associations meetings, annual social program, sports meets, celebration days,
organizing students’ co-curricular and extra curricular activities, preparing students for
competitive and public examinations, for every process the school has to have a systematic
approach.

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