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R0 R0 MY MY R0 R0
R180 MY MY
R180
Figure 5. Left-right boundary and corner abutment of single-to single-height
MX MX MX R180 MX R180 MX R180 MX R180 R180 R180 cell permutations.
target cells on even rows
R0 MY R0 MY
MX R180 MX R180
MX MX R180 R180 MX MX R180 R180
R0 R0 MY MY
R0 R0 R0 MY R0 MY R0 MY R0 MY MY MY 1 CPP target cells on odd rows
R0 MY R0 MY
MX R180 MX R180
MX MX R180 R180
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one CPP in each set, until the test cell is no longer overlapped represents 1CPP width. The tool combines the cell pair with a
with the target cell (like the permutation example in Fig. 4). total 30-CPP width to exercise all horizontal alignments:
1) Left-right boundary and corner abutment AAAA AAAA AAAAAAAA AAAA AAAA
In Fig. 7, the boundary created by R0 target cell placed on BBB BBB BBBBBB BBB BBB
the left of MY test cell is the mirrored Y-axis version of
c-1 c-2 c-3c-4 c-5 c-6 ,where the first case (c-
boundary created by R0 test cell on the left of MY target cell.
Therefore, one of two boundaries is redundant and can be 1) starts from the right most portion of top target cell overlap
eliminated. left most portion of bottom test cell with 1 CPP. For the
following cases 2 to 6, bottom cell gradually shift left until
Through merging “the target cells in odd rows” and “target there is no overlap on the border between top and bottom cells.
cells on even rows” in Fig. 5 by removing the second row The above cases can be replaced by the single combination
from bottom, Fig. 5 can be reduced to the left configuration in with a total width of 12 CPP to cover all 6 cases:
Fig. 8 where the same left-right boundaries and corner
AAAAAAAAAAAA covers 111122223333 and 444455556666
abutment conditions are still maintained. The configurations
can be further simplified to the right configuration in Fig. 8 by BBBBBBBBBBBB 111222333 444555666 .
eliminating the redundant boundaries A’ and B’ which are the The same permutation also applies to 3-CPP target cell, 4-
mirror versions of A and B, respectively. The final CPP test cell when m < n. The number of cases to cover all
permutation shown in Fig. 8 can achieve area reduction of horizontal alignment is equal to m+n-1. (1)
4× 4(m+n)/3× (2m+3n) with a m CPP-wide target cell and a
n CPP-wide test cell. The top-row test cells are placed to test The original test case width required is m(m+n-1)+2(n-
the corner-to-corner combinations of target and test cell pairs. 1+1)(n-1)/2, where the first term covers ‘m-CPP width’ ×
‘number of cases in (1)’ and second term covers the
remaining CPPs of test cell not overlapping with target cell,
T 'T T' T like 2 CPP in c-1/c-6 and 1 CPP in c-2/c-5. The
equation eventually turns to m^2+mn+n^2-m-n. (2)
L R0 R 'R MY 'L L' R0 R' R MY L
B 'B B' B Example I.b: 8-CPP target cell, 6-CPP test cell
Figure 7. Common boundary created by 2 different permutations. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
MX
A
R180
B
MX
A’
R180
B’
MX R180 MX
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB can cover even number cases.
R0 R0 MY R0 R0 MY MY MY R0 R0 MY R0 R0 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
MX MX R180 MX MX R180 R180 R180 MX MX R180 MX MX 888888222222444444666666 & BBBBBBBBBBBB 10&12
Requires one more set to cover odd number cases:
Figure 8. Case reduction of Fig. 5, where A’ boundary is the mirrored-Y axis
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
of A boundary.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB can cover
MX R180 MX R180 MX R180
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA & AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
R0 R0 MY MY R0 R0 999999333333555555777777111111 BBBBBBBBBBBB C-11&13
MX R180 MX R180 MX R180
Case A Case B Case B’ Case A’ The second set is shifting B row in the first set by 1 CPP
Figure 9. Case reduction of Fig. 6. (case 9,3,5,7) and n-1 additional CPP in the end (case
1). For the case of m=12 and n=9, the first set total width is
2) Top-bottom boundary and horizontal alignment lcm(m,n). The second set is shifting B row in the first set by 1
In the left lower case in Fig. 6 where R0 test cell on top of CPP and n-1 additional CPP in the end. The third set is
MX target cell, the boundary under test is equivalent to the shifting B row by 2 CPP and n-2 additional CPP in the end.
one at R0 target cell on top of MX test cell. Therefore, by Therefore, the total test case width required is reduced to
placing a MX test cell under the left upper case in Fig. 6 to lcm(m,n) + (lcm(m,n)+1) + n-1 + (lcm(m,n) + 2) + n-2 = lcm(m,n) +
create the case A in Fig. 9, the left lower case in Fig. 6 can be lcm(m,n) + lcm(m,n) + 2n. To generalize it, the equation turns to
eliminated. Applying the same method to rest of cases and lcm(m,n) ×gcd(m,n) + (gcd(m,n)-1) ×n. Taking the case of m < n
eliminating the common boundaries case A’ and B’ in the left into account, the equation can be generalized to
configurations in Fig. 9, the final permutation shown in the lcm(m,n)×gcd(m,n)+(gcd(m,n)-1)×min(m,n), (3)
right configuration of Fig. 9 can achieve an area reduction of where lcm(m,n) is the least common multiple of m and n,
8/3 from Fig. 6. gcd(m,n) is the greatest common divisor of m and n and
min(m,n) is the smaller number between m and n.
3) Horizontal alignment case-reduction techniques
(i) m CPP-wide target cell, n CPP-wide test cell (ii) m-CPP target cell, m-CPP test cell
where m is not equal to n, m and n are integers, and m Example II: 3-CPP target cell, 3-CPP test cell.
is not an integer multiple of n or vice versa. The tools combine the cell pair in lateral with a 21-CPP width:
Example I.a: 4-CPP target cell, 3-CPP test cell when m> n. AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA
This is the same example of Fig. 4 where the rectangular BBB BBBBBBBBB BBB
blocks are symbolized by alphabets and each alphabet
,which can be replaced by combination with 12-CPP width:
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AAA AAA AAA covers 111 222 333 & 444 555 cases. normalized area to exercise all abutment of 455 cells (which
BBBBBBBBBBBB 111222333 444555 can be derived by summation of all area in the individual run)
are 1072590288 (before case reduction) and 134720319 (after
By replacing n by m in (2), the original test case width before case reduction) with 7.96x area reduction.
applying case reduction techniques is 3m^2-2m=(3m-2)m (4)
which can be reduced to m^2+m. (5).
The area saving is (3m-2)/(m+1). From (1), the total number of
case is equal to 2m-1 when m=n. In (5), the first term m^2 can
cover case 1 to case m-1 and case m+1 to case 2m-
1. The second term m in (5) is to cover the case m where
top cell fully overlaps with bottom cell (like case 3 in above
example).
(iii) m-CPP target cell, n-CPP test cell Figure. 10. Histogram of cell width distribution.
, where m is not equal to n, m and n are integers, and m is
an integer multiple of n or vice versa.
Example III: 6-CPP target cell, 3-CPP test cell
The tool combines the cell pair in lateral with 54-CPP width:
AAAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAA
BBB BBB BBB BBB BBB BBB BBB BBB
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