4 BENEFITS OF USING ICT IN SPORTS

1. Digital cameras allow performance to be monitored, review and modified. In atheletics, this
technology is used to detect false start. So, the coach can improve their athlete skill and
performance for a better result.
2. Athletic health can be maintained and observed, and injuries treated, through the production of
modern sporting technologies such as heart rate monitors, pedometers and body-fat monitors.
3. Participant safety at all times has also been made possible through the development of certain
sporting equipment, such as helmets and body protection which are used in boxing and ice hockey
to help prevent injuries
4. Modern sporting technologies have also made competition judging easier and more accurate, and
spectator interest and excitement is enhanced by broadcasting and in stadium displays
(scoreboards).

DEFINITION OF ICT

ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to
Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the
Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. In the past few decades,
information and communication technologies have provided society with a vast array of new
communication capabilities. Modern information and communication technologies have created a "global
village," in which people can communicate with others across the world as if they were living next door.
For this reason, ICT is often studied in the context of how modern communication technologies affect
society.

4 SPORTS TECHNOLOGY THAT USE ICT TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

1. Use of sensors to detect when a ball has passed the goalposts in football Team card Technology
is used on season tickets so that season ticket holders can gain quick access to the ground.
2. Channel 4 and Sky Sport use software to help cameras track the ball in cricket, tennis and other
sports Telegraph article on this - Law-makers approve testing time for goal line technology.
3. "Smart" tickets speed up access to football grounds - Fulham lines up RFID smart tickets for fans
"Snick meter" used in cricket to track the ball's passage past the batsman by picking up sounds
from pitch and stump microphones.
4. Electronic display boards to display results at matches Individuals may have their performance
filmed frame-by-frame using a camcorder, to help them focus on their technique.
EVOLUTION OF ICT

The pre-mechanical era started at 3000bc-1450bc

At first, they rely on memory to keep a data. Mesopotamia’s started to introduce a system called
Cuneiform that are using symbol. Then, they created a writing tools to use on a wet clay. Then, the
Egyptians started to write on a paper made by papyrus in 2600bc. On 100s, Chinese created a paper using
a tree pulp. On this era, the book has been introduce by the Sumerians and the number system exist in
the Egyptians but the number 1 to 9 has been introduced by the Indians at 100-200s. Egyptians has created
the calculator which is known as Abacus.

The mechanical age started at 1450 – 1840bc.

The first information explosion, Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany) invented the movable metal-type
printing process in 1450. The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers. The
first general purpose "computers" Actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with
numbers." Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule Early example of
an analog computer.

Electromechanical Age (1840-1940)

The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and
information could now be converted into electrical impulses. The Beginnings of Telecommunication
started with the voltaic battery at late 18th century. Then, the telegraphy at early of 1800s.Then, Morse
Code was developed in1835 by Samuel MorseDots and dashes. The telephone and radio was created by
Alexander Graham Bell at 1876s followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and
can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. These two events led to the invention
of the radio Guglielmo Marconi 1894.

The electronic age which is started at 1940 untill today

First try on electronic vacuum tubes was on 1940s which is world first electronic computer. The developer,
John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineer. The Moore School of Electrical
Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, funded by the US Army but it could not store its programs.

The Four Generations of Digital Computing

The First Generation (1951-1958).

 Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.

 Punch cards to input and externally store data.
 Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data and programs
 Programs written in Machine language Assembly language Requires a compiler.
2. The Second Generation (1959-1963).

 Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element. AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the
1940s Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device
called a transistor
 Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.
 Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions
to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage
technology. High-level programming languages E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL.

3. The Third Generation (1964-1979). Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.

 Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as external storage devices. Magnetic
core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)
memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.
 Operating systems Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed. Which is where Bill
Gates and Microsoft got their start in 1975.

4. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present). Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and
VLSICs)

 Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits (an entire CPU = Central
Processing Unit) on a single chip. Which allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs, like
the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC. Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak and
Steven Jobs. Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had 16k RAM. First Apple Mac released
in 1984.IBM PC introduced in 1981.Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).
 Fourth generation language software products E.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word,
and many others. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980sMS Windows debuts
in 1983, but is quite a clunker. Windows wouldn't take off until version 3 was released in 1990.