SolutionsManual PDF

CHAPTER
22
The Derivative
22.1 THE TANGENT QUESTION AND THE DERIVATIVE
1. We are given the x-value of the point as x1 ¼ 2, so 3. We are given the x-value of the point as x1 ¼ ÿ2:5,
f ðx1 Þ ¼ f ð2Þ ¼ 17:4. The x-value of the second so f ðx1 Þ ¼ f ðÿ2:5Þ ¼ 3ðÿ2:5Þ2 þ 5ðÿ2:5Þ ÿ 4 ¼
point is x1 þ h ¼ 2 þ h, so the y-yalue at the second 2:25. The x-value of the second point is x1 þ h ¼
point is f ð2 þ hÞ: ÿ2:5 þ h, so the y-value at the second point is
f ðÿ2:5 þ hÞ:
f ð2 þ hÞ ¼ 7ð2 þ hÞ þ 3:4
¼ 14 þ 7h þ 3:4 f ðÿ2:5 þ hÞ ¼ 3ðÿ2:5 þ hÞ2 þ 5ðÿ2:5 þ hÞ ÿ 4
¼ 17:4 þ 7h ¼ 2:25 ÿ 10:0 h þ 3 h2
The average rate of change is The average rate of change is

y f ðx1 þ hÞ ÿ f ðx1 Þ y f ðx1 þ hÞ ÿ f ðx1 Þ
¼ ¼
x h x h
f ð2 þ hÞ ÿ f ð2Þ f ðÿ2:5 þ hÞ ÿ f ðÿ2:5Þ
¼ ¼
h h
ð17:4 þ 7hÞ ÿ 17:4 ð2:25 ÿ 10:0 h þ 3 h2 Þ ÿ 2:25
¼ ¼
h h
7h ÿ10:0 h þ 3 h2
¼ ¼7 ¼
h h
So, the average rate of change of f ðxÞ ¼ 7x þ 3:4 ¼ ÿ10:0 þ 3 h
from x1 ¼ 2 to x1 þ h is 7.
So, the average rate of change of f ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 þ 5x ÿ
2. We are given the x-value of the point as x1 ¼ ÿ3, so 4 from x1 ¼ ÿ2:5 to x1 þ h is ÿ10:0 þ 3 h.
gðx1 Þ ¼ gðÿ3Þ ¼ 17:1. The x-value of the second
4. We are given the x-value of the point as x1 ¼ 1:75,
point is x1 þ h ¼ ÿ3 þ h, so the y-value at the
second point is gðÿ3 þ hÞ: so f ðx1 Þ ¼ f ð1:75Þ ¼ ÿ2:1ð1:75Þ2 þ 4:3ð1:75Þÿ7 ¼
13:9375. The x-value of the second point is x1 þ
gðÿ3 þ hÞ ¼ 9:3 ÿ 2:6ðÿ3 þ hÞ h ¼ 1:75 þ h, so the y-value at the second point is
¼ 9:3 þ 7:8 ÿ 2:6h f ð1:75 þ hÞ:
¼ 17:1 ÿ 2:6h
f ð1:75 þ hÞ ¼ ÿ2:1ð1:75 þ hÞ2 þ 4:3ð1:75 þ hÞ ÿ 7
The average rate of change is
¼ 13:9375 þ 15:50 h þ 3 h2
y gðx1 þ hÞ ÿ gðx1 Þ
¼ The average rate of change is
x h
gðÿ3 þ hÞ ÿ gðÿ3Þ y f ðx1 þ hÞ ÿ f ðx1 Þ
¼ ¼
h x h
ð17:1 ÿ 2:6hÞ ÿ 17:1 f ð1:75 þ hÞ ÿ f ð1:75Þ
¼ ¼
h h
ÿ2:6h ð13:9375 þ 15:50 h þ 3 h2 Þ ÿ 13:9375
¼ ¼ ÿ2:6 ¼
h h
15:50 h þ 3 h2
So, the average rate of change of gðxÞ ¼ 9:3 ÿ 2:6x ¼
from x1 ¼ ÿ3 to x1 þ h is ÿ2:6. h
¼ 15:50 þ 3 h
380
SECTION 22.1 381
So, the average rate of change of f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2:1x2 þ 14. Rate of change is between points
4:3x ÿ 7 from x1 ¼ 1:75 to x1 þ h is 15:50 þ 3 h. positive AÿB and DÿE
negative BÿC and CÿD
5. We want the change from x1 ¼ 2 to x2 ¼ 2:15. In
Exercise 1 we found that the average rate of change zero none
of f ðxÞ ¼ 7x þ 3:4 from x1 ¼ 2 to x1 þ h is 7.
15.
Hence, the average rate of change of f ðxÞ ¼ 7x þ
3:4 from x1 ¼ 2 to x2 ¼ 2:15 is 7.
6. We want the change from x1 ¼ ÿ3 to x2 ¼ ÿ2:8. In
Exercise 2 we found that the average rate of change
of gðxÞ ¼ 9:3 ÿ 2:6x from x1 ¼ ÿ3 to x1 þ h is
ÿ2:6. Hence, the average rate of change of gðxÞ ¼
9:3 ÿ 2:6x from x1 ¼ ÿ3 to x2 ¼ ÿ2:8 is ÿ2:6.
The graph of y2 is the horizontal line y ¼ 2 while
7. We want the change from x1 ¼ ÿ2:5 to x2 ¼ ÿ2:58. the graph of y1 is a straight line with a slope of 2.
In Exercise 3 we found that the average rate of
change of f ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 þ 5x ÿ 4 from x1 ¼ ÿ2:5 to 16.
x1 þh is ÿ10:0 þ3 h. Here h ¼ x2 ¼ x1 ¼ ÿ2:58 ÿ
ðÿ2:5Þ ¼ ÿ0:58. Hence, the average rate of change
of f ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 þ 5x ÿ 4 from x1 ¼ ÿ2:5 to x1 þ h is
ÿ10:0 þ 3ðÿ0:58Þ ¼ ÿ11:74.
8. We want the change from x1 ¼ 1:75 to x2 ¼ 2:82. In
Exercise 4 we found that the average rate of change
of f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2:1x2 þ 4:3x ÿ 7 from x1 ¼ 1:75 to x1 þ The graph of y2 is the horizontal line y ¼ ÿ3:5
h is 15:50 þ 3 h. Here h ¼ x2 ¼ x1 ¼ 2:82 ÿð1:75Þ ¼ while the graph of y1 is a straight line with a slope
1:07. Hence, the average rate of change of f ðxÞ ¼ of ÿ3:5.
ÿ2:1x2 þ 4:3x ÿ 7 from x1 ¼ 1:75 to x2 ¼ 2:82 is
15:50 þ 3ð1:07Þ ¼ 18:71. 17.
9. Rate of change is between points

positive BÿC
negative AÿB; CÿD; and DÿE
zero none

The graph of y2 is a straight line with a slope of 2
positive AÿB; BÿC; and CÿD
that crosses the x-axis at the origin. The graph of
negative none y1 is a parabola that opens up and has its vertex
zero none at the origin.
18.
positive AÿB; and DÿE
negative CÿD
zero BÿC

positive AÿB; and DÿE
negative BÿC The graph of y2 is a straight line with a slope of 2
zero CÿD that crosses the x-axis at the origin. The graph of
y1 is a parabola that opens up and has its vertex
at the point ð0; ÿ7Þ.
positive AÿB and BÿC
negative none
zero none
382 CHAPTER 22 THE DERIVATIVE
19. to be rising until about x ¼ 0:5, then it falls until

about x ¼ 3:75 when it starts increasing again.
23.

that crosses the x-axis at the (2, 0). The graph of y1
is a parabola that opens up and has its vertex at the
The graph of y2 is drawn as a ‘‘thick’’ curve in the
point ð2; ÿ4Þ.
figure. The graph of y2 appears to be a cosine
20. curve. The graph of y1 is a sine curve.
24.

that crosses the x-axis at the (2, 0). The graph of y1
The graph of y2 is drawn as a ‘‘thick’’ curve in the
is a parabola that opens up and has its vertex at the
figure. The graph of y2 appears to be a cosine
point ð2; ÿ2Þ.
curve. The graph of y1 is a sine curve with a ver-
21. tical shift of 2.7 until upward.
25. Step 1: f ðx þ hÞ ¼ 3ðx þ hÞ þ 2 ¼ 3x þ 3h þ 2:
Step 2: f ðxþhÞ ÿ f ðxÞ ¼ ð3þ3h þ 2Þÿð3x þ 2Þ ¼
3h.
Step 3: 3h
h ¼ 3.
Step 4: lim 3 ¼ 3 : f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3
h!0
The graph of y2 is drawn as a ‘‘thick’’ curve in the 26. Step 1: gðx þ hÞ ¼ 5ðx þ hÞ ÿ 7 ¼ 5x þ 5h ÿ 7.
figure. The window settings have xMin ¼ ÿ5 and Step 2: gðxþhÞ ÿ gðxÞ ¼ ð5xþ5hÿ7Þÿð5xÿ7Þ ¼
xMax ¼ 10. The graph of y2 is a parabola that 5h.
opens up and has its vertex at the point ð2; ÿ4Þ Step 3: 5h
h ¼ 5.
and seems to cross the x-axis near x ¼ 0:5 and
Step 4: lim 5 ¼ 5 : g0 ðxÞ ¼ 5
x ¼ 3:75. The graph of y1 is a cubic that seems h!0
to be rising until about x ¼ 0:5, then it falls until
about x ¼ 3:75 when it starts increasing again. 27. Step 1: f ðx þ hÞ ¼ 4 ÿ 3ðx þ hÞ ¼ 4 ÿ 3x ÿ 3h.
Step 2: f ðxþhÞ ÿ f ðxÞ ¼ ð4ÿ3xÿ3hÞÿð4 ÿ 3xÞ ¼
22. ÿ3h.
Step 3: ÿ3h
h ¼ ÿ3.
Step 4: lim ÿ3 ¼ ÿ3 : f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ3
h!0
28. Step 1: gðt þ hÞ ¼ 6 ÿ 4ðt þ hÞ ¼ 6 ÿ 4t ÿ 4h.

Step 2: gðtþhÞ ÿgðtÞ ¼ ð6ÿ4tÿ 4hÞ ÿ ð6 ÿ 4tÞ ¼
ÿ4h.
The graph of y2 is drawn as a ‘‘thick’’ curve in the Step 3: ÿ4h
h ¼ ÿ4.
figure. The window settings have xMin ¼ ÿ5 and
Step 4: lim ÿ4 ¼ ÿ4 : g0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ4
xMax ¼ 10. The graph of y2 is a parabola that h!0
opens up and has its vertex at the point ð2; ÿ4Þ
29. Step 1: 3ðx þ hÞ2 ¼ 3ðx2 þ 2xh þ h2 Þ ¼ 3x2 þ
and seems to cross the x-axis near x ¼ 0:5 and
6xh þ 3h2 .
x ¼ 3:75. The graph of y1 is a cubic that seems
SECTION 22.1 383
Step 2: ð3x2 þ 6xh þ 3h2 Þ ÿ 3x2 ¼ 6xh þ 3h2 . 36. Step 1: ðx þ hÞ2 ÿ 2ðx þ hÞ3 ¼ x2 þ 2xh þ h2 ÿ
Step 3: 6xhþ3h 2
¼ 6x þ 3h. 2x3 ÿ 6x2 h ÿ 6xh2 ÿ 2h3 .
h
Step 4: limð6x þ 3hÞ ¼ 6x : y0 ¼ 6x Step 2: ðx2 þ2xhþh2 ÿ2x3 ÿ 6x2 h ÿ 6xh2 ÿ 2h3 Þ ÿ
h!0
ðx2 ÿ2x3 Þ ¼ 2xh þ h2 ÿ 6x2 h ÿ 6xh2 ÿ 2h3 .
2 2 2 3
30. Step 1: ÿ5ðt þ hÞ2 ¼ ÿ5ðt2 þ 2th þ h2 Þ ¼ ÿ5t2 ÿ Step 3: 2xh þ h ÿ 6x hh ÿ 6xh ÿ 2h ¼ 2 x þ h ÿ 6x2 ÿ
10th ÿ 5h2 . 6xh ÿ 2h . 2
Step 2: ðÿ5t2 ÿ 10th ÿ 5h2 Þ ÿ ðÿ5t2 Þ ¼ ÿ10th ÿ Step 4: limð2x þ h ÿ 6x2 ÿ 6xh ÿ 2h2 Þ ¼ 2x ÿ
5h2 . h!0
2 6x : y0 ¼ 2x ÿ 6x2
2
Step 3: ÿ10thÿ5h
h ¼ ÿ10t ÿ 5h
Step 4: limðÿ10t ÿ 5hÞ ¼ ÿ10t : y0 ¼ ÿ10t 37. Step 1: ðt þ hÞ ÿ 3ðt þ hÞ3 ¼ t þ h ÿ 3t3 ÿ 9t2 h ÿ
h!0
9th2 ÿ 3h3 .
31. Step 1: 2ðx þ hÞ2 þ 5 ¼ 2ðx2 þ 2xh þ h2 Þ þ 5 ¼ Step 2: ðtþhÿ3t3 ÿ9t2 hÿ9th2 ÿ3h3 Þÿðt ÿ 3t3 Þ ¼
2x2 þ 4xh þ 2h2 þ 5. h ÿ 9t2 h ÿ 9th2 ÿ 3h3 .
Step 2: ð2x2 þ4xh þ 2h2 þ 5Þ ÿ ð2x2 þ 5Þ ¼ 4xhþ 2 2 3
Step 3: h ÿ 9t h ÿh9th ÿ 3h ¼ 1 ÿ 9t2 ÿ 9th ÿ 3h2 .
2h2 .
2 Step 4: limð1 ÿ 9t2 ÿ 9th ÿ 3h2 Þ ¼ 1 ÿ 9t2 : y0 ¼
Step 3: 4xhþ2h
h ¼ 4x þ 2h. h!0
Step 4: limð4x þ 2hÞ ¼ 4x : y0 ¼ 4x 1 ÿ 9t2 .

h!0
32. Step 1: jðx þ hÞ ¼ 3ðx þ hÞ2 ÿ ðx þ hÞ þ 2 ¼ 38. Step 1: f ðx þ hÞ ¼ 2ðxþhÞþ1
3 ¼ 2xþ2hþ1
3 .
2xþ2hþ1 ð2xþ2hþ1Þÿð2xþ1Þ
3ðx2 þ 2xh þ h2 Þ ÿ ðx þ hÞ þ 2 ¼ 3x2 þ Step 2: 3 ÿ 2xþ1
3 ¼ 3 ¼ 2h
3.
2h
6xh þ 3h2 ÿ x ÿ h þ 2. Step 3: 3
¼ 23.
Step 2: ð3x2 þ 6xh þ 3h2 ÿ x ÿ h þ 2Þ ÿ ð3x2 ÿ h
x þ 2Þ ¼ 6xh þ 3h2 ÿ h. Step 4: lim 23 ¼ 23 : f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 23
h!0
2
ÿh
Step 3: 6xhþ3h
h ¼ 6x ÿ 1 þ 3h. 1
39. Step 1: f ðx þ hÞ ¼ xþhþ1 .
Step 4: limð6x ÿ 1 þ 3hÞ ¼ 6x ÿ 1 : j0 ¼ 6x ÿ 1
h!0
Step 2: 1
xþhþ1
1
ÿ xþ1 ¼ ðxþ1Þÿðxþhþ1Þ
ðxþ1Þðxþhþ1Þ ¼
2 2
33. Step 1: kðx þ hÞ ¼ 3 ÿ 4ðx þ hÞ ¼ 3 ÿ 4ðx þ ÿh
ðxþ1Þðxþhþ1Þ.
2xh þ h2 Þ ¼ 3 ÿ 4x2 ÿ 8xh ÿ 4h2 . ÿh
ðxþ1Þðxþhþ1Þ
Step 2: ð3ÿ4x2 ÿ8xhÿ4h2 Þ ÿ ð3 ÿ 4x2 Þ ¼ ÿ8xh ÿ Step 3: ÿ1
¼ ðxþ1Þðxþhþ1Þ.
h
4h2 ÿ1 ÿ1 0 ÿ1
2 Step 4: lim ðxþ1Þðxþhþ1Þ ¼ ðxþ1Þ2 : f ðxÞ ¼
ðxþ1Þ2
Step 3: ÿ8xhÿ4h
h ¼ ÿ8x ÿ 4h h!0
0
Step 4: limðÿ8x ÿ 4hÞ ¼ ÿ8x : k ðxÞ ¼ ÿ8x 40. 5
Step 1: gðx þ hÞ ¼ 2ðxþhÞÿ3 5
¼ 2xþ2hÿ3.
h!0
5 5 5ð2xÿ3Þÿ5ð2xþ2hÿ3Þ
Step 2: ÿ ¼ ¼
34. Step 1: gðx þ hÞ ¼ 2ðx þ hÞ ÿ 7ðx þ hÞ2 ¼ 2x þ 2xþ2hÿ3 2xÿ3 ð2xþ2hÿ3Þð2xÿ3Þ
10xÿ15ÿ10xÿ10hþ15 ÿ10h
2h ÿ 7x2 ÿ 14xh ÿ 7h2 . ð2xþ2hÿ3Þð2xÿ3Þ ¼ ð2xþ2hÿ3Þð2xÿ3Þ .
Step 2: ð2xþ2hÿ7x2 ÿ14xhÿ7h2 Þ ÿ ð2x ÿ 7x2 Þ ¼ ÿ10h
ð2xþ2hÿ3Þð2xÿ3Þ ÿ10
2h ÿ 14xh ÿ 7h2 . Step 3: ¼ ð2xþ2hÿ3Þð2xÿ3Þ .
2
h
ÿ10 ÿ10 0
Step 3: 2hÿ14xhÿ7h
h ¼ 2 ÿ 14x ÿ 7h. Step 4: lim ð2xþ2hÿ3Þð2xÿ3Þ ¼ ð2xÿ3Þ 2 : g ðxÞ ¼
h!0
Step 4: lim ð2 ÿ 14x ÿ 7hÞ ¼ 2 ÿ 14x : g0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ10
h!0 ð2xÿ3Þ2
2 ÿ 14x 4
41. Step 1: jðx þ hÞ ¼ 1ÿðxþhÞ2.
35. Step 1: ÿ4ðxþhÞ3 ¼ ÿ4ðx3 þ 3x2 h þ 3xh2 þ h3 Þ ¼ 4 4 4ð1ÿx2 Þÿ4½1ÿðxþhÞ2

Step 2: ÿ 1ÿx 2 ¼ ¼
ÿ4x3 ÿ 12x2 h ÿ 12xh2 ÿ 4h3 . 1ÿðxþhÞ2 ½1ÿðxþhÞ2 ð1ÿx2 Þ
2 2 2 2
Step 2: ðÿ4x3 ÿ12x2 h ÿ 12xh2 ÿ 4h3 Þ ÿ ðÿ4x3 Þ ¼ 4ÿ4x ÿ4þ4x þ8xhþ4h 8xhþ4h
¼ ½1ÿðxþhÞ .
½1ÿðxþhÞ2 ð1ÿx2 Þ 2
ð1ÿx2 Þ
ÿ12x2 h ÿ 12xh2 ÿ 4h3 . 8xhþ4h2
2 2
ÿ4h3
Step 3: 12x hÿ12xh
h ¼ ÿ12x2 ÿ 12xh ÿ 4h2 . ½1ÿðxþhÞ2 ð1ÿx2 Þ 8xþ4h
Step 3: ¼ ½1ÿðxþhÞ2
ð1ÿx2 Þ
.
Step 4: lim ÿ 12x2 ÿ 12xh ÿ 4h2 ¼ ÿ12x2 : y0 ¼ h
8xþ4h 8xþ40
h!0 Step 4: lim ½1ÿðxþhÞ 2 ¼ ½1ÿðxþ0Þ 2 ¼
ÿ12x2 h!0 ð1ÿx2 Þ ð1ÿx2 Þ
8x
ð1ÿx2 Þ2
: j0 ðxÞ ¼ ð1ÿx
8x
2 Þ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi

42. Step 1: f 0 ðx þ hÞ ¼ ðxþhÞ2 þ2ðxþhÞ
9
. Step 3: 5ÿxÿhÿ 5ÿx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi5ÿxÿhffiþpffiffiffiffiffiffi
5ÿxÿh 5ÿx
h þ 5ÿx
9 9
Step 2: ðxþhÞ2 þ2ðxþhÞ
ÿ x2 þ2x ¼ ¼ h½ð5ÿxÿhÞÿð5ÿxÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5ÿxÿhþ 5ÿx
ÿhffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
h½ 5ÿxÿhþ 5ÿx
2
9ðx2 þ2xÞÿ9½ðxþhÞ þ2ðxþhÞ ÿ1
½ðxþhÞ2 þ2ðxþhÞðx2 þ2xÞ
¼ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
5ÿxÿhþ 5ÿx
9x2 þ18xÿ9x2 ÿ18xhÿ9h2 ÿ18xÿ18h ÿ1ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pÿ1 ffiffiffiffiffiffi : y0 pÿ1
¼ Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffi
½ðxþhÞ2 þ2ðxþhÞðx2 þ2xÞ h!0 5ÿxÿhþ 5ÿx 2 5ÿx 2 5ÿx
ÿ18xhÿ9h2 ÿ18h
.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
½ðxþhÞ2 þ2ðxþhÞðx2 þ2xÞ 47. Step 1: 2ðx þ hÞ ÿ ðx þ hÞ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
18xÿ9hÿ18 Step 2: 2ðx þ hÞ ÿ ðx þ hÞ2 ÿ 2x ÿ x2
Step 3: ½ðxþhÞ2 þ2ðxþhÞðx2 þ2xÞ
.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ ÿ 2xÿx2
Step 4: lim ½ðxþhÞÿ18xÿ9hÿ18
2
þ2ðxþhÞðx2 þ2xÞ
¼ ÿ18xÿ18
½x2 þ2x2
¼ Step 3: h
h!0
ÿ18ðxþ1Þ ÿ9ð2xþ2Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
½x2 þ2x2
or ½x2 þ2x2
: f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ9ð2xþ2Þ
ðx2 þ2xÞ2
2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ þ 2xÿx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 ¼
2
2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ þ 2xÿx
2 ½2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ2 ÿ½2xÿx2
43. Step 1: 16ðt þ hÞ ÿ 6ðt þ hÞ þ 3 ¼ 16t þ 32th þ 2 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
h½ 2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ2 þ 2xÿx2
16h2 ÿ 6t ÿ 6h þ 3. 2
Step 2: ð16t2 þ32thþ16h2 ÿ6tÿ 6h þ 3Þ ÿ ð16t2 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2hÿ2xhÿhffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
h½ 2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ þ 2xÿx2
2
6t þ 3Þ ¼ 32th þ 16h2 ÿ 6h
2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ÿ2xÿhffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ6h
Step 3: 32thþ16h
h ¼ 32t þ 16h ÿ 6 2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ þ 2xÿx2
2
Step 4: limð32tþ16hÿ6Þ ¼ 32t ÿ 6 : s0 ¼ 32t ÿ 6 Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2ÿ2xÿhffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h!0 2
h!0 2ðxþhÞÿðxþhÞ þ 2xÿx2
¼ 2p2ÿ2x 1ÿx
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
44. Step 1: ðt þ hÞ3 ÿ 4ðt þ hÞ2 þ 5ðt þ hÞ ÿ 2 ¼ 2xÿx 2xÿx2
t3 þ 3t2 h þ 3th2 þ h3 ÿ 4ðt2 þ 2th þ h2 Þþ y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

1ÿx
2xÿx2
5ðt þ hÞ ÿ 2 ¼ t3 þ 3t2 h þ 3th2 þ h3 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
48. Step 1: 5ðx þ hÞ ÿ 4ðx þ hÞ3 :
4t2 ÿ 8th ÿ 4h2 þ 5t þ 5h ÿ 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Step 2: ðt3 þ 3t2 h þ 3th2 þ h3 ÿ 4t2 ÿ 8th ÿ 4h2 þ Step 2: 5x þ 5h ÿ 4x3 ÿ 12x2 h ÿ 12xh2 ÿ 4h3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
5tþ5h ÿ 2Þ ÿ ðt3 ÿ 4t2 þ 5t ÿ 2Þ ¼ 3t2 h þ ÿ 5x ÿ 4x3 ¼ E1 ÿ E2
pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
3th2 þ h3 ÿ 8th ÿ 4h2 þ 5h Step 3: E1 ÿh E2 pEffiffiffiffi 1 þp E
E þ E
ffiffiffiffi2 ¼ pEffiffiffiffi1 ÿEp2 ffiffiffiffi ¼
h½ E þ E
2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2
Step 3: 3t hþ3th þh hÿ8thÿ4h þ5h ¼ 3t2 þ 3th þ h2 ÿ 5xþ5hÿ4x3 ÿ12xp2ffiffiffiffi
hÿ12xh 2 3
pffiffiffiffi ÿ4h ÿ5xþ4x
3
h½ E1 þ E2
8t ÿ 4h þ 5 2 2 3 2 2 2
¼ 5hÿ12x hÿ12xh
pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi ÿ4h ¼ 5ÿ12x pffiffiffiffiÿ12xh
pffiffiffiffiÿ4h
Step 4: lim ð3t2 þ 3th þ h2 ÿ 8t ÿ 4h þ 5Þ ¼ 3t2 ÿ h½ E1 þ E2 ½ E1 þ E2
h!0 5ÿ12x2 ÿ12xhÿ4h 2
Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
8t þ 5 : q0 ¼ 3t2 ÿ 8t þ 5 h!0 5ðxþhÞÿ4ðxþhÞ3 þ 5xÿ4x3
2 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5ÿ12x
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 5xÿ4x3
ffi : y0 ¼ 2p5ÿ12x
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3ffi
5xÿ4x
45. Step 1: ðx þ hÞ2 þ 4
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 49. f ðxÞ ¼ 3x þ 7; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3; f 0 ð2Þ ¼ 3; f 0 ð9Þ ¼ 3
Step 2: ðx þ hÞ2 þ 4 ÿ x2 þ 4.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Step 3:
ðxþhÞ2 þ4ÿ x2 þ4
50. gðxÞ ¼ x2 ÿ 2; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 2x; g0 ð2Þ ¼ 4; g0 ð9Þ ¼ 18
h
2
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
51. sðtÞ ¼ 16t2 þ2t; s0 ðtÞ ¼ 32tþ2; s0 ð3Þ ¼ 323 þ 2 ¼
2 þ4Þÿðx2 þ4Þ
pðxþhÞ þ4þ x þ4
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ððxþhÞ
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
2
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 98; s0 ð2Þ ¼ 32 2 þ 2 ¼ 66; s0 ð0Þ ¼ 32 0 þ 2 ¼ 2
ðxþhÞ þ4þ x2 þ4 h½ ðxþhÞ þ4þ x2 þ4
ðx2 þ2xhþh2 þ4Þÿðx2 þ4Þ 52. sðtÞ ¼ 2t2 ÿ 1; s0 ðtÞ ¼ 4t; s0 ð1Þ ¼ 4; s0 ð5Þ ¼ 20
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
2
h½ ðxþhÞ þ4þ x þ4
2
53. qðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 4t2 ; q0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 8t; q0 ð0Þ ¼ 0; q0 ð3Þ ¼
2xhþh
2
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 3 32 ÿ 8 3 ¼ 27 ÿ 24 ¼ 3.
h½ ðxþhÞ þ4þ 2 x þ4
2xþh ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 54. jðxÞ ¼ p1ffiffix; Since this function is unlike any in ex-
ðxþhÞ2 þ4þ x2 þ4 ercises 1–24, its derivative will be evaluated using
Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2xþhffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2p2x ffi¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ4 the four-step process.
h!0 h½ ðxþhÞ2 þ4þ x2 þ4
1
x ffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ffi Step 1: pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþh
x2 þ4 x2 þ4 pffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ xþh
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
Step 2: pffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ p1ffiffi ¼ pxffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþhpffiffiffiffiffiffi x
pffiffi
xþh x
46. Step 1: 5 ÿ ðx þ hÞ ¼ 5 ÿ x ÿ h pffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Step 3: pffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffipxÿðxþhÞ
x xþh
hð xþh xÞ
x xþh
ffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþ xþh hð xþh xÞð xþ
Step 2: 5 ÿ x ÿ h ÿ 5 ÿ x xþhÞ
¼ hðpffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiÿ1pffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþh xÞð xþ xþh
SECTION 22.1 385
ÿ1
Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffixpffiffixðÿ1
pffiffi pffiffi
xþ xÞ 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi10xþ5h pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h!0 ð xþh xÞð xþ xþhÞ h!0 25ÿðxþhÞ 25ÿx ð 25ÿðxþhÞ þ 25ÿx2 Þ
¼ ÿ1
pffiffi3 ¼ 10x 5x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3
2 x 2 25ÿx2 25ÿx2
j0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ1
pffiffi3
2 x 60. First find h0 ðxÞ using the four step process.
0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ1 ÿ1 1 Step 1: hðx þ cÞ ¼ ðx þ cÞ2 þ 4ðx þ cÞ þ 9 ¼
j ð4Þ ¼ pffiffi3 ¼ ¼ ÿ 16
2 4 223 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 ÿ1 ÿ1 ÿ1 1 x2 þ 2xc þ c2 þ 4x þ 4c þ 9
j ð9Þ ¼ pffiffi3 ¼ 233 ¼ 227 ¼ ÿ 54
2 9 Step 2: hðx þ cÞ ÿ hðxÞ ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 ÿ2x 0 ÿ10 ÿ10 x2 þ 2xc þ c2 þ 4x þ 4c þ 9 ÿ
55. kðxÞ ¼ 1
x2 ÿ4 ; k ðxÞ ¼ ðx2 ÿ4Þ2 ; k ð5Þ ¼ 212 ¼ 441 ;
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ 4x þ 9
ÿ2ðÿ5Þ
k0 ðÿ5Þ ¼ ððÿ5Þ 10
¼ ð25ÿ4Þ 10 10
2 ¼ 212 ¼ 441 : hðxþcÞÿhðxÞ
2
ÿ4Þ2 Step 3: c ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9ÿ x2 þ4xþ9
f ðxÞ ¼ 4
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ8x
; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0; f 0 ð3Þ ¼ ¼
56. x2 þ1 ; ðx2 þ1Þ2
c
ÿ83 ÿ8ðÿ5Þ x2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9ÿ x2 þ4xþ9
ð32 þ1Þ2
¼ ÿ24
102 ¼
ÿ24 ÿ6
100 ¼ 25 ; f 0 ðÿ5Þ ¼ ðÿ52 þ1Þ2
¼ c
x2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9þpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 þ4xþ9
40 40 10 x2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9þ xx2 þ4xþ9
p ¼
262 ¼ 676 ¼ 169
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðx2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9Þÿðx2 þ4xþ9Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
c½ x2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9þ x2 þ4xþ9
57. j0 ðtÞ ¼ 5t ÿ t2 ; j0 ðtÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; j0 ð1Þ ¼ p5ÿ2
5ÿ2t
2 5tÿt2
ffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 5ÿ1 2xcþc2 þ4c pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c½ x2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9þ x2 þ4xþ9
¼
¼ 2p3 ffiffi4 ¼ 34 ; j0 ð4Þ ¼ 5ÿ8 ÿ3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffi ¼
2 20ÿ16 2 4
ÿ3 3
4 or ÿ 4. 2xþcþ4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ2xcþc2 þ4xþ4cþ9þ x2 þ4xþ9
58. gðxÞ ¼ 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþ4
; g0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ1 0 ÿ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ; g ð0Þ ¼ pffiffi3 ¼ Step 4: 2xþcþ4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2 2
¼
2 xþ4 2 4 c!0 x þ2xcþc þ4xþ4cþ9þ x þ4xþ9
ÿ1
16 ; g0 ð5Þ ¼ ÿ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ¼
ÿ1 ÿ1 ÿ1 0
pffiffi3 ¼ 227 ¼ 54 ; g ðÿ2Þ 2xþ4
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 5þ4 2 9 2 x2 þ4xþ9
ÿ1 ÿ1 0
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ ÿ1 pffiffi Now, we will evaluate h ðxÞ at x ¼ ÿ4; x ¼ 0,
2 ÿ2þ4 2 x3 4 2
and x ¼ 4.
5
59. f ðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ðÿ4Þ þ 4
25 ÿ x2 h0 ðÿ4Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ðÿ4Þ2 þ 4ðÿ4Þ þ 9
ÿ5ðÿ2xÞ 5x
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ÿ8 þ 4 ÿ4 ÿ2 2
2 25 ÿ x2 25 ÿ x2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ ¼ÿ
2 16 ÿ 16 þ 9 2 9 3 3
0 15 15
f ð0Þ ¼ 0; f ð3Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi3 2ð0Þ þ 4
25 ÿ 9 16 h0 ð0Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ð0Þ2 þ 4ð0 þ 9Þ
15 15
¼ 3¼ ; 0þ4 4 2
4 64 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi ¼
ÿ20 ÿ20 ÿ20 2 0þ0þ9 2 9 3
0
f ðÿ4Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ¼ 3 ¼ 2ð4Þ þ 4
25 ÿ 16 3 27 h0 ð4Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
20 2 ð4Þ2 þ 4ð4Þ þ 9
or ÿ 8þ4 12 6
27 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi
The four-step process for finding f 0 ðxÞ is as fol- 2 16 þ 16 þ 9 2 41 41
lows:
Step 1: f ðx þ hÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5 61. (a) Enter the data as lists in a TI-86 calculator and
2
25ÿðxþhÞ then use the P2Reg by pressing 2nd STAT
Step 2: pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5 5
ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
25ÿðxþhÞ 2 25ÿx2 F1 [CALC] MORE F4 [P2Reg]. The result
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5 25ÿx2 ÿ5 25ÿðxþhÞ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 is dðtÞ 5:9t2 þ 21:1937t ÿ 9:4038 feet t seconds
25ÿðxþhÞ 25ÿx after t ¼ 0.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
5 25ÿx2 þ5 25ÿðxþhÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
(b) Using the model we get dð8:9Þ 646:5544
5 25ÿx2 þ5 25ÿðxþhÞ2 and dð9:0Þ 659:2347. The average speed during
5ð25ÿx2 ÿð25ÿx2 ÿ2xhÿh2 Þ dð9:0Þ ÿ dð8:9Þ
pffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
E1 E2 ð E2 þ E1 Þ
¼ this interval is
2
9:0 ÿ 8:9
5ð2xhþh Þ 659:2347 ÿ 646:5544
pffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
E2 E2 ð E2 þ E1 Þ 126:803 fps.
10xþ5h 9:0 ÿ 8:9
Step 3: pffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
E1 E2 ð E2 þ E1 Þ (c) Using the model we get dð8:99Þ 657:9613.
The average speed during this interval is Step 4: lim15:0tþ7:50 h þ 18:74 ¼ 15:0t þ 18:74
h!0
dð9:0Þ ÿ dð8:99Þ 659:2347 ÿ 657:9613
¼ So, the derivative of dðtÞ ¼ 7:50t2 þ18:74t ÿ10:35
9:0 ÿ 8:99 9:0 ÿ 8:99
is d0 ðtÞ ¼ 15:0t þ 18:74.
127:34 fps.
(e) d0 ð8:0Þ ¼ 138:74
(d) Rewriting the model with the coefficients
rounded to 2 decimal places produces dðtÞ ¼ 63. (a) Enter the data as lists in a TI-86 calculator and
5:9t2 þ 21:19t ÿ 9:40 feet t seconds after t ¼ 0. then use the P2Reg produces CðtÞ 0:0106t2 ÿ
0:3639t þ 299:5143 ppm of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Step 1: dðtþhÞ ¼ 5:9ðtþhÞ2 þ21:19ðtþhÞÿ9:40 ¼ t years since 1900.
5:9t2 þ11:8th þ 5:9t2 þ 21:19t þ 21:19 hÿ 9:40 (b) Using the model we get Cð90Þ 353:0234
Step 2: dðtþhÞ ÿ dðtÞ ¼ ð5:9t2 þ 11:8th þ 5:9 h2 þ and Cð95Þ 361:0545. The average speed during
21:19tþ21:19 hÿ9:40Þÿ ð5:9t2 þ 21:19tÿ Cð95Þ ÿ Cð90Þ
this interval is
9:40Þ ¼ 11:8th þ 5:9 h2 þ 21:19 h 95 ÿ 90
11:8th þ 5:9 h2 þ 21:19 h 361:0545 ÿ 353:0234
Step 3: ¼ 11:8t þ 5:9 hþ ¼ 1:60622 ppm.
h 5
21:19 (c) Rewriting the model with the coefficients
Step 4: lim 11:8t þ 5:9 h þ 21:19 ¼ 11:8t þ 21:19 rounded to 2 decimal places produces CðtÞ ¼
h!0
0:01t2 ÿ 0:36t þ 299:51 ppm of carbon dioxide
So, the derivative of dðtÞ ¼ 5:9x2 þ 21:19x ÿ 9:40 (CO2) t years since 1900.
is d0 ðtÞ ¼ 11:8t þ 21:19.
(e) d0 ð9:0Þ ¼ 127:39 Step 1: Cðt þ hÞ ¼ 0:01ðt þ hÞ2 ÿ 0:36ðt þ hÞ þ
299:51 ¼ 0:01t2 þ 0:02th þ 0:01 h2 ÿ 0:36tÿ
62. (a) Enter the data as lists in a TI-86 calculator and 0:36 h þ 299:51
then use the P2Reg by pressing 2nd STAT Step 2: Cðt þ hÞ ÿ CðtÞ ¼ ð0:01t2 þ 0:02 th þ
F1 [CALC] MORE F4 [P2Reg]. The result is 0:01 h2 ÿ 0:36 t ÿ 0:36 h þ 299:51Þ ÿ ð0:01t2
dðtÞ 7:4968t2 þ18:7361tÿ10:3531 feet t seconds ÿ 0:36t þ 299:51Þ ¼ 0:02 th þ 0:01 h2 ÿ 0:36 h
after t ¼ 0. 0:02th þ 0:01h2 ÿ 0:36 h
Step 3: ¼ 0:02tþ0:01h
(b) Using the model we get dð7:9Þ 6:5:5391 and h
dð8:0Þ 6:19:3326. The average speed during this ÿ0:36
dð8:0Þ ÿ dð7:9Þ Step 4: lim0:02tþ0:01 h ÿ 0:36 ¼ 0:02t ÿ 0:36
interval is h!0
8:0 ÿ 7:9
619:3326 ÿ 605:5391 So, the derivative of CðtÞ ¼ 0:01t2 ÿ 0:36t þ
¼ 137:935 fps.
8:00 ÿ 7:9 299:51 is C0 ðtÞ ¼ 0:02t ÿ 0:36.
(c) Using the model we get dð7:99Þ 617:9465: (d) C 0 ð95Þ ¼ 1:54 ppm per year
The average speed during this interval is
64. (a) Enter the data as lists in a TI-86 calculator and
dð8:0Þ ÿ dð7:99Þ 619:3326 ÿ 617:9465 then use the LinR produces PðtÞ 429:4367t þ
¼
8:0 ÿ 7:99 8:0 ÿ 7:99 85:255 million pieces of priority mail t years since
138:61 fps. 1990
(d) Rewriting the model with the coefficients (b) The rate of change of a linear function is its
rounded to 2 decimal places produces dðtÞ ¼ slope and so the rate of change is 429.4367 million
7:50t2 þ 18:74t ÿ 10:35 feet t seconds after t ¼ 0. pieces of priority mail per year.
Step 1: dðt þ hÞ ¼ 7:50ðt þ hÞ2 þ 18:74ðt þ hÞ ÿ (c) The answer to (b) means that each year the
10:35 ¼ 7:50t2 þ 15:0th þ 7:50 h2 þ 18:74tþ U.S. Postal Service handles about 429.4367 mil-
18:74 h ÿ 10:35 lion more pieces of priority mail than it handled
Step 2: dðtþhÞÿdðtÞ ¼ ð7:50t2 þ15:0thþ7:50 h2 þ the previous year.
18:74 t þ 18:74 h ÿ 10:35Þ ÿ ð7:50t2 þ 18:74tÿ (d) The answer depends on the year the question is
10:35Þ ¼ 15:0thþ7:50 h2 þ18:74 h being answered. If the year is 2006, then t ¼ 16
15:0th þ 7:50 h2 þ 18:74 h and the number of pieces of priority mail delivered
Step 3: ¼ 15:0t þ will be about Pð16Þ ¼ 429:4367ð16Þ þ 85:255 ¼
h
6956:2422 million pieces.
7:50 h þ 18:74
SECTION 22.2 387
22.2 DERIVATIVES OF POLYNOMIALS

pffiffiffi
1. f ðxÞ ¼ 19; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 0 28. sðtÞ ¼ 53 t4 þ 7 2t3 ÿ 8t2=3 þ 7tÿ1=2 ; s0 ðtÞ ¼ 20 3
3 t þ
pffiffiffi 2
2. gðxÞ ¼ ÿ4; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 0 21 2t ÿ 163t ÿ1=3 7 ÿ3=2
ÿ 2t
pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
3. hðxÞ ¼ 7x ÿ 5; h0 ðxÞ ¼ 7 29. First, rewrite qðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 4t 3t þ 3 t2 as qðtÞ ¼
pffiffiffi 1=2 pffiffiffi 3=2
4. jðxÞ ¼ ÿ3x þ 7; j0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ3 6t ÿ 4 3p t ffiffi þ t2=3 . Then, differentiating pro-
pffiffiffi
5. kðxÞ ¼ 9x2 ; k0 ðxÞ ¼ 9ð2xÞ ¼ 18x duces q ðtÞ ¼ 26 tÿ1=2 ÿ 6 3t1=2 þ 23 tÿ1=3 .
0
pffiffiffi
6. mðxÞ ¼ 15x3 ; m0 ðxÞ ¼ 15ð3x2 Þ ¼ 45x2 30. First, rewrite f ðxÞ ¼ 3x x as f ðxÞ ¼ 3x3=2 .
7. f ðxÞ ¼ 13 x15 ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 13 ð15x14 Þ ¼ 5x14 Then, differentiating produces f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 92 x1=2 ¼
9
pffiffiffi
8. gðxÞ ¼ 25 x10 ; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 25 ð10x9 Þ ¼ 4x9 2 x.
pffiffiffi 1
9. hðxÞ ¼ 5xÿ2 ; h0 ðxÞ ¼ 5ðÿ2xÿ3 Þ ¼ ÿ10xÿ3 31. Rewrite gðxÞ ¼ 5x2 3 x as gðxÞ ¼ 5x23 or gðxÞ ¼
7=3 0
5x . Then, differentiating gives g ðxÞ ¼ 5
10. jðxÞ ¼ ÿ3xÿ4 ; j0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ3ðÿ4xÿ5 Þ ¼ 12xÿ5 7 4=3
p
¼ 35 4=3
or 35
ffiffiffi
3 x x.
3
3x 3 x
11. kðxÞ ¼ ÿ 23 x3=2 ; k0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 23 ð32 x1=2 Þ ¼ ÿx1=2 3 1
pffiffi 32. Rewrite jðxÞ ¼ 3x 3 x as jðxÞ ¼ 3x
p ffiffi 3ÿ3
¼ 3x8=3 .
12. jðxÞ ¼ 4 3 x ¼ 43 x1=2 ; j0 ðxÞ ¼ 43 12 xÿ1=2 ¼ 23 xÿ1=2 0 5=3
Then, differentiating gives j ðxÞ ¼ 8x .
or p2 ffiffi
3 x 33. Here, we rewrite hðxÞ ¼ x42 ¼ 4xÿ2 . Then, dif-
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
13. hðxÞ ¼ 4 3x ¼ 4 3x1=2 ; h0 ðxÞ ¼ 4 3 12 xÿ1=2 ¼ ferentiation produces h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ8xÿ3 ¼ ÿ8 x3
pffiffiffi ÿ1=2 pffiffi
pffiffiffi 5
2 3x or 2pffiffi3x 34. 0 2
Rewrite j ðxÞ ¼ 7x þ 2x x þ x3 as jðxÞ ¼ 7x2 þ
2x3=2 þ 5xÿ3 . Then, differentiating gives j0 ðxÞ ¼
14. mðxÞ ¼ 34 xÿ5=3 ; m0 ðxÞ ¼ 34 ðÿ 53 xÿ8=3 Þ ¼ ÿ 54 xÿ8=3 pffiffiffi
14x þ 3x1=2 ÿ 15xÿ4 ¼ 14x þ 3 x ÿ 15 x4 .
15. gðxÞ ¼ p33 ffiffix ¼ 3xÿ1=3 ; gðxÞ ¼ 3ðÿ 13 xÿ4=3 Þ ¼ p3 ffiffi
35. Rewrite KðxÞ ¼ 4pffiffixx as KðxÞ ¼ 4x1=3ÿ1=2 ¼
ÿxÿ4=3 or pÿ1 ffiffiffi ÿ1
3 4 ¼
p3 ffiffi
x x x 4xÿ1=6 . Then, differentiating produces K 0 ðxÞ ¼
16. f ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 5x2 þ 2; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ÿ 10x ÿ 23 xÿ7=6
17. gðxÞ ¼ 9x2 þ 3x ÿ 4; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 18x þ 3
pffiffiffi
xffi3
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
36. Here MðxÞ ¼ 3pffiffiffi 3x
¼ p3ffiffi3 x3=2ÿ1=2 ¼ 3x2=2 ¼ 3x;
p
18. nðxÞ ¼ 7x7 ÿ 5x5 ; n0 ðxÞ ¼ 49x6 ÿ 25x4 so M 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3.
ffiffi
ffi
19. hðxÞ ¼ 13 x3 þ 12 x2 ÿ 5x þ 23 xÿ2 þ 5; h0 ðxÞ ¼ x2 þ pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi

4 3x þ 3x2 ÿ 7 x3 þ 2xÿ1
x ÿ 5 ÿ 43 xÿ3 37. f ðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffi
x
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
20. jðxÞ ¼ 34 x4 ÿ 23 x3 þ 54 x2 ÿ 12 x þ 2xÿ3 þ xÿ4 þ 4 3x 3x2 7 x3 2xÿ1
¼ pffiffiffi þ pffiffiffi ÿ pffiffiffi þ pffiffiffi
7; j0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x3 ÿ 2x2 þ 52 x ÿ 12 ÿ 6xÿ4 ÿ 4xÿ5 x x x x
pffiffiffi
21. f ðxÞ ¼ 45 x5 ÿ 32 x3 ÿ 7x0 þ 12 xÿ2 ÿ 23 xÿ3 ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ¼ 4 3 þ 3x3=2 ÿ 7x þ 2xÿ3=2
9
4x4 ÿ 92 x2 ÿ xÿ3 þ 2xÿ4 f 0 ðxÞ ¼ x1=2 ÿ 7 ÿ 3xÿ5=2
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 2
22. kðxÞ ¼ 2x5 ÿ 3x3 þ 3x3 þ ; k0 ðxÞ ¼ 5 2x4 ÿ
pffiffiffi 2 38. FðxÞ ¼ f ðxÞ ÿ gðxÞ
3 3x þ 3
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi Fðx þ hÞ ÿ FðxÞ
23. lðxÞ ¼ 3 3x4 þ 3 5x þ 4x4 ¼ 3 3x4 þ 3 5x1=2 F 0 ðxÞ ¼ lim
pffiffiffi p ffiffi pffiffiffi h!0 h
½ f ðxþhÞÿgðxþhÞÿ½f ðxÞÿgðxÞ
þ2x2 ; l0 ðxÞ ¼ 12 3x3 þ 3 2 5 xÿ1=2 þ 4x ¼ 12 3x3 ¼ lim
pffiffi h!0 h
þ 32p5ffiffix þ 4x ½ f ðxþhÞÿf ðxÞÿ½gðxþhÞÿgðxÞ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ¼ lim
24. mðxÞ ¼ 7x6 ÿ 2x3 þ 5 3x2 ÿ 7; m0 ðxÞ ¼ h!0 h
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi f ðx þ hÞ ÿ f ðxÞ
6 7x5 ÿ 6x2 þ 10 3x ¼ lim
h!0 h
gðx þ hÞ ÿ gðxÞ
25. sðtÞ ¼ 16t2 ÿ 32t þ 5; s0 ðtÞ ¼ 32t ÿ 32 ÿ lim
h!0 h
26. qðtÞ ¼ 4:3t3 ÿ 2:7t þ 3:0; q0 ðtÞ ¼ 12:9t2 ÿ 2:7 ¼ f 0 ðxÞ ÿ gðxÞ:
27. ðtÞ ¼ 30 ÿ 4:0t2 þ 2t1=2 ; 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ8:0t þ tÿ1=2 Hence: F 0 ðxÞ ¼ f 0 ðxÞ ÿ g0 ðxÞ.
39. Here we have f ðxÞ ¼ x3 þ 3x2 , and so f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 47. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 3
3x2 þ 6x. Now, f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 0 means that 3x2 þ 6x ¼ 0 The graphs of f and f 0 are shown in the figure with
or 3xðx þ 2Þ ¼ 0. Thus, by the zero product the graph of f 0 in ‘‘thick’’ style. The window set-
principle, x ¼ 0 or x ¼ ÿ2. tings have xMin ¼ ÿ5 and xMax ¼ 5. The graph
40. Here we have ðtÞ ¼ 3t3 ÿ t, and so 0 ðtÞ ¼ 9t2 ÿ 1. of f has a maximum when the graph of f 0 crosses
Since 0 ðtÞ ¼ 0 is the same as 9t2 ÿ 1 ¼ 0, then the x-axis at x ¼ ÿ1 and a minimum where the
9t2 ¼ 1, or t2 ¼ 19, and so t ¼ 13. Thus, t ¼ ÿ 13 graph of f 0 crosses the x-axis at x ¼ 1.
or t ¼ 13.
41. We are given gðxÞ ¼ 2x3 þ x2 ÿ 4x and determine
that g0 ðxÞ ¼ 6x2 þ 2x ÿ 4. Now g0 ðxÞ ¼ 0 is the
same as 6x2 þ 2x ÿ 4 ¼ 0, or 2ð3x2 þ x ÿ 2Þ ¼ 0.
This factors as 2ð3xÿ2Þðxþ1Þ ¼ 0 which, by the
zero product principle, has solutions when x ¼ 23
or x ¼ ÿ1. 48. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ 4x ÿ 2
42. 2 1=2 0
Since !ðtÞ ¼ 4:0t ÿ 2:0t , then ! ðtÞ ¼ 8:0t ÿ The graphs of f and f 0 are shown in the figure with
tÿ1=2 . Now, !0 ðtÞ ¼ 0 means that 8:0t ÿ tÿ1=2 ¼ 0, the graph of f 0 in ‘‘thick’’ style. The window set-
ÿ 2 tings have xMin ¼ ÿ5 and xMax ¼ 5. The graph
or 8t ¼ p1ffit, or t3=2 ¼ 18 and so t ¼ 18 3 ¼ ð1=2Þ2
of f has one minimum when the graph of f 0 crosses
¼ 14.
the x-axis at about x ¼ ÿ1:7 and a second mini-
43. Since jðtÞ ¼ 4t3 þ 1t , then j0 ðtÞ ¼ 12t2 ÿ tÿ2 ¼ mum when the graph of f 0 crosses the x-axis near
12t2 ÿ t12 . Now, j0 ðtÞ ¼ 0, means that 12t2 ÿ t12 ¼ 0 x ¼ 2:2 The graph of f has a maximum where the
2 1 4 4 1 graph of f 0 crosses the x-axis near x ¼ ÿ0:6.
qffiffiffiffi¼ t2 and so 12t ¼ 1, or t ¼ 12. Hence,
or 12t
4 1
t¼ 12 0:537285.
44. Rewriting h as hðxÞ ¼ 4 þ xÿ1 ÿ 8xÿ3 and differen-
tiating, we get h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿxÿ2 þ 24xÿ4 ¼ ÿ x12 þ x84 .
Setting this equal to 0 produces ÿ x12 þ x84 ¼ 0 or
x2 ÿ24 ¼ 0. Solving this equation, we get x2 ¼ 24
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
and so, x ¼ 24 ¼ 2 6.
49. (a) Pð6Þ ¼ 146;000 þ 64ð6Þ ÿ 0:04ð6Þ2 ¼ 146;382
0 (b) Since the rate of change at time t is given
45. f ðxÞ ¼ 0:6x ÿ 2
The graphs of f and f 0 are shown in the figure. The by P0 ðtÞ ¼ 64 ÿ 0:08t, then the rate of change
graph of f has a minimum at the x-value where the in the city’s population six months from now is
graph of f 0 crosses the x-axis near x ¼ 3:3: P0 ð6Þ ¼ 64 ÿ 0:08ð6Þ ¼ 63:52. This represents a
63.52 increase in the population per month.
50. (a) Rð30Þ ¼ 120ð30Þ ÿ ð30Þ2 ¼ 2;700. The sale of
30 telephones will produce revenue of $2,700.
(b) The rate of change in the revenue is given by
R0 ðcÞ ¼ 120 ÿ 2c. Thus, the rate of change in the
revenue when c ¼ 30 is R0 ð30Þ ¼ 120 ÿ 2ð30Þ ¼
60. This represents a $60 increase in revenue per
46. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ0:5x þ 1 sale.
The graphs of f and f 0 are shown in the figure. The 51. (a) The distance the ball has traveled when t ¼ 4 s
graph of f has a minimum at the x-value where the is given by sð4Þ ¼ 15ð4Þ þ 7ð4Þ2 ¼ 172. The ball
graph of f 0 crosses the x-axis at x ¼ 2. has traveled 172 ft when t ¼ 4 s.
(b) The velocity (rate of change) of the ball is
given by s0 ðtÞ ¼ 15 þ 14t. Thus, s0 ð4Þ ¼ 15 þ
14ð4Þ ¼ 71 and the velocity of the ball when t ¼
4 s is 71 ft/s.
52. (a) The number of gallons of oil left in the tank 20
min after the drain is opened is Vð20Þ ¼ 75;000 ÿ
SECTION 22.3 389
3;000ð20Þ þ 30ð20Þ2 ¼ 27;000 gal. 58. V 0 ðtÞ ¼ 2 0:04t ¼ 0:08t in V/s

(b) The average rate that the oil drains during
59. (a) When the rocket is first launched t ¼ 0, so
the first 20 min is Vð20ÞÿVð0Þ
20 ¼ 27;000ÿ75;000
20 ¼ the rocket’s altitude at launch is hð0Þ ¼ ÿ04 þ
ÿ2;4000. The negative sign indicates that the 12ð0Þ3 ÿ 16ð0Þ2 þ 605 ¼ 605 ft above sea level.
amount of oil is decreasing at an average rate of (b) The rocket will fall into the ocean when hðtÞ ¼
2,400 gal/min. 0. That is, when ÿt4 þ 12t3 ÿ 16t2 þ 605 ¼ 0.
(c) When t ¼ 20 the oil is draining at V 0 ð20Þ ¼ Using a graphing utility, we obtain t ¼ 11 s.
ÿ3;000 þ 30ð20Þ ¼ ÿ1;800 gal/min. (c) The rocket’s altitude at t ¼ 2 s is hð2Þ ¼
53. (a) The city’s population six years p from ÿð2Þ4 þ12ð2Þ3 ÿ16ð2Þ2 þ605þ621 ft. The rocket’s
ffiffiffi now will velocity at any time t is given by h0 ðtÞ. Differenti-
be Pð6Þ ¼ 125;000 þ 1;500ð6Þ ÿ 36 6 133;912
people. ating h, we see that vðtÞ ¼ h0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ4t3 þ 36t2 ÿ
(b) We first determine P0 ðtÞ by rewriting PðtÞ ¼ 32t. Thus, the rocket’s velocity at t ¼ 2 s is
pffi vð2Þ ¼ ÿ4ð2Þ3 þ 36ð2Þ2 ÿ 32ð2Þ ¼ 48 ft/s.
125;000 þ 1;500t ÿ 36 t as PðtÞ ¼ 125;000 þ
(d) The rocket’s altitude at t ¼ 4 s is hð4Þ ¼ ÿð4Þ4
1;500t ÿ 36t1=2 and then differentiating. Thus, we þ 12ð4Þ3 ÿ 16ð4Þ2 þ 605 ¼ 861 ft. The rocket’s
get P0 ðtÞ ¼ 1; 500 ÿ 36 12 tÿ1=2 ¼ 1; 500 ÿ p18ffi
t
. Six velocity at t ¼ 4 s is vð4Þ ¼ ÿ4ð4Þ3 þ 36ð4Þ2
years from now the rate at which the city’s ÿ32ð4Þ ¼ 192 ft/s.
population is growing will be P0 ð6Þ ¼ 1; 500 ÿ (e) The rocket’s altitude at t ¼ 6 s is hð6Þ ¼
18ffiffi
p 1; 493 people per year. ÿð6Þ4 þ 12ð6Þ3 ÿ 16ð6Þ2 þ 605 ¼ 1;325 ft. The
6 rocket’s velocity at t ¼ 6 s is vð6Þ ¼ ÿ4ð6Þ3 þ
(c) The city’s population ten years from now pffiffiffiffiffiwill 36ð6Þ2 ÿ 32ð6Þ ¼ 240 ft/s.
be Pð10Þ ¼ 125;000 þ 1;500ð10Þ ÿ 36 10
(f) The rocket’s altitude at t ¼ 10 s is vð10Þ ¼
139;886 people.
ÿð10Þ4 þ 12ð10Þ3 ÿ16ð10Þ2 þ605 ¼ 1;005 ft. The
(d) The rate at which the city’s population is grow-
rocket’s velocity at t ¼ 10 s is vð10Þ ¼ ÿ4ð10Þ3
ing ten years from now is P0 ð10Þ ¼ 1;500 ÿ p18ffiffiffi ffi
10 þ36ð10Þ2 ÿ 32ð10Þ ¼ ÿ720 ft/s.
1;494 people per year.
(g) The rocket’s velocity when it falls into the
54. C0 ðnÞ ¼ 25 ÿ 0:8n, where 0 n 60. ocean, at t ¼ 11 s is vð11Þ ¼ ÿ4ð11Þ3 þ 36ð11Þ2 ÿ
(a) C 0 ð10Þ ¼ 25 ÿ 0:8ð10Þ ¼ $17/unit 32ð11Þ ¼ ÿ1;320 ft/s.
(b) C 0 ð30Þ ¼ 25 ÿ 0:8ð30Þ ¼ $1/unit
60. (a) vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 84:5 ÿ 12 t2 in m/min.
(c) C 0 ð50Þ ¼ 25 ÿ 0:8ð50Þ ¼ $ÿ15/unit
(b) The engines were put in reverse at t ¼ 0, so
55. Since P0 ðiÞ ¼ 2 25i ¼ 50 i, then P0 ð2:4Þ ¼ 50ð2:4Þ s0 ð0Þ ¼ 84:5 ÿ 12 ð0Þ2 ¼ 84:5 m/min. Converting
¼ 120 W/A. this to km/h, we have 84.5 m/min ¼ 84:5m 1km
1 min 1000m
60 min
¼ 5:07 km/h.
56. Since S0 ðTÞ ¼ ÿ0:00017T, we have S0 ð135Þ ¼ 1hr
ÿ0:00017ð135Þ ¼ ÿ0:02295 lb/ F. (c) vðtÞ ¼ 0 when 84:5 ÿ 12 t2 ¼ 0 or when t2 ¼

169. Taking the square root, we get t ¼ 13. Thus,
57. (a) PðnÞ ¼ RðnÞ ÿ CðnÞ ¼ ð78n ÿ 0:025n2 Þ ÿ
it will take 13 min for the supertanker to stop.
ð9;800 þ 22:5nÞ ¼ 55:5n ÿ 0:025n2 ÿ 9;800
(b) P0 ðnÞ ¼ 55:5 ÿ 0:05n (d) sð13Þ ¼ 84:5ð13Þ ÿ 16 ð13Þ3 ¼ 732:3 m.
(c) P0 ð150Þ ¼ 55:5 ÿ 0:05ð150Þ ¼ 55:5 ÿ 2:5 ¼
$53/telephone
22.3 DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCT AND QUOTIENTS
1. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ð3x þ 1Þð2Þ þ ð3Þð2x ÿ 7Þ ¼ 6x þ 2 þ 6x ÿ 4. k0 ðxÞ ¼ ð4x3 ÿ1Þð2x ÿ 7Þ þ ð12x2 Þðx2 ÿ 7xÞ ¼ 8x4 ÿ
21 ¼ 12x ÿ 19 28x3 ÿ2xþ7þ12x4 ÿ84x3 ¼ 20x4 ÿ 112x3 ÿ 2x þ 7
2. g0 ðxÞ ¼ ð6x ÿ 2Þðÿ4Þ þ ð6Þð5 ÿ 4xÞ ¼ ÿ24x þ 8þ 5. j0 ðxÞ ¼ ð4 ÿ 3xÞð12x þ 6Þ þ ðÿ3Þð6x2 þ 6x ÿ 4Þ
30 ÿ 24x ¼ ÿ48x þ 38 ¼ 48x þ 24 ÿ 36x2 ÿ 18x ÿ 18x2 ÿ 18x
0 2
3. h ðxÞ ¼ ð2x þ x ÿ 1Þð3Þ þ ð4x þ 1Þð3x ÿ 5Þ ¼ þ 12
6x2 þ 3x ÿ 3 þ 12x2 ÿ 17x ÿ 5 ¼ 18x2 ÿ 14x ÿ 8 ¼ ÿ54x2 þ 12x þ 36
s0 ðtÞ ¼ ð6 ÿ 4tÞð6t ÿ 7Þ þ ðÿ4Þð3t2 ÿ 7tÞ

2
6. 14. h0 ðxÞ ¼ 8x ÿ x 0ÿ42x
x4 ¼ 8x þ x83
2 2
¼ 36t ÿ 42 ÿ 24t þ 28t ÿ 12t þ 28t
15. j0 ðsÞ ¼ 12s ÿ ÿ12s 1
36s4 ¼ 12s þ 3s3
¼ ÿ36t2 þ 92t ÿ 42
qðtÞ ¼ 4ðt2 ÿ 3tÞðt2 ÿ 3tÞ ð5s ÿ 2s2 Þðÿ4Þ ÿ ð3 ÿ 4sÞð5 ÿ 4sÞ
7. 16. K 0 ðsÞ ¼
q0 ðtÞ ¼ 4½ðt2 ÿ 3tÞð2t ÿ 3Þ þ ð2t ÿ 3Þðt2 ÿ 3Þ ð5s ÿ 2s2 Þ2
ÿ20s þ 8s2 ÿ 15 þ 32s ÿ 16s2
¼ 4½2t3 ÿ 9t2 þ 9t þ 2t3 ÿ 9t2 þ 9t ¼
ð5s ÿ 2s2 Þ2
¼ 16t3 ÿ 72t2 þ 72t 2
ÿ8s þ 12s ÿ 15
(Note: we learn a better way to do this problem in ¼
the next unit). ð5s ÿ 2s2 Þ2
8. r 0 ðpÞ ¼ ð4p ÿ 3p2 Þð2Þ þ ð4 ÿ 6pÞð2p ÿ 4Þ 17. f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 12t2 ÿ ðtÿ2Þ2ÿ2t ¼ 12t2 þ ðtÿ2Þ
4
ðtÿ2Þ2 2
2 2
¼ 8p ÿ 6p þ 8p ÿ 16 ÿ 12p þ 24p
ð1 ÿ 2xÞ2 ÿ ð1 þ 2xÞðÿ2Þ
¼ ÿ18p2 þ 40p ÿ 16 18. j0 ðxÞ ¼
ð1 ÿ 2xÞ2
9. f 0 ðwÞ ¼ ð3w3 ÿ 4w2 þ 2w ÿ 5Þð2w þ wÿ2 Þ 2 ÿ 4x þ 2 þ 4x
¼
þ ð9w2 ÿ 8w þ 2Þðw2 ÿ wÿ1 Þ ð1 ÿ 2xÞ2
¼ 6w4 ÿ 8w3 þ 4w2 ÿ 10w þ 3w ÿ 4 4
¼
þ 2wÿ1 ÿ 5wÿ2 þ 9w4 ÿ 8w3 ð1 ÿ 2xÞ2
þ 2w2 ÿ 9w þ 8 ÿ 2wÿ1 ðx ÿ 1Þð3x2 Þ ÿ ðx3 ÿ 1Þ
¼ 15w4 ÿ 16w3 þ 6w2 ÿ 16w þ 4 ÿ 5wÿ2 19. H 0 ðxÞ ¼
ðx ÿ 1Þ2
10. g0 ðrÞ ¼ ð2r 4 ÿ 4r 2 þ 2Þð2r þ 2Þ 3x3 ÿ 3x2 ÿ x3 þ 1
¼
þ ð8r 3 ÿ 8r þ 2Þðr 2 þ 2r ÿ 1Þ ðx ÿ 1Þ2
¼ 4r 5 þ 4r 4 ÿ 8r 3 ÿ 8r 2 þ 4r 2 2x ÿ 3x2 þ 1
3
¼
ðx ÿ 1Þ2
þ 4r þ 8r 5 þ 16r 4 ÿ 8r 3
ð2x þ 1Þðx ÿ 1Þðx ÿ 1Þ
ÿ 8r 3 ÿ 16r 2 þ 8r þ 2r 2 þ 4r ÿ 2 ¼
5 4 3 2
ðx ÿ 1Þ2
¼ 12r þ 20r ÿ 24r ÿ 18r þ 16r ÿ 2
¼ 2x þ 1
11. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 4ð2xþ3Þÿð4xÿ1Þð2Þ ¼ 8xþ12ÿ8xþ2 14
¼ ð2xþ3Þ 2
¼ ðxÿ1Þðx þxþ1Þ
3
ÿ1
ð2xþ3Þ2 ð2xþ3Þ2 2
(Note: HðxÞ ¼ xxÿ1 xÿ1 ¼ x2 þ x þ 1
0
and so, H ðxÞ ¼ 2x þ 1:Þ
12. h0 ðyÞ ¼ ðy3 ÿ 1Þ½ðy2 ÿ 1Þ 1 þ ð2yÞðy ÿ 1Þ
þ 3y2 ½ðy2 ÿ 1Þðy ÿ 1Þ 3xð4x3 Þ ÿ ðx4 þ 4Þ3 12x4 ÿ 3x4 ÿ 12
20. k0 ðxÞ ¼ ¼
9x2 9x2
¼ ðy3 ÿ 1Þ½y2 ÿ 1 þ 2y2 ÿ 2y 4 4
9x ÿ 12 3x ÿ 4 4
þ 3y2 ½y3 ÿ y2 ÿ y þ 1 ¼ ¼ ¼ x2 ÿ 2
9x2 3x2 3x
¼ ðy3 ÿ 1Þð3y2 ÿ 2y ÿ 1Þ þ 3y2 ðy3 ÿ y2
ð32 ÿ 1Þð2Þ ÿ ð2 Þð6Þ
ÿ y þ 1Þ 21. f 0 ðÞ ¼
ð32 ÿ 1Þ2
¼ ð3y5 ÿ 2y4 ÿ y3 ÿ 3y2 þ 2y
6 ÿ 2 ÿ 63
3
þ 1 þ 3y5 ÿ 3y4 ÿ 3y3 þ 3y2 ¼

ð32 ÿ 1Þ2
5 4 3
¼ 6y ÿ 5y ÿ 4y þ 2y þ 1 ÿ2
¼
ð32 ÿ 1Þ2
2
0 ð4x ÿ 1Þð18xÞ ÿ ð9x þ 2Þð4Þ
13. g ðxÞ ¼ ðt2 ÿ4tÿ4Þð2tþ3Þÿðt2 þ3tþ2Þð2tÿ4Þ
ð4x ÿ 1Þ2 22. L0 ðtÞ ¼ 2
2ðt ÿ 4t ÿ 4Þ
72x ÿ 18x ÿ 36x2 ÿ 8
2
¼ 2t3 ÿ5t2 ÿ20tÿ12ÿ2t3 ÿ2t2 þ8tþ8
ð4x ÿ 1Þ2 ¼ 2
2
ðt ÿ 4t ÿ 4Þ
2
36x ÿ 18x ÿ 8
¼ ÿ7t ÿ 12t ÿ 4 ÿð7t2 þ 12t þ 4Þ
ð4x ÿ 1Þ2 ¼ ¼
ðt2 ÿ 4t ÿ 4Þ2 ðt2 ÿ 4t ÿ 4Þ2
SECTION 22.3 391
ð2ÿx2 Þð3xÿx3 Þðÿ3x2 Þÿ

0 ðx3 ÿ3xÿ1Þð9x2 ÿ1Þÿð3x3 ÿxþ1Þð3x2 ÿ3Þ 0 ð4ÿx3 Þ½ðÿ2xÞð3xÿx3 Þþð2ÿx2 Þð3ÿ3x2 Þ
23. h ðxÞ ¼ 31. H ðxÞ ¼
3 2 2 3 2
½ð2 ÿ x Þð3x ÿ x Þ
ðx ÿ 3x ÿ 1Þ
ð9x5 ÿ28x3 ÿ9x2 þ3xþ1Þÿð9x5 ÿ12x3 þ3x2 þ3xÿ3Þ ð6xÿ5x3 þx5 Þðÿ3x2 Þ
¼ 2 ÿð4ÿx3 Þ½ÿ6x2 þ2x4 þ6ÿ9x2 þ3x4
3
ðx ÿ 3x ÿ 1Þ ¼
2 3 2
½ð2 ÿ x Þð3x ÿ x Þ
ÿ16x3 ÿ 12x2 þ 4 ÿ18x3 þ15x5 ÿ3x7 ÿð4ÿx3 Þ½5x4 ÿ15x2 þ6
¼ ¼
ðx3 ÿ 3x ÿ 1Þ2 2 3 2
ð2 ÿ x Þð3x ÿ x Þ
ðx2 ÿ5xþ6Þð2xþ5Þÿðx2 þ5xþ6Þð2xÿ5Þ ÿ18x3 þ15x5 ÿ3x7 ÿ20x4 þ60x2 ÿ24þ5x7 ÿ15x5 þ6x3
24. m0 ðxÞ ¼ 2
¼
2 2 3 2
2 ðx ÿ 5x þ 6Þ ð2 ÿ x Þ ð3x ÿ x Þ
ð2x3 ÿ5x2 ÿ13xþ30Þÿð2x3 þ5x2 ÿ13xÿ30Þ 2x7 ÿ 20x4 ÿ 12x3 þ 60x2 ÿ 24
¼ 2 ¼
2
ðx ÿ 5x þ 6Þ ð2 ÿ x2 Þ2 ð3x ÿ x3 Þ2
ÿ10x2 þ 60
¼ ð7xÿ1Þ½ð2xþ1Þð6xÿ4Þþð2Þð3x2 ÿ4xÞ
ðx2 ÿ 5x þ 6Þ2 0 ÿð2xþ1Þð3x2 ÿ4xÞ7
32. L ðxÞ ¼ 2
ð7x ÿ 1Þ
t1=3 ð6t ÿ 1Þ ÿ ð3t2 ÿ t ÿ 1Þð13 tÿ2=3 Þ ð7xÿ1Þ½12x2 ÿ2xÿ4þ6x2 ÿ8x
25. f 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ½6x3 ÿ5x2 ÿ4x7
t2 =3 ¼ 2
t 2=3 tð6t ÿ 1Þ ÿ ð3t2 ÿ t ÿ 1Þ 13 ð7x ÿ 1Þ
2=3 ¼ ð7xÿ1Þ½18x2 ÿ10xÿ4ÿ½6x3 ÿ5x2 ÿ4x7
t t4=3 ¼ 2
2 2
6t ÿ t ÿ t þ 3 t þ 13
1 ð7x ÿ 1Þ
¼ 126x3 ÿ88x2 ÿ18xþ4ÿ42x3 þ35x2 þ28x
t4=3 ¼ 2
2
5t ÿ 3 t þ 13 15t2 ÿ 2t þ 1
2 ð7x ÿ 1Þ
¼ ¼
t4=3 3t4=3 84x ÿ 53x2 þ 10x þ 4
3
¼
1=2 1=2 ÿ1=2
ð7x ÿ 1Þ2
ð4x ÿ2Þð3x ÿ2x Þ
ÿð2x3=2 ÿ4x1=2 Þð2xÿ1=2 Þ
26. F 0 ðxÞ ¼ 2s3
1=2
ð4x ÿ 2Þ2 33. nðsÞ ¼
s3 ÿ ÿsþ1 s2
12x ÿ 6x1=2 ÿ 8 þ 4xÿ1=2 ÿ 4x þ 8 ðs3 ÿs2 ÿsþ1Þð6s2 Þÿ2s3 ð3s2 ÿ2sÿ1Þ
¼ 2
n0 ðsÞ ¼ 2
3 2
ðs ÿ s ÿ s þ 1Þ
ð4x1=2 ÿ 2Þ
8x ÿ 6x 1=2
þ 4x ÿ1=2 6s ÿ 6s4 ÿ 6s3 þ 6s2 ÿ 6s5 þ 4s4 þ 2s3
5
¼ ¼
ð4x1=2 ÿ 2Þ2 ðs3 ÿ s2 ÿ s þ 1Þ2
ÿ2s ÿ 4s þ 6s2
4 3
27. g0 ðwÞ ¼ 24w þ ðwþ1Þÿðwÿ1Þ
ðwþ1Þ2
2
¼ 24w þ ðwþ1Þ 2 ¼
ðs2 ÿ 1Þ2 ðs ÿ 1Þ2
ð2t þ 1Þð2tÞ ÿ ðt2 þ 1Þ2
28. j0 ðtÞ ¼
ð2t þ 1Þ2 z3 ÿ 5z2 þ 7z ÿ 35
34. mðzÞ ¼ ;
ð2t þ 1Þ ÿ ðt ÿ 1Þ2 z2 þ 3z
þ ðz2 þ3zÞð3z2 ÿ10zþ7Þ
ð2t þ 1Þ2 0 ÿðz3 ÿ5z2 þ7zÿ35Þð2zþ3Þ
m ðzÞ ¼ 2
4t2 þ 2t ÿ 2t2 ÿ 2 þ 2t þ 1 ÿ 2t þ 2 2 ðz þ 3zÞ
¼
ð2t þ 1Þ2 4
¼ 3z ÿz ÿ23z
3 2
þ21zÿ2z4 þ7z3 þz2 þ49zþ105
2 2
ðz þ 3zÞ
2t2 þ 2t þ 1
¼ z4 þ 6z3 ÿ 22z2 þ 70z þ 105
ð2t þ 1Þ2 ¼
ðz2 þ 3zÞ2
2
0 ðx þ1Þ0ÿ1ð2xÞ ÿ2x
29. h ðxÞ ¼ ðx2 þ1Þ2
¼ ðx2 þ1Þ2
2
k0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ5ð3x Þ 2
30. ðx3 ÿ1Þ2
¼ ðxÿ15x
3 ÿ1Þ2
ð2x ÿ 3Þðx2 ÿ 4x þ 1Þ
35. y¼ 42. y0 ¼ 5xð4Þÿð4xþ1Þ5
25x2 ; at x ¼ 1; y0 ¼ 20ÿ25
25 ¼ ÿ 15.
3x3 þ 1
The equation of the tangent line is yÿ1 ¼ ÿ 15 ðxÿ
2x3 ÿ 11x2 þ 14x ÿ 3
¼ 1Þ or 5y þ x ¼ 6. The equation of the normal line
3x3 þ 1 is y ÿ 1 ¼ 5ðx ÿ 1Þ or y ÿ 5x ¼ ÿ4.
ð3x3 þ1Þð6x2 ÿ22xþ14Þ
0 ÿð2x3 ÿ11x2 þ14xÿ3Þð9x2 Þ
y ¼ 2 43. y0 ¼ ð2xþ1Þ5ÿð5xþ4Þ2
; at x ¼ 1; y0 ¼ 15ÿ18
¼ ÿ 13.
3
ð3x þ 1Þ ð2xþ1Þ2 9
1
18x5 ÿ66x4 þ42x3 þ6x2 ÿ The equation of the tangent is yÿ3 ¼ ÿ 3 ðx ÿ 1Þ
5 4 3 2
¼ 22xþ14ÿ18x þ99x ÿ126x þ27x or 3y þ x ¼ 10. The equation of the normal is
ð3x3 þ 1Þ2 y ÿ 3 ¼ 3ðx ÿ 1Þ or y ÿ 3x ¼ 0.
33x4 ÿ 84x3 þ 33x2 ÿ 22x þ 14
¼ 44. y0 ¼ ðx2 ÿ 3x ÿ 6Þð2Þþð2xÿ3Þð2xÿ6Þ; at x ¼ ÿ1,
ð3x3 þ 1Þ2 y0 ¼ ð1 þ 3 ÿ 6Þð2Þ þ ðÿ5Þðÿ8Þ ¼ ÿ4 þ 40 ¼ 36.
The equation of the tangent line is y ÿ 16 ¼ 36ðx þ
5x 5xð5 þ xÞð5 ÿ xÞ 1Þ or y ÿ 36x ¼ 52. The equation of the normal
36. y¼ ð25 ÿ x2 Þ ¼
5ÿx 5ÿx line is y ÿ 16 ¼ ÿ 13 6ðx þ 1Þ or 36y þ x ¼ 575.
¼ 25x þ 5x2 ðx3 þ4x2 Þ9ÿð9xþ2Þð3x2 þ8xÞ
9xþ2 0
45. y¼ x3 þ4x2 : y ¼ at x ¼ ÿ2;
y0 ¼ 25 þ 10x ðx3 þ4x2 Þ2
ðÿ8þ16Þ9ÿðÿ16Þð12ÿ16Þ
y0 ¼ ðÿ8þ16Þ2
¼ 64 ¼ 64 ¼ 18. Tangent:
72ÿ64 8
2 3 2
ðt ÿ 1Þðt ÿ 1Þ t ÿt ÿtþ1
37. y¼ ¼ y þ 2 ¼ 18 ðx þ 2Þ or 8y ÿ x ¼ ÿ14. Normal:
ð2t þ 1Þ2 4t2 þ 4t þ 1 y þ 2 ¼ ÿ8ðx þ 2Þ or y þ 8x ¼ ÿ18.
ð4t2 þ4tþ1Þð3t2 ÿ2tÿ1Þ 12t4 þ4t3 ÿ9t2 ÿ6tÿ1
ÿðt3 ÿt2 ÿtþ1Þð8tþ4Þ 4 3 2 46. y0 ¼ ðx3 þ5x2 ÿ 1Þð2x ÿ 2Þ þ ð3x2 þ 10xÞðx2 ÿ 2xÞ
y0 ¼ ¼ ÿ8t þ4t þ12t ÿ4tÿ4
2
ð4t þ 4t þ 1Þ ð4t2 þ 4t þ 1Þ2
2 and at x ¼ 1, we see that y0 ¼ ð1 þ 5 ÿ 1Þð2 ÿ
2Þ þ ð3 þ 10Þð1 ÿ 2Þ ¼ ÿ13. The equation of the
4t4 þ 8t3 þ 3t2 ÿ 10t ÿ 5
¼ line with slope m ¼ ÿ13 and through ð1; ÿ5Þ is
ð2t þ 1Þ4 y ÿ ðÿ5Þ ¼ ÿ13ðx ÿ 1Þ or y þ 5 ¼ ÿ13ðx ÿ 1Þ
ð2t þ 1Þð2t3 þ 3t2 ÿ 5Þ 2t3 þ 3t2 ÿ 5 or y ¼ ÿ13x þ 8. The slope of the normal line is
¼ 4
¼
ð2t þ 1Þ ð2t þ 1Þ3 1
ÿ ÿ13 1
¼ 13 1
and its equation is yÿðÿ5Þ ¼ 13 ðxÿ1Þ
1
or y þ 5 ¼ 13 ðx ÿ 1Þ or x ÿ 13y ¼ 66.

1ÿx 47. First, find P0 ðtÞ ¼ ð0:8t ÿ 6Þð0:5Þ þ ð0:8Þð0:5t þ
38. y¼ ð1 ÿ x2 Þ
x 9Þ ¼ ð0:4t ÿ 3Þ þ ð0:4t þ 7:2Þ ¼ 0:8t þ 4:2. Then,
1 ÿ x2 ÿ x þ x3 x3 ÿ x2 ÿ x þ 1 P0 ð5Þ ¼ 0:8ð5Þ þ 4:2 ¼ 8:2. Thus, in 5 years
¼ ¼
x x the population will be growing at a rate of 8.2
2 1 thousand people per year or 8,200 people per year.
¼x ÿxÿ1þ
x 48. P0 ðnÞ ¼ ð4 ÿ 0:2nÞð2:6Þ þ ðÿ0:2nÞð2:6n þ 7Þ ¼
0 ÿ1 1
y ¼ 2x ÿ 1 þ 2 ¼ 2x ÿ 1 ÿ 2 ð10:4 ¼ 0:52nÞ þ ðÿ0:52n ÿ 1:4Þ ¼ 9 ÿ 1:04 n.
x x Thus, when n ¼ 7, the marginal profit is P0 ð7Þ ¼
39. y0 ¼ ð3x2 þ2xÿ1Þð3x2 ÿ1Þ þ ð6x þ 2Þðx3 ÿ x þ 1Þ. 9 ÿ 1:04ð7Þ ¼ 9 ÿ 1:04ð7Þ ¼ 1:72 hundred dollars/
At x ¼ 1; y0 ¼ ð3þ2ÿ1Þð3ÿ1Þþð6þ2Þð1ÿ1þ1Þ ¼ item ¼ $172/item.
4 2 þ 8 1 ¼ 8 þ 8 ¼ 16. The slope at (1,4) is 16. 49. V 0 ¼ ðRþ60Þ110ÿ110Rð1Þ ¼ 110Rþ6600ÿ110R 6600
¼ ðRþ60Þ
ðRþ60Þ2 ðRþ60Þ2 2
2 2 3
ðx þ1Þð3x Þÿx ð2xÞ
40. y0 ¼ ðx2 þ1Þ2
. At x ¼ ÿ1; y0 ¼ 50. First, rewrite Z ¼ ð1þ8RÞ2 þ8R
¼ ð1þ8RÞ2
þ 8R
8ð1þ8RÞ 8ð1þ8RÞ 8ð1þ8RÞ
ð1þ1Þð3Þÿðÿ1Þðÿ2Þ
¼ 6ÿ2 ¼ 4
¼ 1. The slope at ¼ 18 ð1 þ 8RÞ þ R
Then Z 0 ¼ 18 ð8Þ þ
ð1þ1Þ2 4 4 1þ8R.
ð1þ8RÞð1ÞÿRð8Þ ð1þ8RÞ
ÿ 1

ÿ 1; ÿ 2 is 1.
ð1þ8RÞ2
¼ 1 þ 1þ8Rÿ8R
ð1þ8RÞ2
1
¼ 1 þ ð1þ8RÞ2 ¼
ð1þ8RÞ2
1 ð1þ8RÞ2 þ1 1þ16Rþ64R2 þ1 2þ16Rþ64R2
41. y0 ¼ ÿ8
; at x ¼ 3; y0 ¼ ÿ8
¼ ÿ 12. Slope of þ ð1þ8RÞ2
¼ ð1þ8RÞ2
¼ ð1þ8RÞ2
¼ ð1þ8RÞ2
.
ðxþ1Þ2 42
the tangent is ÿ 12. Equation of the tangent is
y ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ 12 ðx ÿ 3Þ or 2y þ x ¼ 7. The slope of
the normal is 2; the equation of the normal is
y ÿ 2 ¼ 2ðx ÿ 3Þ or 2x ÿ 4.
SECTION 22.4 393
pffi
ð3 tþ2Þð2tÿ2Þÿðt2 ÿ2tþ1Þð32tÿ1=2 Þ
51. (a) N 0 ðtÞ ¼ pffi
ð3 tþ2Þ2
. Multi- that f 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ0:00437 and a0 ðtÞ ¼ 0:013ð4t3 Þÿ
pffi
2pffit 0:291ð3t2 Þ þ 2:166ð2tÞ ÿ 7:328 ¼ 0:052 t3 ÿ
ply this result by 2 t to get
0:873 t2 þ4:332 t ÿ 7:328. Thus,
pffi pffi pffi
2 tð3 tþ2Þð2tÿ2Þÿ2 tðt2 ÿ2tþ1Þð32tÿ1=2 Þ
N 0 ðtÞ ¼ pffi pffi 2
T 0 ðtÞ ¼ f ðtÞ a0 ðtÞ þ f 0 ðtÞ aðtÞ
2 tð3 t þ 2Þ
pffi ¼ ðÿ0:00437t þ 2:218Þð0:052t3 ÿ 0:873t2
ð6t þ 4 tÞð2t ÿ 2Þ ÿ 3ðt2 ÿ 2t þ 1Þ
¼ pffi pffi þ 4:332t ÿ 7:328Þ þ ðÿ0:00437Þð0:013t4
2ð3 t þ 2Þ2 t
p p
ð12t2 þ8t tÿ12tÿ8 tÞÿ3t2 þ6tÿ3
ffi ffi ÿ 0:291t3 þ 2:166t2 ÿ 7:328t þ 449:384Þ
¼ pffi pffi
2ð3 t þ 2Þ2 t ¼ ÿ0:00028405t4 þ0:12042268t3 ÿ1:96471026t2
pffi
9t2 þ 8t3 =2 ÿ 6t ÿ 8 t ÿ 3 þ 9:67242272t ÿ 18:21731208
¼ pffi p
2ð3 t þ 2Þ2 t
ffi
(d) T 0 ð11Þ ¼ ÿ0:00028405ð11Þ4 þ0:12042268ð11Þ3
2 3=2
pffiffi ÿ1:96471026ð11Þ2 þ 9:67242272ð11Þÿ
(b) N 0 ð5Þ ¼ 9ð5Þ þ8ð5Þ pffiffi
ÿ6ð5Þÿ8 5ÿ3
2ð3 5þ2Þ 52
pffiffi 0:777 thou- 18:21731208 6:57320732. This indicates that in
sand bacteria/hr ¼ 777 bacteria/hr. 2001 the number of acres being farmed in the
0 0 0 2 0 2
United States was increasing at the rate of about
52. ds
ds0 ¼ ðs ÿfðsÞf0 ÿfÿsÞ2f ð1Þ ¼ s fðsÿf0 ÿfÿs
Þ2
f
¼ ðsÿf
0 ÿf Þ2 6.57 million acres per year.
53. (a) T represents the total farm acreage, in million 54. We can think v as a quotient with f ðyÞ ¼ y and
acres, t years after 1990. gðyÞ ¼ að1 ÿ y2 Þ ÿ b. This means that f 0 ðyÞ ¼ 1
(b) Calculating f ð11Þ ¼ ÿ0:00437ð11Þ þ 2:218 ¼ and g0 ðyÞ ¼ ÿ2ay. Using the quotient rule, we get
2:16993 and að11Þ ¼ 0:013ð11Þ4 ÿ 0:291ð11Þ3 þ ðað1 ÿ y2 Þ ÿ bÞ 1 ÿ yðÿ2ayÞ
2:166ð11Þ2 ÿ 7:328ð11Þ þ 449:384 ¼ 433:874 we v0 ¼
½að1 ÿ y2 Þ ÿ b2
see that Tð11Þ ¼ f ð11Þ að11Þ ¼ 941:4762088.
This means that in 2001 there were about 941.5 a þ ay2 ÿ b
¼
million acres of farm land in the United States. ðÿa þ y2 a þ bÞ2
(c) We will use the product rule. We first determine
22.4 DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
1. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 4ð3x ÿ 6Þ3 ð3Þ ¼ 12ð3x ÿ 6Þ3 13. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 3½ðx ÿ 2Þð3x2 ÿ xÞ2
2. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 3ð7 ÿ 2xÞ2 ðÿ2Þ ¼ ÿ6ð7 ÿ 2xÞ2 ½ðx ÿ 2Þð6x ÿ 1Þ þ 3x2 ÿ x
3. h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ5ð5x ÿ 7Þÿ6 ð5Þ ¼ ÿ25ð5x ÿ 7Þÿ6 ¼ 3½ðx ÿ 2Þð3x2 ÿ xÞ2

½6x2 ÿ 13x þ 2 þ 3x2 ÿ x
4. k0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ3ð9x þ 5Þÿ4 ð9Þ ¼ ÿ27ð9x þ 5Þÿ4
¼ 3½ðx ÿ 2Þð3x2 ÿ xÞ2 ½9x2 ÿ 14x þ 2
5. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 4ðx2 þ 3xÞ3 ð2x þ 3Þ ¼ 4ð2x þ 3Þðx2 þ 3xÞ3
6. h0 ðxÞ ¼ 12 ð4x2 þ 7Þÿ1=2 ð8xÞ ¼ 4xð4x2 þ 7Þÿ1=2 or 14. jðtÞ ¼ 4t3 ðt2 ÿ 4Þ1=2

4x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
2
4x þ7 j0 ðtÞ ¼ 4t3 ðt2 ÿ 4Þÿ1=2 ð2tÞ
2
7. HðxÞ ¼ ð4x2 þ 7Þÿ1=2 , so H 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 12 ð4x2 þ
þ ðt2 ÿ 4Þ1=2 ð12t2 Þ
7Þÿ3=2 ð8xÞ ¼ ÿ4xð4x2 þ 7Þÿ3=2 or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ4x
3.
2 4x þ7 4t4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ 12t2 t2 ÿ 4
2
t ÿ4
8. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 6ðx7 ÿ 9Þ ð7x6 Þ ¼ 42x6 ðx7 ÿ 9Þ5
5
15. h0 ðvÞ ¼ ðv 2 þ 1Þ2 ½3ð2v ÿ 5Þ2 ð2Þ

9. s0 ðtÞ ¼ 3ðt4 ÿ t3 þ 2Þ2 ð4t3 ÿ 3t2 Þ
þ ð2v ÿ 5Þ3 ½2ðv 2 þ 1Þ2v
10. g0 ðtÞ ¼ 10ð3t5 þ 2t3 ÿ tÞ9 ð15t4 þ 6t2 ÿ 1Þ
¼ 6ðv 2 þ 1Þ2 ð2v ÿ 5Þ2
11. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 3ðu3 þ 2uÿ4 Þ2 ð3u2 ÿ 8uÿ5 Þ
þ 4vðv 2 þ 1Þð2v ÿ 5Þ3
12. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 2ð4u2 ÿ 3uÿ1 Þð8u þ 3uÿ2 Þ
ðv 3 ÿ9Þ2 3ðv 2 ÿ4vÞ2 ð2vÿ4Þÿðv 2 ÿ4vÞ3 2ðv 3 ÿ9Þð3v 2 Þ

g0 ðvÞ ¼
2
g0 ðxÞ ¼ 3 ðx2 ÿ 4xÞð2x3 ÿ 7Þ ðx2 ÿ 4xÞð6x2 Þ þ

16. 21. 3 4
2 ðv ÿ 9Þ
ð2xÿ4Þð2x3 ÿ 7Þ ¼ 3 ðx2 ÿ 4xÞð2x3 ÿ 7Þ 6x4 ÿ 3ðv 3 ÿ9Þðv 2 ÿ4vÞ2 ð2vÿ4Þÿ6v 2 ðv 2 ÿ4vÞ3
¼
24x3 þ4x4 ÿ 8x3 ÿ 14x þ 28 ¼ 3 ðx2 ÿ 4xÞð2x3 ÿ 3
ðv ÿ 9Þ 4
2
7Þ 10x4 ÿ 32x3 ÿ 14x þ 28 ðv 2 ÿ4vÞ2 ½3ðv 3 ÿ9Þð2vÿ4Þÿ6v 2 ðv 2 ÿ4vÞ
¼ 3
3
ðv ÿ 9Þ
0
3
17. h ðxÞ ¼ 4 ðx3 ÿ6x2 Þð5xÿ6x2 þ x3 Þ x3 ÿ 6x2 Þð5ÿ ðv 2 ÿ4vÞ2 ½6v 4 ÿ12v 3 ÿ54vþ108ÿ6v 4 þ24v 3
¼
12xþ3x2 Þþð3x2 ÿ12xÞð5x ÿ 6x2 þ x3 Þ ¼ 4 ðx3 ÿ 3
ðv ÿ 9Þ 3
3
6x2 Þð5xÿ 6x2 þ x3 Þ 3x5 ÿ 30x4 þ 77x3 ÿ 30x2 þ ðv 2 ÿ 4vÞ2 ½12v 3 ÿ 54v þ 108
¼
3x5 ÿ 30x4 þ 87x3 ÿ 60x2 ¼ 4 ðx3 ÿ 6x2 Þð5x ÿ ðv 3 ÿ 9Þ3
3
6x2 þ x3 Þ ð6x5 ÿ 60x4 þ 164x3 ÿ 90x2 Þ 4
4u2 þ 5

22. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 5
18. j0 ðwÞ ¼ ðw3 þ 2wÞ4 ðÿ2Þð3w ÿ 5Þÿ3 ð3Þ þ 4ðw3 þ 6u3 ÿ 3u
2wÞ3 ð3w2 þ2Þð3wÿ5Þÿ2 ¼ ÿ6ðw3 þ 2wÞ4 ð3wÿ
3
ð6u ÿ3uÞð8uÞÿð4u2 þ5Þð18u2 ÿ3Þ
2
5Þÿ3 þ 4ðw3 þ 2wÞ3 ð3w2 þ 2Þð3w ÿ 5Þÿ2 3
ð6u ÿ 3uÞ
5ð4u2 þ5Þ4 ½48u4 ÿ24u2 ÿ72u4 ÿ78u2 þ15
1 ¼
19. k0 ðxÞ ¼ ð3x2 þ 2Þ3 ðx3 ÿ 7xÞÿ1=2 ð3x2 ÿ 7Þ 3
ð6u ÿ 3uÞ 6
2
þ 3ð3x þ 2Þ2 ð6xÞðx3 ÿ 7xÞ1=2
2 5ð4u2 þ 5Þ4 ðÿ24u4 ÿ 102u2 þ 15Þ
¼
ð3x2 þ 2Þ3 ð3x2 ÿ 7Þ ð6u3 ÿ 3uÞ6
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 x3 ÿ 7x ÿ5ð4u2 þ 5Þ4 ð24u4 þ 102u2 ÿ 15Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
þ 18xð3x2 þ 2Þ2 x3 ÿ 7x ð6u3 ÿ 3uÞ6
ð3x2 þ 2Þ3 ð3x2 ÿ 7Þ 23. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 6u5 ; u0 ¼ 5x4
2 x3 ÿ 7x
y0 ¼ 6u5 5x4 ¼ 6ðx5 þ 4Þ5 5x4
36xð3x2 þ 2Þ2 ðx3 ÿ 7xÞ
þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 30x4 ðx5 þ 4Þ5
2 x3 ÿ 7x
ð3x2 þ2Þ2 ½ð3x2 þ2Þð3x2 ÿ7Þþ36xðx3 ÿ7xÞ 24. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 3u2 ; u0 ¼ ð6x2 ÿ 5Þ
2 x3 ÿ 7x y0 ¼ 3u2 ð6x2 ÿ 5Þ ¼ 3ð2x3 ÿ 5xÞ2 ð6x2 ÿ 5Þ
ð3x2 þ2Þ2 ½9x4 ÿ15x2 ÿ14þ36x4 ÿ252x2
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
2 x3 ÿ 7x 25. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ uÿ1=2 ; u0 ¼ 8x
2
ð3x2 þ2Þ ½45x4 ÿ267x2 ÿ14 2
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
2 x3 ÿ 7x y ¼ uÿ1=2 8x ¼ 4xð4x2 ÿ 5Þÿ1=2
0
2
1

3x þ 4 3
26. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 20u4 ; u0 ¼ ð3x2 þ 5xÞÿ1=2 ð6x þ 5Þ
0 2
20. h ðxÞ ¼ 4
2x2 ÿ 1
4 1
0
y ¼ 20u ð3x2 þ 5xÞÿ1=2 ð6x þ 5Þ
ð2x2 ÿ 1Þð3Þ ÿ ð3x þ 4Þð4xÞ 2
ð2x2 ÿ 1Þ2 ÿpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi4 2
¼ 10 3x2 þ 5x ð3x þ 5xÞÿ1=2 ð6x þ 5Þ
4ð3x þ 4Þ3 ½6x2 ÿ 3 ÿ 12x2 ÿ 16x
¼ ¼ 10ð3x2 þ 5xÞ3=2 ð6x þ 5Þ
5
ð2x2 ÿ 1Þ
4ð3x þ 4Þ3 ðÿ6x2 ÿ 16x ÿ 3Þ 2
¼ 27. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ uÿ1=3 ; u0 ¼ 21x2 ÿ 9
3
ð2x2 ÿ 1Þ5 2
ÿ4ð3x þ 4Þ3 ð6x2 þ 16x þ 3Þ y ¼ ð7x3 ÿ 9xÞÿ1=3 ð21x2 ÿ 9Þ
0
¼ 3
ð2x2 ÿ 1Þ5 ¼ 2ð7x2 ÿ 3Þð7x3 ÿ 9xÞÿ1=3
SECTION 22.4 395
28. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 2ðu þ 1Þ; u0 ¼ ÿ2xÿ2 40. y ¼ ð2x5 ÿ x3 Þ4=3

2 4
y0 ¼ 2ðu þ 1Þðÿ2xÿ2 Þ ¼ 2 þ 1 ðÿ2xÿ2 Þ y0 ¼ ð2x5 ÿ x3 Þ1=3 ð10x4 ÿ 3x2 Þ
x 3

ÿ4 2
4 p3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 2 þ1 ¼ 2x5 ÿ x3 ð10x4 ÿ 3x2 Þ
x x 3
29. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 3ðu2 þ 1Þ2 ð2uÞ; u0 ¼ ÿðx þ 3Þÿ2 41. y ¼ ð2x2 ÿ 5Þ3=4
y0 ¼ 3ðu2 þ 1Þ2 ð2uÞðÿðx þ 3Þÿ2 Þ 3
y0 ¼ ð2x2 ÿ 5Þ1=4 ð4xÞ
" #2 " # 4
1 2 ÿ1 3x
¼3 þ1 ¼p
ðx þ 3Þ2 x þ 3 ðx þ 3Þ2 4
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2x2 ÿ 5
" #2
ÿ6 1 42. y ¼ ð7x ÿ 4x3 Þÿ2=5
¼ þ1
ðx þ 3Þ3 ðx þ 3Þ2 2
y0 ¼ ÿ ð7x ÿ 4x3 Þÿ7=5 ð7 ÿ 12x2 Þ
5
30. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 3u2 ÿ 4; u0 ¼ 4x3 ÿ2ð7 ÿ 12x2 Þ
¼ p
y0 ¼ ð3u2 ÿ 4Þð4x3 Þ ¼ ½3ðx4 þ 5Þ2 ÿ 4ð4x3 Þ 5 5 ð7x ÿ 4x3 Þ7
ffiffi
1 dy dy du dv dy du
31. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ ðu2 ÿ 2uÞÿ2=3 ð2u ÿ 2Þ; u0 ¼ 3x2 43. ¼ ; ¼ 4u3 ; ¼ 6v 2 ;
3 dx du dv dx du dv
1 ÿ2=3 dv ÿ8
y ¼ ðx3 þ 4Þ2 ÿ 2ðx3 þ 4Þ
0
¼ ÿ8xÿ3 ¼ 3
3 dx x
½2ðx3 þ 4Þ ÿ 2 3x2

dy 3 2 ÿ8
¼ ð4u Þð6v Þ
¼ 2x2 ½ðx3 þ 4Þ2 ÿ 2ðx3 þ 4Þÿ2=3 ðx3 þ 3Þ dx x3

ÿ8
32. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 6u2 ÿ 8; u0 ¼ 12x ÿ 5 ¼ ð4ð2v 3 ÿ 1Þ3 Þð6v 2 Þ
x3
y0 ¼ ½6ð6x2 ÿ 5x ÿ 1Þ2 ÿ 8ð12x ÿ 5Þ
3 3 2
4 4 ÿ8
¼4 2 ÿ 1 6
x2 x2 x3
33. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 16x3 ÿ 3; x0 ¼ 6t ÿ 4 3
128 96 ÿ8
y0 ðtÞ ¼ ½16x3 ÿ 3ð6t ÿ 4Þ ¼4 ÿ1
x6 x4 x3
¼ ½16ð3t2 ÿ 4tÞ3 ÿ 3ð6t ÿ 4Þ
ÿ3072 128
3
¼ ÿ1
34. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 15u2 ÿ 14u ÿ 5; u0 ¼ 12t ÿ 8 x7 x6
y0 ¼ ½15ð6t2 ÿ 8tÞ2 ÿ 14ð6t2 ÿ 8tÞ ÿ 5 dy du dx

44. ¼ 8u ÿ 1; ¼ 3x2 ; ¼6
ð12t ÿ 8Þ du dx dt
dy
35. y0 ¼ 6ð9x2 þ 4xÞ5 ð18x þ 4Þ ¼ ð8uÿ1Þð3x2 Þð6Þ ¼ ½ð8Þðx3 ÿ 8Þ ÿ 1ð3x2 Þð6Þ
dt
36. y0 ¼ 5ðð2x2 ÿ 5x þ 1Þ2=3 ð4x ÿ 5Þ ¼ 18x2 ð8x3 ÿ 65Þ
37. y0 ¼ 10ð11x5 ÿ 2x þ 1Þ9 ð55x4 ÿ 2Þ ¼ 18ð6t þ 4Þ2 ½8ð6t þ 4Þ3 ÿ 65
38. y0 ¼ ÿ32ðx3 ÿ 5x þ 2Þÿ5 ð3x2 ÿ 5Þ dy du dv
45. ¼ 6u; ¼ ÿ4v ÿ2 ; ¼ 5x4
ÿ32ð3x2 ÿ 5Þ du dv dx
¼ dy

ÿ4

4 ÿ4

ðx3 ÿ 5x þ 2Þ5 ¼ ð6uÞ ð5x4
Þ ¼ 6 ð5x4 Þ
dx v2 v v2
39. y ¼ 7ð9x2 ÿ 4Þÿ8 ÿ96 ÿ96
¼ 3 ð5x4 Þ ¼ 5x4
y0 ¼ ÿ56ð9x2 ÿ 4Þÿ9 ð18xÞ v ðx5 Þ3
ÿ56ð18xÞ ÿ480x4 ÿ480
¼ 9
¼ ¼ 11
ð9x2 ÿ 4Þ x15 x
ðtþ1Þ2 ð0:3Þð16tþ11Þÿð0:6ð8t2 þ11tþ60Þ2ðtþ1Þ

46. y ¼ ðx ÿ 5Þ2=3 ; y0 ¼ 23 ðx ÿ 5Þÿ1=3 ; at x ¼ 4, P0 ðtÞ ¼
ð8t2 þ 11t þ 60Þ1=2 ðt þ 1Þ4
y0 ¼ 23 ð4 ÿ 5Þÿ1=3 ¼ ÿ 23. Tangent equation is
0:3ðt þ 1Þð16t þ 11Þ ÿ 1:2ð8t2 þ 11t þ 60Þ
yÿ1 ¼ ÿ23 ðxÿ4Þ; 3y ÿ 3 ¼ ÿ2x þ 8; 2x þ 3y ¼ 11 ¼
ð8t2 þ 11t þ 60Þ1=2 ðt þ 1Þ3
0 2 2 0 2
47. y ¼ 3ð4x ÿ 18Þ ð8xÞ; at x ¼ 2; y ¼ 3ð4 2 ÿ 0:3ð16t2 þ 27t þ 11Þ ÿ 1:2ð8t2 þ 11t þ 60Þ
18Þ2 ð8 2Þ ¼ 3ðÿ2Þ2 ð16Þ ¼ 192. Tangent equation ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8t2 þ 11t þ 60ðt þ 1Þ3
is y þ 8 ¼ 192ðx ÿ 2Þ or y ¼ 192x ÿ 392 or
4:8t2 þ 8:1t þ 3:3 ÿ 9:6t2 ÿ 13:2t ÿ 72
192x ÿ y ¼ 392. ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8t2 þ 11t þ 60ðt þ 1Þ3
48. Here y ¼ 4ð25 ÿ x2 Þÿ1=2 , so y0 ¼ ÿ2ð25 ÿ x2 Þÿ3=2 2
ÿ4:8t ÿ 5:1t ÿ 68:7
ðÿ2xÞ. Thus, at x ¼ ÿ3; y0 ¼ ÿ2ð25 ÿ 9Þÿ3=2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðÿ2ðÿ3ÞÞ ¼ ÿ12ð16Þÿ3=2 ¼ ÿ 12 3 8t2 þ 11t þ 60ðt þ 1Þ3
64 ¼ ÿ 16. The
16 2
slope of the normal is 3 . The equation of the ÿ4:8ð10Þ ÿ5:1ð10Þÿ68:7
(b) P0 ð10:0Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ÿ0:0145
normal is y ÿ 1 ¼ 16 8ð10Þ2 þ11ð10Þþ60½ð10Þþ13
3 ðx þ 3Þ; 3y ÿ 3 ¼ 16x þ 48 ppm/year
or 16x ÿ 3y ¼ ÿ51.
1 hðnþ1Þÿðnÿ1Þi
R0 ¼ 2 nÿ1 ¼ 2 ðnÿ1Þð2Þ
ÿ 4nÿ4
(a) P ¼ E0 ¼ dE 2 2 53. ¼ ðnþ1Þ
49. dt ¼ 3 6ð1 þ 4t Þ ð8tÞ ¼ 144ð1 þ ðnþ1Þ2 ðnþ1Þ3
nþ1 3
2 2
4t Þ t W pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(b) 144ð1þ4t2 Þ2 t W¼ 144ð1 þ 4t2 Þ2 t W 1000
1 kW 54. (a) First, rewrite q ¼ 5t2 þ 2 ÿ 5t as q ¼ 5t2 þ
W ¼
144ð1þ4t2 Þ2 t ð2ÿ5tÞ1=2 and then differentiate. I ¼ q0 ¼ 10t þ
1000 ¼ 0:144ð1 þ 4t2 Þ2 t kW
ÿ1=2
1
2 ð2ÿ5tÞ ðÿ5Þ ¼ 10t þ ÿ52 ð2 ÿ 5tÞÿ1=2 ¼ 10t ÿ
(c) Pð2:5Þ ¼ 0:144ð1þ4ð2:5Þ2 Þ2 ð2:5Þ ¼ 243:36 kW pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
10tð2 2ÿ5tÞÿ5
5
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2p2ÿ5t
20t ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiÿ5
50. (a) P0 ðtÞ ¼ 2 10ð45 þ 3:5tÞð3:5Þ ÿ 1750 ¼ 3150 þ 2 2ÿ5t 2 2ÿ5t 2ÿ5t
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
245t ÿ 1750 ¼ 1; 400 þ 245t people/year 20ð0:25Þ 2ÿ5ð0:25Þÿ5
(b) Ið0:25Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ÿ0:387 A
(b) P0 ð5Þ ¼ 1; 400 þ 245ð5Þ ¼ 2; 625 people/year 2 2ÿ5ð0:25Þ
2 2 55. (a) Substituting the given information into the for-

51. (a) Rewrite PðtÞ ¼ p250t ffi ¼ 2 250t 1=2 . Then
mula for the current produces I ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiV
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
t2 þ15 ðt þ15Þ ffi¼
differentiating, we get 2 2 R þXC
2
ðt þ15Þ 1=2
ð500tÞÿð250t2 Þ12ðt2 þ15Þÿ1=2 ð2tÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
120 ffi
2 2
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
120
2
¼ 120ð900 þ XC2 Þÿ1=2 . Diffe-
30 þXC 900þXC
P0 ðtÞ ¼ 2
ðt2 þ 15Þ1=2 rentiating, we get I 0 ¼ ÿ12 ð120Þð900þXC2 Þÿ3=2
ÿ
ðt2 þ15Þ1=2 ð500tÞÿð250t2 Þ12ðt2 þ15Þÿ1=2 ð2tÞ 120XC

¼ ð2XC Þ ¼ ÿ .
ÿ 1=2 2 ð900þXC2 Þ3=2
2 ðt þ 15Þ 120ð25Þ
(b) I 0 ð25Þ ¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ0:0504 A/
ðt2 þ15Þ1=2 ð900þð25Þ2 Þ3=2
ðt2 þ 15Þ1=2 56. (a) We are given L ¼ 1 þ 0:25x þ 0:001x2 and

ðt2 þ 15Þð500tÞ ÿ ð250t2 Þ 12 ð2tÞ 200
x ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 200ð9 ÿ 0:4tÞÿ1=2 . We want to find
¼ 3=2 9ÿ0:4t
dL
ÿ
t2 þ 15 dt . Using the chain rule, we have
3 3 3
500t þ 7500t ÿ 250t 250t þ 7500t dL dL dx
¼ ¼ ¼
ðt2 þ 15Þ3=2 ðt2 þ 15Þ3=2 dt dx dt
250tðt2 þ 30Þ 1
¼ ¼ ð0:25 þ 0:002xÞ ÿ ð200Þ
2
ðt2 þ 15Þ3=2
þ30Þ 2 ð9 ÿ 0:4tÞÿ3=2 ðÿ0:4Þ
(b) When t ¼ 5:0, we have P0 ð5:0Þ ¼ 250ð5:0Þðð5:0Þ
2 3=2
ðð5:0Þ þ15Þ

200
¼ 1250ð55Þ ¼ 0:25 þ 0:002 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð40Þ
3=2 271:8 ppm/day.
ð40Þ 9 ÿ 0:4t
ð9 ÿ 0:4tÞÿ3=2
52. (a) To find the rate of change in the level of pollu-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
tion we need to differentiate PðtÞ ¼ 0:6 8tðtþ1Þ
2 þ11tþ60
. 0:25 9 ÿ 0:4t þ 0:4 40
2
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Using the quotient rule, we obtain P 0
ðtÞ ¼ 9 ÿ 0:4t ð9 ÿ 0:4tÞ3=2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðtþ1Þ2 0:612ð8t2 þ11tþ60Þÿ1=2 ð16tþ11Þÿ0:6ð8t2 þ11tþ60Þ2ðtþ1Þ 10 9 ÿ 0:4t þ 16
ðtþ1Þ4 ¼
ð8t2 þ11tþ60Þ1=2 ð9 ÿ 0:4tÞ2
Multiplying by and simplifying, pro-
ð8t2 þ11tþ60Þ1=2
duces
SECTION 22.4 397
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi
(b) L0 ð5Þ ¼
10 9ÿ0:4ð5Þþ16
0:866 ppm/year 59. We are given Q ¼ cn1 AR2=3 s with s; A, and R
2
ð9ÿ0:4ð5ÞÞ known constants. Since n is the only variable,
0
(c) L ð10Þ ¼
10 9ÿ0:4ð10Þþ16
1:534 ppm/year this canpffiffibe thought of as the function QðnÞ ¼
ð9ÿ0:4ð10ÞÞ2 c1 2=3
s. We are also given n ¼ 0:015þ
n AR
57. (a) CðtÞ ¼ CðnÞ nðtÞ 0:0014t where t is the age of the pipe in p
t ffiffiyears.
c1
Now, QðtÞ ¼ QðnðtÞÞ ¼ 0:015þ0:0014t AR2=3 s. We
¼ 16; 250 þ 9; 500ð85t ÿ 5t2 Þ
are to determine Q0 ðtÞ. pffiffi
¼ 16; 250 þ 807; 500t ÿ 47; 500t2 Begin by letting k ¼ c1 AR2=3 s, a constant. Then
So, CðtÞ ¼ 16; 250 þ 807; 500t ÿ 47; 500t2 dollars you can think of QðtÞ as
t hours since midnight. k
(b) C 0 ðtÞ ¼ 807; 500 ÿ 47; 500ð2tÞ ¼ 807; 500 ÿ QðtÞ ¼ ¼ kð0:015 þ 0:0014tÞÿ1
0:015 þ 0:0014t
95; 500t dollars/hour t hours since midnight.
(c) By the chain rule, the derivative of CðnÞ Then Q0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿkð0:015 þ 0:0014tÞÿ2 ð0:0014Þ.
nðtÞ ¼ CðnðtÞÞ ¼ C 0 ðnÞn0 ðtÞ. Since CðnÞ ¼ Substituting back for k gives the final result of
16; 250 þ 9; 500n, then C0 ðnÞ ¼ 9; 500 and since ÿ0:0014c1 pffiffi
nðtÞ ¼ 85t ÿ 5t2 , then n0 ðtÞ ¼ 85 ÿ 10t. Thus, Q0 ðtÞ ¼ AR2=3 s
CðnÞ nðtÞ ¼ CðnðtÞÞ ¼ C 0 ðnÞn0 ðtÞ ¼ ð9; 500Þð85ÿ ð0:015 þ 0:0014tÞ2
2=3
10tÞ ¼ 807; 500 ÿ 95; 000t dollars/hour t hours pffiffi

whc1 wh
since midnight. This is the same result we got 60. We are given Q ¼ s with
n w þ 2h
in (b). s ¼ 0:005, w ¼ 3:2, c1 ¼ 1:486 (see Exercise 59),
58. (a) AðtÞ ¼ AðVÞ VðtÞ and n ¼ 0:017 þ 0:0012t. Substituting these values
pffi 0:7301640427 h
¼ 105 ð225 tÞ3=4 C into the equation we get QðtÞ ¼
2=3 0:017 þ 0:0012 t
Using C ¼ 0:1643 this makes AðtÞ ¼ 16430 h k
¼ ¼ kð0:017 þ
ð225Þ3=2 t3=8 954; 496:746t3=8 ft2 where t is the 3:2 þ 2 h 0:017 þ 0:0012 t
number of hours
ÿ since the spill began.
ÿ1
0:0012 tÞ if we let k be the constant
(b) A0 ðtÞ ¼ 38 954;496:746tÿ5=8 ¼ 357; 936:280tÿ5=8 2=3
h
ft/hours t hours since the spill began. k ¼ ð0:7301640427 hÞ . Differen-
(c) By the chain rule, the derivative of AðVÞ 3:2 þ 2 h
VðtÞ ¼ AðVðtÞÞ ¼ A0 ðVÞ V 0 ðtÞ. Since AðVÞ ¼ tiating we get Q0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿkð0:017 þ 0:0012 tÞÿ2 or
105 V 3=4 C, then A0 ðVÞ ¼ 34 ð105 V ÿ1=4 CÞ ¼ 2=3
75000V ÿ1=4 C. With C ¼ 0:1643 we have pffi ÿ0:7301640427 h h
Q0 ðtÞ ¼
A0 ðVÞ ¼ 12322:5V ÿ1=4 . Using VðtÞ ¼ 225 t ¼ ð0:017 þ 0:0012 tÞ2 3:2 þ 2 h
225t1=2 we get V 0 ðtÞ ¼ 12 ð225tÿ1=2 Þ ¼ 112:5tÿ1=2 . We are now ready to answer the two parts of the
Thus, exercise.
AðVÞ VðtÞ ¼ AðVðtÞÞ ¼ A0 ðVÞ V 0 ðtÞ (a) Substituting h ¼ 1:2 ft into Q0 produces
¼ ð12322:5V ÿ1=4 Þð112:5tÿ1=2 Þ
2=3
ÿ0:7301640427ð1:2Þ 1:2
Q0 ðtÞ ¼
¼ ð1386281:25V ÿ1=4 Þðtÿ1=2 Þ ð0:017 þ 0:0012 tÞ2 3:2 þ 2ð1:2Þ
¼ ð1386281:25ð225t1=2 Þÿ1=4 Þðtÿ1=2 Þ ÿ0:3137597047
¼
ð0:017 þ 0:0012 tÞ2
¼ ð1386281:25ð225Þÿ1=4 Þtÿ1=8 ðtÿ1=2 Þ
(b) Substituting h ¼ 2:8 ft into Q0 produces
¼ ð1386281:25ð225Þÿ1=4 Þtÿ5=8
2=3
357; 936:280tÿ5=8 ÿ0:7301640427ð2:8Þ 2:8
Q0 ðtÞ ¼
ð0:017 þ 0:0012 tÞ2 3:2 þ 2ð2:8Þ
ft/hours t hours since the spill began. This is the
ÿ0:9528591595
same result we got in (b). ¼
ð0:017 þ 0:0012 tÞ2
22.5 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
1. d
dx ð4x þ 5yÞ
d
¼ dx ð0Þ gives 4 þ 5 dy
dx ¼ 0, and so 15. Here, dxd
ðx þ 5x2 ÿ 10y2 Þ ¼ dx
d
3y gives 1 þ 10xÿ
dy 4 20yy ¼ 3y or 1 þ 10x ¼ 3y0 þ 20yy0. Solving for
0 0
dx ¼ ÿ 5.
y0 , we get y0 ¼ 1þ10x
2þ20y.
2. d
dx ð6x ÿ
d
7yÞ ¼ dx ð3Þ gives 6 ÿ 7 dy
dx ¼ 0, and so
dy 6 16. Here dxd
ðx2 ÿ2xy þ y2 Þ ¼ dx
d
x yields 2x ÿ 2y ÿ 2xy0
dx ¼ 7.
0 0 0
þ2yy ¼ 1 or 2yy ÿ 2xy ¼ 1 þ 2y ÿ 2x. Thus,
3. d 2
dx ðx ÿ y Þ
d
¼ dx ð4Þ yields 1 ÿ 2y dy
dx ¼ 0. Thus, y0 ¼ 1þ2yÿ2x
2yÿ2x .
dy 1
dx ¼ 2y.
17. d
dx ð4x
2
þ y3 Þ ¼ dx
d
9 yields 8x þ 3y2 y0 ¼ 0, and
4. d 2 2
dx ðx þ y Þ
d
¼ dx ð9Þ produces 2x þ 2y dy
dx ¼ 0. Thus, 0 ÿ8x
so y ¼ 3y2 .
dy x
dx ¼ ÿ y.
18. d
dx ðy
4
ÿ 9x2 Þ ¼ dxd
9 gives 4y3 y0 ÿ 18x ¼ 0, and
5. d
Here we see that dx ðx2 ÿ y2 Þ ¼ dx
d
ð16Þ produces 0 18x 9x
so y ¼ 4y3 ¼ 2y3 .
2x ÿ 2yy ¼ 0. Solving for y , we get 2yy0 ¼ 2x or
0 0
y0 ¼ 2x x 19. Here dxd

ð6y3 þ x3 Þ ¼ dx
d
ðxyÞ produces 18y2 y0 þ
2y ¼ y.
3x ¼ xy þ y or 18y y ÿ xy0 ¼ y ÿ 3x2. Solving
2 0 2 0
6. d
Here dx d
ðx2 ÿ 2y2 Þ ¼ dx ð2xÞ gives 2x ÿ 4yy0 ¼ 2. yÿ3x2
0 0 0
for y0, we get y0 ¼ 18y 2 ÿx.
Solving for y , we get y ¼ 2ÿ2x xÿ1
ÿ4y or y ¼ 2y .
d 2 d 2 0 0
d 2
þ 16y2 Þ ¼ dx
d
ð144Þ means that 18x þ 32yy0
20. dx ðx yÞ ¼ dx ð7yÞ produces 2xy þ x y ¼ 7y
7. dx ð9x
or x2 y0 ÿ 7y0 ¼ ÿ2xy. Solving for y0, we get
¼ 0. Solving for y , we get y0 ¼ ÿ18x
0 ÿ9x
32y ¼ 16y . 2xy
y0 ¼ 7ÿx 2.
8. d
Here dx ð16x2 ÿ 9y2 Þ ¼ dx
d
ð144Þ and so 32x ÿ
18yy ¼ 0. Solving for y , we get y0 ¼ ÿ18y
0 0 ÿ32x
¼ 16x 21. d 2
dx ðx yÞ
d
¼ dx ðx þ 1Þ yields 2xy þ x2 y0 ¼ 1 or
9y .
x y ¼ 1 ÿ 2xy. Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼ 1ÿ2xy
2 0
x2 .
9. d
dx ð4x
2
ÿ y2 Þ ¼ dx
d
4y produces 8x ÿ 2yy0 ¼ 4y0
22. d
dx ðx
2
þ yÿ1 Þ ¼ dx
d
ð2xÞ yields 2x ÿ yÿ2 y0 ¼ 2.
or 8x ¼ 4y þ 2yy0 ¼ y0 ð4 þ 2yÞ. Solving for y0,
0
y0
we get y0 ¼ 4þ2y
8x 4x
¼ 2þy . This simplifies to y2 ¼ 2x ÿ 2 and so y0 ¼ y2
ð2x ÿ 2Þ.
d d
10. Here, we see that dx ðx2 y þ xy2 Þ ¼ dx x gives
ÿ1
2xy þ x y þ y þ 2xyy ¼ 1 or x y þ 2xyy0 ¼
2 0 2 0 2 0 23. d
dx ðx þ yÿ1 Þ ¼ dx
d
16 produces ÿxÿ2 ÿ yÿ2 y0 ¼
xÿ2 y2
1 ÿ 2xy ÿ y2 . Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼ 1ÿ2xyÿy
2 ÿ0. Solving for y , we get y0 ¼ ÿy
0
ÿ2 ¼ ÿ x2 .
x2 þ2xy .
ÿ2
11. Here we have dx d
ðxy þ 5xy2 Þ ¼ dx
d 2
x or xy0 þ 24. d
dx ðx ÿ yÿ2 Þ ¼ dxd
ðxyÞ, and so ÿ2xÿ3 þ 2yÿ3 y0
2 0
y þ 5y þ 10xyy ¼ 2x which is the same as ¼ y þ xy which can be rewritten as 2yÿ3 y0 ÿ xy0
0
ÿ3
xy0 þ 10xyy0 ¼ 2x ÿ y ÿ 5y2 . Solving for y0, we ¼ y þ 2xÿ3 . Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼ yþ2x 2yÿ3 ÿx ¼
get y0 ¼ 2xÿyÿ5y
2
y þ x23 x3 y4 þ 2y3
xþ10xy . 2
¼ 3 .
y3 ÿ x
2x ÿ x4 y3
12. d 2
dx ðx y ÿ 3xy2 Þ ¼ dx
d 3
y produces 2xy þ x2 y0 ÿ
d
ÿ 3 2
d ÿ2
3y ÿ 6xyy ¼ 3y y or 2xy ÿ 3y2 ¼ 3y2 y0 ÿ x2 y0 þ 25. dx xþ1 þ x y ¼ dx 5 produces ÿ3ðx þ 1Þ þ
2 0 2 0
6xyy0 . Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼ 3y2xyÿ3y

2
2 ÿx2 þ6xy or
2xy þ x2 y0 ¼ 0. Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼
3
3y2 ÿ2xy ÿ 2xy 3 ÿ 2xyðx þ 1Þ2
x2 ÿ6xyÿ3y2 . 3ðxþ1Þÿ2 ÿ2xy
¼
ðxþ1Þ2
¼ .
x2 x2 x2 ðx þ 1Þ2
d d
13. Here, dx ðx2 þ 4xy þ y2 Þ ¼ dx y gives 2x þ 4yþ 0
produces 2yy0 ¼ ðyþ1Þÿxy
ÿ x
4xy þ 2yy ¼ y or 4xy þ 2yy0 ÿ y0 ¼ ÿ2x ÿ 4y,
0 0 0 0 26. Here dx d
ðy2 Þ ¼ dx
d
yþ1 ðyþ1Þ2
,
ÿ2xÿ4y
and so we get y0 ¼ 4xþ2yÿ1 2xþ4y
or 1ÿ2yÿ4x . or y0 2yðy þ 1Þ2 ¼ y þ 1 ÿ xy0, or y0 ½2yðy þ 1Þ2 þ
yþ1
d 3
ÿ 3xy2 Þ ¼ dx d
2x produces 3x2 y þ x3 y0 ÿ x ¼ y þ 1. Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼ 2yðyþ1Þ .
14. dx ðx y
2
þx
3y ÿ 6xyy0 ¼ 2 or x3 y0 ÿ 6xyy0 ¼ 2 þ 3y2 ÿ 3x2 y.
2
0
2
ÿ3x2 y 27. d
þ yxÞ ¼ dx
dx ðxy
d
x gives y þ xy0 þ xyxÿy ¼ 1, or
Thus, y0 ¼ 2þ3y
x3 ÿ6xy 3 0 0
2
yx þ x y þ xy ÿ y ¼ x2 which can be written

2
SECTION 22.5 399
2
as x3 y0 þ xy0 ¼ x2 þ y ÿ yx2 . Solving for y0, we get 36. d
dx ðx þ y2 ÿ 2x ÿ 4y ÿ 20Þ ¼ dx
d
0 produces 2x þ
2yy ÿ 2 ÿ 4y ¼ 0, or 2yy ÿ 4y0 ¼ 2 ÿ 2x, and so
0 0 0
2 2
y0 ¼ x þyÿyx
x3 þx .
y0 ¼ 2yÿ4
2ÿ2x
¼ 1ÿx
yÿ2. Thus, the slope of the tangent
d d
28. Here dx ðx3 ÿ 8x2 y2 þ yÞ ¼ dx 9x produces 3x2 ÿ to the circle at the point ðÿ2; 6Þ is m ¼ 1þ2 3
6ÿ2 ¼ 4
8x2 ð2yy0 Þ ÿ 16xy2 þ y0 ¼ 9, or y0 ÿ 16x2 yy0 ¼ 4
and the slope of the normal is ÿ 3. Hence, the
2
ÿ3x2
9 þ 16xy2 ÿ 3x2 . Thus, y0 ¼ 9þ16xy
1ÿ16x2 y . equation of the normal is y ÿ 6 ¼ ÿ 43 ðx þ 2Þ or
3y ÿ 18 ¼ ÿ4x ÿ 8 or 4x þ 3y ¼ 10.
29. Here, dx d
ðx4 ÿ 6x2 y2 þ y2 Þ ¼ dx
d
ð10xÞ yields 4x3 ÿ
6x ð2yy Þ ÿ 12xy þ 2yy ¼ 10, or 2yy0 ÿ 12x2 yy0
2 0 2 0
37. d
Here, dx ð9x2 þ 16y2 ÿ 100Þ ¼ dx
d
0 gives 18x þ
2
ÿ4x3
¼ 10 þ 12xy2 ÿ 4x3 , and so y0 ¼ 10þ12xy 2yÿ12x2 y ¼ 32yy ¼ dx 0, and so y ¼ 32y ¼ ÿ9x
0 d 0 ÿ18x
2 3 16y . Thus, the
5þ6xy ÿ2x
yÿ6x2 y . slope of the tangent to the ellipse at the point
30. d
Here, dx ðx þ 2yÞ2 ¼ dx
d
4x produces 2ðx þ 2yÞð1þ ðÿ2; 2Þ is m ¼ ÿ9ðÿ2Þ þ18 9
16ð2Þ ¼ 32 ¼ 16. Hence, the
9
2y Þ ¼ 4, or ðx þ 2yÞð1 þ 2y0 Þ ¼ 2, or 1 þ 2y0 ¼
0 tangent line is y ÿ 2 ¼ 16 ðx þ 2Þ or 16y ÿ 32 ¼
2 0 2 0 1 9x þ 18 or
xþ2y. Thus, 2y ¼ xþ2y ÿ 1, and so y ¼ xþ2y ÿ
1 2ÿxÿ2y 16y ÿ 9x ¼ 50 or 9x ÿ 16y þ 50 ¼ 0.
2 ¼ ðxþ2yÞ2.
d 2 d 0 0 ÿ16
38. dx y ¼ dx ðÿ16xÞ, or 2yy ¼ ÿ16, and so y ¼ 2y ¼
þ y2 Þ1=2 ¼ dx d 2y
gives 12 ðx2 þ y2 Þÿ1=2 ð2xþ
d 2
ÿ
31. dx ðx ÿ8
y . Thus, the slope of the tangent to the parabola at
x
x2y0 ÿ2y
2yy Þ ¼ x2 , or x ð2x þ 2yy0 Þ ¼ 2 x2 þ y2
0 2
the point ðÿ1; 4Þ is m ¼ ÿ8
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 ÿ 2 and the slope of the
ð2xy0 ÿ 2yÞ, or 2x3 þ 2x2 yy0 ¼ 4x x2 þ y2 y0 ÿ normal is 12.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4y x2 þ y2 , and so 2x2 yy0 ÿ 4x x2 þ y2 y0 ¼
d
dx ð12x
2
ÿ 16y2 ÿ 192Þ ¼ dxd
0 gives 24x ÿ 32yy0 ¼
ÿ4y x2 þ y2 ÿ 2x3 . Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼ 39.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 24x 3x
4y x2 þy2 þ2x3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2y x2 þy2 þx3 0 and so y ¼ 32y ¼ 4y. Thus, the slope of the
2 2 2
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2 2
.
4x x þy ÿ2x y 2x x þy ÿx y tangent to the hyperbola at the point ðÿ8; ÿ6Þ is
d 1=2 d
ðx2 y2 Þ gives 12 ðx þ xyÞÿ1=2 m ¼ 3ðÿ8Þ ÿ24
4ðÿ6Þ ¼ ÿ24 ¼ 1 and the slope of the normal
32. Here, dx ðx þ xyÞ ¼ dx
is ÿ1.
ð1 þ xy þ yÞ ¼ 2xy2 þ 2x2 yy0 , or 1 þ xy0 þ y ¼
0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 40. Differentiating s3 ÿ 4st þ 2t3 ÿ 5t ¼ 0 with respect
2 x þ xyð2xy2 þ 2x2 yy0 Þ which is the same as
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ ds
to t produces 3s2 ds 2
st ÿ 4 st t þ s þ 6t ÿ 5 ¼ 0 or
1 þ xy0 þ y ¼ 4xy2 x þ xy þ 4x2 yy0 x þ xy or
2 ds ds 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3s st ÿ 4t st ÿ 4s þ 6t ÿ 5 ¼ 0. Collecting terms
xy0 ÿ4x2 yy0 x þ xy ¼ 4xy2 x þ xy ÿ y ÿ 1. Solv- ÿ
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþxyÿyÿ1
results in 3s2 ÿ 4t ds 2
st ¼ 4s ÿ 6t þ 5. Dividing,
ing for y0, we get y0 ¼ 4xy pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi . ds 4sÿ6t2 þ5
xÿ4x2 y xþxy we get the desired result dt ¼ 3s2 ÿ4t .
2 3 pffiffiffiffi
33. d 2
dx ðx þy Þ
d
¼ dx y produces 3ðx2 þ y2 Þ2 ð2x þ 2yy0 Þ 41. (a) Rewrite the given equation 2s2 þ st ÿ 3t ¼ 0
¼ y , or 6xðx2 þ y2 Þ2 þ 6yy0 ðx2 þ y2 Þ2 ¼ y0, or
0 as 2s2 þ ðstÞ1=2 ÿ 3t ¼ 0. Differentiating produces
1 ÿ1=2 ÿ ds
6xðx2 þ y2 Þ2 ¼ y0 ÿ 6yy0 ðx2 þ y2 Þ2 . Solving for y0, 4s ds
dt þ 2 ðstÞ t dt þs ÿ3 ¼ 0 or 4s ds t ds
dt þ 2ðstÞ1=2 dt þ
s
6xðx þy Þ
we get y0 ¼ 1ÿ6yðx
2
.
2 2
ÿ 3 ¼ 0. Collecting terms yields
2 þy2 Þ2 2ðstÞ1=2
ÿ t
ds s
ÿ 8sðstÞ1=2 þt ds
4s þ 1=2 dt ¼ 3 ÿ 1=2 or 1=2 dt ¼
2ðstÞ 2ðstÞ 2ðstÞ
34. Here, dxd
ðx2 y þ 4Þ2 ¼ dx d
ð3xÞ gives 2ðx2 y þ 4Þð2xy 6ðstÞ1=2 ÿs ds
1=2 . Dividing produces the answer dt ¼
þx2 y0 Þ ¼ 3, or ð2x2 y þ 8Þð2xy þ x2 y0 Þ ¼ 3, and 2ðstÞ
pffiffiffi
6ðstÞ1=2 ÿs 6 pstffiffiffiÿs
so 4x3 y2 þ 2x4 yy0 þ 16xy þ 8x2 y0 ¼ 3, or 2x4 yy0 þ ¼ 8s .
8sðstÞ1=2 þt stþt
8x2 y0 ¼ 3 ÿ 4x3 y2 ÿ 16xy. Solving for y0, we get (b) When t ¼ 2 the automobile’s position can be
3 2 2
y ÿ16xy
y0 ¼ 3ÿ4x
2x4 yþ8x2 ¼ 3ÿ4xyðx yþ4Þ
2x2 ðx2 yþ4Þ .
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
determined by solving 2s2 þ 2ð2Þ ÿ 3ð2Þ ¼ 0
p ffiffiffiffi
ffi
d 2 2 d
2x þ 2yy0 ¼ 0 and so or 2s2 þ 2s ÿ 6 ¼ 0 for s. A graph yields s
35. dx ðx þ y Þ ¼ dx 25 give
0 ÿ2x ÿx
y ¼ 2y ¼ y . Thus, the slope of the tangent to the 1:464 mi.
circle at the point ð3; ÿ4Þ is m ¼ ÿ3 3 (c) Substituting t ¼ 2 and s ¼ 1:464 into ds
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dt ¼
ÿ4 ¼ 4. Using the pffiffiffi
6 1:464ð2Þ ÿ1:464
6 pstffiffiffiÿs ds
produces dt ¼ 11:712 2:928þ2 ¼
point-slope form for the equation of a line, we see pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8s stþt
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
that the tangent line is y þ 4 ¼ 34 ðx ÿ 3Þ or 6 2:928 ÿ1:464
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0:399 mi/min ¼ 23:94 mi/hr.
4y þ 16 ¼ 3x ÿ 9 or 4y ÿ 3x ¼ ÿ25. 11:712 2:928þ2
42. If the same level of production is maintained, then 43. (a) Differentiating produces 1:4y dy dy
dx ¼ 12 þ y þ x dx
P0 ¼ 0. Differentiating yields dy
and so ð1:4y ÿ xÞ dx ¼ 12þ y. Dividing by 1:4y ÿ x
P0 ¼ 20 15 xÿ4=5 dx þ x1=5 dy
4=5

dt ¼ 0. Dividing
12þy
dt y gives the result dy dx ¼ 1:4yÿx. When x ¼ 10 and
by 20, produces 15 xÿ4=5 dx dt y
4=5
þ x1=5 45 yÿ1=5 dy
dt ¼ y ¼ 25, we have dy 12þ25 37
dx ¼ 1:4ð25Þÿ10 ¼ 25 ¼ 1:48.
0 and multiplying by y1=5 x4=5, the equation sim- (b) The store should sell 1.48 television sets for
4 dy
plifies to 15 y dx
dt þ 5 x dt ¼ 0 and multiplying by
each digital satellite that is sold.
dy
5, the equation becomes y dx dt þ 4x dt ¼ 0. When (a) Differentiating produces 48 ¼ 12 dy
44. dx þ 0:02xy þ
x ¼ 32, an increase of 25% means dx dt ¼ 8. Sub- 0:01x2 dy . Collecting terms yields ð12 þ 0:01x2 Þ dy
dx dx
stituting these values into the equation it becomes dy 48ÿ0:02xy
¼ 48 ÿ 0:02xy. Dividing, gives dx ¼ 12þ0:01x2 .
ÿ8y ÿ2y
8y þ 4x dy dy
dt ¼ 0 and solving for dt ¼ 4x ¼ x . When x ¼ 10 and y ¼ 40, the derivative becomes
Thus, when y ¼ 243 and x ¼ 32, the change in dy 48ÿ0:02ð10Þð40Þ 40
dx ¼ 12þ0:01ð10Þ2 ¼ 13 3:08.
units of capital needed to maintain the same level
ÿ2ð243Þ
(b) The store should sell about 3.08 shirts for each
of production is dydt ¼ 32 ¼ ÿ15:1875 units per pair of trousers that is sold.
month.
22.6 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

1
1. y ¼ 4x3 ÿ 6x2 þ 3x ÿ 10 7. f ðtÞ ¼ t2 þ ;
tþ1
y0 ¼ 12x2 ÿ 12x þ 3 1
f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 2t ÿ ;
y00 ¼ 24x ÿ 12 ðt þ 1Þ2
2. y ¼ 9x4 þ x3 ÿ 10; 2
f 00 ðtÞ ¼ 2 þ
y0 ¼ 36x3 þ 3x2 ; ðt þ 1Þ3
y00 ¼ 108x2 þ 6x; 8. hðxÞ ¼ ðx2 þ 2Þðx ÿ 1Þ ¼ x3 ÿ x2 þ 2x ÿ 2
y000 ¼ 216x þ 6 h0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 2x þ 2;
3. y ¼ 7x5 ÿ 3x3 þ x; h00 ðxÞ ¼ 6x ÿ 2
y0 ¼ 35x4 ÿ 9x2 þ 1; uÿ1
9. gðuÞ ¼ ;
y00 ¼ 140x3 ÿ 18x; u2
y000 ¼ 420x2 ÿ 18; u ÿ ðu ÿ 1Þ2u u2 ÿ 2u2 þ 2u
2
g0 ðuÞ ¼ ¼
u4 u4
yð4Þ ¼ 840x 2u ÿ u 2
2ÿu
¼ ¼ 3
4. f ðxÞ ¼ 10x ÿ 1; u4 u
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 10; 00 u ðÿ1Þ ÿ ð2 ÿ uÞ3u2
3
g ðuÞ ¼
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 0 u6
ÿu ÿ 6u2 þ 3u3
3
5. f ðxÞ ¼ x þ xÿ1 ; ¼
u6
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 ÿ xÿ2 ; 2u3 ÿ 6u2 2u ÿ 6
¼ ¼
2 u6 u4
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 2xÿ3 ¼ u 4
ð2Þ ÿ ð2u ÿ 6Þ4u 3
2u ÿ 8u þ 24
x3 g000 ðuÞ ¼ ¼
u 8 u5
6. f ðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ tÿ2 ; ÿ6u þ 24
¼
f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 þ 2tÿ3 ; u5
f 00 ðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 6tÿ4 ;
f 000 ðtÞ ¼ 6 þ 24tÿ5
SECTION 22.6 401
dy f ðxÞ ¼ xðx þ 1Þÿ1 ;

10. y ¼ 3ðx2 þ 1Þ1=3 ; ¼ ðx2 þ 1Þÿ2=3 ð2xÞ 17.
dx
d2 y 2 Dx f ðxÞ ¼ 1ðx þ 1Þÿ1 ÿ xðx þ 1Þÿ2
¼ 2ðx2 þ 1Þÿ2=3 ÿ ð2xÞðx2 þ 1Þÿ5=3 ð2xÞ
dx2 3 D2x f ðxÞ ¼ ÿðx þ 1Þÿ2 ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ2
ÿ2=3 8x2 2 þ 2xðx þ 1Þÿ3
¼ 2ðx2 þ 1Þ ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ5=3
3
¼ ÿ2ðx þ 1Þÿ2 þ 2xðx þ 1Þÿ3
2 8x2
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 ÿ ÿp ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi5
3 2 D3x f ðxÞ ¼ 4ðx þ 1Þÿ3 þ 2ðx þ 1Þÿ3
3 2
x þ1 3 x þ1
6ðx2 þ 1Þ ÿ 8x2 ÿ2x2 þ 6 ÿ 6xðx þ 1Þÿ4
¼ ÿp ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi5 ¼ ÿp
¼ 6ðx þ 1Þÿ3 ÿ 6xðx þ 1Þÿ4
3 2
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi5
3 x þ1 3 3 x2 þ 1
D4x f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ18ðx þ 1Þÿ4 ÿ 6ðx þ 1Þÿ4
1=2
11. y ¼ ðx þ 1Þ þ 24xðx þ 1Þÿ5
dy 1
¼ ðx þ 1Þÿ1=2 ¼ ÿ24ðx þ 1Þÿ4 þ 24xðx þ 1Þÿ5
dx 2
d2 y 1 ÿ1 ¼ ÿ24ðx þ 1Þðx þ 1Þÿ5 þ 24xðx þ 1Þÿ5
¼ ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ3=2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3
dx2 4 4 xþ1 ¼ ÿ24xðx þ 1Þÿ5 ÿ 24ðx þ 1Þÿ5
þ 24xðx þ 1Þÿ5
12. y ¼ ð4x ÿ x2 Þ2 ;
¼ ÿ24ðx þ 1Þÿ5
dy
¼ 2ð4x ÿ x2 Þð4 ÿ 2xÞ
dx
¼ 4ð2 ÿ xÞð4x ÿ x2 Þ; 18. f ðtÞ ¼ ðt þ 1Þðt þ 2Þÿ1 ;
d2 y Dt f ðtÞ ¼ ðt þ 1Þðÿ1Þðt þ 2Þÿ2 þ ðt þ 2Þÿ1
¼ 4ðÿ1Þð4x ÿ x2 Þ þ 4ð2 ÿ xÞð4 ÿ 2xÞ
dx2 ¼ ÿðt þ 1Þðt þ 2Þÿ2 þ ðt þ 2Þÿ1 ;
¼ ÿ4ð4x ÿ x2 Þ þ 4ð2 ÿ xÞð4 ÿ 2xÞ
D2t f ðtÞ ¼ ÿðt þ 2Þÿ2 þ 2ðt þ 1Þðt þ 2Þÿ3
¼ ÿ16x þ 4x2 þ 8x2 ÿ 32x þ 32
ÿ ðt þ 2Þÿ2
¼ 12x2 ÿ 48x þ 32
¼ ÿ2ðt þ 2Þÿ2 þ 2ðt þ 1Þðt þ 2Þÿ3
Note: An easier method would be to first expand
y ¼ ð4x ÿ x2 Þ2 , to get y ¼ 16x2 ÿ 8x3 þ x4 ; ¼ ÿ2ðt þ 2Þðt þ 2Þÿ3 þ 2ðt þ 1Þðt þ 2Þÿ3
y0 ¼ 32x ÿ 24x2 þ 4x3 ; y00 ¼ 12x2 ÿ 48x þ 32. ¼ ðÿ2t ÿ 4Þðt þ 2Þÿ3 þ ð2t þ 2Þðt þ 2Þÿ3
3 3 2
13. y ¼ ð2x þ 1Þ ¼ 8x þ 12x þ 6x þ 1 ¼ ÿ2ðt þ 2Þÿ3
2
dy d y 6
¼ 24x2 þ 24x þ 6; 2 ¼ 48x þ 24 ¼ D3t f ðtÞ ¼ 6ðt þ 2Þÿ4 ¼
dx dx ðt þ 2Þ4
d3 y
¼ 48
dx3 19. f ðwÞ ¼ ð3w2 þ 1Þÿ2 ;
Dw f ðwÞ ¼ ÿ2ð3w2 þ 1Þÿ3 ð6wÞ
14. y ¼ x4 ÿ 3x2 þ 2
dy ¼ ÿ12wð3w2 þ 1Þÿ3
¼ 4x3 ÿ 6x;
dx D2w f ðwÞ ¼ ÿ12ð3w2 þ 1Þÿ3
d2 y þ 36wð3w2 þ 1Þÿ4 ð6wÞ
¼ 12x2 ÿ 6
dx2
¼ 216w2 ð3w2 þ 1Þÿ4 ÿ 12ð3w2 þ 1Þÿ3
d3 y
¼ 24x ¼ 216w2 ð3w2 þ 1Þÿ4
dx3
y ¼ xÿ2=3 ; dy 2 ÿ5=3 d y
; dx2 ¼ 10 ÿ8=3 2
ÿ 12ð3w2 þ 1Þð3w2 þ 1Þÿ4
15. dx ¼ ÿ 3 x 9 x
¼ ð216w2 ÿ 36w2 ÿ 12Þð3w2 þ 1Þÿ4
x3ffiffi 8=3 dy 8 5=3
16. Since y ¼ p ¼x ; we have ¼ 3x . The
¼ ð180w2 ÿ 12Þð3w2 þ 1Þÿ4
3x dx
2
second derivative is ddxy2 ¼ 40
9 x
2=3
; and the third deri-
3
d y 80 ÿ1=3 80
vative is dx3 ¼ 27 x ¼ 3. p ffiffi
27 x
x3

d 4 d
20. ðx ÿ 3x2 þ 1Þ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 6x; 25.
dx dx 3x ÿ 1
d2 4 ð3x ÿ 1Þð3x2 Þ ÿ x3 ð3Þ 9x3 ÿ 3x2 ÿ 3x3
ðx ÿ 3x2 þ 1Þ ¼ 12x2 ÿ 6; ¼ ¼
dx2 ð3x ÿ 1Þ2 ð3x ÿ 1Þ2
d3 4
ðx ÿ 3x2 þ 1Þ ¼ 24x; 6x3 ÿ 3x2
dx3 ¼ ;
d 4 ð3x ÿ 1Þ2
ðx4 ÿ 3x2 þ 1Þ ¼ 24;
d 6x3 ÿ 3x2

dx4
d5 4 dx ð3x ÿ 1Þ 2
ðx ÿ 3x2 þ 1Þ ¼ 0
dx5 ð3xÿ1Þ2 ð18x2 ÿ6xÞÿð6x3 ÿ3x2 Þð2Þð3xÿ1Þð3Þ
d 7 ¼ 4
21. ðx ÿ 4x5 ÿ x3 Þ ¼ 7x6 ÿ 20x4 ÿ 3x2 ; ð3x ÿ 1Þ
dx ð3x ÿ 1Þð18x2 ÿ 6xÞ ÿ 6ð6x3 ÿ 3x2 Þ
d2 7 ¼
ðx ÿ 4x5 ÿ x3 Þ ¼ 42x5 ÿ 80x3 ÿ 6x; ð3x ÿ 1Þ3
dx2
d3 7 54x3 ÿ 36x2 þ 6x ÿ 36x3 þ 18x2
ðx ÿ 4x5 ÿ x3 Þ ¼ 210x4 ÿ 240x2 ÿ 6; ¼
dx3 ð3x ÿ 1Þ3
d4 7
ðx ÿ 4x5 ÿ x3 Þ ¼ 840x3 ÿ 480x 18x ÿ 18x þ 6x 6xð3x2 ÿ 3x þ 1Þ
3 2
dx4 ¼ ¼
ð3x ÿ 1Þ3 ð3x ÿ 1Þ3
d d 3
22. ¼ 8x7 ÿ 6x; 26. ½x þ x2 ÿ 2x ¼ 3x2 þ 2x ÿ 2
dx dx
d2 d
¼ 8 7 x6 ÿ 6; ð3x2 þ 2x ÿ 2Þ ¼ 6x þ 2
dx2 dx
d3 5 d
4
¼ 8 7 6x ; ¼ 8 7 6 5x4 ; . . . ;
dx3 dx4 d
d8
27. ðxðx þ 1Þÿ1=2 Þ
¼ 8! ¼ 40; 320 dx
dx8

1
¼x ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ3=2 þ ðx þ 1Þÿ1=2
d 2
23. ðx ÿ xÿ2 Þ ¼ 1 þ 2xÿ3 ; x
dx ¼ ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ3=2 þ ðx þ 1Þÿ1=2
d2 2
ðx ÿ xÿ2 Þ ¼ ÿ6xÿ4 ; d2
dx2 ½xðx þ 1Þÿ1=2
d3 dx2
ðx ÿ xÿ2 Þ ¼ 24xÿ5 x 1
dx3 ¼ ÿ ðÿ3=2Þðx þ 1Þÿ5=2 ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ3=2
2 2
x2

24. d 1
dx 2x þ 3 ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ3=2
2
ð2x þ 3Þ2x ÿ x2 2 4x2 þ 6x ÿ 2x2 3
¼ ¼ ¼ xðx þ 1Þÿ5=2 ÿ ðx þ 1Þÿ3=2
ð2x þ 3Þ2 ð2x þ 3Þ2 4
2 3
¼
2x þ 6x
; ¼ xðx þ 1Þÿ5=2 ÿ ðx þ 1Þðx þ 1Þÿ5=2
4
ð2x þ 3Þ2 ÿx ÿ 4
d2

x2
¼
2
4ðx þ 1Þ5=2
dx 2x þ 3
d 2x2 þ 6x
x
¼ 28. 2x þ 2yy0 ¼ 0; y0 ¼ ÿ ;
dx ð2x þ 3Þ 2 y
ÿ x
ð2xþ3Þ2 ð4x þ 6Þÿð2x2 þ 6xÞð2Þð2x þ 3Þ2 00 ÿy þ xy0 ÿy þ x ÿ y
¼ y ¼ ¼
y2 y2
ð2x þ 3Þ4
ÿy2 2
ð2x þ 3Þð4x þ 6Þ ÿ 4ð2x2 þ 6xÞ y ÿ xy x2 þ y2 ÿ9
¼ ¼ ¼ÿ ¼ 3
ð2x þ 3Þ3 y2 y3 y
8x þ 24x þ 18 ÿ 8x2 ÿ 24x
2 (Note: x2 þ y2 ¼ 9Þ
¼ 3
ð2x þ 3Þ
18
¼
ð2x þ 3Þ3
SECTION 22.6 403
29. 2x ÿ 8yy0 ¼ 1; 32. xð2yy0 Þ þ y2 ÿ 5 ¼ 4y0 ;

1 ÿ 2x 2x ÿ 1 2xyy0 ÿ 4y0 ¼ 5 ÿ y2
y0 ¼ ¼
ÿ8y 8y 5 ÿ y2 y2 ÿ 5
8yð2Þ ÿ ð2x ÿ 1Þ8y0 y0 ¼ or
y00 ¼ 2xy ÿ 4 4 ÿ 2xy
64y 2
ð4ÿ2xyÞð2yy0 Þÿðy2 ÿ5Þðÿ2xy0 ÿ2yÞ
ÿ y00 ¼
2y ÿ ð2x ÿ 1Þ 2xÿ1
8y ð4 ÿ 2xyÞ 2
¼
8y2 2 2
ÿ y ÿ5
y ÿ5
ð4ÿ2xyÞ 2y4ÿ2xy þðy2 ÿ5Þð2x4ÿ2xy þ2yÞ
2
16y ð2xÿ1Þ2 ¼
8y ÿ 8y 16y2 ÿ ð2x ÿ 1Þ2 ð4 ÿ 2xyÞ2
¼ ¼ ðy2 ÿ5Þð8yÿ4xy2 Þþðy2 ÿ5Þ½2xy2 ÿ10xþ8yÿ4xy2
8y2 64y3 ¼ 3
2 2
16y ÿ 4x þ 4x ÿ 1 ð4 ÿ 2xyÞ
¼
64y3 ðy2 ÿ 5Þð16y ÿ 6xy2 ÿ 10xÞ
¼
4ð4y2 ÿ x2 Þ þ 4x ÿ 1 ð4 ÿ 2xyÞ3
¼ 2 0
64y3 33. x y þ 2xy ¼ 0;
4ðÿxÞ þ 4x ÿ 1 ÿ1 ÿ2xy 2y
¼ ¼ y0 ¼ 2 ¼ ÿ
64y3 64y3 x x
(Note: In the second-to-last step, we used the fact 00 xðÿ2y0 Þ þ ð2y 1Þ
y ¼
that since x2 ÿ 4y2 ¼ x, then 4y2 ÿ x2 ¼ ÿx.) x2
ÿ ÿ2y
ÿ2x x þ 2y
30. 2x ÿ 2yy0 ¼ 0; ¼
x x2
y0 ¼ 4y þ 2y 6y
y ¼ ¼ 2
y 2 2 x2 x
x x
y ÿ xy0 y ÿ x y y ÿ y
y00 ¼ 2
¼ 2
¼ 2
y y y
y2 ÿ x2 ðx2 ÿ y2 Þ ÿ16
¼ ¼ÿ ¼ 3
y3 y3 y
(Note: In the last step, remember that x2 ÿ y2 ¼

16.)
31. Differentiating, we get xð2yy0 Þ þ y2 þ 4 ¼ y0 .
Then, solving for y0 produces
2xyy0 ÿ y0 ¼ ÿy2 ÿ 4;
y2 þ 4
y0 ¼
1 ÿ 2xy
ð1ÿ2xyÞð2yy0 Þÿðy2 þ4Þ½ÿ2xy0 ÿ2y
y00 ¼ 2
ð1 ÿ 2xyÞ
2
y þ4 y þ4 2
ð1ÿ2xyÞð2y1ÿ2xy Þþðy2 þ4Þð2x1ÿ2xy þ2yÞ
¼
ð1 ÿ 2xyÞ2
2xy2 þ8x 2yð1ÿ2xyÞ
ð2y þ8yÞþðy2 þ4Þ
3
1ÿ2xy þ 1ÿ2xy
¼
ð1 ÿ 2xyÞ2
ð1ÿ2xyÞ2yðy2 þ4Þþðy2 þ4Þð8xþ2yÿ2xy2 Þ
¼ 3
ð1 ÿ 2xyÞ
ðy2 þ4Þ½2yÿ4xy2 þ8xþ2yÿ2xy2
¼ 3
ð1 ÿ 2xyÞ
ðy2 þ 4Þð4y ÿ 6xy2 þ 8xÞ
¼
ð1 ÿ 2xyÞ3
34. xy0 þ y þ 2yy0 ¼ 4x;

xy0 þ 2yy0 ¼ 4x ÿ y
4x ÿ y
y0 ¼
x þ 2y
ðx þ 2yÞð4 ÿ y0 Þ ÿ ð4x ÿ yÞð1 þ 2y0 Þ
y00 ¼
ðx þ 2yÞ2

4x ÿ y 4x ÿ y
¼ f ðx þ 2yÞ 4 ÿ ÿ ð4x ÿ yÞ 1 þ 2 ðx þ 2yÞ2
x þ 2y xþy
ðx þ 2yÞ 4xþ8yÿ4xþy ÿ ð4x ÿ yÞ xþ2yþ8xÿ2y

xþ2y xþ2y
¼
ðx þ 2yÞ2
ðx þ 2yÞ9y ÿ ð4x ÿ yÞ9x
¼
ðx þ 2yÞ3
9xy þ 18y2 ÿ 36x2 þ 9xy
¼
ðx þ 2yÞ3
18y þ 18xy ÿ 36x2
2
¼
ðx þ 2yÞ3
18ðy þ xy ÿ 2x2 Þ
2
¼
ðx þ 2yÞ3
(a) N 0 ðtÞ ¼ 10t ÿ 0:08 52 t3=2 ¼ 10t ÿ 0:2t3=2 ; 37. (a) h0 ðtÞ ¼ 120 ÿ 24t,
ÿ
35.
00
(b) N ðtÞ ¼ 10 ÿ 0:2
ÿ
3 1=2
t ¼ 10 ÿ 0:3t 1=2 (b) h00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ24
2
38. (a) s0 ðtÞ ¼ 3ð2Þt ÿ 601
ð3t2 Þ ¼ 6t ÿ 20
1 2
t or 6tÿ
36. (a) T 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ0:04ð3Þt2 þ1:16ð2Þtÿ9:3 ¼ ÿ0:12t2 þ
2
2:32t ÿ 9:3, 0:05t ,
(b) T 00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ0:12ð2Þt þ 2:32 ¼ ÿ0:24t þ 2:32 (b) s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6 ÿ 10
1
t ¼ 6 ÿ 0:1t
CHAPTER
R 22 REVIEW
1. Step 1: 2ðxþhÞ2 ÿðxþhÞ ¼ 2x2 þ 4xh þ 2h2 ÿ x ÿ h 4. 4

Step 1: kðx þ hÞ ¼ ðxþhÞ 2
Step 2: ½2x2 þ 4xh þ 2h2 ÿ x ÿ hÿ 2 2

Step 2: 4
ðxþhÞ2
ÿ x42 ¼ 4xx2ÿ4ðxþhÞ
ðxþhÞ2
½2x2 ÿ x ¼ 4xh þ 2h2 ÿ h
2
ÿ4x2 ÿ8xhÿ4h2 2
Step 3: 4xhþ2h
2
ÿh
¼ 4x ÿ 1 þ 2h. ¼ 4x x2 ðxþhÞ2
¼ ÿ8xhÿ4h
x2 ðxþhÞ2
h
Step 4: lim ð4x ÿ 1 þ 2hÞ ¼ 4x ÿ 1 ¼ f 0 ðxÞ Step 3: ÿ8xhÿ4h2
1h ¼ xÿ8xÿ4h
h!0 x2 ðxþhÞ2 2 ðxþhÞ2
2. Step 1: ðx þ hÞ3 ÿ 1 ¼ x3 þ 3x2 h þ 3xh2 þ h3 ÿ 1 Step 4: lim xÿ8xÿ4h

2 ðxþhÞ2
¼ xÿ8xÿ0
2 ðxþ0Þ2
¼ ÿ8x ÿ8
x 4 ¼ x3
h!0
Step 2: ½x3 þ 3x2 h þ 3xh2 þ h3 ÿ 1ÿ k0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ8
x3
½x3 ÿ 1 ¼ 3x2 h þ 3xh2 þ h3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3x2 hþ3xh2 þh3 2 2 5. Step 1: mðx þ hÞ ¼ x þ h pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
Step 3: ¼ 3x þ 3xh þ h .
h Step 2: mðx þ hÞ ÿ mðxÞ ¼ x þ h ÿ x.
Step 4: lim ð3x þ 3xh þ h2 Þ ¼ 3x2 ¼ g0 ðxÞ
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi
h!0 Step 3: xþhhÿ x pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþhþ x
xþhþ x
pffiffi ¼ pxþhÿx
ffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi ¼
hð xþhþ xÞ
3. Step 1: f ðx þ hÞ ¼ ðx þ hÞ ÿ 2ðx þ hÞ3 ¼ h pffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
hð xþhþ xÞ
1 pffiffi
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþhþ x
x þ h ÿ 2x3 ÿ 6x2 h ÿ 6xh2 ÿ 2h3 1 pffiffi
Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffixþ1 pffiffix ¼ 2p1 ffiffix
Step 2: ½x þ h ÿ 2x3 ÿ 6x2 h ÿ 6xh2 ÿ 2h3 ÿ h!0 xþhþ x
ðx ÿ 2x3 Þ ¼ h ÿ 6x2 h ÿ 6xh2 ÿ 2h3 m0 ðxÞ ¼ 2p1 ffiffix
hÿ6x2 hÿ6xh2 ÿ2h3
Step 3: h ¼ 1 ÿ 6x2 ÿ 6xh ÿ 2h2 . pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6. Step 1: jðt þ hÞ ¼ t þ h þ 4
Step 4: lim ð1 ÿ 6x ÿ 6xh ÿ 2h2 Þ ¼ 1 ÿ 6x2
2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h!0 Step 2: t þ h þ 4 ÿ t þ 4
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 ÿ 6x2
CHAPTER 22 REVIEW 405
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi

Step 3: tþhþ4ÿ tþ4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tþhþ4þpffiffiffiffiffi
tþhþ4 tþ4ffi 17. h0 ðxÞ ¼ ðx2 þ 4Þ½ðx ÿ 2Þð3x2 Þ þ ðx3 ÿ 2Þ
h þ tþ4
¼ hððtþhþ4Þÿðtþ4Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ ð2xÞðx ÿ 2Þðx3 ÿ 2Þ
tþhþ4þ tþ4Þ tþhþ4þ tþ4
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ðx2 þ 4Þ½3x3 ÿ 6x2 þ x3 ÿ 2
Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ p1ffiffiffiffiffiffi
h!0 tþhþ4þ tþ4 tþ4þ tþ4 2 tþ4
þ ð2x2 ÿ 4xÞðx3 ÿ 2Þ
j0 ðtÞ ¼ 2p1ffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
tþ4
¼ ðx2 þ 4Þð4x3 ÿ 6x2 ÿ 2Þ
7. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 6x þ 2 þ ð2x2 ÿ 4xÞðx3 ÿ 2Þ
8. g0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ20xÿ6 þ 2 ¼ 4x5 ÿ 6x4 þ 16x3 ÿ 26x2 ÿ 8
H 0 ðxÞ ¼ 15x4 ÿ 12xÿ4 þ 32 xÿ1=2 ¼ 15x4 ÿ 12 3 ffiffi þ 2x5 ÿ 4x4 ÿ 4x2 þ 8x
9. x4 þ 2 x
p
2 ¼ 6x5 ÿ 10x4 þ 16x3 ÿ 30x2 þ 8x ÿ 8

10. y0 ¼ ðx þ1Þð0Þÿ1ð2xÞ
ðx2 þ1Þ2
¼ ðxÿ2x
2 þ1Þ2
18. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ð3x2 ÿ 4xÞð15x2 þ 2Þ
0 ðxþ3Þ3ÿ3x1 3xþ9ÿ3x 9
11. y ¼ ðxþ3Þ2
¼ ðxþ3Þ2
¼ ðxþ3Þ2 þ ð6x ÿ 4Þð5x3 þ 2x ÿ 1Þ
12. Method 1: Expand the given function as y ¼ ¼ 45x4 ÿ 60x3 þ 6x2 ÿ 8x
ð2x þ 1Þðx2 þ 3Þ ¼ 2x3 þ x2 þ 6x þ 3; and the dif-
þ 30x4 ÿ 20x3 þ 12x2 ÿ 14x þ 4
ferentiating produces y0 ¼ 6x2 þ 2x þ 6. Method
2: Use the Product rule with the result: y0 ¼ ¼ 75x4 ÿ 80x3 þ 18x2 ÿ 22x þ 4
ð2x þ 1Þð2xÞ þ 2ðx2 þ 3Þ ¼ 4x2 þ 2x þ 2x2 þ 6 ¼ 1
6x2 þ 2x þ 6. 19. F 0 ðxÞ ¼ ½ðx3 þ 7Þðx þ 5Þÿ1=2
2
13. y0 ¼ ðx ÿ 4Þð3x2 ÿ 3Þ þ ð1Þðx2 ÿ 3xÞ ½ðx3 þ 7Þ þ 3x2 ðx þ 5Þ
¼ 3x3 ÿ 12x2 ÿ 3x þ 12 þ x3 ÿ 3x 4x3 þ 15x2 þ 7
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3 2 2 ðx3 þ 7Þðx þ 5Þ
¼ 4x ÿ 12x ÿ 6x þ 12
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 20. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 3ðx þ 5Þ2
x 12 ðx þ 1Þÿ1=2 ÿ x þ 1
14. F 0 ðxÞ ¼
x2
21. y0 ¼ ðx2 þ 5xÞ2 ðÿ2Þðx3 þ 1Þÿ3 ð3x2 Þ
x
pffiffi
2 xþ1
ÿ x þ 1 2pxffiffiffiffiffiffi xþ1
ÿ 22ðxþ1Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþ1 þ 2ðx2 þ 5xÞð2x þ 5Þðx3 þ 1Þÿ2
¼ ¼
x2 x2 ÿ6x2 ðx2 þ 5xÞ2 2ðx2 þ 5xÞð2x þ 5Þ
ÿxÿ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ þ
ÿx ÿ 2 3
¼ 2 xþ1 ¼ 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðx3 þ 1Þ ðx3 þ 1Þ2
x2 2x x þ 1 ÿ6x ðx þ5xÞ þ2ðx þ5xÞð2xþ5Þðx3 þ1Þ3
2 2 2 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
x þ 1ð1Þ ÿ ðx þ 1Þ 12 ðx þ 1Þÿ1=2 3 3
ðx þ 1Þ
15. g0 ðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
xþ1 ðx2 þ5xÞ½ðÿ6x4 ÿ30x3 Þþ2ð2x4 þ5x3 þ2xþ5Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðxþ1Þ ¼ 3
2ðxþ1Þ ðxþ1Þ 3 ðx þ 1Þ
x þ 1 ÿ 2pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ xþ1
¼ 2 xþ1 2 xþ1 ðx2 þ5xÞðÿ6x4 ÿ30x3 þ4x4 þ10x3 þ4xþ10Þ
xþ1 xþ1 ¼ 3
ðx þ 1Þ3
pxþ1
ffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
¼ 2 xþ1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðx þ 5xÞðÿ2x4 ÿ 20x3 þ 4x þ 10Þ
2
xþ1 2 xþ1 ¼
ðx3 þ 1Þ3
x þ 1ð2xÞ ÿ x2 12 ðx þ 1Þÿ1=2
16. 0
G ðxÞ ¼ 22. h0 ðxÞ ¼ 4ðx2 þ 7x ÿ 1Þ3 ð2x þ 7Þ
xþ1
2ðxþ1Þ2x 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ pxffiffiffiffiffiffi
23. y0 ¼ ðx þ 1Þ2 3ðx ÿ 1Þ2 þ 2ðx þ 1Þðx ÿ 1Þ3
4x2 þ 4x ÿ x2
¼ 2 xþ1 2 xþ1
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ðx þ 1Þðx ÿ 1Þ2 ½3ðx þ 1Þ þ 2ðx ÿ 1Þ
xþ1 2 x þ 1ðx þ 1Þ
2
3x þ 4x ¼ ðx þ 1Þðx ÿ 1Þ2 ½5x þ 1
¼
2ðx þ 1Þ3=2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
24. y0 ¼ ðx þ 4Þ3 12 ðx ÿ 1Þÿ1=2 þ 3ðx þ 4Þ2 x ÿ 1
25. Here y ¼ 5ðx2 þ 1Þÿ3 , and so y0 ¼ ÿ15ðx2 þ

1Þÿ4 ð2xÞ ¼ ðxÿ30x
2 þ1Þ4
.
ð3x þ 4Þ2 4 ÿ 4x 2ð3x þ 4Þ 3 d 2 d

26. y0 ¼ 33. ðx þ 4xy þ 4y2 Þ ¼ 16;
ð3x þ 4Þ4 dx dx
4ð3x þ 4Þ ÿ 24x ÿ12x þ 16 2x þ 4xy0 þ 4y þ 8yy0 ¼ 0
¼ ¼
ð3x þ 4Þ3 ð3x þ 4Þ3 ð4x þ 8yÞy0 ¼ ÿ2x ÿ 4y
2x þ 4y 1
27. Method 1: Using the Quotient rule produces y0 ¼ y0 ¼ ÿ ¼ÿ
4x þ 8y 2
ðx2 ÿ 2Þ3=2 ð2xÞ ÿ x2 32 ðx2 ÿ 2Þ1=2 2x
ÿpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 34. 3x2 ÿ 2xy0 ÿ 2y ¼ 2yy0 ;
ðx2 ÿ 2Þ3
ðÿ2x ÿ 2yÞy0 ¼ 2y ÿ 3x2 ;
2 3=2 2 3 2 1=2
ðx ÿ 2Þ ð2xÞ ÿ x 2 ðx ÿ 2Þ 2x 3x2 ÿ 2y
¼ 3 y0 ¼
ðx2 ÿ 2Þ 2x þ 2y
ðx2 ÿ2Þ2xÿ3x3 2x3 ÿ4xÿ3x3 ÿx3 ÿ4x
¼ ¼ ¼ 35. 2xy0 þ 2y ÿ 2x ¼ 2yy0 x þ y2 ;
ðx2 ÿ2Þ5=2 ðx2 ÿ2Þ5=2 ðx2 ÿ2Þ5=2
Method 2: Rewriting as a product (using nega- ð2x ÿ 2xyÞy0 ¼ y2 þ 2x ÿ 2y;
tive exponents), we obtain y ¼ x2 ðx2 ÿ 2Þÿ3=2 , y2 þ 2x ÿ 2y 2y ÿ 2x ÿ y2
and then, using the Product rule produces y0 ¼ y0 ¼ or
2x ÿ 2xy 2xy ÿ 2x
x2 ðÿ 32Þðx2 ÿ 2Þÿ5=2 ð2xÞ þ 2xðx2 ÿ 2Þÿ3=2 ¼ ðx2 ÿ
36. x2 y0 þ 2xy þ y3x2 þ y0 x3 ¼ 0;
2Þÿ5=2 ½ÿ3x3 þ 2xðx2 ÿ 2Þ ¼ ðx2 ÿ 2Þÿ5=2 ½ÿx3 ÿ
4x. ðx2 þ x3 Þy0 ¼ ÿ2xy ÿ 3x2 y;
2xy þ 3x2 y
0 ðt2 ÿ 2Þð12t2 Þ ÿ ð4t3 ÿ 3Þð2tÞ y0 ¼ ÿ
28. f ðtÞ ¼ x2 þ x3
ðt2 ÿ 2Þ2 2y þ 3xy
12t ÿ 24t ÿ 8t4 þ 6t
4 2
4t4 ÿ 24t2 þ 6t ¼ÿ
¼ ¼ x þ x2
ðt2 ÿ 2Þ 2
ðt2 ÿ 2Þ2 y0
37. x2 3y2 y0 þ 2xy3 ÿ ¼ 1;
y2
29. g0 ðuÞ ¼ ÿ4ðu2 þ 1u ÿ u42 Þÿ5 ð2u ÿ u12 þ u83 Þ 1 0
ð3x2 y2 ÿ Þy ¼ 1 ÿ 2xy3
1=2 1=3 y2
30. RðtÞ ¼ ðt2 ÿ 2t þ 1Þ ðt2 þ 1Þ
ð3x2 y4 ÿ 1Þy0 ¼ y2 ÿ 2xy5
1
R0 ðtÞ ¼ ðt2 þ 1Þÿ2=3 ð2tÞðt2 ÿ 2t þ 1Þ1=2 y2 ÿ 2xy5
3 y0 ¼
1 3x2 y4 ÿ 1
þ ðt2 ÿ 2t þ 1Þÿ1=2 ð2t ÿ 2Þðt2 þ 1Þ1=3
2 38. 8x þ x2yy0 þ y2 ÿ y0 yÿ2 ¼ 2
2t 2
¼ ðt ÿ 2t þ 1Þ1=2 ðt2 þ 1Þÿ2=3 8xy2 þ 2xy3 y0 þ y4 ÿ y0 ¼ 2y2
3
þ ðt ÿ 1Þðt2 þ 1Þ1=3 ðt2 ÿ 2t þ 1Þÿ1=2 ð2xy3 ÿ 1Þy0 ¼ 2y2 ÿ 8xy2 ÿ y4
2y2 ÿ 8xy2 ÿ y4
dy
¼ 3u2 ÿ 1 and du y0 ¼
31. Here we have du dx ¼ 2x. 2xy3 ÿ 1
Applying the Chain rule, we get
dy 39. f ðxÞ ¼ x7 þ 2x4 þ 3x;
¼ ð3u2 ÿ 1Þð2xÞ ¼ ½3ðx2 þ 1Þ2 ÿ 1ð2xÞ
dx f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 7x6 þ 8x3 þ 3
¼ ð3x4 þ 6x2 þ 3 ÿ 1Þð2xÞ f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 42x5 þ 24x2
¼ ð3x4 þ 6x2 þ 2Þð2xÞ
40. hðxÞ ¼ x1=2 ÿ xÿ1=2 ;
¼ 6x5 þ 12x3 þ 4x
1 1
h0 ðxÞ ¼ xÿ1=2 þ xÿ3=2
dy
¼ 3ðu þ 4Þ2 and du 2 2
32. Here du dt ¼ 2, so if we apply
the Chain rule, we obtain 00 1 ÿ3=2 3 ÿ5=2
h ðxÞ ¼ ÿ x ÿ x ;
dy 4 4
¼ 3ðu þ 4Þ2 2 ¼ 6ð2t ÿ 5 þ 4Þ2 3 15
dt h000 ðxÞ ¼ xÿ5=2 þ xÿ7=2
¼ 6ð2t ÿ 1Þ2 ¼ 6ð4t2 ÿ 4t þ 1Þ 8 8
¼ 24t2 ÿ 24t þ 6
41. gðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 5x þ 2xÿ1 ; 48. 2yy0 ¼ 2xyy0 þ y2 þ 3x2

g0 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ÿ 5 ÿ 2xÿ2 ð2y ÿ 2xyÞy0 ¼ y2 þ 3x2
g00 ðxÞ ¼ 24x þ 4xÿ3 y2 þ 3x2
y0 ¼
12 2y ÿ 2xy
g000 ðxÞ ¼ 24 ÿ 12xÿ4 or 24 ÿ 49. Using implicit differentiation, we get xy0 þ y ¼
x4
dy 2 2x þ 2yy0 or ðx ÿ 2yÞy0 ¼ 2x ÿ y. Solving for y0,
42. 4
¼ 20x þ 6xÿ4 ; ddxy2 3
¼ 80x ÿ 24x ÿ5
2xÿy
dx we obtain y0 ¼ xÿ2y . Differentiating again yields
dy the following:
43. ¼ 21x2 ÿ 21xÿ4 ; ðx ÿ 2yÞð2 ÿ y0 Þ ÿ ð2x ÿ yÞð1 ÿ 2y0 Þ
dx y00 ¼ ¼
d2 y ðx ÿ 2yÞ2
¼ 42x þ 84xÿ5
dx2 2xÿxy0 ÿ4yþ2yy0 ÿ2xþ4xy0 þyÿ2yy0
¼
d3 y ðx ÿ 2yÞ 2
¼ 42 ÿ 420xÿ6
dx3
ÿ 2xÿy
3xy0 ÿ 3y 3x xÿ2y ÿ 3y
¼ ¼
dy ðx ÿ 2yÞ2 ðx ÿ 2yÞ2
44. ¼ ÿ3xÿ4 ÿ 4xÿ2 ;
dx 3xð2x ÿ yÞ ÿ 3yðx ÿ 2yÞ
d2 y ¼
¼ 12xÿ5 þ 8xÿ3 ðx ÿ 2yÞ3
dx2
6x2 ÿ 3xy ÿ 3xy þ 6y2 6x2 ÿ 6xy þ 6y2
d3 y ¼
¼ ÿ60xÿ6 ÿ 24xÿ4 ðx ÿ 2yÞ3 ðx ÿ 2yÞ3
dx3
1 50. y0 ¼ 8xÿ9; at x ¼ 3; y0 ¼ 8 3 ÿ 9 ¼ 24 ÿ 9 ¼ 15.
45. Dx f ðxÞ ¼ 15x2 þ xÿ1=2 ; The slope of the tangent is 15 and the slope of
2
1
2 1 ÿ3=2 the normal is ÿ 15 .
Dx f ðxÞ ¼ 30x ÿ x
4 51. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 21x2 ÿ3; at x ¼ ÿ1; f 0 ðÿ1Þ ¼ 21 ÿ 3 ¼ 18.
3 3 ÿ5=2 The slope of the tangent is 18.
Dx f ðxÞ ¼ 30 þ x
8
52. 8x þ 18yy0 ¼ 0; y0 ¼ ÿ8x ÿ4x
18y ¼ 9y ; at ðÿ1; 2Þ,
d 0 ÿ4ðÿ1Þ
y ¼ 92 ¼ 18 ¼ 9. The slope of the tangent is 29.
4 2
46. gðxÞ ¼ 3ðx2 þ 1Þ2 ð2xÞ ¼ 6xðx2 þ 1Þ2
dx
d2 53. Finding y0 by implicit differentiation, we have
gðxÞ ¼ 12xðx2 þ 1Þð2xÞ þ 6ðx2 þ 1Þ2 8x þ 6yy0 ÿ 5y ÿ 5xy0 ÿ 4 þ 10y0 ¼ 0
dx2
¼ 24x4 þ 24x2 þ 6x4 þ 12x2 þ 6 ð6y ÿ 5x þ 10Þy0 ¼ 5y þ 4 ÿ 8x
¼ 30x4 þ 36x2 þ 6 5y þ 4 ÿ 8x
y0 ¼
3 6y ÿ 5x þ 10
d
gðxÞ ¼ 120x3 þ 72x At ð2; ÿ1Þ, we see that
dx3
5ðÿ1Þ þ 4 ÿ 8ð2Þ
47. Using implicit differentiation, we get x2 y0 þ 2xy ¼ y0 ¼
6ðÿ1Þ ÿ 5 2 þ 10
y0 þ 2 or ðx2 ÿ 1Þy0 ¼ 2 ÿ 2xy. Solving for y0, we ÿ5 þ 4 ÿ 16 ÿ17 17
obtain y0 ¼ 2ÿ2xy ¼ ¼ ¼
x2 ÿ1 . Differentiating again yields the ÿ6 ÿ 10 þ 10 ÿ6 6
following:
17
ðx2 ÿ 1Þðÿ2xy0 ÿ 2yÞ ÿ ð2 ÿ 2xyÞ2x The slope of the tangent is 6 and the slope of the
y00 ¼ ¼ 6
normal is ÿ 17 .
ðx2 ÿ 1Þ2
ðx2 ÿ 1Þðÿ2x 2ÿ2xy 54. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 3; 3x2 ÿ 3 ¼ 0 ) x2 ¼ 1 ) x ¼ 1
x2 ÿ1 ÿ 2yÞ ÿ ð2 ÿ 2xyÞ2x
¼
ðx2 ÿ 1Þ2 ðx þ 1Þ2x ÿ x2 1 2x2 þ 2x ÿ x2
55. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 2
¼
ÿ2xð2ÿ2xyÞÿðx2 ÿ1Þ2yÿ2xÞð2ÿ2xyÞ ðx þ 1Þ ðx þ 1Þ2
2
¼ 2
2
ðx ÿ 1Þ x þ 2x
¼
ÿ4xð2 ÿ 2xyÞ ÿ ðx2 ÿ 1Þ2y ðx þ 1Þ2
¼ 0
ðx2 ÿ 1Þ 2
g ðxÞ ¼ 0 when x2 þ 2x ¼ 0 so
ÿ8x þ 8x2 y ÿ 2x2 y þ 2y 6x2 y ÿ 8x þ 2y xðx þ 2Þ ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 0 or x ¼ ÿ2
2
¼ 2
ðx2 ÿ 1Þ ðx2 ÿ 1Þ
56. y0 ¼ 2x, at ðÿ1; 5Þ; y0 ¼ ÿ2. Equation of tangent 58. y0 ¼ 12 ðx þ 4Þÿ1=2 ¼ 2p1ffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþ4
. This is never equal
is yÿ5 ¼ ÿ2ðx þ 1Þ or y ¼ ÿ2xþ3 or 2xþy ÿ 3 ¼ to zero so the answer is none.
0
59. f ðxÞ ¼ 3x4 ÿ 6x2 þ 2; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 12x3 ÿ 12x
57. Finding y0 by implicit differentiation, we have
8x þ 10yy0 ¼ 0; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 36x2 ÿ 12
ÿ4x 2
12 ¼ 0 ) x2 ¼ 13 and so, x ¼
y0 ¼ qffiffi 36x pÿ
Now,
5y
ffiffi
13 ¼ 3 3
At ðÿ2; 2Þ, we see that y0 ¼ ÿ4ðÿ2Þ
5ð2Þ ¼ 5.
4
5
Slope of the normal is ÿ 4. Equation of the normal 60. y0 ¼ 3x2 ÿ 18x; y00 ¼ 6x ÿ 18. Now, y00 ¼ 0
is y ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ 54 ðx þ 2Þ or 4y ÿ 8 ¼ ÿ5x ÿ 10 or means that 6x ÿ 18 ¼ 0 ) x ÿ 3 ¼ 0 or x ¼ 3.
5x þ 4y þ 2 ¼ 0
R 22 TEST
CHAPTER
1. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 15x2 8. Taking the derivative of g we obtain g0 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ÿ

4x. When x ¼ 1; g0 ð1Þ ¼ 8, and so the slope of
2. g0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ12xÿ5 þ 10x
the tangent to the curve at (1, 6) is 8. Using the
3. Rewrite as hðxÞ ¼ ðx6 ÿ 2Þ1=3 and, using the Chain point-slope form for the equation of a line, we
Rule, we obtain h0 ðxÞ ¼ 13 ðx6 ÿ 2Þÿ2=3 ð6x5 Þ ¼ see the equation of the tangent line is
2x5 ðx6 ÿ 2Þÿ2=3 yÿ 6 ¼ 8ðx ÿ 1Þ or y ¼ 8x ÿ 2.
4. Using the Product rule, we get j0 ðxÞ ¼ ð2x þ 1Þ 9. vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 4:5ð2tÞ þ 27 ¼ 9t þ 27
ð6x ÿ 1Þ þ ð3x2 ÿ xÞð2Þ ¼ 12x2 þ 4x ÿ 1 þ 6x2 10. (a) Using the quotient rule produces
ÿ2x ¼ 18x2 þ 2x ÿ 1 pffi 2
ÿ5tÞðtÿ1=2 Þ
P0 ðtÞ ¼ ð2 tþ7Þð2tÿ5Þÿðt
pffi
ð2 tþ7Þ2
5. Using the Quotient rule produces pffi
ð4x2 þ1Þ1=2 ð2Þÿð2xþ1Þ12ð4x2 þ1Þÿ1=2 ð8xÞ Multiplying by pffitt , we obtain
k0 ðxÞ ¼
½ð4x2 þ 1Þ1=2 2 pffi
ð2t þ 7 tÞð2t ÿ 5Þ ÿ ðt2 ÿ 5tÞ
ð4x2 þ 1Þÿ1=2 ½ð4x2 þ 1Þð2Þ ÿ ð2x þ 1Þ4x P0 ðtÞ ¼ pffi pffi
¼ ð2 t þ 7Þ2 t
4x2 þ 1 pffi
4t2 þ 14t3=2 ÿ 10t ÿ 35 t ÿ t2 þ 5t
8x2 þ 2 ÿ 4xð2x þ 1Þ 2 ÿ 4x ¼ pffi p
¼ ¼ ð2 t þ 7Þ2 t
ffi
3=2
2
ð4x þ 1Þ ð4x2 þ 1Þ3=2 pffi
3t2 þ 14t3=2 ÿ 5t ÿ 35 t
¼ pffi p
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 20x3 þ 12xÿ4 ; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 60x2 ÿ 48xÿ5 ; ð2 t þ 7Þ2 t
ffi
6.
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 120x þ 240xÿ6 pffiffiffiffiffi
3ð5Þ2 þ14ð5Þ3=2 ÿ5ð5Þÿ35 ð5Þ
(b) P0 ð5Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffiffiffi 0:4358 thou-
7. Using implicit differentiation, we obtain 2y þ 2xy0 ð2 ð5Þþ7Þ ð5Þ
þ3y2 xy0 þ y3 ¼ 3x2 . Rewriting, we get ð2x þ 3y2 xÞ sand bacteria/ hour ¼ 435:8 bacteria/hour.
2
ÿ2yÿy3
y0 ¼ 3x2 ÿ 2y ÿ y3 and so y0 ¼ 3x2xþ3y 2x .
CHAPTER
23
Applications of Derivatives
23.1 RATES OF CHANGE
1. sðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 12t þ 5; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 12; aðtÞ ¼ 2. sðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 18t þ 10; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 18; aðtÞ ¼
s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6 s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 t 0 1 2 3 4
sðtÞ 5 ÿ4 ÿ7 ÿ4 5 20 sðtÞ 10 ÿ5 ÿ14 ÿ17 ÿ14
vðtÞ ÿ12 ÿ6 0 6 12 18 vðtÞ ÿ18 ÿ12 ÿ6 0 6
aðtÞ 6 6 6 6 6 6 aðtÞ 6 6 6 6 6
t=3 t=3 t=5 t=4 t=5

t=2 t=1 t=3 t=2 t=1
t=0 t=0
–10–7 –4 0 5 10 20 –17–14 –10 –5 0 5 10 15
3. sðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 12t þ 2; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 12; aðtÞ ¼ s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6t

t ÿ4 ÿ3 ÿ2 ÿ1 0 1 2 3 4
sðtÞ ÿ14 11 18 13 2 ÿ9 ÿ14 ÿ7 18
vðtÞ 36 15 0 ÿ9 ÿ12 ÿ9 0 15 36
aðtÞ ÿ24 ÿ18 ÿ12 ÿ6 0 6 12 18 24
t=3
t=4
t=2 t=1 t=0 t = –1
t = –3 t = –2
t = –4
–14 –9 –5 0 2 5 11 18 25
4. sðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 27t þ 20; vðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 27; aðtÞ ¼ s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6t

t ÿ4 ÿ3 ÿ2 ÿ1 0 1 2 3 4
sðtÞ 64 74 66 46 20 ÿ6 ÿ26 ÿ34 ÿ24
vðtÞ 21 0 ÿ15 ÿ24 ÿ27 ÿ24 ÿ15 0 21
aðtÞ ÿ24 ÿ18 ÿ12 ÿ6 0 6 12 18 24
t=4
t=3 t=1 t = –1 t = –2
t=2 t=0 t = –3
t = –4
–34–26 –60 20 46 66 74
409
410 CHAPTER 23 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
5. sðtÞ ¼ t þ 4=t; vðtÞ ¼ 1 ÿ 4=t2 ; aðtÞ ¼ 8=t3 10. (a) Solving for t when 250 þ 256t ÿ 16t2 ¼ 0.
The quadratic formula produces t ¼ ÿ0:9233 or
t 1 2 3 4
t ¼ 16:9233. Since t cannot be negative it hits
sðtÞ 5 4 4:3333 5 the ground at 16:9233 s.
vðtÞ ÿ3 0 0:5555 0:75 (b) vðtÞ ¼ 256 ÿ 32t; vð16:9233Þ ¼ ÿ285:55 ft/s;
aðtÞ 8 1 0:2963 0:125 aðtÞ ¼ ÿ32; að16:9233Þ ¼ ÿ32 ft/s2 .
(c) sð0Þ ¼ 250 ft ¼ height when fired.
t=3
t=2
t=4 11. (a) sðtÞ ¼ 29:4t ÿ 4:9t2 ¼ 0 ) tð29:4 ÿ 4:9tÞ ¼ 0.
t=1 By the zero product property, t ¼ 0 or t ¼ 29:4
4:9 ¼ 6.
0 4 5 6 Since t must be greater than 0, it hits the ground at
6 s.
6. sðtÞ ¼ t þ 8=t; vðtÞ ¼ 1 ÿ 8=t2 ; aðtÞ ¼ 16=t3 (b) vðtÞ ¼ 29:4 ÿ 9:8t; vð6Þ ¼ ÿ29:4 m/s; aðtÞ ¼
ÿ9:8; að6Þ ¼ ÿ9:8 m/s2 .
t 1 2 3 4 (c) sð0Þ ¼ 0 m is the initial height.
sðtÞ 9 6 5:6667 6
12. (a) sðtÞ ¼ 180 þ 98t ÿ 4:9t2 ¼ 0. Solving for t
vðtÞ ÿ7 ÿ1 0:1111 0:5
using the quadratic formula yields t ¼ ÿ1:6934
aðtÞ 16 2 0:5926 0:25
and t ¼ 21:6934. Since t > 0 we get 21:6934 s.
(b) vðtÞ ¼ 98 ÿ 9:8t means that vð21:6934Þ ¼
t=4 ÿ114:595 m/s, and aðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8 gives að21:6934Þ
t=3
t=2
t=1 ¼ ÿ9:8 m/s2 .
0 4 5 6 9 (c) sð0Þ ¼ 180 m is the initial height.
pffi 13. (a) The rate of change of FðsÞ is dF

ds ¼ F 0 ðsÞ ¼
7. sðtÞ ¼ 2 t þ p1ffit ¼ 2t1=2 þ tÿ1=2 ;vðtÞ ¼ tÿ1=2 ÿ ÿ100=s3 dynes/cm,
1 ÿ3=2 (b) F 0 ð3Þ ¼ ÿ 100
27 dynes/cm.
2t ;aðtÞ ¼ ÿ 12 tÿ3=2 þ 34 tÿ5=2
14. (a) i ¼ dq
dt ¼ 10 ÿ 4:0t,
t 1 2 3 4 (b) qð0Þ ¼ 25 C,
sðtÞ 3 3:5355 4:0415 4:5 (c) ið0Þ ¼ 10 A; ið4Þ ¼ 10 ÿ 16 ÿ 6 A
vðtÞ 0:5 0:5303 0:4811 0:4375
aðtÞ 0:25 ÿ0:0442 ÿ0:0481 ÿ0:0391 15. (a) dF
dC ¼ 95,
ÿ5
ÿ 32Þ ¼ 59 ;
dC d

(b) dF ¼ dF 9 ðF
t=2
t=1 t=4 (c) dC
dF at C ¼ 20 is 5
9
t=3
0 3 4 5 6 16. (a) Since the area of a circle is related to (is a
function of) its radius, we can think of A ¼ r 2
8. sðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 8; vðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ; aðtÞ ¼ 6t as AðrÞ ¼ r 2 and thus, the rate of change of the
0
area with respect to the radius is dA dr ¼ A ðrÞ ¼
t 0 1 2 3 4 2r cm2 /cm;
sðtÞ ÿ8 ÿ7 0 19 56 (b) at r ¼ 1:5; A0 ð1:5Þ ¼ 2ð1:5Þ ¼ 3 9:4248
vðtÞ 0 3 12 27 48 cm2 =cm;
aðtÞ 0 6 12 18 24 (c) at r ¼ 3, we have A0 ð3Þ ¼ 2 3 ¼ 6
18:8496 cm2 /cm.
t=1 t=3
t=0
t=2
t=4 17. (a) The rate of change in the quantity of water is
dQ
–8–7 0 19 56 dt ¼ Q0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ50 þ t gal/min,
(b) Q0 ð4Þ ¼ ÿ50 þ 4 ¼ ÿ46 gal/min,
9. (a) The object hits the ground when sðtÞ ¼ 0. (c) Q0 ð8Þ ¼ ÿ50 þ 8 ¼ ÿ42 gal/min.
Solving 144t ÿ 16t2 ¼ 0 we get tð144 ÿ 16tÞ ¼ 0
18. (a) The rate of change of the distance with respect
so t ¼ 0 or t ¼ 9. The object is fired at t ¼ 0 and
to time is called the velocity. Thus, vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼
hits the ground at t ¼ 9 s.
10t þ 2 mm/s;
(b) vðtÞ ¼ 144 ÿ 32t; vð9Þ ¼ 144 ÿ 32 9 ¼ ÿ144 ft/
(b) The acceleration is the rate of change of the
s; aðtÞ ¼ ÿ32; að9Þ ¼ ÿ32 ft/s2 .
velocity, and so aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ s00 ðtÞ ¼ 10 mm/s2 ;
(c) sð0Þ ¼ 0 ¼ height when fired.
(c) sð3Þ ¼ 5 32 þ 3 2 ¼ 45 þ 6 ¼ 51 mm;
SECTION 23.1 411
vð3Þ ¼ 10 3 þ 2 ¼ 32 mm/s; að3Þ ¼ 10 mm/s2 ; 25. (a) P ¼ Vk or 5:21 ¼ 1:23

k
so k ¼ 6:4083 6:41.
(d) 10t þ 2 ¼ 46 or 10t ¼ 44, and so t ¼ 4:4 s. Hence, P ¼ 6:41
V ;
dP
(b) dV ¼ ÿ6:41V ÿ2 or ÿ6:41
V2 .
19. (a) The velocity, v, at any time t is given by
vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 8:0 ÿ 4:0t. The initial velocity is 26. (a) !ðtÞ ¼ 0 ðtÞ ¼ 3:4 ÿ 2:4t rad/s;
when t ¼ 0, and so the initial velocity is (b) ðtÞ ¼ 00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ2:4 rad/s2 ;
vð0Þ ¼ 8:0 m/s. (c) !ð0Þ ¼ 3:4 rad/s; ð0Þ ¼ ÿ2:4 rad/s2
(b) When the ball stops rolling its velocity is 0.
27. (a) vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 0:05t2 ,
Thus, we want the solution to vðtÞ ¼ 0 or
(b) aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6 ÿ 0:1t,
8:0 ÿ 4:0t ¼ 0 or t ¼ 2 s. When t ¼ 2, the ball’s
(c) jvðtÞj ¼ j6t ÿ 0:05t2 j
position is sð2Þ ¼ 8:0 2 ÿ 2:0 22 ¼ 16 ÿ 8 ¼ 8 m;
(c) sðtÞ ¼ 0 means that 8:0t ÿ 2:0t2 ¼ 0 and so 28. (a) vðtÞ ¼ h0 ðtÞ ¼ 120 ÿ 24t,
tð8 ÿ 2tÞ ¼ 0. By the zero product property, this (b) aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ h00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ48
means that t ¼ 0 or t ¼ 4. It will take 4.0 s to return
29. (a) Enter the times in xStat and the distances in
to its initial position.
yStat. The quadratic regression on a TI-86 gives
20. The area of a circle is AðrÞ ¼ r 2 and its circum- dðtÞ 0:0631 t2 þ 0:0250 t þ 0:0083 kilometers t
C
ference C ¼ 2r. So, r ¼ 2 and substitution pro- seconds after t ¼ 0.
duces the area of a circle as a function of its (b) The first derivative of the distance function d0
2
circumference AðCÞ ¼ C4. The rate of change of is the velocity function. Thus, vðtÞ ¼ d0 ðtÞ ¼
the area with respect to its circumference is 0:1262 t þ 0:0250 km=s. The speed is the absolute
A0 ðCÞ or dC
dA C
¼ 2. value of v and so the speed is sðtÞ ¼ jd0 ðtÞj ¼
dð2:4t 1=2
ÿ0:4t2 Þ 0:1262jtj þ 0:0250 km=s.
21. (a) v ¼ ÿN d
dt ¼ ÿ50 ¼ ÿ50
dt (c) dð2Þ 0:31 km
ð1:2tÿ1=2 ÿ 0:8tÞ; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ60t ÿ1=2
þ 40t; (d) vð2Þ 0:28 km=s
ÿ60
(b) vð1:0Þ ¼ pffiffi þ 40 1 ¼ ÿ60 þ 40 ¼ ÿ20 V
1 30. (a) Enter the times in xStat and the distances
and vð9:0Þ ¼ ÿ60
pffiffi þ 40 9 ¼ ÿ60 þ 360 ¼ 340 V.
9 3
in yStat. A quadratic regression on a TI-86
gives dðtÞ 17:5146 t2 þ 64:0974 t ÿ 18:0314 ft
22. (a) The formula for the volume of a cone is V ¼ t seconds after t ¼ 0.
1 2
3 r h.We are given h ¼ 2r, so by substituting, we (b) The first derivative of the distance function
can write the volume as a function of the radius d0 is the velocity function. Thus, vðtÞ ¼ d0 ðtÞ ¼
VðrÞ ¼ 13 r 2 2r ¼ 23 r 3 . Thus, dV 2
dr ¼ 2r ; 35:0292 t þ 64:0974 ft=s. The speed is the absolute
dV 2 2 value of v. In this case, all the times are either zero
(b) dr ð24:3Þ ¼ 2ð24:3Þ 3710 mm .
or positive so the speed is sðtÞ ¼ d0 ðtÞ ¼ 35:0292 t
23. A ¼ r 2 and r ¼ 1:7t m so A ¼ 1:72 t2 ¼ 2:89t2 þ 64:0974ft=s2 .
m2 . Thus, dA
dt ¼ 5:78t and when t ¼ 8, the area is (c) The first derivative of the velocity function v 0
increasing at the rate of 46:24 m2 /s. is the acceleration function. Thus, aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼
24.
2
ÿ1:2
(a) i ¼ Vr ¼ t3:0t 1=2 ;
d00 ðtÞ ¼ 64:0974 ft=s2 .
(b) In (a), we expressed i as a function of t, thus (d) When t ¼ 2:75 s, the racer was dð2:75Þ
the derivative is 291 ft from the starting line.
(e) When t ¼ 7:0 s, the racer was moving with a
di 3:0t1=2 ð2tÞ ÿ ðt2 ÿ 1:2Þ 32 tÿ1=2 speed of vð7Þ 309 ft=s. This is approximately
¼
dt 9t 309 ft 1 mile 3600 s
6t3=2 ÿ 32 t3=2 þ 1:8tÿ1=2 211 mph:
¼ 1 sec 5280 ft 1 hr
9t
9 3=2 ÿ1=2
t 1:8t
¼2 þ
9t 9t
1 1=2
¼ t þ 0:2tÿ3=2
2
t1=2 1
¼ þ
2:0 5:0t3=2
pffiffiffiffiffi
2:4
(c) At t ¼ 2:4 s this is 2:0 þ p1ffiffiffiffiffi3 0:83 A/s.
5:0 2:4
23.2 EXTREMA AND THE FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST
1. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 2x ÿ 8, so we have 2x ÿ 8 ¼ 0, and x ¼ 4 is 10. v 0 ðtÞ ¼ 21 þ 18t ÿ 3t2 ; ÿ3t2 þ 18t þ 21 ¼ ÿ3ðt2 ÿ
the critical value. On the interval ðÿ1; 4Þ; f 0 ð0Þ 6t ÿ 7Þ ¼ ÿ3ðt ÿ 7Þðt þ 1Þ ) ÿ1; 7 are critical
¼ ÿ8 so decreasing. On the interval ð4; 1Þ; f 0 ð5Þ values. On the interval ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ; v 0 ðÿ2Þ is nega-
¼ 10 ÿ 8 ¼ 2, so f is increasing. No maximums; tive so decreasing. On the interval ðÿ1; 7Þ; v 0 ð0Þ is
minimum at x ¼ 4; f ð4Þ ¼ 16 ÿ 32 ¼ ÿ16. positive so increasing. On the interval ð7; 1Þ; v 0 ð8Þ
is negative so decreasing. Maximum: vð7Þ ¼ 245;
2. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 10 ÿ 2x, so we have 10 ÿ 2x ¼ 0, and x ¼ 5
Minimum: vðÿ1Þ ¼ ÿ11.
is the critical value. On the interval ðÿ1; 5Þ; g0 ð0Þ
is positive, so g is increasing. On the interval 11. The derivative is y0 ¼ x3 ÿ 36x. By factoring we
ð5; 1Þ; g0 ð6Þ is negative, and so g is decreasing. can determine when the derivative is 0, thus x3 ÿ
Maximum at x ¼ 5; gð5Þ ¼ 50 ÿ 25 ¼ 25. No mini- 36x ¼ xðx þ 6Þðx ÿ 6Þ ¼ 0 and so, the critical
mum. values are at ÿ6; 0, and 6. On the interval
ðÿ1; ÿ6Þ; y0 is negative so decreasing. On the
3. m0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2x; ÿ2x ¼ 0 ) 0 is the critical value. On
interval ðÿ6; 0Þ; y0 is positive so increasing. On
the interval ðÿ1; 0Þ; m0 ðÿ1Þ is positive so increas-
the interval ð0; 6Þ; y0 is negative so decreasing.
ing. On the interval ð0; 1Þ; m0 ð1Þ is negative so
On the interval ð6; 1Þ; y0 is positive so increasing.
decreasing. Maximum at x ¼ 0; mð0Þ ¼ 16. No
Maximum: yð0Þ ¼ 16. Minimum: yðÿ6Þ ¼ yð6Þ ¼
minimum.
ÿ308.
4. h0 ðxÞ ¼ 6x ÿ 12; 6x ÿ 12 ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 2 is the criti-
12. t0 ¼ ÿ25w þ w3 ; w3 ÿ 25w ¼ wðw þ 5Þðw ÿ 5Þ ¼
cal value. On ðÿ1; 2Þ; h0 ð0Þ is negative so decreas-
0, and so the critical values are at ÿ5; 0 and 5.
ing. On the interval ð2; 1Þ; h0 ð3Þ is positive so
On the interval ðÿ1; ÿ5Þ; t0 is negative so de-
increasing. No maximum. Minimum at x ¼ 2; h
creasing. On ðÿ5; 0Þ; t0 is positive so increasing.
ð2Þ ¼ ÿ2.
On the interval ð0; 5Þ; t0 is negative so decreasing.
5. j0 ðxÞ ¼ 16 ÿ 8x; 16 ÿ 8x ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 2 is the critical On the interval ð5; 1Þ; t0 is positive so increasing.
value. On ðÿ1; 2Þ; j0 ð0Þ is positive so increasing. Maximum at 0 of 3.2; Minimum at both 5 of
On the interval ð2; 1Þ; j0 ð3Þ is negative so decreas- ÿ153:05.
ing. Maximum at x ¼ 2; jð2Þ ¼ 31. Minimum: none.
13. f 0 ðzÞ ¼ 3ðz þ 4Þ2 ; so 3ðz þ 4Þ2 ¼ 0 when x ¼ ÿ4.
0
6. k ðxÞ ¼ 2x ÿ 4; 2x ÿ 4 ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 2 is the critical Thus, ÿ4 is only critical value. On the interval
value. On the interval ðÿ1; 2Þ; k0 ð0Þ is negative ðÿ1; ÿ4Þ; f 0 ðzÞ is positive so increasing. On
so decreasing. On the interval ð2; 1Þ; k0 ð3Þ is posi- ðÿ4; 1Þ; f 0 ðzÞ is positive so increasing. Hence
tive so increasing. Maximum: none. Minimum: f ðzÞ is always increasing and there are no extrema.
kð2Þ ¼ 7.
14. g0 ðxÞ ¼ 2ð2x2 ÿ 8Þð4xÞ ¼ 8xð2x2 ÿ 8Þ ¼ 0, and so
7. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 8x ÿ 16; x ¼ 2 is the critical value. On the the critical values are at x ¼ ÿ2; 0; 2. On the inter-
interval ðÿ1; 2Þ; f 0 ð0Þ is negative so decreasing. val ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ; g0 ðxÞ is negative so g is decreasing.
On the interval ð2; 1Þ; f 0 ð3Þ is positive so increas- On the interval ðÿ2; 0Þ; g0 ðxÞ is positive so g is
ing. Maximum: none; Minimum: f ð2Þ ¼ ÿ15. increasing. On the interval ð0; 2Þ; g0 ðxÞ is negative
so g decreasing. On the interval ð2; 1Þ; g0 ðxÞ is
8. s0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ2t þ 7 and ÿ2t þ 7 ¼ 0 ) t ¼ 72 is the cri-
positive, so g is increasing. Maximum: gð0Þ ¼
tical value. On the interval ðÿ1; 72Þ; s0 ð0Þ is positive 64; Minimum: gðÿ2Þ ¼ gð2Þ ¼ 0.
so increasing. On the interval ð72 ; 1Þ; s0 ð4Þ is nega- 15. g0 ðvÞ ¼ 12v 3 ÿ 12v 2 ÿ 24v ¼ 12vðv 2 ÿ v ÿ 2Þ ¼
tive so decreasing. Maximum: sð72Þ ¼ 65
4 ¼ 16:25. 12vðv ÿ 2Þðv þ 1Þ, so the critical values are at ÿ1,
Minimum: none. 0, and 2. On the interval ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ; g0 ðvÞ is nega-
tive so decreasing. On the interval ðÿ1; 0Þ; g0 ðvÞ is
9. Here q0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 3 and so, 3t2 ÿ 3 ¼ 3ðt þ 1Þðtÿ
positive so increasing. On ð0; 2Þ; g0 ðvÞ is negative
1Þ ¼ 0. Thus, by the zero product property, ÿ1
so decreasing. On the interval ð2; 1Þ; g0 ðvÞ is posi-
and 1 are the critical values. On ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ; g0 ðÿ2Þ
tive so increasing. Maximum: gð0Þ ¼ 12. Minima:
is positive so increasing. On the interval ðÿ1; 1Þ;
gðÿ1Þ ¼ 7; gð2Þ ¼ ÿ20.
q0 ð0Þ is negative so decreasing. On the interval
ð1; 1Þ; q0 ð2Þ is positive so increasing. Maximum: 16. Rewriting the given function as y ¼ 5xÿ1 , we find
qðÿ1Þ ¼ 2. Minimum: qð1Þ ¼ ÿ2. that its derivative is y0 ¼ ÿ5xÿ2 ¼ ÿ5 x2 . Since y is
undefined at x ¼ 0, 0 is not a critical value. On the
interval ðÿ1; 0Þ; y0 is negative so y is decreasing.
SECTION 23.2 413
On the interval ð0; 1Þ; y0 is negative so y is de- 23. The domain of f is all t when 1 ÿ t2 0 or ½ÿ1; 1.
creasing. There are no extrema. The derivative is
17. ÿ6
s0 ðtÞ ¼ ðtþ1Þ 2 . Since s is undefined at t ¼ ÿ1; ÿ1 is
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 1 ÿ t2 ÿ t ð1 ÿ t2 Þÿ1=2 ð2tÞ
not a critical value. On the interval ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ; s0 ðtÞ 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi t2
is negative, so s decreasing over this interval. On ¼ 1 ÿ t2 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the interval ðÿ1; 1Þ; s0 ðtÞ is negative so s is 1 ÿ t2
decreasing over this interval. sðtÞ is undefined at 1 ÿ t2 ÿ t2
ÿ1. There are no extrema. ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 1 ÿ t2
18. We see that x ¼ 0 is not in the domain of h (or h0 ). 1 ÿ 2t2
2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 ÿ x12 ¼ x xÿ1 2
2 . Hence, x ÿ 1 ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 1 ÿ t2
1 are critical values. On the interval ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ; pffiffi
h0 ðxÞ is positive so h increasing over this interval. Critical values are when 1 ÿ 2t2 ¼ 0, or t ¼ 22
On the interval ðÿ1; 0Þ; h0 ðxÞ is negative so h is and when 1 ÿ t2 ¼ 0 or t ¼ 1. The pdomain ffiffi of
decreasing over this interval. On the interval f ðtÞ is ½ÿ1; 1. On the interval ðÿ1; ÿ 22Þ; f 0 ðtÞ is
ð0; 1Þ; h0 ðxÞ is negative so h decreasing. On the negative, so f ðtÞ decreasing. On the interval
pffiffi pffiffi
interval ð1; 1Þ; h0 ðxÞ is positive so h is increasing ÿ 22 ; 22 , we see that f 0 ðtÞ so f ðtÞ
pffiffiis positive,

on this interval. hð0Þ is undefined. Maximum: 2 0
increasing. On the interval 2 ; 1 , f ðtÞ is nega-
hðÿ1Þ ¼ ÿ2; Minimum: hð1Þ ¼ 2.
tive, so f ðxÞ pffiffif ðÿ1Þ ¼ 0
decreasing. Maximum:
19. gðxÞ is not defined at x ¼ 0. Thus, g0 ðxÞ ¼ pffiffi
3 and f 2 ¼ 0:5; Minimum: f ÿ 22 ¼ ÿ0:5
2
2x þ x22 ¼ 2xx2þ2 which is 0 when 2x3 þ 2 ¼ 0 or
x ¼ ÿ1. The critical value is ÿ1. On the interval and f ð1Þ ¼ 0.
ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ; g0 ðxÞ is negative so g is decreasing. 2
24. g0 ðsÞ ¼ 2ðs þ 2Þðs ÿ 1Þ2=3 þ ðs ÿ 1Þÿ1=3 ðs þ 2Þ2
On the interval ðÿ1; 0Þ; g0 ðxÞ is positive so g is 3
increasing. On the interval ð0; 1Þ; g0 ðxÞ is positive 2ðs þ 2Þðs ÿ 1Þ2=3 2ðs þ 2Þ2
so g is increasing. Maximum: none; Minimum: ¼ þ
1 3ðs ÿ 1Þ1=3
gðÿ1Þ ¼ 3.
3 2ðs þ 2Þðs ÿ 1Þ þ 2ðs þ 2Þ2
20. jðxÞ is not defined at ÿ3. j0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 ÿ ðxþ3Þ
1
2 ¼
¼
3ðs ÿ 1Þ1=3
ðxþ3Þ2 ÿ1 2
þ6xþ8 0 2
ðxþ3Þ2
¼ xðxþ3Þ 2 . Thus, j ðxÞ ¼ 0, when x þ 6x
6ðs þ s ÿ 2Þ þ 2ðs2 þ 4s þ 4Þ
2
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ 8 ¼ ðx þ 4Þðx þ 2Þ ¼ 0, and so critical values 33 sÿ1
are x ¼ ÿ4 and x ¼ ÿ2. On the interval 8s2 þ 14s ÿ 4
ðÿ1; ÿ4Þ; j0 ðxÞ is positive so jðxÞ is increasing. ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
33 sÿ1
On the interval ðÿ4; ÿ3Þ; j0 ðxÞ is negative so jðxÞ
2ð4s2 þ 7s ÿ 2Þ 2ð4s ÿ 1Þðs þ 2Þ
is decreasing. On ðÿ3; ÿ2Þ; j0 ðxÞ is negative, so ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi :
jðxÞ decreasing. On the interval ðÿ2; 1Þ; j0 ðxÞ is 33 sÿ1 33 sÿ1
positive so jðxÞ increasing. Maximum: jðÿ4Þ ¼ The critical values are 14, ÿ2, and 1. On the interval
ÿ5; Minimum: jðÿ2Þ ¼ ÿ1. ð1; ÿ2Þ, we see that g0 ðsÞ is negative so g is
2 decreasing. On ðÿ2; 14Þ; g0 ðsÞ ÿ is positive so g is
21. kðxÞ is undefined at x ¼ 1. k0 ðxÞ ¼ ð1ÿxÞ2xþðx Þ
¼
ð1ÿxÞ2 increasing. On the interval 14 ; 1 ; g0 ðsÞ is negative,
2xÿx2 0
. Critical values are at 0 and 2. On the interval so g is decreasing. On ð1; 1Þ;
ð1ÿxÞ2 ÿ g ðsÞ is positive so g
ðÿ1; 0Þ; k0 ðxÞ is negative so kðxÞ decreasing. On is increasing. Maximum: g 14 ¼ 4:179; Minimum:
the interval ð0; 1Þ; k0 ðxÞ is positive, so kðxÞ increas- gðÿ2Þ ¼ 0; gð1Þ ¼ 0.
ing. On the interval ð1; 2Þ; k0 ðxÞ is positive, so kðxÞ 2
increasing. On the interval ð2; 1Þ; k0 ðxÞ is nega- 25. y0 ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þ2=3 þ ðx ÿ 1Þÿ1=3 x
3
tive, so kðxÞ is decreasing. Maximim: kð2Þ ¼ ÿ4; 2x
Minimum: kð0Þ ¼ 0. ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þ2=3 þ
3ðx ÿ 1Þ1=3
22. Here m0 ðbÞ ¼ p2ffiffib an a critical number is b ¼ 0. 3ðx ÿ 1Þ þ 2x
Domain of m is ½0; 1Þ. On the interval ð0; 1Þ; ¼
3ðx ÿ 1Þ1=3
m0 ðbÞ is positive so mðbÞ is increasing. Maximum:
5x ÿ 3
none; Minimum, mð0Þ ¼ 0. ¼
3ðx ÿ 1Þ2=3
The critical values are 0.6 and 1. On the interval (a) the only critical value is ÿ9 but R2 must be
ðÿ1; 0:6Þ; y0 is positive so y is increasing. On greater than or equal to 0. R0 is always positive
the interval ð0:6; 1Þ; y0 is negative so y is decreas- hence R is always increasing. There is no maxi-
ing. On the interval ð1; 1Þ; y0 is positive so y is mum and the minimum value ocurs at the mini-
increasing. Maximum: ð0:6; 0:326Þ; Minimum: mum value for R2 which is 0.
(1, 0). (b) The mimimum value for R is 0.
26. The derivative is f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3xÿ2=3 ÿ 4 ¼ x2=3
3
ÿ4 32. xðtÞ ¼ 8t3 ÿ t4 ; x0 ðtÞ ¼ 24t2 ÿ 4t3 ; aðtÞ ¼ x00 ðtÞ ¼
3ÿ4x2=3
¼ x2=3 . The derivative is 0 when the numerator 48t ÿ 12t2 ; a0 ðtÞ ¼ 48 ÿ 24t. The critical value for
is 0, or when 3 ÿ 4x2=3 ¼ 0, and so 4x2=3 ¼ 3; or aðtÞ is 2 which yields a maximum vð2Þ ¼ x0 ð2Þ ¼
pffiffiffi pffiffi
24 22 ÿ 4 23 ¼ 64
¼ 3, or x1=3 ¼ 23, and so x ¼
2x1=3
pffiffi 3 pffiffi
23 ¼ 38 3. The derivative is undefined when 33. (a) Using the product rule, we get P0 ðnÞ ¼ ð4 ÿ
0:2nÞð2:5Þþðÿ0:2Þð2:5n þ 7Þ ¼ 10ÿ0:5n ÿ 0:5n ÿ
the denominator is 0, or when x2=3 ¼ 0, or x ¼ 0.
pffiffi 1:4 ¼ ÿn þ 8:6
3 3
Thus, the critical values are 0 and 8 . On the (b) The first derivative is 0 when n ¼ 8:6. Since
pffiffi
interval ÿ1; ÿ38 3 ; f 0 is negative so f is decreas- P0 ðnÞ > 0 for n < 8:6 and P0 ðnÞ < 0 for n > 8:6,
pffiffi
P has a maximum at n ¼ 8:6. Thus, 8.6 items

ÿ3 3 0
ing. On the interval 8 ; 0 ; f is positive, so f
pffiffi must be sold to make the most profit.
increasing. On the interval 0; 3 8 3 ; ; f 0 is positive, (c) The maximum profit is Pð8:6Þ ¼ ½4 ÿ 0:2
pffiffi
so f increasing. On the interval 3 8 3 ; 1 ; f 0 is ð8:6Þ ½2:5ð8:6Þ þ 7 ¼ 64:98 hundreds of dollars
pffiffi
or 64:98 100 ¼ $6;498.
negative, so f decreasing. pffiffi Maximum: f 3 8 3
2 2
¼ 5:19615; Minimum: f ÿ39 3 ¼ ÿ5:19615. 34. (a) E0 ¼ dEdt ¼ 0:03ð6t ÿ t Þ ð6 ÿ 2tÞ W. The criti-
cal values are at t ¼ 0, 3, and 6. The first derivative
27. (a) sðtÞ ¼ 250 þ 256t ÿ 16t2 ; sðtÞ ¼ 256 ÿ 32t; changes sign from positive to negative only at
Critical value when 256 ÿ 32t ¼ 0 or t ¼ 8. On t ¼ 3. Hence, t ¼ 3 yields a maximum value of E.
the interval ½0; 8Þ; s0 ðtÞ is positive so increasing. (b) When t ¼ 3, we see that Eð3Þ ¼ 0:01½6ð3Þÿ
On the interval ð8; 1Þ; s0 ðtÞ is negative, so s is ð3Þ2 3 ¼ 7:29. The maximum energy output is
decreasing. Maximum at 8 s 7:29 J.
(b) sð8Þ ¼ 1274 ft. (c) The first derivative changes sign from negative
to positive at t ¼ 0 and t ¼ 6. Hence, both t ¼ 0
28. sðtÞ ¼ 180 þ 98t ÿ 4:9t2 ; s0 ðtÞ ¼ 98 ÿ 9:8t; The
critical value is 10 and this gives a maximum and t ¼ 6 yield minimum energy outputs (of 0 J)
for E.
(a) 10 s
(b) sð10Þ ¼ 670 m. 35. (a) N 0 ðtÞ ¼ 2tÿ1=2 þ 3t1=2 ÿ 2t3=2
29. 2 0
PðtÞ ¼ 4:7ðt ÿ 2:0Þ ; P ðtÞ ¼ 9:4ðt ÿ 2:0Þ (b) We want to solve 2tÿ1=2pþ 1=2 3=2
ffi 3t 1=2ÿ 2t ¼ 0.
Multiplying both sides by t ¼ t we obtain
(a) The critical value is 2.0 s and this will give the
2 þ 3t ÿ 2t2 ¼ 0. This yields critical values of
lowest power Pð2Þ ¼ 0:0 W
t ¼ ÿ0:5 and t ¼ 2. Since, 0 t 6, the only
(b) This occurs at 2.0 s.
critical value to consider is when t ¼ 2. The first
30. iðtÞ ¼ 4:8t ÿ 1:2t2 ; i0 ðtÞ ¼ 4:8 ÿ 2:4t; the critical derivative test gives us as a maximum t ¼ 2 mo.
value is t ¼ 2.
36. (a) T 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ0:12t2 þ 2:52t ÿ 9:3
(a) The current is maximum at t ¼ 2:0 s.
(b) Setting T 0 ðtÞ ¼ 0, the quadratic formula yields
(b) ið2Þ ¼ 4:8 A.
critical values at t 4:777 and t 16:223. The
9R2 first derivative test yields a maximum at
31. R¼ ; t 16:223 or about 4:13.4 P.M.
9 þ R2
(c) As in (b), the minimum is at t 4:777 or about
ð9 þ R2 Þ9 ÿ 9R2 ð1Þ 81 þ 9R2 ÿ 9R2
R0 ¼ 2
¼ 4:46.6 A.M.
ð9 þ R2 Þ ð9 þ R2 Þ2
81
¼ :
ð9 þ R2 Þ2
SECTION 23.3 415
23.3 CONCAVITY AND THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
1. Since f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 3x2 þ 12x; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 6 þ 12 ¼ 0 ðÿ2; 28Þ; Minimum: ð2; ÿ4Þ; Inflection Point:
when x ¼ 2: f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ6 is always negative, so f (0,12).
is concave down over the interval ðÿ1; 1Þ. Maxi-
y
mum at (2, 12).
28
y
26
12
24
11
10 22
9 20
8 18
f(x) = – 3x2 + 12x h(x) = x3 – 12x + 12
7 16
6
14
5
4 12
3 10
2 8
1
6
x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4
–1
–2 2
–3 x
–4 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2
–5
–6 –4
–8
–9 4. Since f ðxÞ ¼ x3 þ 3x2 ÿ 5, then f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 þ 6x
–10 and f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 6x þ 6. We have f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0; f 0 ðÿ2Þ ¼
0, and f 00 ðÿ1Þ ¼ 0. Hence, f is concave up on the
2. gðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 6x þ 5; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 6x ÿ 6 ¼ 0 when x ¼ interval ðÿ1; 1Þ; Concave down over ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ.
1. g00 ðxÞ ¼ 6 always positive so concave up Maximum: ðÿ2; ÿ1Þ; Minimum: ð0; ÿ5Þ; Inflection
ðÿ1; 1Þ. Minimum at (1, 2). point: ðÿ1; ÿ3Þ.
y y
14 6
13 f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 5
5
12
4
11
g(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 5 3
10
9 2
8 1
7
x
6 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
5
4 –2
3 –3
2 –4
1
–5
x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 –6
–1
3. gðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ 12x þ 12; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 12 ¼ 0 when

x ¼ 2; and g00 ðxÞ ¼ 6x ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0. Concave
up: ð0; 1Þ; Concave down: ðÿ1; 0Þ. Maximum:
5. jðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ 6x2 þ 12x ÿ 4; j0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ12x þ12 ¼ no extrema. h00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ12x þ 6 ¼ 0 when x ¼ 12.
3ðx ÿ 2Þ2 ¼ 0 when x ¼ 2; j00 ðxÞ ¼ 6x ÿ 12 ¼ 0 ÿ
Concave up: ðÿ1; 12Þ; Concave down: 12 ; 1 ;

when x ¼ 2. Inflection point at (2, 4). No extrema. ÿ1
Concave up: ð2; 1Þ; Concave down: ðÿ1; 2Þ. Inflection point: 2 ; ÿ 12 .
y y
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 j(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 12x – 4
3
2
1 h(x) = –2x3 + 3x2 – 12x + 5
x 1
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–1 x
–2 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–3
–2
–4
–5 –3
–6 –4
–5
6. kðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ 6x2 ÿ 20; k0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 12x ¼ 3x –6
ðx ÿ 4Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 or 4; k00 ðxÞ ¼ 6x ÿ 12 ¼ 0
when x ¼ 2. Concave up: ð2; 1Þ; Concave down:
8. mðxÞ ¼ x4 ÿ 4x3 þ 15; m0 ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 12x2 ¼ 4x2
ðÿ1; 2Þ Inflection point: ð2; ÿ36Þ; Maximum:
ðx ÿ 3Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 or x ¼ 3; m00 ðxÞ ¼
ð0; ÿ20Þ; Minimum: ð4; ÿ52Þ.
12x2 ÿ 24x ¼ 12xðx ÿ 2Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 or x ¼
y 2. Concave up: ðÿ1; 0Þ and ð2; 1Þ: Concave
down: (0, 2); Inflection points: (0, 15) and (2,ÿ1);
3
Minimum: ð3; ÿ12Þ, Maximum: none.
x
–12 –9 –6 –3 3 6 9 12
–3 y
–6 18
–9 15 m(x) = x4 – 4x3 + 15
–12 12
–15 9
k(x) = x3 – 6x – 20
–18 6
–21 3
–24 x
–12 –9 –6 –3 3 6 9 12
–27 –3
–30 –6
–33 –9
–36 –12
–39
–42
–45
–48
–51
–52
7. hðxÞ ¼ ÿ2x3 þ 3x2 ÿ 12x þ 5; h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ6x2 þ 6x ÿ

12 ¼ ÿ6ðx2 ÿ x þ 2Þ never equals 0 since the
discriminant ¼ 1 ÿ 8 ¼ ÿ 7 is negative: hence
SECTION 23.3 417
9. jðxÞ ¼ 4x2 ÿ 43 x3 ÿ x4 ; j0 ðxÞ ¼ 8x ÿ 4x2 ÿ 4x3 ¼ y

ÿ4xðx2 þ x ÿ 2Þ ¼ ÿ4xðx þ 2Þðx ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0 when x 2
¼ 0, ÿ2 and 1; j00 ðxÞ ¼ 8 ÿ 8x ÿ12x2 ¼ ÿ4ð3x2 þ
2x ÿ 2Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ ÿ1:22 and 0.55. Concave
1
up: ðÿ1:22; 0:55Þ; Concave down ðÿ1; ÿ1:22Þ h(x) = (1 – x)3
and ð0:55; 1Þ; Inflection points: ðÿ1:22; 6:16Þ and
ð0:55; 0:9Þ; Maximum: ðÿ2; 10:67Þ and (1, 1.67); x
–1 1 2 3
Minimum: (0,0)
y –1
12
10 –2
9
8 –3
7
12. gðxÞ ¼ 3x5 ÿ 5x3 ; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 15x4 ÿ 15x2 ¼ 15x2 ðx2 ÿ
6 1Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 and x ¼ 1; g00 ðxÞ ¼ 60xp 3
ÿ
ffiffi
5 30x ¼ 30xð2x2 ÿ1Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 and x ¼ 22;
pffiffi pffiffi
4
Concave up: ÿ 22 ; 0 and 22 ; 1 ; Concave
3 pffiffi pffiffi
2 j(x) = 4x2 – 4 x3 – x4 down: ÿ1; ÿ 22 and 0; 22 ; Inflection points:
3 pffiffi pffiffi
1 2 2
2 ; 1:2374 , (0,0) and 2 ; ÿ1:2374 ; Maxi-
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 mum: ðÿ1; 2Þ; Minimum: ð1; ÿ2Þ;
–1
y
4 3 0 3 2
10. f ðxÞ ¼ 3x ÿ 4x þ 8; f ðxÞ ¼ 12x ÿ 12x ¼ 4
12x2 ðx ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 or x ¼ 1; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 3
36x2 ÿ 24x ¼ 12xð3x ÿ 2Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 or 2
x ¼ 23. Thus, f ÿ is concave up on the interval g(x) = 3x5 – 5x3
2
1
ÿ 2 0Þ and 3 ; 1 and concave down
ðÿ1; ÿ over x
0; 3 . Inflection points are (0, 8) and 23 ; 7 11
27 ; –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
Maximum: none; Minimum: (1, 7). –1
–2
y
–3
14
–4
12
10 pffiffiffi
13. Since hðxÞ ¼ 3 x þ 2 ¼ x1=3 þ 2, then h0 ðxÞ ¼
1 ÿ2=3
8
3x and h ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 29 xÿ5=3 . We see that h is
00
6 f(x) = 3x4 – 4x3 + 8 defined at x ¼ 0, but h0 is undefined at x ¼ 0, so

4 there is a critical value at x ¼ 0; also h00 ðxÞ is unde-
2
fined at x ¼ 0. Concave up: ðÿ1; 0Þ; Concave
down: ð0; 1Þ; Inflection point: ð0; 2Þ; No extrema.
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2 y
4
11. hðxÞ ¼ ð1 ÿ xÞ3 ; h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ3ð1 ÿ xÞ2 ¼ 0 when x ¼ 3
1; h00 ðxÞ ¼ 6ð1 ÿ xÞ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 1; Concave 2
h(x) = 3 x + 2
down: ð1; 1Þ; Concave up: ðÿ1; 1Þ; No extrema.
1
Inflection point: (1,0).
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
14. Here jðxÞ ¼ x ÿ x2=3 ; so j0 ðxÞ ¼ 1ÿ ¼ 23 xÿ1=3 ¼ y

p3 ffiffi
1 ÿ 3p23 ffiffix ¼ 3 3px3ÿ2
ffiffi . Critical values at x ¼ 0 and
x
12
8 00
x ¼ 27 . j ðxÞ ¼ 29 xÿ4=3 which is undefined at x ¼ 0. 10
Concave up: ðÿ1; 0Þ and ð0; 1Þ; Increasing from 8 9

m(x) = x –
ÿ8
6 x
ðÿ1; 0Þ and from 27 ; 1 ; decreasing from
ÿ 8 ÿ 8 ÿ4
0; 27 . Maximum: (0,0), Minimum: 27 ; 27 4
2
y
2/3 x
j(x) = x – x –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
1
–2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 –4
–1
–6
–2
–8
–3
–10
–4
–12
–5
17. nðxÞ ¼ x2 ÿ 2x has the derivative n0 ðxÞ ¼ 2x þ x22 ¼
4 0 4 2x3 þ2
15. kðxÞ ¼ x þ x has the derivative k ðxÞ ¼ 1 ÿ x2 ¼ x2 . Critical value at ÿ1. The second derivative
3
x2 ÿ4
Now, k0 ðxÞ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 2 and k0 unde- is n ðxÞ ¼ 2 ÿ x43 ¼ 2xx3ÿ4; this is undefined at 0
00
x2 . p ffiffiffi
3
fined at x ¼ 0, so critical values are at x ¼ ÿ2 and is zero at x ¼ 2. Concave up ðÿ1; 0Þ and
ÿp ffiffiffi ÿ pffiffiffi
and x ¼ 2. k00 ðxÞ ¼ x83 which is undefined at 3
2; 1 , Concave down 0; 3 2 . Maximum:
x ¼ 0; Concave up: ð0; 1Þ; Concave down: none; Minimum: ðÿ1; 3Þ; Vertical Asymptote:
ðÿ1; 0Þ; Maximum: ðÿ2; ÿ4Þ; Minimum: (2, 4); ÿpffiffiffi
x ¼ 0; Inflection point: 3 2; 0 .
Vertical Asymptote at x ¼ 0; No inflection point
y
y
6
10
5
8
4
6
4 3
4 k(x) = x +
x 2
2
1
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 x
–2 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–4 2
–2 m(x) = x2 – x
–6
–3
–8
–10 18. 1
f ðxÞ ¼ xÿ2 ¼ ðx ÿ 2Þÿ1 ; f 0 ðx ¼ ÿðx ÿ 2Þÿ2 which
is undefined at x ¼ 2. f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 2ðx ÿ 2Þÿ3 which
16. mðxÞ ¼ x ÿ 9x has the derivative m0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 ÿ x92 is also undefined at x ¼ 2. Concave up: ð2; 1Þ;
which is undefined at x ¼ 0. But x ¼ 0 is not a cri- Concave down: ðÿ1; 2Þ No extrema; Vertical
tical value, since 0 is not in the domain of m. The Asymptote: x ¼ 2; No inflection point.
second derivative is m00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 18 x3 , which is also
undefined at x ¼ 0; Concave up: ðÿ1; 0Þ; Con-
cave down: ð0; 1Þ. No extrema; Vertical Asymp-
tote at x ¼ 0; No inflection point
SECTION 23.3 419
y y
8 1
f(x) = 54
6 x–2 48
h(x) = x4 – 32x + 48
4 42
2 36
x 30
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 24
–2
18
–4
12
–6
6
–8 x
–1 1 2
3 2 –6
19. gðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ x2 ÿ 6x has the derivative g0 ðxÞ ¼ x2 ÿ
x ÿ 6 ¼ ðx ÿ 3Þðx þ 2Þ, and so g0 ðxÞ ¼ 0 when 21. jðxÞ ¼ 2x1=2 ÿ x has the derivative j0 ðxÞ ¼ xÿ1=2 ÿ
x ¼ ÿ2 or x ¼ 3. The second derivative gÿ00 ðxÞ ¼ 1, and j0 ðxÞ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 1 and j0 is undefined at
2x ÿ 1 ¼ 0 when x ¼ 12. Concave up: 12 ; 1 ; x ¼ 0. The second derivative is j00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 12 xÿ3=2
Concave down: ðÿ1; 12Þ. Maximum: ðÿ2; 7 13Þ; which is undefined at x ¼ 0; Concave up: nowhere;
ÿ1
Minimum: ð3; ÿ13 12Þ; Inflection point: 2; Concave down: ð0; 1Þ. Maximum: (1, 1); Mini-
ÿ3:0833Þ. mum: (0, 0); Inflection points: none.
y y
8 2
6 x3 x2
g(x) = – – 6x 1 j(x) = 2 x – x
3 2
4
x
2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 –2
–2
–4
22. kðxÞ ¼ ÿðx2 ÿ 4Þ1=2 , so k0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 12 ðx2 ÿ 4Þÿ1=2
–6
ÿx ffi
ð2xÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 ÿ4
. Since the domain of kðxÞ is ðÿ1;
–8
–10
2Þ and ð2; 1Þ the only critical values are ÿ2
–12
and 2. k00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿðx2 ÿ 4Þÿ1=2 þ ðx2 ÿ 4Þÿ3=2 x2 ¼
ÿðx2 ÿ4Þþx2 4
ðx2 ÿ4Þ3
¼ ðx2 ÿ4Þ 3 . On the domain of kðxÞ, we
–14
00
see that k is positive, so Concave up on the inter-
–16
vals ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ and ð2; 1Þ. We also see that k0 ðxÞ
is positive on ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ so is increasing and yields
20. hðxÞ ¼ x4 ÿ 32x þ 48; h0 ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 32 ¼ 4ðx3 ÿ a maximum at ðÿ2; 0Þ. k0 ðxÞ is negative on ð2; 1Þ
8Þ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 2; h00 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ¼ 0 when so decreasing and yields a maximum at (2,0) also.
x ¼ 0. Concave up ðÿ1; 1Þ. Minimum: (2, 0); No inflection points.
no inflection points
y
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
–3
k(x) = – x2 – 4
23. gðxÞ ¼ 2 þ x2=3 ; so g0 ðxÞ ¼ 23 xÿ1=3 . Since g is y

defined at x ¼ 0 and g0 is undefined at x ¼ 0, 0 is 2 f(x) = x2/3 (x – 10)
a critical value. g00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2
9 x
ÿ4=3
is undefined at 0 x
but negative everywhere else, so concave down –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2
over ðÿ1; 0Þ and ð0; 1Þ and g0 ðxÞ > 0 on
ð0; 1Þ and g0 ðxÞ < 0 on ðÿ1; 0Þ, so Minimum –4
value: (0,2). No inflection points. –6
–8
y
–10
4
–12
3
j(x) = 2 + x2/3 –14
2
–16
1
x 26. gðxÞ ¼ x22ÿ4; Domain excludes x ¼ 2. Vertical
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1 Asymptotes at x ¼ 2, x ¼ ÿ2. Now, g0 ðxÞ ¼
ÿ2ðx2 ÿ 4Þÿ2 ð2xÞ ¼ ðxÿ4x
2 ÿ4Þ2
. Critical value at 0.
ÿ1=3
24. hðxÞ ¼ 2x ÿ 3x2=3 ; h0 ðxÞ ¼ 2 ÿ 2xÿ1=3 ¼ 2x x1=3ÿ2. g00 ðxÞ ¼ 8xðx2 ÿ 4Þÿ3 ð2xÞ ÿ 4ðx2 ÿ 4Þÿ2 ¼ 16x2
ðx2 ÿ4Þ3
Critical values at 1 and 0. h00 ðxÞ ¼ 23 xÿ4=3 , which 4 2
16x ÿ4x þ16 2
þ16 2
ÿ ðx2 ÿ4Þ2 ¼
ðx2 ÿ4Þ3
¼ 12x
ðx2 ÿ4Þ3
. We can see that
is undefined at x ¼ 0 and positive everywhere
else. Hence, concave up on the intervals ðÿ1; 0Þ g00 is undefined at 2. Concave up: ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ
and ð0; 1Þ. Maximum: (0;0); Minimum: ð1; ÿ1Þ. and ð2; 1Þ; Concave down: ðÿ2; 2Þ; Maximum:
No inflection points. ð0; ÿ 12Þ. No inflection points.
y y
2 h(x) = 2x – 3x2/3 6
2
5 g(x) =
x2 – 4
1 3
4
x 2
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
–1
x
–2 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
25. f ðxÞ ¼ x2=3 ðx ÿ 10Þ ¼ x5=3 ÿ 10x2=3 –3
–4
5 20
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ x2=3 ÿ xÿ1=3 –5
3 3
5x2=3 20
¼ ÿ 1=3 27. hðxÞ ¼ xðx2 þ 1Þÿ1
3 3x
5x ÿ 20 h0 ðxÞ ¼ ðx2 þ 1Þÿ1 ÿ 2x2 ðx2 þ 1Þÿ2
¼
3x1=3 1 2x2 x2 þ 1 ÿ 2x2
¼ 2 ÿ 2
¼
Critical values are at 0 and 4. f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 10 ÿ1=3
þ
x þ 1 ðx þ 1Þ
2 ðx2 þ 1Þ2
9 x 2
20 ÿ4=3 10xþ20
¼ 9x4=3 ¼ 0 when x ¼ ÿ2, undefined at 1ÿx
9 x ¼
x ¼ 0. Concave down ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ. Concave up ðx2 þ 1Þ2
ðÿ2; 0Þ and ð0; 1Þ. Maximum: (0,0); Minimum: Critical values at x ¼ 1.
ð4; ÿ15:119Þ. Inflection point: ðÿ2; ÿ19:049Þ.
ðx2 þ 1Þ2 ðÿ2xÞ ÿ ð1 ÿ x2 Þðx2 þ 1Þð2xÞ2
h00 ðxÞ ¼
ðx2 þ 1Þ4
ÿ2x ÿ 2x ÿ 4x þ 4x3
3
¼
ðx2 þ 1Þ3
3
2x ÿ 6x
¼
ðx2 þ 1Þ3
You can
pffiffidetermine
ffi that h00 ðxÞ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0 and
x ¼ 3. Thus h is concave up over the intervals
SECTION 23.3 421
ðÿ 3; 0Þ and ð 3; 1Þ pand
ffiffiffi h is concave
pffiffiffi down over 29. To find the potential inflection points, we find
the intervals ðÿ1; ÿ 3Þ and ð0; 3Þ. Maximum: F 00 ðtÞ and then solve F 00 ðtÞ ¼ 0. Differentiating
ð1; 12Þ; Minimum: ðÿ1;ÿ 12Þ; Inflection point: produces F 0 ðtÞ ¼ 1:242t ÿ 0:027t2 and F 00 ðtÞ ¼
pffiffiffi ÿpffiffi3 pffiffiffi pffiffi3 1:242 ÿ 0:054t. Solving 1:242 ÿ 0:054t ¼ 0 yields
ÿ 3; 4 ; ð0; 0Þ, and 3; 4 . t ¼ 23. Since F 00 ðtÞ changes from concave upward
y
to concave downward at t ¼ 23, this is an inflec-
tion point. Hence, the best time to harvest is during
1
x
the 23rd day.
R(x) =
x2 + 1 30. First, we find S00 ðxÞ and then solve S00 ðxÞ ¼ 0. Dif-
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
x ferentiating produces S0 ðxÞ ¼ 4:2x ÿ 0:3x2 and
S00 ðxÞ ¼ 4:2 ÿ 0:6x. Solving 4:2 ÿ 0:6x ¼ 0 yields
x ¼ 7 as the only possible inflection point. Since S00
–1
changes from positive to negative at x ¼ 7 we
see that it is an inflection point. Thus, the point
28. jðxÞ ¼ x2=3 ðx ÿ 4Þÿ1 of diminishing returns for the sales function
2 SðxÞ ¼ 97 þ 2:1x2 ÿ 0:1x3 is when x ¼ 7, that is,
j0 ðxÞ ¼ xÿ1=3 ðx ÿ 4Þÿ1 ÿ ðx ÿ 4Þÿ2 x2=3
3 when $7,000 is spent on advertising.
2 x2=3 2ðx ÿ 4Þ ÿ 3x
¼ 1=3 ÿ ¼ 31. (a) To find the maximum of NðtÞ, we set N 0 ðtÞ ¼ 0
3x ðx ÿ 4Þ ðx ÿ 4Þ2 3x1=3 ðx ÿ 4Þ2
to determine the critical values of N. Differentiat-
ÿx ÿ 8 ing produces N 0 ðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 2t3=2 and 6t ÿ 2t3=2 ¼
¼ :
3x1=3 ðx ÿ 4Þ2 2tð3 ÿ t1=2 Þ ¼ 0 yields critical values at t ¼ 0
Critical values at ÿ8 and 0. j is undefined at x ¼ 4, and t ¼ 9. Since N 00 ðtÞ ¼ 6 ÿ 3t1=2 is positive at
so there is a vertical asymptote at x ¼ 4. t ¼ 0, N has a relative minimum at t ¼ 0. Since
N 00 ð9Þ < 0, we see that N has a relative maximum
3x1=3 ðxÿ4Þ2 ðÿ1Þþðxþ8Þ½xÿ2=3 ðxÿ4Þ2 þ6x1=3 ðxÿ4Þ at t ¼ 9. Evaluating Nð9Þ we see that Nð9Þ ¼ 116.
j00 ðxÞ ¼
9x2=3 ðx ÿ 4Þ4 The maximum is 116 crimes in p the
ffi ninth month.
pffi
ÿ3x 1=3 2
ðxÿ4Þ þðxþ8Þðxÿ4Þ½x1=3 ÿ4xÿ2=3 þ6x1=3 (b) Solving N 00 ðtÞ ¼ 0 we get 3 t ¼ 6 or t ¼ 2
¼ 4 and so, t ¼ 4. The maximum rate of increase is
9x ðx ÿ 4Þ 2=3
ÿ3xðx ÿ 4Þ þ ðx þ 8Þð7x ÿ 4Þ N 0 ð4Þ6ð4Þ ÿ 2ð43=2 Þ ¼ 8 crimes/mo.

¼
9x4=3 ðx ÿ 4Þ3 32. (a) First, find T 0 ðtÞ and T 00 ðtÞ. Differentiating pro-
ÿ3x þ 12x þ 7x2 þ 52x ÿ 32
2 duces T 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ0:12t2 þ 2:52t ÿ 9:3 and T 00 ðtÞ ¼
¼ ÿ0:24t þ 2:52. Solving T 0 ðtÞ ¼ 0 we find the
9x4=3 ðx ÿ 4Þ3
critical values t 4:777 and t 16:223. Since
4x þ 64x ÿ 32 4ðx2 þ 16x ÿ 8Þ
2
¼ ¼ T 00 ð4:777Þ > 0, we know that t 4:777 is a rela-
9x4=3 ðx ÿ 4Þ3 9x4=3 ðx ÿ 4Þ3 tive minimum and since T 00 ð16:223Þ < 0, we know
j00 is undefined at 0 and 4 and zero at x ÿ16:485 that t 16:223 is a relative maximum. Evaluating
and x 0:485. Thus, j is concave up over the inter- T at each of these values for t, we see that the max-
vals ðÿ16:485; 0Þ; ð0; 0:4585Þ, and ð4; 1Þ and con- imum temperature is Tð16:223Þ ¼ 65:95 F and the
cave down over ðÿ1; ÿ16:485Þ and ð0:485; 4Þ. minimum is Tð4:777Þ ¼ 35:97 F.
ÿ
Maximum: (0,0); Minimum: ÿ8; ÿ 13 ; Inflection (b) Setting T 00 ðtÞ ¼ 0, or ÿ0:24t þ 2:52 ¼ 0, yields
points: ðÿ16:485; ÿ0:316Þ and ð0:485; ÿ0:176Þ. t ¼ 10:5. At 10.5 hours, the rate of increase is at
a maximum: T 0 ð10:5Þ ¼ 3:93 F/hour.
2/3
y j(x) = x
x–4
6
2
x
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
23.4 APPLIED EXTREMA PROBLEMS
1. A ¼ ‘ w; ‘ þ 2w ¼ 10;000 ) ‘ ¼ 10;000ÿ2w. Sub- 6. The bottom center of the building can be placed on
stituting into the area formula yields A ¼ ð10;000 the origin of a coordinate system. Then the formula
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ÿ 2wÞw ¼ 10;000w ÿ 2w2 , so A0 ¼ 10;000 ÿ 4w ¼ ¼ 100ffi ÿ x2 . If 2x
for the edge of the building ispyffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 ) w ¼ 2;500. A00 ¼ ÿ4 < 0 so w ¼ 2;500 yields is the length of the sign, then 100 ÿ x2 will be the
a maximum area, and ‘ ¼ 10;000 ÿ 5000 ¼ 5000; height. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Its areaffi is given by the formula
A ¼ 5;000 2;500 ¼ 12;500;000 ft2 . A ¼ 2x 100 ÿ x2 .
2. This time 2‘ þ 2w ¼ 10;000 ) ‘ þ w ¼ 5;000 ) A0 ¼ 2ð100 ÿ x2 Þ1=2 ÿ ð100 ÿ x2 Þÿ1=2 2x2
‘ ¼ 5;000 ÿ w. Substituting into the area formula,
2x2
we have A ¼ ð5;000 ÿ wÞ ¼ 5000w ÿ w2 ; A0 ¼ ¼ 2ð100 ÿ x2 Þ1=2 ÿ
5000 ÿ 2w ¼ 0 ) w ¼ 2;500. ‘ ¼ 5000 ÿ 2500 ¼ ð100 ÿ x2 Þ1=2
2;500. A ¼ 2;500 2;500 ¼ 6;250;000 ft2 . 2ð100 ÿ x2 Þ 2x2
¼ ÿ
3. (a) Let x be the length of the side along the river, as ð100 ÿ x2 Þ1=2 ð100 ÿ x2 Þ1=2
well as the side opposite. Then the length of the 200 ÿ 4x2
other two sides is 6;000;000=x. The cost CðxÞ ¼ ¼
ð100 ÿ x2 Þ1=2
2x þ x þ 2ð6;000;000=x, so CðxÞ ¼ 3x þ 12;000;000x :
2
200 ÿ p 4xffiffiffiffiffi¼ 0, or 4x2 ¼ 200, or x2 ¼ 50, and so
C 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3 ÿ 12;000;000
x2 ¼ 0 ) 3x2 ¼ 12;000;000 )
2
x ¼ 50 7:071. Since x cannot be negative,
x ¼ 4;000;000 ) x ¼ 2;000. The other sides are 7.071 is the answer we seek. Length of the signffi is
3,000 ft. The dimensions are 2;000 ft. 3;000 ft. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 14:14 m. The height is
2xffiffiffiffiffi
p 100 ÿ x2 ¼
(b) The cost is 3ð2000Þ þ 2ð3;000Þ ¼ $12;000. 50 ¼ 7:07 m.
4. Let x be length of a side of square and 200 ÿ 4x be 7. The diagram below shows a possible arrangement.
the circumference of the circle. The radius of the If the side of the storage shed that is opposite the
circle is 100ÿ2x
. The total area for the square and cir- warehouse is labeled x, then the portion that uses
2
¼ x2 þ 1 ð100ÿ 2xÞ2 and
ÿ
cle is A ¼ x2 þ 100ÿ2x
the side of the warehouse is x ÿ 250. The other
0
A ¼ 2x þ ð100 ÿ 2xÞðÿ2Þ ¼ 2xÿ 4 ð100 ÿ 2xÞ ¼
2 two sides have been labeled y. The area of this sto-
ÿ 0 rage yard is A ¼ xy. We know that x þ y þ
2x ÿ 400 8 8 400
þ x ¼ 2 þ x ÿ . We see that A ðxÞ ðx ÿ 250Þ þ y ¼ 1000 or 2x þ 2y ÿ 250 ¼ 1000.
¼ 0 when x ¼ þ4 28:005. When x < 28:005; A0
200
1250 ÿ 2x
ðxÞ < 0 and when x > 28:005; A0 ðxÞ > 0 and so, Solving for y we get y ¼ ¼ 625 ÿ x.
2
when x 28:005, the area is a minimum. Thus, So, we can write the area of the storage yard as
the fencing should not be cut and it all should be AðxÞ ¼ xð625 ÿ xÞ ¼ 625x ÿ x2 .
used to form a circular fence.
5. After cutting out the squares, the resulting length
and width of the box will both be ð24 ÿ 2xÞ. The
height will be x; V ¼ ‘ w h ¼ ð24 ÿ 2xÞ2 x ¼
4x3 ÿ 96x2 þ 576x; V 0 ¼ 12x2 ÿ192xþ576 ¼ 12ðx2 ÿ
16x þ 48Þ ¼ 12ðx ÿ 4Þðx ÿ 12Þ. Now, V 0 ¼ 0 when
x ¼ 4 or 12. V 00 ¼ 24x ÿ 192; V 00 ð4Þ < 0 so Vð4Þ is
maximum. V 00 ð12Þ > 0 so Vð12Þ is minimum.
Vð4Þ ¼ 4 43 ÿ 96 42 þ 576 4 ¼ 1024 cm3 . The
length of the side of a removed square should
be 4 cm.
We want AðxÞ to be a maximum. A0 ðxÞ ¼ 625 ÿ 2x.
The critical value occurs when 625 ÿ 2x ¼ 0 or
when x ¼ 312:5. Using this value we find that
y ¼ 625 ÿ x ¼ 312:5. The area is AðxÞ ¼ 312:52 ¼
97 656:25 m2 .
SECTION 23.4 423
8. (a) V ¼ x2 h so;
MðxÞ ¼ 4:5x2 þ 5x 12 000 000xÿ2
ÿ
V 64
h¼ 2¼ 2 ¼ 4:5x2 þ 60 000 000xÿ1
x x
S ¼ 2x2 þ 4xh (b) Well, obviously x > 0 or there would be nothing
2 64 to the trash container.
S ¼ 2x þ 4x 2
x (c) To find the least amount of material needed we
2 256 need to find the critical points of M. The derivative
S ¼ 2x þ
x 60 000 000
of Mq M 0 ðxÞ ¼ 9x ÿ
isffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi . This is zero when
(b) x > 0 3 60 000 000
x2
x¼ 9 188:207 cm. Thus, the width is
256 188:207 cm, the length is 1:5 188:207
(c) SðxÞ ¼ 2x2 þ
x cm 282:311 cm, and the height is
0 256 12 000 000
S ðxÞ ¼ 4x ÿ 2 ¼ 0 h¼ 338:774 cm. Changing the units
x ð188:207Þ2
4x3 ÿ 256 ¼ 0 of meters we see that the trash containers should
4ðx3 ÿ 64Þ ¼ 0 have width 1:88 m, length 2:82 m, and height
3:39 m.
) x ¼ 4 inches
(d) We will use the measures discussed in (a) with
64 the thicknesses converted to meters.
) h ¼ 2 ¼ 4 inches
4
Part Calculation Volume ðm3 Þ
(d) Sð4Þ ¼ 2ð4Þ2 þ 256
4 ¼ 96 in
2
bottom 1:88 2:82 0:02 0:106
9. The diagram below shows how the trash container top 1:88 2:82 0:01 0:053
might look. front 2:82 3:39 0:01 0:096
back 2:82 3:39 0:01 0:096
left side 1:88 3:39 0:01 0:064
right side 1:88 3:39 0:01 0:064
Total 0:479
(e) The total mass of this trash container will be
0:479 m3 7721 kg/m3 3:698 kg.
10. (a) V ¼ lwh
V ¼ 1:5x x h
108 ¼ 1:5x2 h
108 72
(a) The trash container has four sides, a top and a h¼ ¼
bottom. The amount of material needed depends 1:5x2 x2
on the volumes of each of these parts. The top mea- CðxÞ ¼ 3ðxÞð1:5xÞ þ xð1:5xÞ þ 2xh þ 2ð1:5xhÞ
sures 1:5x x 2 cm and so its volume is 3x2 cm3 . ¼ 4:5x2 þ 1:5x2 þ 2xð72 72
x2 Þ þ 3xð x2 Þ
The bottom measures 1:5x x 1 cm ¼ 1:5x2 and 360
so its volumes is 1:5x2 cm3 . The front and back ¼ 6x2 þ
x
each measure 1:5x h 1 cm ¼ 1:5xh cm3 and
the two sides each measure x h 1 cm ¼ xh cm3 . (b) x > 0
360
The total amount of material needed for this trash (c) C 0 ðxÞ ¼ 12x ÿ ¼0
container is M ¼ 3x2 þ 1:5x2 þ 2ð1:5xhÞ þ 2ðxhÞ x2
¼ 4:5x2 þ 5xh cm3 . 12x3 ÿ 360 ¼ 0
The volume of the trash container is 1:5x x 12ðx3 ÿ 30Þ ¼ 0
h ¼ 1:5x2 h. We know that the volume is 18 m3 ¼ x 3:11 ft
18 106 cm3 which means that 1:5x2 h ¼
18 000 000 l ¼ 1:5ð3:11Þ 4:67 ft
18 000 000 and so h ¼ ¼ 12 000 000xÿ2 .
1:5x2 72
Substituting for h in the equation for M we see h¼ 7:44 ft
ð3:11Þ2
that the total amount of material needed is
(d) S ¼ 3x2 þ 2xh þ 2ð1:5xÞh 16. Here sðtÞ ¼ t ÿ 9t2 has the derivative s0 ðtÞ ¼
1 2 ÿ1=2 1ÿ18t
2 ðt ÿ 9t Þ ð1 ÿ 18tÞ ¼ 2p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 . We see that
S ¼ 3x2 þ 5xh tÿ9t
therefore S 144:91 ft2 s0 ðtÞ ¼ 0, when 1 ÿ 18t ¼ 0 ) t ¼ 181

. The other
1
critical values are 0 and 9 which yield a speed of
11. Firstqsolve 9x2 þ 16y2 ¼ 144 for y. This yields
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0. sð181
Þ ¼ 0:16667 m/min.
9 2
y ¼ 9 ÿ 16 x . The area of the rectangle is A ¼ 17. A ¼ ‘ w ¼ 580, and solving for ‘, we get ‘ ¼ 580 w .
xy, or after substituting for y, can be written as The printing area of the page is P ¼ ð‘ ÿ 5Þðwÿ
pffiffiffi
ÿ
9 2 1=2 6Þ ¼ 580 w ÿ 5 ðw ÿ 6Þ ¼ 580 ÿ w ÿ 5w þ 30 ¼
3480
A ¼ x 9 ÿ 16 x . A0 ¼ ð9 ÿ 16
9 2
x Þ þ x 12 3480
9 2 9 2
610 ÿ 5w ÿ w . In order to determine when the
9 2 ÿ1=2 ÿ18
ÿ 9ÿ16x ÿ16x 9ÿ98x2
ð9 ÿ 16 x Þ 16 x ¼ 9ÿ 9 x2 1=2 ¼ 9ÿ 9 x2 1=2 . printed area of the page is the largest, we take
ð 16 Þ ð 16 Þ the derivative, with the result P0 ¼ ÿ5 þ 3480 w2 .
Critical values are when 9 ÿ 98 x2 ¼ 0, or x2 ¼ 8, Setting the derivative equal to 0, we have
pffiffiffi
or x ¼ 2 2, and when 9 ÿ 16 9 2
x ¼ 0 or x ¼ 4. ÿ5 þ 3480 2 ¼ 0 or w ¼
2 3480
5 ¼ 696 and so w ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w
When x ¼ 4, y ¼ 0 so A ¼ 0 which is q theffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
mini- 696 ¼ 26:38 and ‘ ¼ 580
pffiffiffi w ¼ 21:98. The largest
mum. When x ¼ 2 2 , we see that y ¼ 9 ÿ 9
¼ printed area will have a length of about 21.98 cm
qffiffi
9 3 3
pffiffi
2
pffiffiffi 3pffiffi22 and a width of about 26.38 cm.
2 ¼ 2 ¼ 2 and the area is A ¼ 2 2 2 ¼
pffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6,pffiffiwhich
ffi is a maximum. The dimensions
pffiffiffi are 18. d ¼ ðx ÿ 5Þ2 þ ðy ÿ 1Þ2 , so d 2 ¼ ðx ÿ 5Þ2 þ
2 2 2:83 units horizontally and 32 2 2:12 ðy ÿ 1Þ2 . The distance is minimum when d2 is mini-
0
units vertically. mum. d 2 ¼ 2ðx ÿ 5Þ þ 2ðy ÿ 1Þy0 ; y ¼ 2x2 ; y0 ¼
20
12. Similar to exercise #5, the length will be 15 ÿ 2x, 4x; d ¼ 2ðx ÿ 5Þ þ 2ð2x2 ÿ 1Þð4xÞ ¼ 2x ÿ 10þ
the width 8 ÿ 2x and the height x. V ¼ ‘ w 16x3 ÿ 8x ¼ 16x3 ÿ 6x ÿ 10 ¼ 2ð8x3 ÿ 3x ÿ 5Þ ¼
h ¼ ð15 ÿ 2xÞð8 ÿ 2xÞx ¼ 120x ÿ 46x2 þ 4x3 . 2ðx ÿ 1Þð8x2 þ 8x þ 5Þ. The only critical number
00
V 0 ¼ 12x2 ÿ 92x þ 120 and solving yields x ¼ 53 is 1: d2 ¼ 48x2 ÿ 6 > 0 when x ¼ 1 so this yields
or x ¼ 6. Since 0 x 4, the answer is 53 in a minimum y ¼ 2 12 ¼ 2. The point is (1, 2).
(Note: V 00 ¼ 24x ÿ 92 < 0 when x ¼ 53 ) Concave 19. r ¼ 15. Placing the center of the log at the origin
down ) is maximum.) yields the equation x2 þ y2 ¼ 225 and so,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi
2
y ¼ 225 ÿ x ; d ¼ 2y, and w ¼ 2x. Thus, the
13. Let x be the length and width of the box and y ¼ 32 x2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
be the height. The material used is proportional to strength is S ¼ wd 2 ¼ 2x 2 225 ÿ x2 ¼
the area of the 4 sides plus the base. A ¼ x2 þ 4 8xð225 ÿ x2 Þ ¼ 1800x ÿ 8x3 . To find when the
0 2x3 ÿ128
x 32 2 128
x2 ¼ x þ x , and so A ¼ 2x ÿ x2 ¼
128
x2 . strength is the most, we take the derivative, getting
Solving 2x3 ÿ 128 ¼ 0 yields x3 ¼ 64 or x ¼ 4. S0 ¼ 1800 ÿ 24x2 , then determine the critical
A00 ¼ 2 þ 256
x3 is positive at x ¼ 4, so this yields a values by finding when the derivative is 0. Thus,
minimum. The height is 32 16 ¼ 2. The dimensions 1800 ÿ 24xp2 ffiffi¼ 2 2
ffi 0 ) 24x ¼ 1800 ) x ¼ 75, and
are 400 400 200 : so x ¼ 5 3p . ffiffiffi As a result, the width is
This time the area is A ¼ 2x2 þ 128 0 w ¼ 2x ¼ 10 3 17:32 in.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi and
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi the depth is
14. x , so A ¼
ffi
4x ÿ 128 ¼ 4x3 ÿ128
. Solving 4x 3
ÿ 128 ¼ 0 ) d ¼ 2y ¼ 2 225 ÿ 75 ¼ 2 150 ¼ 24:49 in.
x 2 x pffiffiffiffiffi
2
x3 ¼ 32 ) x ¼ 3 32 3:175. Height is p332 ffiffiffiffi2 ¼ (b) This time our equation is x2 þ y2 ¼ r 2 so

p3
ffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 32 y¼ r 2 ÿ x2 and so the strength is S ¼ 2x
32 3:175. The box is a cube 3 32 3:175 in. ð2 r 2 ÿ x2 Þ2 ¼ 8xðr 2 ÿ x2 Þ ¼ 8xr 2 ÿ 8x3 . Taking
on each side. the derivative, we obtain S0 ¼ 8r 2 ÿ 24x2 , and to
A ¼ 2r 2 þ 2rh ¼ 480 ) h ¼ 480ÿ2r 240ÿr 2 2
find when the derivative is 0, we get 8r 2 ÿ 24x2
15. 2r ¼ r ,
2 2 2 1 2
240ÿr2
¼ 0 ) 24xq ¼
ffiffiffi 8r ) x p¼ r .
2
so the volume is V ¼ r h ¼ r 2
¼ ffiffi 3
r r 2 rffiffi r 3
Thus, x ¼ 3 ¼ 3 ¼ 3 . For the width we have
p
240r ÿ r 3 , which has the derivative V 0 ¼ 240ÿ pffiffiffi
3r 2 . Setting 240 ÿ 3r 2 q
¼ffiffiffi0ffi and solving for r wq ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2x ¼ 2r q 3=3ffiffiffiffiffi and pthe depth is d ¼ 2y ¼
ffiffi
2 r2 2r 2 2r 6
yields r 2 ¼ 80 or r ¼ 80 2 r ÿ3 ¼2 3 ¼ 3 .
5:05: h ¼ 10:09.
Radius ¼ 5:05 cm; height ¼ 10:09 cm.
SECTION 23.4 425
20. A ¼ ðsðs ÿ aÞðs ÿ bÞðs ÿ cÞÞ1=2 25. CðAÞ ¼ bA þ Ac ; C 0 ¼ b ÿ Ac2 ¼ 0 when A ¼

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 00
c=b; C ¼ 2c=A3 > 0, so minimum cost at A ¼

1 300 þ c
¼ ð300 þ cÞ ÿ 150
2 x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c=b.
300 þ c 1=2

300 þ c
ÿ 150 26. Let ‘ ¼ height of rectangular part of window;
2 2 w ¼ d ¼ width. Then,
h c c c ci1=2 2
¼ 150 þ 150 ÿ A ¼ ‘ w ¼ 2 so w ¼ ¼ d
2 2 2 2 ‘
2 1=2 1 1
c2 r¼ w¼

c
¼ 22500 ÿ 2 ‘
4 4 Perimeter of window ¼ 2‘ þ w þ r ¼ 2‘ þ wþ
4 1=2 r ¼ 2‘ þ 2‘ þ ‘ ¼ 2‘ þ 2þ 0
‘ : P ¼ 2 ÿ ð2 þ Þ=

c
¼ 5625c2 ÿ
16
q ¼ ffi0 and 2þ
‘2 ffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 2þ
‘2 ¼ 2; 2‘ ¼ 2 þ ; ‘ ¼ 2 ; ‘ ¼
c3 2þ 2
1 11250c ÿ 2 1:6; d ¼ 1:6 ¼ 1:247 1:25 m.
A0 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4
2 5625c2 ÿ c4
16 27. ‘ ¼ height; w ¼ d ¼ width ¼ 2r. Thus,
Critical values are when the numerator is 0 or the w 2þ

P ¼ 8 ¼ 2‘ þ w þ ¼ 2‘ þ w
denominator is 0. Now, if 11250c ÿ c4 ¼ 0, then
3
2 2
c 2 2þ 2þ
4 ð45000 ÿ c Þ ¼ 0, and we have c ¼ 0, c ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2‘ ¼ 8 ÿ w; ‘ ¼ 4 ÿ w
45000 ¼ 212:13.pThe 2 4
c2
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffidenominator yields 1 w 2
5625 ÿ 16 ¼ 0; or c ¼ 90000 and c ¼ 300. Since A¼‘wþ
c cannot be negative, 0 and 300 yield an area of 0 2 2
2þ
which is a minimum, so 212.13 gives maximum. ¼ 4ÿ w w þ w2
Use the Law of Cosines to determine . Then, 4 8
2 2
ÿ212:132 2þ 2 2 4þ 2
cos ¼ 150 þ150 2150150 ¼ 0 and ¼ cosÿ1 0 ¼ 90 . ¼ 4w ÿ w þ w ¼ 4w ÿ w
The angle that gives the maximum capacity is 90 . 4 8 8
4þ
21. A ¼ ‘ w; ‘ ¼ 320 ÿ 2w A0 ¼ 4 ÿ w ¼ 0; ð4 þ Þw ¼ 16;
4
A ¼ ð320 ÿ 2wÞw ¼ 320w ÿ 2w2 16
w¼ ¼ 2:24 m:
A0 ¼ 320 ÿ 4w ¼ 0 ) w ¼ 80 mm 4þ
‘ ¼ 320 ÿ 2 80 ¼ 320 ÿ 160 ¼ 160 mm The diameter is 2.24 m.
28. (a) Time ¼ 800
s . Total cost is
The gutter is 80 mm deep and 160 mm wide.
s 800
C ¼ 0:35 þ 800 þ 12 :
E 300 s
22. (a) I ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ EðR2 þ X 2 Þÿ1=2
R þ X2
2
s 12
ÿ1 C ¼ 800 0:35 þ þ :
I0 ¼ EðR2 þ X 2 Þÿ3=2 ð2XÞ 300 s
2
1 12

ÿXE C0 ¼ 800 ÿ ¼ 0:
¼ 300 s2
ðR2 þ X 2 Þ3=2 2
s
The only critical value is 0. Since I 0 < 0; I is This is 0 when 12 ¼ 300, or s2 ¼ 300 12 ¼ 3600,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
decreasing and this yields a maximum. and so s ¼ 3600 ¼ 60 mph yields the least cost.
(b) Maximum ¼ pEffiffiffiffi ¼ ER. ÿ
(b) C ¼ 0:35 þ 300 60
þ 12

R2 60 800 ¼ ð0:35 þ 0:2þ
23. P ¼ VI ÿ RI 2 ¼ 10I ÿ 4I 2 and so P0 ¼ 10 ÿ 8I. 0:2Þ800 ¼ ð0:75Þ800 ¼ $600 is the least cost.
Critical value is 54 ¼ 1:25: P00 ¼ ÿ8 so critical
value yields a maximum. Maximum power given
by current of 1.25 A. 29. (a) P ¼ I 2 R ¼ ð4:5 ÿ tÞ2 ð25:4Þ
P0 ¼ 2ð4:5 ÿ tÞð25:4Þðÿ1Þ ¼ 0
24. vðxÞ ¼ 5xða ÿ xÞ ¼ 5ax ÿ 5x2
a
v 0 ¼ 5a ÿ 10x ¼ 0 ) x ¼ when t ¼ 4:5s. P00 is always positive so this is a
2 minimum.
v 00 ¼ ÿ10
so the reaction is a maximum at x ¼ a2. (b) P ¼ ð4:5 ÿ 4:5Þ2 ð25:4Þ ¼ 0 W.
30. If iðtÞ is the current, then 35. Let d represent the diameter (or width) and h the
2 3 height of the vertical walls of the tunnel. ÿThen
q ¼ ÿ4:36t þ 2:14t the area of the opening is A ¼ hd þ 12 d2 ¼
2
dq 2 2
hd þ d8 , or hd ¼ A ÿ d8 and so h ¼ Ad ÿ d
iðtÞ ¼ ¼ ÿ8:72t þ 6:42t2 8 where
dt A is the constant area. Now, the cost, C, is given by
i0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ8:72 þ 12:84t C ¼ 2h þ d þ 12 d 4. We begin by substituting
i0 ðtÞ ¼ 0 when t ¼ 0:679 s. Thus, ið0:679Þ ¼ the above value of h to get the cost as a function
ÿ2:96 A. of just one variable, d. Thus, we have

31. Let x ¼ distance from less intense light and 8ÿ A d
C ¼ 2h þ d þ 2d ¼ 2 ÿ þ ð2 þ 1Þd
x ¼ distance from more intense light. Light inten- d 8
2A d
sity ¼ x12 þ ð8ÿxÞ
4 ¼ ÿ þ ð2 þ 1Þd
2. Taking the derivative, we get d 4
L0 ¼ ÿ2 8
x3 þ ð8ÿxÞ3 . Critical values will be when To determine when the cost is a minimum, we take
ð8ÿxÞ3 3
8 ¼ x2 , or ð8 ÿ xÞ3 ¼ 4x3, or512 ÿ 192x þ the derivative, getting
24x ÿ x ¼ 4x , or when 512 ÿ 192x þ 24x2 ÿ
2 3 3
ÿ2A
5x3 ¼ 0. This has one solution between 0 and 8. C0 ¼ ÿ þ 2 þ 1
d2 4
It is about 3.1 m. Thus, the desired answer is that ÿ2A 7
¼ 2 þ þ1
the light is the least about 3.1 m from the less d 4
intense light.
Setting this equal to 0, we get 2A 7þ4
d 2 ¼ 4 . Substitut-
b
32. D ¼ av 2 þ 2 ing for A, we have
v
b
2

D0 ¼ 2av ÿ 2 3 ¼ 0 2 hd þ d8 7 þ 4
v ¼
2b d2 4
2av ¼ 3
d 2 7þ4
v or hd
d2 þ 8d2 ¼ 8 which produces h
d ¼ 7þ4
8 ÿ
b
v4 ¼
¼ 6þ4 3þ2
apffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 8 8 ¼ 4 .
v ¼ 4 b=a 36. Let x be the distance down the shore from P. Then,
(Note: D00 ¼ 2a þ 6 vb4 > 0, so we have a mini- by the Pythagorean theorem,
ffi the distance that must
mum.) be rowed is x2 þ 42 . The distance that will be
walked is 20 ÿ x. pThe total time is then given by
33. Here, we have Y ¼ kð2x4 ÿ 5Lx3 þ 3L2 x2 Þ, and so ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
Y 0 ¼ kð8x3 ÿ 15Lx2 þ 6L2 xÞ ¼ 0 or xð8x2 ÿ 15Lx the equation T ¼ x2:5þ4 þ 20ÿx 4:5 .
þ6L2 Þ ¼ 0. This yields critical values when To find the shortest time, we find T 0 and set it
x ¼ 0, 0:5785L, and 1:2965L. Now, Y 00 ¼ kð24x2 equal to 0. Thus,
ÿ30Lx þ 6L2 Þ and, since L > 0, we find that 1 1 2x 1
Y 00 ð0Þ > 0; Y 00 ð0:5785LÞ < 0; Y 00 ð1:2965LÞ > 0. T0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ
2:5 2 x2 þ 42 4:5
Thus, the maximum deflection occurs at x ¼ x 1
0:5785L. ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ
2:5 x2 þ 42 4:5
Tð1 ÿ TÞ T ÿ T 2 x 1
34. E¼ ¼ ; Setting this equal to 0, we have 2:5pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 þ42
¼ 4:5 or
T þ T þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ðT þ Þð1 ÿ 2TÞ ÿ ðT ÿ T 2 Þ1 4:5x ¼ 2:5 x2 þ 42 or 1:8x ¼ x2 þ 42. Squaring
E0 ¼ both sides, we get 3:24x2 ¼ x2 þ 16, or 2:24x2 ¼
ðT þ Þ2 16; or x2 7:14286, and so x 2:6726. Since
T þ ÿ 2T 2 ÿ 2T2 ÿ T þ T 2 the distance must be positive, the answer is 2.673
¼
ðT þ Þ2 km from P. Checking the critical value of
ÿ T 2 ÿ 2T2 ðÿT 2 ÿ 2T þ 1Þ x ¼ 2:673 with the second derivative, we find T 00 as
¼ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðT þ Þ2 ðT þ Þ2 2 2
1 x þ 4 ÿ x 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 2x
00 x2 þ42
T ¼
2:5 x 2 þ 42
Setting the numerator equal to 0, we have ÿT 2 ÿ 1 x2 þ 16 ÿ x2
2T þ 1 ¼ 0; T 2 þ 2T ÿ 1 ¼ 0 and so T ¼ ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2:5 ðx2 þ 16Þ3=2
ÿ2þ 42 þ4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ ÿ þ 2 þ 1 is the critical value 16 2
2 ¼ ðx þ 16Þÿ3=2
that yields the angle of greatest efficiency. 2:5
SECTION 23.5 427
This is always positive, so the critical value is a (b) The minimum cost is Cð2:785Þ ¼ 2:5ð2:785Þ2þ
108
minimum. 2:785 $58:17.
37. Draw a line from the oil rig perpendicular to the 39. (a) Let x represent the length of the interior parti-
shore at point P. This line represents the 5 mi tion wall. Then, there are two exterior walls of
from the rig to the shore. Let x be the distance length x and two of length 4200=x. The total cost
from the connection to P.ffi Then the pipe must go
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi is CðxÞ ¼ 2ð177Þx þ 2ð175Þð4200=xÞ þ 115x. This
a distance of 52 þ x2 mi underwater and simplifies to CðxÞ ¼ 465x þ 1;470;000 . The deriva-
x
12 ÿ x mi along the shore. The total cost is
CðxÞ ¼ 1200 25 þ x2 þ600ð12 ÿ xÞ ¼ 600 tive is C 0 ðxÞ ¼ 465 ÿ 1;470;000
x2 . Setting C0 ðxÞ ¼ 0
ð2 25 þ x2 þ 12 ÿ xÞ. we obtain 465 ÿ 1;470;000
x2 ¼ 0 or 465 ¼ 1;470;000
x2 .
Finding the derivative, we get C0 ðxÞ ¼ 600 Hence x2 ¼ 1;470;000
465 and x 56:225 ft. The other
h i
2x
2
ÿ 1 . Setting C0 ðxÞ ¼ 0, we obtain pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2x length is 4200=x 74:700. The dimensions that
25þx 25þx2
2x
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi will minimize costs are about 56:2 74:7 ft.
ÿ1 ¼ 0 or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
25þx2
¼ 1 or 2x ¼ 25 þ x2. Squaring (b) The minimum cost is Cð56:225Þ ¼ 465ð56:225Þ
both sides, we get 4x2 ¼ 25 þ x2 or 3x2 ¼ 25. þ 1;470;000
56:225 $52;290.
Hence x ¼ þ p5ffiffi3. From the given p information,
ffiffiffi we 40. Let x represent the length of one side of the square
know x 0, and so, x ¼pffiffiffi p5ffiffi3 ¼ 53 3. The connec- and h the other dimension. If we assume the girth
tion p should
ffiffiffi be 53 3 mi from P or to be about a square, then 4x þ h ¼ 108 and h ¼
12 ÿ 53 3 9:11 mi from the storage tank. 108 ÿ 4x. The volume is V ¼ x2 h ¼ x2 ð108ÿ
38. (a) Let the bottom dimensions be x by x and so, 4xÞ ¼ 108x2 ÿ 4x3 and V 0 ¼ 216x ÿ 12x2 . Setting
the area of the bottom is x2 and the height of the V 0 ¼ 0 gives x ¼ 18. Thus, one such box measures
crate is 36=x2 . The cost is CðxÞ ¼ 1:50x2 þ 18 in. 18 in. 36 in.
1:00x2 þ 4ð0:75Þxð36=x2 Þ. This simplifies to CðxÞ If we assume the girth to be about a non-
¼ 2:5x2 þ 108 0 108 square side of the box, then 2x þ 2h þ x ¼ 108
x . The derivative is C ðxÞ ¼ 5x ÿ x2 .
Setting this equal to 0, we obtain 5x ÿ 108 ¼ 0 or or 3x þ 2h ¼ 108. Solving for h, we obtain h ¼
x2
54 ÿ 1:5x. The volume is V ¼ x2 h ¼ x2 ð54 ÿ
5x ¼ 108
2 or 5x3 ¼ 108 and so, x3 ¼ 108
5 and 1:5xÞ ¼ 54x2 ÿ 1:5x3 and V 0 ¼ 108x ÿ 4:5x2 . Sol-
qxffiffiffiffiffiffi
x¼ 3 108 2 ving V 0 ¼ 0 gives x ¼ 24. Hence, the dimensions
5 2:785. The height is 36=x 4:641.
of the other box is 24 in. 24 in. 18 in.
The dimensions are 2:785 2:785 4:641 in ft.
23.5 RELATED RATES
1. As in example 24.19 we have variables t; r; S, and V and thus

with formulas S ¼ 4r 2 and V ¼ 43 r 3 : dS dt ¼
2 dr
dr
dt ¼ 24ÿh dh
r dt
8r dr dV dV
dt ; dt ¼ 4r dt ; and dt ¼ 20 L/min ¼ 20;000
cm3 /min; 20;000 ¼ 4r 2 dr dr 5;000 When h ¼ 8, then r 2 ¼ 242 ÿ ð24 ÿ 8Þ2 ¼ 242ffi ÿ
dt ) dt ¼ r2 . This yields 2 2
16pffiffiffi¼ 576 ÿ 256, so r ¼ 320 and r ¼ 320 ¼
dS
¼ 8r 5;000
r2 ¼
40;000
r . When r ¼ 300 cm, then
dt
40;000
8 5 ft. We were given dh
dt ¼ 2 ft/min . Substituting
dS 1
dt ¼ 300 ¼ 133 3 cm2 /min. we get
2. The variables are t; r; h; and V with h ¼ 2r; V ¼ dr 24 ÿ 8
1 2
¼ 13 r 2 ð2rÞ ¼ 23 r 3 : dV 2 dr dV ¼ pffiffiffi ð2Þ
3 r h dt ¼ 2r dt ; dt is dt 8 5
3
given as 10 ft /s and h is 4 ft. When h ¼ 4; r ¼ 2 ft. pffiffiffi
32 4 4 5
Substituting we get 10 ¼ 2ð2Þ2 dr dr 10
dt or dt ¼ 8 ¼ ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 1:789 ft=min
5
ft/s 0:40 ft/s. 8 5 5 5
4
3. In this problem we are not concerned about the 4. V ¼ r 2 h ¼ 10 m3 ¼ 10. Taking derivatives with
volume, only the radius and height. These are respect to time yields 2rh dr 2 dh
dt þ r dt ¼ 0 or
related by the equation ð24 ÿ hÞ2 þ r 2 ¼ 242 or 2h dr þ dh
¼ dr
2h dr
dt r dt 0. Solving for dt , we obtain dt ¼
ð242 ÿ 48h þ h2 Þ þ r 2 ¼ 242 or ÿ48h þ h2 ¼ ÿr 2.
Taking the derivatives with respect to time we get ÿr dh
dt , or
dr
dt ¼ ÿr dh 10
2h dt . When r ¼ 12 m, then h ¼ 122
ÿ48 dh dh dr
dt þ 2h dt ¼ ÿ2r dt
pffiffi
dr ÿ12 1 m3 3 dV 20 3 dh
0:02210485, so we get dt ¼ 2ð0:0221Þ ðÿ1Þ mm/h 25 L/min 1000 L ¼ 0:025 m /min; dt ¼ 3 h dt )
dh 3dV=dt dh
¼ 271:4 mm/h ¼ 0:2714 m/h. dt ¼ 20 3h . When h ¼ 0:175, we have dt ¼
pffiffi
p0:025 0:0124 m/min ¼ 12:4 mm/min.

5. Let x be the distance the helicopter flies after pass- ffi
20 3
ð0:175Þ
3
ing over you and y the distance from you to the 10. A ¼ 12 bh. Differentiating, with respect to t, we
helicopter. x and y are related by the equation have dA 1 dh 1 db
dt ¼ 2 b dt þ 2 h dt . Now, substituting the
x2 þ ð0:75Þ2 ¼ y2 . Taking derivatives with respect given information yields dA 1
dt ¼ 2 ð262:5 ðÿ4:00Þþ
dy dy
to time yields 2x dx
dt þ 0 ¼ 2y dt or dt ¼ xy dx
dt. After ð137:5Þ ð5:00ÞÞ ¼ ÿ181:25 cm2 /s.
1 minute, x ¼ 3 km and y ¼ 3:0923 km. Substituting 11. We start with the formulas V ¼ 43 r 3 and
yields dy 3
dt ¼ 3:0923 3 ¼ 2:9104 km/min ¼ 174:6 km/h. S ¼ 4r 2 . Differentiating V and setting it equal
2 dr 60 15
6. In this problem the width of the water is a constant to 60, we get dV dr
dt ¼ 4r dt ¼ 60 ) dt ¼ 4r 2 ¼ r2 .
dS dr
of 10 m but the length and depth vary. They are Now, differentiating S, we find dt ¼ 8r dt ¼
related by the equation ‘ ¼ 5h when 1 h 4. 8r 15
¼ 120
When r ¼ 8 dS
cm, dt ¼ 8120
¼
r2 r .
The volume of the pool is V ¼ 12 ‘wh, and so 2
V ¼ 12 ð5hÞ 10 h or V ¼ 25h2. Taking the deriva- 15 cm /s.
tive, we have dV dh
dt ¼ 50 h dt . Since we are given 12. LA ¼ 12 2r ‘ where ‘ is the slant height. Thus,
dV
¼ 50 L/min ¼ 50 L/min 1 m3
¼ 0:05 m3 /min, pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dt 1000 L ‘ ¼ r 2 þ h2 so the lateral area is LA ¼
substituting, we get 0:05 ¼ 50 2 dt ) dh
dh 0:05
dt ¼ 100 ¼
r r 2 þ h2 . From the given information, we see
0:0005 m/min.
that hr ¼ 2:43
4:27 )q ¼ 0:57h. Substituting, we get
r ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
7. Using the formula V ¼ 13 h2 ð3R ÿ hÞ with R ¼ 5
LA ¼ ð0:57hÞ ð0:57hÞ2 þ h2 ¼ ð0:57hÞ
we get
ð1:15hÞ; LA ¼ 0:656h2 . Differentiating and sub-
1 1
V ¼ h2 ð15 ÿ hÞ ¼ 5h2 ÿ h3 stituting the given values produces dLAdt ¼ 1:312
3 3 h dh 2
dV dh dt ¼ 1:312ðÞð4:27Þð0:425Þ ¼ 7:48 m /h.
2 dh dh
¼ 10h ÿ h ¼ ð10h ÿ h2 Þ 13. We have V ¼ 43 r 3 þ r 2 h and h ¼ 4r, so V ¼
dt dt dt dt
4 3
dh dV=dt 3 r þ 4r 3 ¼ 16 3
3 r . Differentiating, we obtain
¼ dV 2 dr 60 15
dt 10h ÿ h2 dt ¼ 16r dt ¼ 60 ) dr dt ¼ 16r2 ¼ 4r 2 : The for-
We are given dV
¼ 10 ft3 /min, so dh 10
¼ 10hÿh 2
mula for the surface area is S ¼ 4r 2 þ 2rh ¼
dt dt
10
¼ ð10hÿh 2 Þ. 4r 2 þ 2rð4rÞ ¼ 4r 2 þ 8r 2 ¼ 12r 2 . Differen-
24r15 90 90
tiating this, we get dS dr
dt ¼ 24r dt ¼ 4r 2 ¼ r ¼ 8
dh 10 10
(a) When h ¼ 2, we get dt ¼ ð102ÿ22 Þ ¼ ð20ÿ4Þ ¼ ¼ 11:25 cm /s.2
10 5
¼ 0:1989 ft/min
16 8 14. A ¼ r 2 ; dA
dt ¼ 2r dr
dt ¼ 2ð20Þð0:2Þ ¼ 8
dh 10 10
(b) When h ¼ 3, then dt ¼ ð30ÿ9Þ ¼ 21 2
25:13 mm /s.
0:1516 ft/min
dh 10 10 15. A ¼ s2 ; dA ds 2
dt ¼ 2s dt ¼ 2ð40Þ ð0:3Þ ¼ 24 mm /s.
(c) When h ¼ 4, we get dt ¼ ð40ÿ16Þ ¼ 24 ¼
5
0:1326 ft/min 16. As in example 24.21 PV 1:4 ¼ k, so k ¼ 60
12
1001:4 ¼ 37857: V 1:4 ¼ kPÿ1 ; 1:4V 0:4 dV
dt ¼
dh dV=dt dV
8. As in Exercise #7, dt ¼ ð10hÿh2 Þ, and since dt ¼
ÿkPÿ2 dP dV
¼
3 dh ÿ45 dt . Solving for dV=dt, we obtain dt
ÿ45 ft /min, we have dt ¼ ð10hÿh2 Þ. ÿ0:4
ð4Þð60Þÿ2
ÿ2
ÿkP dP
ÿ45 ÿ45 1:4V 0:4 dt ¼ ÿ 37857
1:4 ð100Þ ¼ ÿ4:76
(a) When h ¼ 4, we have dhdt ¼ ð40ÿ16Þ ¼ 24
2
cm /s.
ÿ0:5968 ft/min
(b) When h ¼ 2, then dh
¼ ÿ45
¼ ÿ45
17. Here PV 1:2 ¼ 400, so P ¼ 400V ÿ1:2 : dP
dt ¼
dt ð20ÿ4Þ 16
ÿ1:2ð400ÞV ÿ2:2 dV ÿ480 dV
dt ¼ V 2:2 dt . We are given that
ÿ0:8952 ft/min.
dP
dt ¼ 0:1P ¼ 0:1ð400V ÿ1:2 Þ ¼ 40V ÿ1:2 . Thus,
9. Let h be the height of the surface of the water. Since
40V ÿ1:2 ¼ ÿ480 dV
V 2:2 dt . Solving for dV=dt, we get
the trough is an equilateral triangle we know that the ÿ1:2 2:2
V
width of the surface
pffiffi and the height are related by the
dV
dt ¼ 40V ÿ480 ¼ ÿ0:0833V ¼ ÿ8:3% of the
equation w ¼ 2 33h. The volume of the trough is volume per hour.
pffiffi 2
V ¼ 12 wh 10 ¼ 10 33h and dV dt ¼ 25:0 L/min ¼
SECTION 23.5 429
18. The height of the ballon, h, and the distance from

Ax ¼ 14 cos 44 ¼ 10:07 Ay ¼ 14 sin 44 ¼ 9:73
the ballon to the observer, s, are related by the fol-
lowing equation s2 ¼ h2 þ 5002 . Taking the deri- Bx ¼ 2 cos 112 ¼ ÿ0:75 By ¼ 2 sin 112 ¼ 1:85
vative with respect to t, we get 2s ds dt ¼ 2h dt so
dh
Rx ¼ 9:32 Ry ¼ 11:58
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ds h dh
20002 þ 5002 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dt ¼ s dt . When h ¼ 2000, s ¼ Thus, jRj ¼ 9:322 þ 11:582 ¼ 14:86 mph.
2000
¼ 2061:6. Hence, ds ¼ 5 ¼ 4:85 ft/s.
dt 2061 (c) ¼ 51:2 north of east or 38:8 east of north.
19. Let a ¼ altitude of the rocket and s be the distance
24. (a) The first car’s position t hours after the second
from the radar station to the rocket. Then a2 þ
car leaves is y ¼ 40 þ 80t. The second car’s posi-
2:4302 ¼ s2 . Taking the derivatives, we obtain tion is x ¼ ÿ100t. The distance between them is
da ds da s ds s2 ¼ x 2 þ y 2 .
¼ 2s )
2a ¼
dt dt dt a dt ds dx dy ds xx0 þ yy0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2s ¼ 2x þ 2y or ¼
When a ¼ 3:750; s ¼ 3:7502 þ 2:4302 4:468, dt dt dt dt s
4:468
and so da
dt ¼ 3:750 ð325:0 m/sÞ ¼ 387:2 m/s or When t ¼ 1, then x ¼ ÿ100 and y ¼ 120. We are
1394 km/hr.
given x0 ¼ ÿ100 and y0 ¼ 80. Thus, s ¼
20. PV ¼ k so k ¼ 20 50 ¼ 1000 in./lb; V ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðÿ100Þðÿ100Þþ12080
1002 þ 1202 ¼ 156:2; ds dt ¼ ¼
kPÿ1 ; dV
dt ¼ ÿkP
ÿ2 dP ÿk dP ÿ1000
dt ¼ P2 dt ¼ 202 ð1:5Þ ¼
156:2
19600
ÿ3:75 ft3 /min. 156:2 ¼ 125:5 km/h.
(a) The derivative of v 2 ¼ 1200 ÿ 36:0s is 2v dv (b) When t ¼ 2; x ¼ ÿ200; x0 ¼ ÿ100; y ¼
21. dt ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
ÿ36:0 ds
dt . Now, dv
dt ¼ a and ds
dt ¼ v, so we get 200; y0 ¼ 80; s ¼ 2002 þ 2002 ¼ 200 2 ¼
2va ¼ ÿ36:0v or a ¼ ÿ18:0 m/s2 . ðÿ200Þðÿ100Þ þ ð200Þð80Þ
ds
(b) The acceleration is constant so when s ¼ 282:8, and so, dt ¼
282:8
2:45 m, then a is ÿ18:0 m/s2 .
¼ 127:3 km/h.
22. Differentiating h2 þ x2 ¼ 102 we obtain 2h dh dt þ
2x dx dh ÿx dx ÿx 25. (a) Let x be the distance from the person to the
dt ¼ 0 and so dt ¼ h dt ¼ h ð0:5 m/s).
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi base of the light and y be the distance from the
(a) When x ¼ 2; h ¼ 100 ÿ 22 ¼ 96 and dh dt ¼ light to the top of the shadow. Then we have simi-
y
pÿ2
ffiffiffiffi ð0:5Þ ¼ ÿ0:1021 m/s. lar triangles so 20 ¼ yÿx
6 . Simplifying: 6y ¼
96 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
(b) When x ¼ 3; h ¼ 100 ÿ 9 ¼ 91, and dh 20y ÿ 20x or ÿ14y ¼ ÿ20x or y ¼ 10 7 x, we get
dt ¼ dy
pÿ3
ffiffiffiffi ð0:5Þ ¼ ÿ0:1572 m/s. dt ¼ 10 10 50
7 dx=dt ¼ 7 ð5Þ ¼ 7 7:143 ft/s.
91 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 50
(c) When x ¼ 4; h ¼ 100 ÿ 16 ¼ 84, and dh (b) Same as (a) ¼ 7:143 ft/s.
dt ¼
7
ÿ4
pffiffiffiffi ð0:5Þ ¼ ÿ0:2182 m/s. (c) Same as (a) 7:143 ft/s.
84 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
(d) When x ¼ 6; h ¼ 100 ÿ 36 ¼ 64 ¼ 8, and 26. Let s be the distance from the truck to the pulley, x
dh ÿ6 the horizontal distance, and y the height of the
dt 8 ð0:5Þ ¼ ÿ0:375 m/s.
weight above the ground. Then, s2 ¼ x2 þ 182
23. (a) We let A be at the origin and B at ð8; 0Þ. The and ð20 ÿ yÞ þ s ¼ 50, so s ¼ 50 ÿ 20 þ y ¼ 30
location of the ship at 8 mi from A means that the þ y and s0 ¼ y0 , which means that 2ss0 ¼ 2xx0 and
ship is on the circle x2 þ y2 ¼ 64; and the fact that so, s0 ¼ xs x0 . When the weight is 10 ft above the
the ship is 6 mi from B means that it is on the circle ground,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffithen
ffi s ¼ 30 þ 10 ¼ 40 and x ¼
ðx ÿ 8Þ2 þ y2 ¼ 36. Solving the first equation for 402 ÿ 182 ¼ 35:721, so s0 ¼ 35:721 40 ð8Þ ¼ 7:144
y2 ¼ 64 ÿ x2 and substituting into the second gives ft/s. y0 ¼ s0 ¼ 7:144 ft/s.
ðx ÿ 8Þ2 þ ð64 ÿ x2 Þ ¼ 36 or x2 ÿ 16x þ 64 þ 64
27. Here R ¼ 6 þ 0:008T 2 , so dR
¼ 0:016T dt
dt ¼ 0:016
ÿx2 ¼p36, or ÿ16x ffi ¼ ÿ92, or x ¼ 5:75 and so,
dt
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð40Þð0:01Þ ¼ 0:0064
/s.
y ¼ 64 ÿ 5:752 ¼ 5:56. The ship is 5.75 mi
east of A and 5.56 mi north or south of A. 28. The first car’s position is x ¼ 80t and the second is
(b) Using the same setup as (a), the velocity vector y ¼ 40t. The distance between the two cars 0
is
0
from A has magnitude 14 and direction tanÿ1 5:56 d2 ¼ x2 þ y2 so 2dd 0 ¼ 2xx0 þ 2yy0 or d0 ¼ xx þyy
ÿ
5:75 d
(a) After 3 min or 0.05 h, x ¼ 30ð0:05Þ ¼ 1:5 mi;
¼ 44:0 . The velocity ÿvector from B has magnitude
2 and direction tanÿ1 5:56 x0 ¼ 30; y ¼ 40ð0:05Þ ¼ 2 mi and d ¼

2:25 ¼ 112:0 . Using com- pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ponent vectors to add gives 1:52 þ 22 ¼ 2:5; d 0 ¼ 1:5ð30Þþ2ð40Þ ¼ 50 mph.
2:5
(b) After 6 min or 0.10 h, x ¼ 3 mi; x0 ¼ 30; y ¼ 39. Substituting the given values of R ¼ 7:5
into
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi RX 7:5X
Z ¼ RþX we obtain Z ¼ 7:5þX . Differentiating pro-
4 mi; y0 ¼ 40; d ¼ 32 þ 42 ¼ 5; d0 ¼ 3ð30Þþ4ð40Þ
5 ¼
¼ ð7:5þXÞ7:5ÿ7:5X
2
dZ dX 7:5 dX
50 mph.
duces dt ð7:5þXÞ2 dt ¼ ð7:5þX Þ2 dt . Evaluat-
dX
RX 3X ing this when X ¼ 4:0
and ¼ ÿ2:5
/s, we
29. Z ¼ RþX . If R is constant 3 then Z ¼ 3þX and dt
2
dZ 7:5
0 0 obtain ¼ ð7:5þ4:0 ðÿ2:5Þ ¼ ÿ1:06
/s.
Z 0 ¼ ð3þXÞ3X ÿ3XðX Þ 0 9ð1:45Þ
ð3þXÞ2
9X
¼ ð3þXÞ2, or Z 0 ¼ ð3þ1:05Þ 2 ¼
dt Þ2
0:80
/min. 40. Differentiating the formula for the area of a circle
A ¼ r 2 with respect to t, we obtain dA dr
dt ¼ 2r dt .
30. Z 2 ¼ R2 þ X 2 ¼ R2 þ 122 , and differentiating Evaluating this derivative at the given data pro-
gives 2ZZ 0 ¼ 2RR0 or Z 0 ¼ RZ R0. When R ¼ 6 and duces dA 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi dt ¼ 2ð225Þð0:9Þ ¼ 405 m /s 1272:3
X ¼ 12; Z ¼ 62 þ 122 ¼ 6 5 so Z 0 ¼ 6p6 ffiffi5 ð3Þ ¼ m2 /s.
pffiffi
3 5 2
5 1:3416
/s.
7:5
41. As in Exercise 39, dZ dX dX
dt ¼ ð7:5þX Þ2 dt , so dt ¼
ÿR01 ÿR02 ÿ0:5
31. R ¼ R11 þ R12 ¼ Rÿ1 ÿ1 0
1 þ R2 ; R ¼ þ ¼ 42 þ dZ
7:52 dX
7:52
dt ð7:5þX Þ2 . Substituting, we get dt ¼ 2:0 ð7:5þ3:5Þ2
R21 R22
ÿ0:4
52 ¼ ÿ0:04725
/s. Thus, R is decreasing at the
¼ 4:30
/s.
rate of 0:04725
/s.
42. The oil slick is in the shape of a right circular
32. P ¼ RI 2 ¼ 80:00I 2 , so P0 ¼ 160:00II 0 ¼ 160:00 cylinder on top of a circular cone. The height of
ð2:5Þð0:24Þ ¼ 96:00 W/s.
the cylinder is 0:5 cm and its radius is r. The
33. R ¼ 35:0 þ 0:0174T 2 , so R0 ¼ 0:0348TT 0 , and cone has radius r and height 4:5 cm. The volume
after substituting the given values, we have R0 ¼ of the oil slick at time t, in min, is V ¼
0:0348ð47:0Þ ðÿ1:25Þ ¼ ÿ2:04
/min. r 2 h þ 13 r 2 h ¼ r 2 ð0:5Þ þ 13 r 2 ð4:5Þ ¼ 2r 2 .
ÿ T 1=2
34. v ¼ 331 273 and C þ 273 ¼ K so C0 ¼ K 0 . Thus, dV
dt ¼ 4r dr
dt and so,
dr
dt ¼ dV 1
dt 4r. We are given
When C ¼ ÿ30 , we have K ¼ 243 : C 0 ¼ ÿ5:8 dV
dt ¼ 5 000 L/min ¼ 5 000 000 cm3 /min. After 4 h,
ÿ ÿ T ÿ1=2 0 1 ÿ331ÿ2731=2
¼ K 0 ¼ T 0 ; v 0 ¼ 12 331 T ¼ 2 273 243 the volume of the spill is V ¼ 5 000 L/min
273 273
60q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 q
min/h ¼ 1200000 L. At this time
h ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðÿ5:8Þ ¼ ÿ3:727 m/s.
1 200 000 600 000
r¼ 2 ¼ cm. Substituting, we
pffiffiffiffi

35. (a) f ¼ fs v Lvÿv
L
; fs ¼ 200; v L ¼ 343; v s ¼ 29; f ¼ dr p1600 1250pffiffi15
ÿ 343 s obtain dt ¼ 5 000 000 ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3
200 343ÿ29 ¼ 218:47 Hz. 4 000
910:5 cm/min.
(b) Here fs and vL are constants. We want to find f 0
and, in this case, we will write f as f ¼ 43. Since the cross-section of the pipe is circular its
fs v L ðv L ÿ v s Þÿ1 . Here v s is the only variable, so area is given by A ¼ r 2 and so, dA dr
dt ¼ 2r dt . Eval-
f 0 ¼ fs v L ðv L ÿ v s Þÿ2 ¼ ðv fÿv
s vL
Þ2
. Substituting the uating this derivative at the given data produces
dA 2
dt ¼ 2ð0:5Þðÿ0:1Þ ¼ ÿ0:1 in. /yr. Thus, the
L s
200ð343Þ
given values, we obtain f 0 ¼ ð343ÿ29Þ 2 20:17 Hz/s. cross-sectional area of the pipe’s opening is
36. (a) Substituting k ¼ 475 in V ¼ kðR2 ÿ r 2 Þ pro- decreasing at the rate of 0:1 in.2 /yr 0:314
duces V ¼ 475ðR2 ÿ r 2 Þ ¼ 475R2 ÿ 475r 2 . Then, in.2 /yr.
dV dR dR
dt ¼ 2 475R dt ¼ 950R dt . 44. The formula for the volume ÿ of the frustum pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiof a
dV square pyramid is V ¼ 13 h B1 þ B2 þ B1 B2 . In
(b) ¼ 950ð0:015Þðÿ0:001Þ 2
dt this problem,
ÿ 1
2B1 ¼ 3 ¼ 9, h is changing and
¼ ÿ0:01425 mm=min B2 ¼ 3 ÿ 2 h . Hence, we obtain V ¼

1
ÿ 1
2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 1
2
37. Substituting k ¼ 637:5 in V ¼ kðR2 ÿ r 2 Þ pro- 3 h 9 þ 3 ÿ 2 h þ 9 3 ÿ 2 h ¼
duces V ¼ 637:5ðR2 ÿ r 2 Þ ¼ 637:5R2 ÿ 637:5r 2 . 1
ÿ 1 2 3

Then, dV dR dR 3 h 9 þ 9 ÿ 3h þ 4 h þ 9 ÿ 2 h ¼
dt ¼ 2 637:5R dt ¼ 1275R dt . Evaluating
this derivative using the given data we have 1
ÿ 9 1 2

¼ 9h ÿ 32 h2 þ 12 1 3
dV 3 h 27 ÿ 2 h þ 4 h h . Differen-
dt ¼ 1275ð0:0250Þð0:002Þ ¼ 0:06375 mm/min.
h2 dh
tiating, we obtain dV dt ¼ 9 ÿ 3h þ 4 dt . Subs-
38. Differentiating C ¼ 0:1ðT ÿ 47Þ2 þ95, produces
dC
¼ 0:2ðT ÿ 47Þ dT ÿtituting the given information produces 0:01 ¼
dt dt . Evaluating this using the
given data we obtain dC dT 9 ÿ 3 þ 14 dh 25 dh
dt ¼ 4 dt . Hence,
dh 0:01 0:01
dt ¼ 25=4 ¼ 6:25 ¼
dt ¼ 0:2ðT ÿ 47Þ dt ¼
0:2ð51 ÿ 47Þð7Þ ¼ 5:6 crimes/mo. 0:0016 m/s.
SECTION 23.6 431
23.6 NEWTON’S METHOD
1. x2 ÿ 7x þ 5 ¼ 0 P0 ðxÞ ¼ 2x ÿ 7
iÞ
xi Pðxi Þ P0 ðxi Þ xiþ1 ¼ xi ÿ PPðx
0 ðx Þ
i
Pðxiþ1 Þ
1 0 5 ÿ7 0:7143 0:5102
2 0:7143 0:5102 ÿ5:5714 0:8059 0:0083
3 0:8059 0:0083 ÿ5:3883 0:8074 ÿ0:0001
x 0:8074
iÞ
xi Pðxi Þ P0 ðxi Þ xiþ1 ¼ xi ÿ PPðx
0 ðx Þ
i
Pðxiþ1 Þ
1 6 ÿ1 5 6:2000 0:0400
2 6:2000 0:0400 5:4000 6:1926 0:00006
3 6:1926 0:00006 5:3851 6:1926 ÿ0:0001
x 6:1926
2. x3 þ 5x ÿ 8 ¼ 0; PðxÞ ¼ x3 þ 5x ÿ 8; P0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 þ 5. There is a solution near 1. Using Newton’s method, we
obtain the following results:
Pðxi Þ
i xi Pðxi Þ P0 ðxi Þ xiþ1 ¼ xi ÿ Pðxiþ1 Þ
P0 ðxi Þ
1 1 ÿ2 8 1:25 0:2031
2 1:25 0:2031 9:6875 1:2290 0:0013
3 1:229 0:0013 9:5313 1:2289 0:0004
4 1:2289 0:0004 9:5306 1:22885 ÿ0:000002
Hence, x 1:2289
3. x3 ÿ 4x þ 2 ¼ 0; PðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ 4x þ 2; P0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 4. There are three solutions; one each near ÿ2; 0.5, and 1.5.
Newton’s method produces the following results for each solution.
Pðxi Þ
i xi Pðxi Þ P0 ðxi Þ xiþ1 ¼ xi ÿ 0 Pðxiþ1 Þ
P ðxi Þ
1 ÿ2 2 8 ÿ2:25 ÿ0:3906
2 ÿ2:25 ÿ0:3906 11:1875 ÿ2:2151 ÿ0:0084
3 ÿ2:2151 ÿ0:0084 10:7200 ÿ2:2143 2:11 10ÿ4
Hence, one solution is x ÿ2:2143.
Pðxi Þ
P0 ðxi Þ
1 0:5 0:125 ÿ3:25 0:5385 0:0022
2 0:5385 0:0022 ÿ3:1301 0:5392 ÿ3:48 10ÿ5
Another solution is x 0:5392.
Pðxi Þ
P0 ðxi Þ
1 1:5 ÿ0:625 2:75 1:7273 0:2443
2 1:7273 :2443 4:9507 1:6780 0:0127
3 1:6780 0:127 4:4471 1:6751 ÿ1:36 10ÿ4
And the final solution is x 1:6751.
4. Let x4 ÿ x ÿ 4 ¼ PðxÞ, so P0 ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 1. Solutions are near ÿ1:2 and 1:4. Newton’s method produces the fol-
lowing results for each solution.
Pðxi Þ
P0 ðxi Þ
1 ÿ1:2 ÿ0:7264 ÿ7:912 ÿ1:2918 0:0766
2 ÿ1:2918 0:0766 ÿ9:6228 ÿ1:2838 1:74 10ÿ4
Hence, one solution is x ÿ1:2838.

Pðxi Þ
P0 ðxi Þ
1 1:4 ÿ1:5584 9:9760 1:5562 0:3088
2 1:5562 0:3088 14:0750 1:5343 0:0074
3 1:5343 0:0074 13:4474 1:5337 ÿ6:9 10ÿ4
And the other solution is x 1:5337.
5. PðxÞ ¼ x4 ÿ 2x3 ÿ 3x þ 2 and P0 ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 6x2 ÿ 3. Solutions are near 0.6 and 2.3. Newton’s method produces
the following results for each solution.
Pðxi Þ
P0 ðxi Þ
1 0:6 ÿ0:1024 ÿ4:2960 0:5762 ÿ9:76 10ÿ4
2 0:5762 ÿ9:76 10ÿ4 ÿ4:2268 0:5760 ÿ1:3 10ÿ4
Hence, one solution is x 0:5760.
Pðxi Þ
P0 ðxi Þ
1 2:3 ÿ1:2499 13:9280 2:3897 0:1490
2 2:3897 0:1490 17:3231 2:3811 0:0015
3 2:3811 0:0015 16:9821 2:3810 ÿ1:6 10ÿ4
And the other solution is x 2:3810.
6. x4 ¼ 125 ) x4 ÿ 125 ¼ 0 so let PðxÞ ¼ x4 ÿ 125, (b) Substituting 10 000 for V and 2 400 for A, we
and then P0 ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 . Since PðxÞ is an even func- get
tion, solutions will be in positive and negative pairs.
One solution is near 3.3. Newton’s method will 2ð10000Þ þ r 3 ÿ ð2400Þr ¼ 0
show that x ÿ3:3437 and 3.3437. r 3 ÿ 2400r þ 20000 ¼ 0:
7. x3 ¼ 91 ) x3 ÿ 91 ¼ 0; PðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ 91; P0 ðxÞ ¼ Using Newton’s method we obtain solution at r1 ¼

3x2 . A solution is near 4.5. Using Newton’s method, 9:4315 cm, r2 ¼ 21:6893 cm
you can show that x 4:4979.
10. In this problem, we need to determine a formula
8. x5 ¼ 111 ) x5 ÿ 111 ¼ 0 so PðxÞ ¼ x5 ÿ 111 and for the cross-sectional area of the trough. The
P0 ðxÞ ¼ 5x4 . A solution is near 2.5. Using Newton’s area of the sector is A ¼ 12 r 2 . Since the arc length
method, you can show that x 2:5649. is a constant 0.7 m and S ¼ r, we ÿ get r ¼0:245
0:7=.
Hence, the area of the sector is 12 0:7 ¼ .
9. (a) The volume is given by V ¼ r 2 h and the total 2
The area of the trough is the sector less the

surface area is A ¼ 2rh þ r 2 . Then 2V ¼ 2r 2 h
triangle. The height of the triangle is r cos 2 and
and so, 2V ÿ 2r 2 h ¼ 0:
the base is 2r sin 2. Hence, its area is 12 r cos 2 2r
From the area formula, we see that A ÿ r 2 ¼ 2rh
sin 2 ¼ 12 r 2 2 sin 2 cos 2 ¼ 12 r 2 sin .
ÿ
and so, Ar ÿ r 3 ¼ 2r 2 h. Substituting this for
2r 2 h in the displayed equation produces the Substituting again for r, the area of the trian-
ÿ 2
desired result gle is 12 0:7 sin ¼ 0:2452 sin . The area ÿof the
trough is 0:245 ÿ 0:245
sin . The volume is 20 0:245 ÿ
2V ÿ ðAr ÿ r 3 Þ ¼ 2V ÿ Ar þ r 3 ¼ 0 0:245
ÿ12 sin 1 sin
2 sin Þ ¼ 4:9 ÿ 2 ¼ 0:85. Thus, ÿ 2
2V þ r 3 ÿ Ar ¼ 0: 2
0:173469. Multiplying by we get ÿ sin ÿ
sin ÿ 0:1734692 ¼ 0. By Newton’s method,
¼ 1:1066 rad 63:40 .
23.7 DIFFERENTIALS
1. dy ¼ f 0 ðxÞdx ¼ ð4x3 ÿ 2xÞdx 4. dy ¼ 3ðx2 ÿ 4Þ2 ð2xÞdx ¼ 6xðx2 ÿ 4Þ2 dx

2. dy ¼ g0 ðxÞdx ¼ ð6x þ 2Þdx 5. dy ¼ 13 ð4 ÿ 2xÞÿ2=3 ðÿ2Þdx ¼ ÿ2
3 ð4 ÿ 2xÞ
ÿ2=3
dx
3. dy ¼ ð15x2 ÿ 2x þ 1Þdx 6. dy ¼ ðxÿ4Þÿx
ðxÿ4Þ2
ÿ4
dx ¼ ðxÿ4Þ 2 dx or ÿ4ðx ÿ 4Þ
ÿ2
dx
SECTION 23.7 433
7. y ¼ ðð3:2Þ2 ÿ 3:2Þ ÿ ð32 ÿ 3Þ ¼ 7:04 ÿ 6 ¼ 22. Here R ¼ 250r ÿ2 and drr ¼ 0:4%.
1:04; dy ¼ ð2x ÿ 1Þdx ¼ 5ð0:2Þ ¼ 1:0 (a) dR ¼ ÿ500r ÿ3 dr ¼ ÿ500 dr ÿ500
r2 r ¼ r2
8. y ¼ f ð2:1Þ ÿ f ð2Þ ¼ 11:361 ÿ 10 ¼ 1:361; dy ¼ ð0:4%Þ ¼ 200%

r2 ¼ r22
22
f 0 ð2Þdx ¼ 13ð0:1Þ ¼ 1:3 (b) dR
¼ r
250
2
¼ 250 ¼ 0:008 ¼ 0:8%.
R
r2
9. y ¼ f ð5:15Þ ÿ f ð5Þ ¼ 59:9675 ÿ 56 ¼ 3:9675; 23. V ¼ IR; 30 ¼ IR; I ¼ 30Rÿ1 ; dI ¼ ÿ30Rÿ2 dR
dy ¼ f 0 ð5Þð0:15Þ ¼ 26ð0:15Þ ¼ 3:9 ¼ ÿ30ð10Þÿ2 ð0:1Þ ¼ ÿ0:03 A
10. y ¼ gð4:2Þ ÿ gð4:1Þ ¼ 311:1696 ÿ 282:5761 ¼ 24. 20Rv
R ¼ 20þR ; dR ¼ ð20þRv Þ20ðdRv Þÿ20Rv ðdRv Þ
¼
ð20þR Þ2
28:5935; dy ¼ g0 ð4:1Þ0:1Þ ¼ 27:5684 400dRv
v
400ð0:1Þ
v
40
ð20þRv Þ2
¼ ð20þ10Þ 2 ¼ 900 ¼ 0:0444
.
11. y ¼ hð3:2Þÿhð3Þ ¼ 0:0305175781ÿ0:037037037
¼ ÿ0:00651946; dy ¼ h0 ð3Þð0:2Þ ¼ 25. R ¼ 35:0 þ 0:0174T 2 ; dR ¼ 0:0348T dT ¼
ÿ0:037037037ð0:2Þ ¼ ÿ0:00740741 0:0348ð125Þð0:5Þ ¼ 2:175
.
12. y ¼ jð0:6Þ ÿ jð0:5Þ ¼ 0:375 ÿ 0:333333 ¼ 26. Since 1 dm3 ¼ 1 L, we will convert all units to
0:0416667; dy ¼ j0 ð0:5Þð0:1Þ ¼ 0:444444ð0:1Þ ¼ decimeters. Here V ¼ 43 r 3 , and so, dV ¼ 4r 2 dr.
0:0444444 Since 20 m ¼ 200 dm and 0:5 mm ¼ 0:005 dm,
we have dV ¼ 4ð200Þ2 ð0:005Þ 2531 dm3 ¼
13. (a) V ¼ 13 r 2 h ¼ 13 ð2Þ2 4 ¼ 16
3 ¼ 16:755 m
3
2513 L.
2 2 0:16
(b) dV ¼ 3 rhdr ¼ 3 ð 2 4Þð0:01Þ ¼ 3 ¼
16
300 0:16755 m
3 27. S ¼ 4r 2 ; dS 8rdr dr
S ¼ 4r2 ¼ 2 r ¼ 2ð0:5%Þ ¼ 1:0%
16
1 1
(c) Relative error ¼ dV V ¼ 163 ¼ 100 ; 100 ¼ 0:01 ¼
300
(a) V ¼ 4 3 4 3
¼ 2144:7 mm3 , mass
28. 3 r ¼ 3 ð8Þ
1%.
¼ ð2144:7Þð0:00794Þ g ¼ 17:03 g,
14. (a) A ¼ r 2 ; dA ¼ 2rdr ¼ 2ð200Þð1:5Þ ¼
(b) dV ¼ 4r 2 dr ¼ 4 82 ð:005 8Þ ¼ 32:17,
600 mm2
1:5 so the mass is 32:17ð0:00794 ¼ 0:255 g. (Note:
(b) drr ¼ 200 ¼ 0:0075 ¼ 0:75% dr
dA 600 6 r ¼ 0:5% ¼ 0:005 so dr ¼ 0:005r ¼ 0:005 8.)
(c) A ¼ ð200Þ 2 ¼ 400 ¼ 0:015 ¼ 1:5%
29. A ball bearing is spherical and its volume is given
15. (a) A ¼ s2 ; dA ¼ 2s ds ¼ 2ð24Þð0:02Þ ¼ 0:96 in2 by V ¼ 43 r 3. Differentiating produces dV
dr ¼ 4r
2
2
dA
¼ 0:96 or dV ¼ 4r dr. Substituting the given values
(b) A 242 ¼ 0:00167 ¼ 0:167%
yields dV ¼ 4ð0:6Þ2 ð0:015Þ ¼ 0:0678 or
16. V ¼ s3 ; dV ¼ 3s2 ds ¼ 3ð1:452Þ2 ð0:0005Þ ¼ 0:07 mm3 .
0:00316 m3 ¼ 3162 cm3 (Note: 0:5 mm ¼ 0:0005 m 5x 0 dC
and 1 m3 ¼ ð100 cmÞ3 Þ. 30. Differentiating CðxÞ ¼ 9þx 2 we get C ðxÞ ¼ dx ¼
ð9þx2 Þ5ÿ5xð2xÞ 2
ÿ10x2
45ÿ5x2
17. S ¼ 2r 2 ; dS ¼ 4r dr ¼ 4ð100Þð0:01Þ ¼ 4 m2 . ð9þx2 Þ2
¼ 45þ5x
ð9þx2 Þ2
. Thus, dC ¼ ð9þx2 Þ2
dx.
(Note: 10 mm ¼ 0:01 m.)
(a) Evaluating dC when x ¼ 1 and dx ¼ 1:5ÿ
dS 4rdr 2dr
18. S ¼ 2r 2 ¼ r ¼ 0:01% ¼ 0:0001; dr ¼ 1:0 ¼ 0:5 produces
0:0001r
¼ 0:01
2 ¼ 0:005 m ¼ 5 mm.
!
45 ÿ 5ð1Þ2

2 40
dC ¼ ð0:5Þ ¼ ð0:5Þ ¼ 0:2
19. (a) The volume of a sphere is V ¼ 43 r 3 . Since ð9 þ ð1Þ2 Þ2 100
we are given d ¼ 12:4 m, we see that r ¼ 6:2 m,
and V ¼ 43 ð6:2Þ3 317:8. Taking the derivative Thus, the concentration of this drug in the blood-
of the formula for the volume, we obtain stream increases 0:2 during the period from 1 h
dV ¼ 4r 2 dr ¼ 4ð6:2Þ2 ð0:05Þ ¼ 7:69 m3 to 1:5 h after being administered.
24:2 m3 (b) Evaluating dC when x ¼ 2 and dx ¼ 2:25ÿ
dV 7:69 2:0 ¼ 0:25 produces
(b) V ¼ 317:8 ¼ 0:024 ¼ 2:4%.
!
45 ÿ 5ð2Þ2

20. (a) dV ¼ 4r 2 dr ¼ 4ð6:20Þ2 ð0:005Þ ¼ 0:7688 25
dC ¼ ð0:25Þ ¼ ð0:25Þ
2:42 m3 ð9 þ ð2Þ2 Þ2 169
0:7688
(b) dV
V ¼ 317:8 ¼ 0:00242 ¼ 0:242%. 0:037
21. R ¼ T 4 , so dR ¼ 4T 3 dT and dT
T ¼ 0:02; dR
R ¼
4T 3 dT dT Thus, during the 15 min period from 2 h to 2:25 h
T 4 ¼ 4 T ¼ 4ð0:02Þ ¼ 0:08. after being administered, the concentration of this
drug in the bloodstream increases 0:04.
(c) Evaluating dC when x ¼ 3 and dx ¼ 3:25ÿ Substituting r ¼ 20:0 and dr ¼ 21:5 ÿ 20:0 ¼ 1:5
3:0 ¼ 0:25 produces yields dV ¼ 4ð20:0Þ2 ð1:5Þ ¼ 2400 7539:8.
! The volume of the weather balloon increases by
45 ÿ 5ð3Þ2

0 2;400 7540 in.3 as the radius changes from
dC ¼ 2 2
ð0:25Þ ¼ ð0:25Þ ¼ 0
ð9 þ ð3Þ Þ 324 20:0 in. to 21:5 in.
Thus, during the 15 min period from 3 h to 3:25 h 35. The volume of a right circular cylinder is given by
after being administered, the concentration of this V ¼ r 2 h. Differentiating with respect to r pro-
drug in the bloodstream does not increase. duces dV
dr ¼ 2rh or dV ¼ 2rh dr. We are given
h ¼ 3:2, r ¼ 12 ð30:0Þ ¼ 15:0, and dr ¼ 0:2. Substi-
31. The volume of a sphere is given by V ¼ 43 r 3. Dif- tuting these values produces dV ¼ 2ð15:0Þð3:2Þ
ferentiating produces dV 2
dr ¼ 4r or dV ¼ 4r dr.
2
ð0:2Þ ¼ 19:2 60:3 cm3 .
Substituting the given values yields dV ¼
4ð15Þ2 ð0:5Þ ¼ 450 1414 mm3 . 36. Since we are differentiating with respect to T,
we can treat L and as constants. Thus, qffiffiffiwe
2
32. The area of a circle is A ¼ r and so dA ¼ 2r dr. rewrite the formula for f as f ¼ 2L1 T
can ¼
Here dr ¼ 2:3 ÿ 2:1 ¼ 0:2 km. Using r ¼ 2:1 km 1
1=2
produces dA ¼ 2ð2:1Þð0:2Þ ¼ 0:84 2:639 km2 . 2L
T
¼ 2L1pffiffi T 1=2 . Differentiating f with res-
pect to T produces df ¼ 12 2L1pffiffi T ÿ1=2 dT ¼
ÿ
33. Here dR ¼ ð0:04n þ 0:00045n2 Þdn. Using n ¼ 500
1pffiffi ÿ1=2
and dn ¼ 1 produces dR ¼ ð0:04ð500Þ þ 0:00045 4L T dT. The change in the tension is dT ¼
ð500Þ2 Þð1Þ ¼ 132:5. Revenue will increase by 1% ¼ 0:01 620 ¼ 6:2. Substituting this value
$132:50 from the sale of one more computer for dT along with L ¼ 1:15 m, ¼ 0:0036 kg/m,
when 500 have been sold. 1 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
and T ¼ 620 N, we get df ¼ 4ð1:15Þp 0:0036
34. The volume of a sphere is given by V ¼ 43 r 3. Dif- ð620Þÿ1=2 6:2 0:902. The change in frequency
2 2
ferentiating produces dV
dr ¼ 4r or dV ¼ 4r dr.
is about 0.902 Hz.
23.8 ANTIDERIVATIVES
1. f ðxÞ ¼ 7; FðxÞ ¼ 7x þ C 10. jðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ xÿ1=3 ÿ 4xÿ2 ; JðxÞ ¼ 3 13 x3 ÿ

1 ÿ1
2. gðxÞ ¼ 4x; GðxÞ ¼ 4 12 x2 þ C ¼ 2x2 þ C
1 2=3
2=3 x ÿ 4 ÿ1 x þ C ¼ x3 ÿ 32 x2=3 þ 4xÿ1 þ C
kðxÞ ¼ 2xÿ1:4 þ 3:5xÿ6 þ 1:2xÿ1:3 ; KðxÞ ¼ 2
ÿ
3. hðxÞ ¼ 2 ÿ 3x2 ; HðxÞ ¼ 2x ÿ 3 13 x3 þ C ¼ 11.
3
2x ÿ x þ C 1 ÿ:4
þ 1 ÿ5
3:5 ÿ5 1
x þ 1:2 ÿ0:3 xÿ:3 þ C ¼
ÿ:4 x
2 1 3 1 2 ÿ0:4
4. jðxÞ ¼ x ÿ 3x þ 5; JðxÞ ¼ 3x ÿ3 2x þ 5x þ C ¼ ÿ5x ÿ 0:7xÿ5 ÿ 4xÿ0:3 þ C
1 3
3x ÿ 32 x2 þ 5x þ C
12. mðxÞ ¼ 2xÿ1=2 þ 3x5=2 ; MðxÞ ¼ 2 1=2
1 1=2
x þ 3
5. kðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 3x2 þ 2x þ 9; KðxÞ ¼ 4 14 x4 ÿ 3 13 x3 þ 1 7=2
7=2 x þ C ¼ 4x1=2 þ 67 x7=2 þ C
2 12 x2 þ 9x þ C ¼ x4 ÿ x3 þ x2 þ 9x þ C
13. sðtÞ ¼ t2 þ 2t; SðtÞ ¼ 13 t3 þ t2 þ C
6. mðxÞ ¼ 45 x3 ÿ 6x2 ; MðxÞ ¼ 45 14 x4 ÿ 6 13 x3 þ C ¼
1 4
14. aðtÞ ¼ 23 t ÿ 34 t2 þ t3=2 ; AðtÞ ¼ vðtÞ ¼ 23 12 t2 ÿ 34
5x ÿ 2x3 þ C 1 3 1 5=2
3t þ 5=2 t ¼ 13 t2 ÿ 14 t3 þ 25 t5=2 þ C
7. 1 ÿ3
f ðxÞ ¼ xÿ4 þ 2xÿ3 ÿ xÿ2 þ 5; FðxÞ ¼ ÿ3 x þ 2
1 ÿ2 1 ÿ1
15. vðtÞ ¼ 42t ÿ 5; VðtÞ ¼ 42 2 2
2 t ÿ 5t þ C ¼ 21t ÿ
ÿ2 x ÿ ÿ1 x þ 5x þ C ¼ ÿ1
3 x
ÿ3
ÿ xÿ2 þ xÿ1 þ 5t þ C
5x þ C
16. pðvÞ ¼ 13 v 3 ÿ 3v ÿ4 ; PðvÞ ¼ 13 14 v 4 ÿ 3 ÿ3
1 ÿ3
v þ
8. gðxÞ ¼ x13 þ 2 ¼ xÿ3 þ 2; GðxÞ ¼ ÿ2
1 ÿ2
x þ 2xþ 1 4
C ¼ 12 v þ v ÿ3 þ C
C¼ ÿ 12 xÿ2
þ 2x þ C
17. aðtÞ ¼ ÿ32 ft/s2 ; vðtÞ ¼ AðtÞ ¼ ÿ32 t þ C1 .
pffiffiffi
9. hðxÞ ¼ x þ x ÿ x12 ¼ x1=2 þ x ÿ xÿ2 ; HðxÞ ¼ When the ball is dropped at t ¼ 0, we have
1 3=2 1 ÿ1 vð0Þ ¼ 0, so we can see that C1 ¼ 0. Hence,
3=2 x þ 12 x2 ÿ ÿ1 x þ C ¼ 23 x3=2 þ 12 x2 þ
vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t. Now, sðtÞ ¼ VðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ C2 .
ÿ1
x þC When t ¼ 0, we are given that sð0Þ ¼ 600, so
SECTION 23.8 435
C2 ¼ 600 and we have sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 600. 25. vðtÞ ¼ a t þ 50 ) a ¼ ÿ50 a 2

t ; sðtÞ ¼ 2 t þ 50tþ
(a) When the ball hits the ground, sðtÞ ¼ 0. Solv- 500 ¼ 0; ÿ50
2t t 2
þ 50t ¼ ÿ500. This simplifies to
ing sðtÞ ¼ 0 for t, we have 16t2 ¼ 600 or t2 ¼ 600 ÿ25t þ 50t ¼ 500, or 25t ¼ 500, or t ¼ 20 s.
qffiffiffiffiffiffi 16
Finally, a ¼ ÿ50 2
20 ¼ ÿ2:5 m/s .
and so the ball hits the ground after t ¼ 60016
6:12 s 26. (a) ðtÞ ¼ 4 ÿ t; !ðtÞ ¼ 4t ÿ 12 t2 þ C; !ð0Þ ¼
10 ¼ 4t ÿ 12 t2 þ C so C ¼ 10; !ðtÞ ¼ 10 þ 4tÿ
(b) vð6:12Þ ¼ ÿ32ð6:12Þ ¼ ÿ195:96 ft/s 1 2 2 1 3
2 t ; ðtÞ ¼ 10t þ 2t ÿ 6 t þ C; ð0Þ ¼ 0 so C ¼
18. aðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8 m/s2 ; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t þ C. Since at the 0, ðtÞ ¼ 10t þ 2t2 ÿ 16 t3
time the ball is dropped ðt ¼ 0Þ, the velocity is 0,
(b) The wheel begins to turn in the opposite direc-
we have C ¼ 0, and so vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t. Thus, we find
tion when !ðtÞ ¼ 0. This is at ÿ2 and 10 seconds.
that sðtÞ ¼ ÿ4:9t2 þ C2 . When t ¼ 0; s ¼ 140 m,
Since t 0; t ¼ 10 and ð10Þ ¼ 133:3 rad.
and so sðtÞ ¼ ÿ4:9t2 þ 140. (c) !ðtÞ ¼ ÿ14 ¼ 10 þ 4t ÿ 12 t2 ; 0 ¼ 24 þ 4tÿ
(a) sðtÞ ¼ 0 when 4:9t2 ¼ 140 or t 5:345 s. 1 2
2t ) t2 ÿ 8t ÿ 48 ¼ 0; ðt ÿ 12Þðt þ 4Þ ¼ 0; t ¼
(b) vð5:345Þ ¼ ÿ52:38 m/s
12 or t ¼ ÿ4. In this problem time cannot be nega-
19. aðtÞ ¼ ÿ32; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t þ C. Since the ball was tive, so t ¼ 12 s.
thrown down at t ¼ 0 at 25 ft/s, we have (a) ðtÞ ¼ 12:4t ÿ 3:4 2 0:30 3
27. 2 t þ 3 t ¼ antiderivative
C ¼ ÿ25 and thus, vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t ÿ 25.
2 3
(a) vðtÞ ¼ ÿ185 ¼ ÿ32t ÿ 25 ) 32t ¼ 160 ) of !ðtÞ ¼ 12:4t ÿ 1:7t þ 0:10t ; ð3Þ ¼ 24:6 rad
t ¼ 5 s. ¼ 24:6
2 ¼ 3:9 rev.
(b) sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 ÿ 25t þ C; sð5Þ ¼ 0 ¼ ÿ16 52 ÿ
(b) ðtÞ ¼ !0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ3:4 þ 0:6t ¼ ÿ1; 0:6t ¼
25 5 þ C; C ¼ 16 52 þ 25 5 ¼ 525. The build-
2:4; t ¼ 4 s, ð4Þ ¼ 28:8 rad ¼ 28:8
2 ¼ 4:6 rev.
ing is 525 feet high.
28. aðtÞ ¼ kt; vðtÞ ¼ 2k t2 þ C. Since the ball starts
20. aðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8 m/s2 ; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t þ C; when t ¼
from rest, let C ¼ 0. sðtÞ ¼ 6k t3 ; 6k 43 ¼ 24; k ¼
0; v ¼ ÿ12:1 so C ¼ ÿ12:1. This gives vðtÞ ¼
246
ÿ9:8t ÿ 12:1. 43 ¼ 2:25; sðtÞ ¼ 2:25 3 3
6 t ¼ 0:375t ; sðtÞ ¼ 0:375t
3
(a) vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t ÿ 12:1 ¼ ÿ66 ) 9:8t ¼ 53:9; t ¼ 29. (a) i ¼ 4:4t ÿ 2:1t2 ; q ¼ 2:2t2 ÿ 0:7t3 þ C ¼
5:5 s 2:2t2 ÿ 0:7t3 þ 5
(b) sðtÞ ¼ ÿ4:9t2 ÿ12:1t þ C; sð5:5Þ ¼ ÿ4:9ð5:5Þ2 (b) qð3:2Þ 4:59 4:6 C
ÿ12:1ð5:5Þ þ C ¼ 0, so C ¼ 4:9ð5:5Þ2 þ 12:1 pffi
ð5:5Þ ¼ 214:775 m 30. iðtÞ ¼ 6 t ¼ 6t1=2 ; qðtÞ ¼ 6 3=2
1 3=2
t þC ¼
21. aðtÞ ¼ ÿ32 and vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t þ 160. 4t3=2 þ C. Now, finding C, we have qð0:16Þ ¼
(a) Since vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t þ 160 ¼ ÿ384, then ÿ32t 4ð0:16Þ3=2 þ C ¼ 0:347; C ¼ 0:347 ÿ 4ð0:16Þ3=2 ¼
¼ ÿ544 and t ¼ 17 s. 0:091. Hence, we get qðtÞ ¼ 4t3=2 þ 0:091; qð0:25Þ
(b) sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 160t þ C, so sð17Þ ¼ ÿ16 ¼ 4ð0:25Þ3=2 þ 0:091 ¼ 0:591 C
172 þ 160 17 þ C ¼ 0, thus C ¼ 4:9ð16:837Þ2 ÿ 31. vðtÞ ¼ ÿN0 ðtÞ
45ð16:837Þ ¼ 631:41 m ¼ 1904 ft. (a) ÿ2000 ðtÞ ¼ 2t ÿ 4t1=3 ; 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 100
t 1 1=3
þ 50 t ;
2
ÿt 3 4=3
22. aðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t þ 45. ðtÞ ¼ 200 þ 200 t þ C; C ¼ 0:02; ðtÞ ¼
(a) ÿ9:8t þ 45 ¼ ÿ120 or ÿ9:8t ¼ ÿ165 and so 1
ÿ0:005t2 þ0:015t4=3 þ0:02, orÿ 200 ðt2 ÿ3t4=3 ÿ 4Þ
t ¼ 16:837 s.
(b) sðtÞ ¼ ÿ4:9t2 þ 45t þ C, and sð16:837Þ ¼
1
(b) ð0:729Þ ¼ ÿ 200 ð0:7292 ÿ 3ð0:729Þ4=3 ÿ 4Þ ¼
ÿ4:9ð16:837Þ2 þ 45ð16:837Þ þ C ¼ 0; C ¼ 4:9 0:027 Wb
ð16:837Þ2 ÿ 45ð16:837Þ ¼ 631:41 m
32. m ¼ 4x þ 2 ¼ y0 ; y ¼ antiderivative of 4x þ 2, so
23. aðtÞ ¼ 3:2; vðtÞ ¼ 3:2t þ 0; 3:2t ¼ 32 ) t ¼ 10 s, y ¼ 2x2 þ 2x þ C; 5 ¼ 2ðÿ1Þ2 þ 2ðÿ1Þ þ C, so
sðtÞ ¼ 1:6t2 ; sð10Þ ¼ 1:6ð10Þ2 ¼ 160 m C ¼ 5 and we have y ¼ 2x2 þ 2x þ 5.
pffiffiffi
24. 45 mph¼ 45 mi 1hr
hr 5280 ft/mi 3600 s ¼ 66 ft/s 33. m ¼ x so y0 ¼ p ÿ1ffiffi
x
¼ ÿxÿ1=2 ; y ¼ ÿ 1=2
1 1=2
x ¼
(a) aðtÞ ¼ ÿ20 ft/s2 ; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ20t þ 66 ¼ 0 ) t ¼ ÿ2x1=2 þ C, and ÿ3 ¼ ÿ2ð4Þ1=2 þ C gives us
66
20 ¼ 3:3 s that C ¼ ÿ3 þ 4 ¼ 1. Hence, f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2x1=2 þ 1 ¼
2 2 pffiffiffi
(b) sðtÞ ¼ ÿ10t þ 66t; sð3:3Þ ¼ ÿ10ð3:3Þ þ 66 ÿ2 x þ 1.
3:3 ¼ 108:9 ft
34. (a) The antiderivative is NðtÞ ¼ 175t þ t2 ÿ 0:2

3 t
3
¼ 2875ðxþ1Þÿ2 þ C . Since Tð0Þ ¼ 2875 ð0þ1Þÿ2
þ C.
(b) Since Nð0Þ ¼ 175t þ t2 ÿ 0:2 3 þ C ¼ 2875 þ C ¼ 2900, we have C ¼ 25. Thus,
3 t þ C ¼ 0, we
see that C ¼ 0 and so, NðtÞ ¼ 175t þ t2 ÿ 0:2 3 T ¼ 2875ðx þ 1Þÿ2 þ 25.
3 t .
3
Thus, Nð8Þ ¼ 175ð8Þ þ 82 ÿ 0:2 ð8Þ 1429:86. dN
¼ ÿ 870 dN
¼ ÿ870tÿ2 ÿ
3 36. Rewriting dt t2 ÿ 210 as dt
Thus, for an 8-hour day, the machine produces
210, we see that the antiderivative is NðtÞ ¼ ÿ870
ÿ1
1,429 computer cases (it does not finish producing
tÿ1 ÿ210t þ C ¼ 870tÿ1 ÿ210t þ C. Since Nð1Þ ¼
the last case).
870ð1Þÿ1 ÿ 210ð1Þ þ C ¼ 660 þ C ¼ 7320, we find
35. Rewriting dT
dx
5750
¼ ÿ ðxþ1Þ 3 as
dT
dx ¼ ÿ5750ðx þ 1Þÿ3 . that C ¼ 6660. Hence, NðtÞ ¼ 870tÿ1 ÿ 210t þ
The antiderivative is TðxÞ ¼ ÿ 5750 ÿ2 6660.
ÿ2 ðxþ 1Þ þC
CHAPTER
R 23 REVIEW
1. f ðxÞ ¼ x4 ÿ x2 ; f 0 ðxÞpffiffi¼ 4x3 ÿ 2x ¼ 2xð2x2 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0 36 ÿ 12x2 ¼ 12ð3 ÿ x2 Þ. Now, h00 ðxÞ > 0, so there
when x ¼ 0 and 22. These are the critical values. is a minimum at ð0; 0Þ; and h00 ð3Þ < 0, so there
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ÿ 00
p2;ffiffif ð0Þ < 0,pso there is a maximum apffiffimaximum
is at ð3; 81Þ. Inflection
pffiffi pffiffi
points at
ffiffi 3 ÿ 3 3
00 2 00
at (0, 0). f 2 ¼ f ÿ 2 > 0, so there are 2 3 ; 5:889 . Concave up 3 ; 3 . Concave
pffiffi pffiffi pffiffi
ÿ 3 3

minimums at 2 2 ; ÿ 14 : f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ÿ 2 ¼ 0 down ÿ1; 3 , and 3 ; 1 .
pffiffi
when x ¼ p1ffiffi6 ¼ 6 6. Inflection points are at y
pffiffi 84
6
6 ; ÿ0:1389 . Concave up over the intervals 72
pffiffi pffiffi 60
ÿ 6 6
ÿ1; 6 and 6 ; 1 . Concave down over 48
pffiffi pffiffi 36
ÿ 6 6
6 ; 6 . 24 h(x) = 18x2 – x4
12
y x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
3
2 4. jðxÞ ¼ 3x4 ÿ 4x3 þ 1; j0 ðxÞ ¼ 12x3 ÿ 12x2 ¼

1
12x2 ðx ÿ 1Þ. Critical values at 0,1. j00 ðxÞ ¼
f(x) = x4 – x2
36x2 ÿ 24x; j00 ð0Þ ¼ 0 so the Second Derivative
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
x Test fails. j00 ð1Þ > 0 so minimum at (1, 0). Use the
–1 First Derivative Test to determine if the critical
value 0 yields a maximum or minimum. On the
interval ðÿ1; 0Þ; j0 < 0. Likewise, on ð0; 1Þ; j0 < 0
2. gðxÞ ¼ x4 ÿ 32x; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 32 ¼ 4ðx3 ÿ 8Þ.
so also decreasing. No maxima. j00 ðxÞ36x2 ÿ 24x ¼
Critical value is 2. g00 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 is always 0 so
12xð3x ÿ 2Þ. Inflection points at ð0; 1Þÿ2 and
there is a minimum at ð2; ÿ48Þ. There are no max- ÿ2
ima. g00 ðxÞ ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0. Since g00 ðxÞ is never 3 ; 0:4074 . Concave up ðÿ1; 0Þ and 3;1 .
Concave down ð0; 23Þ.
negative there is no inflection point and gðxÞ is con-
cave up over the interval ðÿ1; 1Þ. y
y 9
8
108 j(x) = 3x4 – 4x3 + 1
94 7
4
72 g(x) = x – 32x 6
60
36
5
18 4
x 3
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–36 2
–54 1
x
3. hðxÞ ¼ 18x2 ÿ x4 , so h0 ðxÞ ¼ 36x ÿ 4x3 ¼ 4xð9ÿ –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
x2 Þ. Critical values are at 0 and 3: h00 ðxÞ ¼
p
x ¼ x1=5 ; k0 ðxÞ ¼ 15 xÿ4=5 ¼ 15 p51ffiffiffi4 . Critical xÿ1
; h0 ðxÞ ¼ ðxþ2Þÿðxÿ1Þ 3
ffiffiffi
5. kðxÞ ¼ 5
8. hðxÞ ¼ xþ2 ðxþ2Þ2
¼ ðxþ2Þ 2 . Critical value
x
value at 0, but since k0 ðxÞ is always positive or unde- x ¼ ÿ2; Vertical asymptote: x ¼ ÿ2, horizontal asym-
fined there are no extrema. k00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 25 4 ÿ8=5
x . This ptote : y ¼ 1. No extrema. h00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ6ðx þ 2Þÿ3
is undefined at 0. On the interval ðÿ1; 0Þ; k00 > 0 so undefined at x ¼ ÿ2. Concave up: ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ;
Concave up. On the interval ð0; 1Þ; k00 < 0 so con- Concave down ðÿ2; 1Þ; No inflection points.
cave down. Inflection point: ð0; 0Þ. y
y
6
3 4 x–1
h(x) =
2 k(x) = 5 x 2 x+2
1 x
x –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
–1 –4
–2 –6
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6. Here f ðxÞ ¼ x 3 4 ÿ x, so f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3 4 ÿ xþ x 13 ðx2 þxÿ2Þÿxð2xþ1Þ
p jðxÞ ¼ x 0
ð4 ÿ xÞÿ2=3 ðÿ1Þ ¼ 3 4 ÿ x ÿ p3 ffiffiffiffiffiffi
9. x2 þxÿ2 ; j ðxÞ ¼ ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi x
2 ¼
ðx2 þxÿ2Þ2
3ð 4ÿxÞ 2
x þxÿ2ÿ2x ÿx 2 2
3ð4ÿxÞÿx
p 2 ¼ 12ÿ4x
p 2 . Critical values are at 3 and 4. ðx2 þxÿ2Þ2
¼ ðxÿx ÿ2
2 þxÿ2Þ2
. Since jðxÞ is undefined at
3ð 3 4ÿxÞ 3ð 3 4ÿxÞ
ffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffi
p3
ffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 ÿ1=3 x ¼ ÿ2 and 1, there are no critical values. No extre-
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 3 4ÿx ðÿ4Þÿð12ÿ4xÞ2ð4ÿxÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 4
ðÿ1Þ
¼ ma. Vertical asymptotes: x ¼ ÿ2 and x ¼ 1;
9ð 3 4ÿxÞ
3ð4ÿxÞðÿ4Þþð12ÿ4xÞ2 ÿ48þ12xþ24ÿ8x 4xÿ24 Horizontal asymptote: y ¼ 0.
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 . The
9ð 3 4ÿxÞ 9ð 3 4ÿxÞ 9ð 3 4ÿxÞ
ðx2 þxÿ2Þ2 ðÿ2xÞþðx2 þ2Þð2Þðx2 þ xÿ2Þð2xþ1Þ
second derivative is undefined at 4 and zero at 6. j00 ðxÞ ¼
Concave down over ðÿ1; 4Þ and ð6; 1Þ; concave ðx2 þ x ÿ 2Þ4
up over ð4; 6Þ. Inflection points at ð4; 0Þ and ðx2 þ x ÿ 2Þðÿ2xÞ þ 2ðx2 þ 2Þð2x þ 1Þ
¼
ð6; ÿ7:560Þ. Maximum at ð3; 3Þ, no minimum. ðx2 þ x ÿ 2Þ3
y ðÿ2x ÿ 2x þ 4xÞ þ ð4x3 þ 2x2 þ 8x þ 4Þ
3 2
f(x) = x3 4 – x ¼
3 ðx2 þ x ÿ 2Þ3
3
2 2x þ 12x þ 4
1 ¼
x
ðx2 þ x ÿ 2Þ3
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1 Using Newton’s method to solve 2x3 þ 12x þ 4 ¼ 0
–2
we get an inflection point when x ¼ ÿ0:3275. Con-
–3
cave up: ðÿ2; ÿ0:3275Þ and ð1; 1Þ, Concave down:
–4
ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ and ðÿ0:3275; 1Þ.
x2 þ1 0 ðx2 ÿ4Þ2xÿðx2 þ1Þð2xÞ ÿ10x y
7. gðxÞ ¼ x2 ÿ4 ; g ðxÞ ¼ ðx2 ÿ4Þ2
¼ ðx2 ÿ4Þ2
.
Critical values are at 0 and 2. Vertical asymp- 4
x
j(x) =
totes at x ¼ 2 and x ¼ ÿ2. Horizontal asymptote 2 x2 + x – 2
ðx2 ÿ4Þ2 ðÿ10Þþ10xð2Þðx2 ÿ4Þð2xÞ
at y ¼ 1: g00 ðxÞ ¼ ðx2 ÿ4Þ4
¼ –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
x
ðx2 ÿ4Þðÿ10Þþ40x2 30x2 þ40 00 –2
ðx2 ÿ4Þ3
¼ ðx2 ÿ4Þ3
: g ðxÞ is undefined at x ¼
–4
2. Concave up over the intervals ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ and
ð2; 1Þ. Concave down over ðÿ2; 2Þ. Maximum at
the point ð0; ÿ 14Þ, no minimum. No inflection
points.
y
6 x2 + 1
4 g(x) =
x2 – 4
2
x
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–2
–4
–6
2
ÿ9Þ3x2 ÿx3 ð2xÞ
kðxÞ ¼ x2xÿ9 ; k0 ðxÞ ¼ ðx
3 4 2 4
10. ¼ 3x ÿ27x ÿ2x
ðx2 ÿ9Þ2
ðx2 ÿ9Þ2
¼ 15. hðxÞ ¼ x1=2 þ x2 ÿ 3xÿ2 ; HðxÞ ¼ 3=2
1 3=2
x þ 13 x3 ÿ
p 1 ÿ1
4
x ÿ27x 2
3 ÿ1 x þ C; HðxÞ ¼ 23 x3=2 þ 13 x3 þ 3xÿ1 þ C
ffiffi
ffi
ðx2 ÿ9Þ2
. Critical values at 0 and 3 3. Vertical
asymptotes at x ¼ 3. No horizontal asymptote 16. sðtÞ ¼ 4:9t2 ÿ 3:6t þ 14; SðtÞ ¼ 4:9 13 t3 ÿ 3:6
but there is a slant asymptote y ¼ x. 1 2
þ 14t þ C; SðtÞ ¼ 1:63t3 ÿ 1:8t2 þ 14t þ C
2t
ðx2 ÿ9Þð4x3 ÿ54xÞÿðx4 ÿ 27x2 Þð2Þðx2 ÿ9Þð2xÞ 17. (a) sðtÞ ¼ 288tÿ16t2 ; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 288ÿ32t ft/s;
k00 ðxÞ ¼ 4
ÿ 9Þ ðx2 aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ32 ft/s2
ðx2 ÿ 9Þð4x3 ÿ 54xÞ ÿ 4xðx4 ÿ 27x2 Þ (b) sð4Þ ¼ 896 ft; vð4Þ ¼ 160 ft/s; að4Þ ¼ ÿ32ft/s2
¼ (c) Maximum height is when vðtÞ ¼ 0; 288 ÿ 32t ¼
ðx2 ÿ 9Þ3
4x ÿ 90x þ 486x ÿ 4x5 þ 108x3
5 3 0 ) 32t ¼ 288 ) t ¼ 9; sð9Þ ¼ 1296 ft.
¼ (d) at t ¼ 9 s.
ðx2 ÿ 9Þ3 (e) sðtÞ ¼ 0 ¼ 288t ÿ 16t2 ¼ tð288 ÿ 16tÞ; t ¼
3
18x þ 486x 288=16 ¼ 18 s.
¼
ðx2 ÿ 9Þ3 (f) vð18Þ ¼ ÿ288 ft/s
This is undefined at x ¼ 3 and zero at x ¼pffiffi0.ffi 18. (a) sðtÞ ¼ 15t2 þ 5; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 30t cm/s
Inflection point: ð0; 0Þ;
pffiffiffi Maximum: ðÿ3 3; (b) vð2Þ ¼ 60 cm/s
ÿ7:794Þ; Minimum: ð3 3; 7:794Þ; Concave up: (c) vðtÞ ¼ 30t ¼ 105 ) t ¼ 3:5 s.
ðÿ3; 0Þ; ð3; 1Þ; Concave down: ðÿ1; ÿ3Þ; ð0; 3Þ
19. The total cost is C ¼ ð1 þ 0:00058v 3=2 Þ 1000þ
¼ ð1000 þ 0:58v 3=2 Þ þ 25;000
ÿ ÿ
y 25 1000
v v . To find
12 the minimum cost, we find the derivative and set
x3
8 k(x) = it equal to 0. Thus, C 0 ¼ 32 ð0:58Þv 1=2 ÿ 25;000
x2 – 9 v 2 ¼ 0.
4 Hence, 0:87v 5=2 ÿ 25;000 ¼ 0 or v 5=2 ¼ 25;000
0:87
–12 –8 –4 4 8 12 16
x 28;735 and v ¼ ð28;735Þ2=5 60:7. Checking the
–4 second derivative, we have C 00 ¼ 0:435v ÿ1=2 þ
50;000v ÿ3 , and we see that C 00 ð60:7Þ > 0, so, by
–8
the second derivative test, v 60:7 is a minimum.
–12 Thus, the trucker should drive at 60.7 mph in order
to minimize the cost of the trip.
11. sðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 9t2 þ t; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 18tþ
20. V ¼ r 2 h ¼ 246 ) h ¼ 246 r2 . Area of top and bot-
1; aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 18; a0 ðtÞ ¼ 6; vðtÞ ¼ 0 ¼
tom ¼ 2r 2 . Area of side ¼ 2rh ¼ 2r 246 r2 ¼
3t2 ÿ 18t þ 1 ¼ 0 when t ¼ 0:056 and 5:944. Dis-
492 r . Cost is CðrÞ ¼ 2r 2 þ 3 492 r ¼ 2r 2 þ
tance: maximum at ð0:056; 0:028Þ; minimum
1476r ÿ1 and has the derivative C0 ðrÞ ¼ 4r
ðÿ4; ÿ212Þ and ð4; ÿ76Þ; aðtÞ ¼ 0 at t ¼ 3. Velo-
ÿ1476r ÿ2 ¼ 0 ) r ÿ 369 ¼ 0, or r ¼ 369 r2 , or r
3
city: minimum ð3; ÿ26Þ; maxima at ðÿ4; 121Þ and pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi r2 246
ð4; ÿ23Þ. Acceleration is always increasing. Mini- ¼ 369. Thus, r ¼ 3 369 7:17258 ft; h ¼ 7:17258 2
mum: ðÿ4; ÿ42Þ, Maximum: ð4; 6Þ. ¼ 4:78 ft.
12. sðtÞ ¼ t þ 4tÿ1 ; vðtÞ ¼ 1 ÿ 4tÿ2 ; aðtÞ ¼ 8tÿ3 ; vðtÞ 21. A ¼ ‘ w; 2‘ þ 2w ¼ 1200 m; ‘ þ w ¼ 600; w ¼
¼ 0 ¼ 1 ÿ t42 ) t42 ¼ 1; t2 ¼ 4 or t ¼ 2; distance: 600 ÿ ‘; A ¼ ‘ð600 ÿ ‘Þ ¼ 600‘ ÿ ‘2 ; A0 ¼ 600 ÿ
Maximum: ð4; 5Þ; Minimum: ð1; 5Þ; ð2; 4Þ; aðtÞ ¼ 2‘ ) ‘ ¼ 300 m; w ¼ 600 ÿ 300 ¼ 300 m;
0 ¼ 8tÿ3 is never 0. vð1Þ ¼ ÿ3; vð4Þ ¼ 0:75. Velo- A ¼ ð300 300Þ ¼ 90000 m2
city: Maximum: ð4; 0:75Þ; Minimum: ð1; ÿ3Þ. 22. Since the radius of the tank is 8 ft and the height
Acceleration is always decreasing on [1, 4], so is 11 ft, the tank is more than half full. The height
maximum (1, 8); minimum (4, 0.125). left is 16 ÿ 11 ¼ 5 ft and the volume remaining
13. f ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 4x; FðxÞ ¼ 3 13 x3 ÿ 4 12 x2 þ C; FðxÞ is given by the formula V ¼ 13 h2 ð3R ÿ hÞ
¼ x3 ÿ 2x2 þ C where h is the height left and R ¼ 8 ft. V ¼
1 2
14. gðxÞ ¼ 2xÿ3 þ 5x6 ; GðxÞ ¼ 2 ÿ2
1 ÿ2
x þ 5 17 x7 þ 3 h ð24Þ ÿ 13 h3 ; dV 2
dt ¼ ð16h ÿ h Þdh=dt and
dV 3 dh
C; GðxÞ ¼ ÿxÿ2 þ 57 x7 þ C dt ¼ 20 gal/min ¼ 20ð0:13358Þ ft /min; dt ¼
20ð0:13358Þ 2:6716
½165ÿ52 ¼ 55 ¼ 0:01546 ft/min.
CHAPTER 23 TEST 439
23. V ¼ 43 r 3 ; dV ¼ 4r 2 dr; dV ¼ 4ð1:5Þ2 ð0:01Þ ¼ dA

dr¼ 4r ÿ 40r ÿ2 ; minimized dA
qffiffiffiffi when dr ¼ 0 or
0:2827 m3 ; A ¼ r 2 ; dA ¼ 8rdr ¼ 8ð1:5Þð0:01Þ 40r ÿ2 ¼ 4r; 10 3 3 10
¼ r ;r ¼ 1:4710 m;
0:3770 m2 20
h ¼ r 2 ¼ 2:942 m.
24. The largest capacity is when the cross-sectional pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
area is the largest. A ¼ ‘ w; ‘ þ 2w ¼ 380 mm; 28. Distance in the desert is 82 þ x2 ¼ 64 þ x2 .
‘ ¼ 380 ÿ 2w; A ¼ ð380 ÿ 2wÞw ¼ 380w ÿ Distance on the road is 10 ÿ x. Total time ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 2 ÿ1=2
2w2 ; A0 ¼ 380 ÿ 4w; maximum when A0 ¼ 0; 4w ¼ 64þx2 2ð64þx Þ ð2xÞ
þ 10ÿx dt
55 ; dx ¼ ÿ 551
. Set dx dt
¼0
15 15 p
380; w ¼ 95; ‘ ¼ 380 ÿ 2 95 ¼ 190. The gutter x 1
and solve 15pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
64þx2
¼ 55 , or 55x ¼ 15 64 þ x2 ,
should measure 95 mm 190 mm. p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
and so 11 3 x ¼ 64 þ x2 , or 121 2
9 x ¼ 64 þ x ; 9 x
2 112 2
25. V ¼ 4:5T þ 0:0003T 3 ; v dv ¼ ð4:5þ ¼ 64; 112x2 ¼ 576; x2 ¼ 5:14287 and we get x ¼
0:0009T 2 ÞdT ¼ ð4:5 þ 0:0009 1002 Þð1Þ ¼ 13:5 V
2:2678; 2:2678 mi from A.
26. The distance between the ships is related by the
29. (a) a ¼ ÿ32 ft/s2 ; v ¼ ÿ32t; sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ
equation d 2 ¼ x2 þ y2 so 2dd 0 ¼ 2xx0 þ 2yy0 or
0 0 C; sð7Þ ¼ 0 ¼ ÿ16 72 þ C; C ¼ 16 72 ¼ 16
d0 ¼ xx þyy
d . After 3 hours, pwe haveffi x ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 49 ¼ 784 ft. The building is 784 ft tall.
12 3 ¼ 36; y ¼ 5 3 ¼ 15; d ¼ 362 þ 152 ¼ 39,
(b) vð7Þ ¼ ÿ32 7 ¼ ÿ224 ft/s; Speed ¼ jvj ¼
and d0 ¼ 3612þ155 ¼ 13 km/h.
39 j ÿ 224j ¼ 224 ft/s.
27. V ¼ r 2 h ¼ 20 kL ¼ 20 000 L¼ 20 000 dm3ÿ ¼ 20
20 20
m3 ; h ¼ r 2 2
2 ; A ¼ 2r þ 2rh ¼ 2r þ 2r r 2 :
ER 23 TEST
CHAPTER
2
2 ð9ÿx Þð2xÞÿx2 ðÿ2xÞ
1. f ðxÞ ¼ x4 ÿ 8x2 ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 16x ¼ 4xðx2 ÿ 4Þ 2. x
gðxÞ ¼ 9ÿx 0
2 ; g ðxÞ ¼
ð9ÿx2 Þ2
¼
(a) Critical values are 0; 2. qffiffiffiffi 18xÿ2x3 þ2x3 18x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ .
(b) f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ÿ 16; x ¼ 16 12 ¼ 4=3 ¼
ð9ÿx2 Þ2 ð9ÿx2 Þ2
pffiffi
2 3 (a) Critical value: x ¼ 0. Vertical asymptote at
are inflection points. Maximum: (0, 0); Mini-
3 x ¼ 3; x ¼ ÿ3
ma: ðÿ2; ÿ16Þ, (2, 16)
pffiffi pffiffi 2 2
Þ ð18Þÿ18xð2Þð9ÿx2 Þðÿ2xÞ
(b) g00 ðxÞ ¼ ð9ÿx

(c) Concave up: ÿ1; ÿ23 3 ; 2 3 3 ; 1 ð9ÿx2 Þ4
¼
pffiffi pffiffi 18ð9ÿx2 Þþ184x2 2
þ162
(d) Concave down ÿ23 3 ; 2 3 3 ð9ÿx2 Þ3
¼ 54x
ð9ÿx2 Þ3
. The second derivative is
y undefined at 3. Maximum: none; Minimum: (0, 0),

(c) Concave up: ðÿ3; 3Þ,
10
(d) Concave down: ðÿ1; ÿ3Þ; ð3; 1Þ;
8 (e) Vertical asymptotes: x ¼ 3. Horizontal asymp-
f(x) = x4 – 8x2
6 tote: y ¼ ÿ1
4
y
2
10
x
8 x2
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 g(x) =
–2 6 9 – x2
–4 4
–6 2
x
–8 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2
–10 –4
–12 –6
–14 –8
–10
–16
–12
–18
3. x2 ÿ 7 ¼ 0; PðxÞ ¼ x2 ÿ 7; P0 ðxÞ ¼ 2x
iÞ
i xi Pðxi Þ P0 ðxi Þ xiþ1 ¼ xi ÿ PPðx
0 ðx Þ
i
Pðxi þ 1Þ
1 3 2 6 2:6667 0:1113
2 2:6667 0:1113 5:3333 2:6458 2:58 10ÿ4
3 2:6458 2:58 10ÿ4 5:2916 2:64575 ÿ6:9 10ÿ6
Hence, x 2:646
4. f ðxÞ ¼ 5x4 ÿ 7x; FðxÞ ¼ 5 15 x5 ÿ 7 12 x2 þ C; FðxÞ 6. Let ‘ and w be the dimensions of the printed part.
¼ x5 ÿ 72 x2 þ C Then ‘ w ¼ 24 so ‘ ¼ 24 w . The dimensions of the
page are ‘ þ 3 and w þ 2. Area of the page is
5. sðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 12t2 þ 5
ð‘ þ 3Þðw þ 2Þ ¼ ð24 48
w þ 3Þðw þ 2Þ ¼ 24 þ w þ 3w
(a) vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 24t; aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ 6t ÿ 24 0
þ6 ¼ 3w þ 48 þ 30; A ¼ 3 ÿ 48=w 2
¼ 0; 48=w2 ¼
(b) Extrema for sðtÞ are when vðtÞ ¼ 0 that is at 0 w
3; 16 ¼ w2 ; w ¼ 4. The width is 4 in. and the length
and 8; sðÿ2Þ ¼ ÿ51; sð0Þ ¼ 5; sð4Þ ¼ ÿ123. Posi-
is 6 in. for the printed portion. The page is 6 in. wide
tion: Maximum at (0, 5); Minima at ðÿ2; ÿ51Þ
by 9 in. long.
and ð4; ÿ123Þ; Extrema for velocity when aðtÞ ¼
0 or t ¼ 4; vðÿ2Þ ¼ 60; vð4Þ ¼ ÿ48; Velocity: 7. Making the necessary substitutions, we get 800 ¼
Maximum at ðÿ2; 60Þ, Minimum at ð4; ÿ48Þ. r 2 ð20Þ þ 23 r 3 or 23 r 3 þ r 2 ð20Þ ÿ 800 ¼ 0. Using
Acceleration is always increasing on the interval Newton’s method produces r 3:38 m.
½ÿ2; 4, so Maximum: ð4; 0Þ, Minimum: ðÿ2; ÿ36Þ
CHAPTER
24
Integration
24.1 THE AREA QUESTION AND THE INTEGRAL

Ð3 Ð3
1. 1 x dx. The interval ½1; 3 has length 2 so each 4. 1 ð2x þ 2Þ dx; x ¼ 2n ; xi ¼ 1 þ 2in ; f ðxi Þ ¼
subinterval is length 2n. Using the right end point 2ð1 þ 2inÞ þ 2 ¼ 4 þ 4in
of each subinterval, xi ¼ 1þ 2in ¼ nþ2i
h . Since f ðxÞ ¼ x; n n
f ðxi Þ ¼ xi ¼ nþ2i X 4i 2 X 8 8i
n 4þ ¼ þ 2
n n n n n n
X X n þ 2i 2 i¼1 i¼1
f ðxi Þnx ¼ 8X n
8X n
i¼1 i¼1
n n ¼ 1þ i
n n i¼1 n i¼1
X 2 4i
¼ þ 8 8 n2 þ n

i¼1
n n2 ¼ nþ 2
n n n n 2
2X 4X
¼ 1þ 2 i 4
n i¼1 n i¼1 ¼8þ4þ ;
n
4 n2 þ n

2

4
¼ nþ 2 lim 12 þ ¼ 12
n n 2 n!1 n
2 2
¼2þ2þ ¼4þ Ð3
n n 5. 1 ð2xÿ 2Þ dx; x ¼ 2n ; xi ¼ 1 þ 2in ; f ðxi Þ ¼

2 2 1 þ 2in ÿ 2 ¼ 4in ;
ÿ
lim 4 þ ¼4
n!1 n n n
8 n2 þ n

X 4i 2 8X 4
Ð2 ¼ 2 ¼ 2 ¼4þ ;
2. 2x dx; x ¼ 2n; xi ¼ 2in; f ðxi Þ ¼ 2xi ¼ 4in; i¼1
n n n i¼1
n 2 n
0
n n n 4
X X 4i 2 8X lim 4 þ ¼4
f ðxi Þx ¼ ¼ 2 i n!1 n
i¼1 i¼1
n n n i1
2 Ð4
8 n þn 4 ÿ 3xÞ dx; x ¼ 4n ; xn ¼ 4in ; f ðxi Þ ¼
¼ 2 ¼4þ ; 6. 0 ð1
n 2 n
1 ÿ 3 4in ¼ 1 ÿ 12i
n ;
4
lim 4 þ ¼4 n
12i 4 X n
4 48i

n
X
n!1
1ÿ ¼ ÿ 2
i¼1
n n i¼1
n n
Ð4 4 4i
ÿ4i
3. 0 ð3x þ 1Þdx; x ¼ n ; xi ¼ n; f ðxi Þ ¼ 3 þ n n
n 4X 48 X
¼ 1ÿ 2 i
1 ¼ 12i
n þ 1; n i¼1 n i¼1
2
n n n 4 48 n þ n
X 12i 4 48 X 4X ¼ nÿ 2
þ1 ¼ 2 iþ 1 n n 2
i¼1
n n n i¼1 n i¼1
2 24
48 n2 þ n

4 ¼ 4 ÿ 24 ÿ ¼ ÿ20 ÿ ;
¼ 2 þ n n n
n 2 n

24
lim ÿ20 ÿ ¼ ÿ20
18 n!1 n
¼ 24 þ þ 4;
n
18
lim 28 þ ¼ 28
n!1 n
441
442 CHAPTER 24 INTEGRATION
Ð4 Ð4 ÿ4i2
7. 1 ð3ÿ 2xÞ dx; x ¼ 3n ; xi ¼ 1 þ 3in ; f ðxi Þ ¼ 10. 2
0 ðx þ 2Þ dx; x ¼ 4n ; xi ¼ 4in ; f ðxi Þ ¼ n þ
2
3 ÿ 2 1 þ 3in ¼ 3 ÿ 2 ÿ 6in ¼ 1 ÿ 6in ; 2 ¼ 16i
ÿ
n2 þ 2;
n n n n n
16i2

X 6i 3 X 3 18i X 4 64 X 8X
1ÿ ¼ ÿ 2 þ2 ¼ 3 i2 þ 1
i¼1
n n i¼1
n n i¼1
n2 n n i¼1 n i¼1
n n
64 n3 n2 n

3X 18 X
¼ 1ÿ 2 i ¼ 3 þ þ
n i¼1 n i¼1 n 3 2 6
3 18 n2 þ n
8
¼ nÿ 2 þ n
n n 2 n
64 32 32
9 9 ¼ þ þ 2þ8
¼ 3 ÿ 9 ÿ ¼ ÿ6 ÿ ; 3 n 3n
n n 88 32 32
¼ þ þ 2;

9
lim ÿ6 ÿ
n!1 n
¼ ÿ6 ÿ88 32 32 883 n 3n
lim 3 þ n þ 3n2 ¼ 3
n!1
Ð4 2 4 4i
ÿ4i2 16i2
8. 0 ðx Þ dx; x ¼ n ; xi ¼ n ; f ðxi Þ ¼ n ¼ n2 ; Ð2 2 2
11. 0 ð2x þ 1Þdx; x ¼ n ; xi ¼ 2in ; f ðxi Þ ¼
n n
X 16i2 4 64 X ÿ2i2 8i2
2
¼ 3 i2 2 n þ1 ¼ n þ 1;
i¼1
n n n i¼1 n 2 n
16i2 2

64 nðn þ 1Þð2n þ 1Þ
X 8i 2 X
¼ 3 þ 1 ¼ þ
n 6 i¼1
n2 n i¼1
n3 n
n n
64 2n þ 3n2 þ n 16i X 2X
3
2
¼ 3 ¼ i þ 1
n 6 n3 i¼1 n i¼1
64 32 32
3
n3 n

¼ þ þ 2 16 n
¼ 3 þ þ
3 n 3n n 3 2 6
ÿ64 32 32 64
limn!1 3 þ n þ 3n2 ¼ 3 2
þ ðnÞ
n
Ð2 ÿ2i2
2
ÿ 1Þ dx; x ¼ 2n ; xi ¼ 2in ; f ðxi Þ ¼ 16 8 8
9. 0 ðx n ÿ ¼ þ þ þ2
4i2 3 n 3n2
1 ¼ ÿ 1;n2 22 8 8
n 2 n n ¼ þ þ 2;
8i2 X

X 4i 2 X 2 3 n 3n
ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ
lim 22 8 8
ÿ 22
3 þ n þ 3n2 ¼ 3 :
n 2 n n 3 n
i¼1 i¼1 i¼1 n!1
n n
8X 2X
¼ 3 i2 ÿ 1 Ð4 2 4 4i
n i¼1 n i¼1 12. 0 ð2 ÿ x Þdx; x ¼ n ; xi ¼ n ; f ðxi Þ ¼ 2ÿ
ÿ4i2 16i2
8 n3 n2 n n ¼ 2 ÿ n2 ;

2
¼ 3 þ þ ÿ n
n 3 2 6 n X n
16i2 4 X
n
8 64i2

8 4 4 2ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ 3
¼ þ þ 2ÿ2 i¼1
n n i¼1
n n
3 n 3n
8 64
2 4 4 nÿ
¼
¼ þ þ 2; n n3
3 n 3n
n3 n2 n

lim 23 þ 4n ¼ 3n42 ¼ 23
ÿ
þ þ
n!1 3 2 b
64 32 32
¼8ÿ ÿ ÿ 2;
3 n 3n
lim 8 ÿ 3 ÿ n ÿ 3n2 ¼ 8 ÿ 3 ¼ ÿ 40
64 32 32 64
ÿ
n!1 3
SECTION 24.2 443
Ð3 3
x3 dx; x ¼ 2n ; xi ¼ 1 þ 2in ; f ðxi Þ ¼ 1 þ 2in ¼
ÿ
13. Ð4 3
ÿ 1Þdx; x ¼ 3n ; xi ¼ 3in ; f ðxi Þ ¼
16. 0 ð2x
1
2 2
6i 12i 8i
1þ þ þ ; ÿ3i3
2 b ÿ1 ¼ 54i
3
n3 ÿ 1;
n n2 n3
n
6i 12i2 8i3 2

n n
54i3 162i3 3
X
1þ þ 2 þ 3 X 3 X
n n n n ÿ1 ¼ ÿ
i¼1
i¼1
n n i¼1
n n
n 2
24i2 16i3

2 12i 4 3
n2
X
¼ þ 2 þ 3 þ 4 162 n n
n n n n ¼ 4 þ þ
i¼1
2 n 4 2 2
2 12 n þ n 24 3
¼ nþ 2 þ 3 ÿ n
n n 2 n n
3
n2 n

n h h4 3 2
i i
þ þ lim 162 n n n 3
n4 4 þ 2 þ 2 þ n n ¼ 40:5 ÿ 3 ¼ 37:5
3 2 6 n!1
4
16 n n3 n2
or 75
2.
þ 4 þ þ
n 4 2 4
Ð2 ÿ2i2
6 12 4 8 4 17. 0 ðx
2
þ xÞdx; x ¼ 2n ; xi ¼ 2in ; f ðxi Þ ¼ þ
¼2þ6þ8þ4þ þ þ 2þ þ 2; n
n n n n n 2i 4i2 2i
¼ n2 þ n;
lim 20 þ 26 8
ÿ n
n þ n 2 ¼ 20
n!1 n n 2
4i2 2i 2 X

X 8i 4i
Ð3 þ ¼ þ
3 2 2i n2 n n n3 n2
14. 1 ð1 ÿ x Þdx; x ¼ n ; xi ¼ 1 þ n ; f ðxi Þ ¼ 1ÿ i¼1 i¼1
3
3 n2 n

1 þ 2in ¼ 1 ÿ 1 þ 6in þ 12i
2
8i3 8 n

n2 þ n3 ; ¼ 3 þ þ
n
n 2 2 6
6i 12i2 8i3 2
X
2
ÿ þ 2 þ 3 4 n n
n n n n þ 2 þ
i¼1
2 n 2 2
24 n3 n2 n

12 n þ n
¼ÿ 2 þ 3 þ þ
h 3 2
i 2 i
n 2 n 3 2 6 lim n83 n3 þ n2 þ n6 þ n42 n2 þ n2 ¼ 82 þ 2 ¼ 14
3
n!1
16 n4 n3 n2

þ 4 þ þ Ð1 4
n 4 2 4 18. x4 dx; x ¼ 1n ; xi ¼ ni ; f ðxi Þ ¼ ni 4 ;
h 2 0
12 n þn 24 n3 2
lim ÿ n2 2 þ n3 3 þ n2 þ n6 þ Xn
i4 1
n!1

n4 n
i
16 n4 n3 n2
n4 4 þ 2 þ 4 ¼ ÿ½6 þ 8 þ 4 ¼ ÿ18 i¼1
n
1X
Ð4 3 4 4i
ÿ4i3 ¼ i4
15. 0 ðx þ 2Þdx; x ¼ n ; xi ¼ n ; f ðxi Þ ¼ þ 5
n i¼1
n
3
2 ¼ 64i
n3 þ 2; 1 nðn þ 1Þð2n þ 1Þð3n2 þ 3n ÿ 1

¼ 5
n n n 30
64i3 256i3 8

X 4 X
þ 2 ¼ þ
5
6n þ 15n4 þ 10n3 ÿ n

n3 n n4 n 1
i¼1 i¼1 ¼ 5
4 3
n 30
n2

256 n n 5
15n4 10n3

¼ 4 þ þ 1 n n
n 4 2 2 ¼ 5 þ þ ÿ
n 5 2 3 30
8
þ n
h 5 i
15n4 10n3
n lim n5 5 þ 2 þ 3 ÿ 30 ¼ 15
1 n n
n!1
h h4 3 2
i i
lim 256 n n n 8
n4 4 þ 2 þ 2 þ n n ¼ 64 þ 8 ¼ 72
n!1
24.2 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

Ð5 5 Ð5 5
1. 0 6 dx ¼ 6x 0 ¼ 6 5 ÿ 6 0 ¼ 30
3. 1 2x dx ¼ x2 1 ¼ 52 ÿ 12 ¼ 25 ÿ 1 ¼ 24
Ð2 1 2
2 1 2 1
Ð2 2
2xÞdx ¼ 6xÿx2 ÿ1 ¼ ð6 2 ÿ 22 Þ ÿ ð6ðÿ1Þ
ÿ ÿ
2. 1 ðx ÿ 6Þdx ¼ 2 x ÿ 6x 1 ¼ 2 2 ÿ 6 2 ÿ 2 4. ÿ1 ð6 ÿ

2
12 ÿ 6 1Þ ¼ 2 ÿ 12 ÿ 12 þ 6 ¼ ÿ 92 ÿðÿ1Þ Þ ¼ 12 ÿ 4 þ 6 þ 1 ¼ 15
Ð3 5 3 5 4 3
5 4 Ð 4 pffiffiffi Ð 4 1=2
5. ÿ1 3 x dx ¼ 12 x ÿ1 ¼ 12 34 ÿ 51
2 ðÿ1Þ ¼
581
12 ÿ 24. 1ð x ÿ
p1ffiffiÞdx ¼
x 1 ðx ÿ x1=2 Þdx ¼ 23 x3=2 ÿ
5
4
¼ 400 100
2x1=2 1 ¼ 23 43=2 ÿ2 41=2 ÿ 23 13=2 ÿ 2 11=2 ¼
ÿ ÿ
12 12 ¼ 3
4 3 5
Ð4 ÿ16 ÿ2 14 8
3 ÿ4 ÿ 3ÿ2 ¼ 3 ÿ2¼3
2
4
6. 0 4x dx ¼ 3 x 0 ¼ 3 53 ÿ 43 03 ¼ 43 125 ¼ 500
3
2 4 2
Ð2 8 3 2
Ð8 8
7. 1 5 x dx ¼ 5 x 1 ¼ 5 24 ÿ 25 14 ¼ 32 2 30
5 ÿ5 ¼ 5 ¼ 6 25. 6 dx ¼ x 6 ¼ 8 ÿ 6 ¼ 2

ÿ1 1
Ð1 4 Ð 1 ÿ2
2 2 26. 1=2 x2 dx ¼ 4 1=2 x dx ¼ 4 ÿx ¼ ÿ4
Ð2 2 2
ÿ2 6x dx ¼ 3x ÿ2 ¼ 3 2 ÿ3 ðÿ2Þ ¼ 12ÿ12 ¼ 0
8. 1=2
Ð2 2 2
2 1 þ 4 21 ¼ ÿ4 þ 8 ¼ 4
9. 0 ð4x þ 5Þdx ¼ 2x þ 5x 0 ¼ ð2 2 þ 5 2Þÿ Ð ÿ2 2 ÿ2
3 1 2 3
ð2 02 þ 5 0Þ ¼ 8 þ 10 ¼ 18 27. ÿ4 ð3y ÿ y ÿ1Þdy ¼ y ÿ 2 y ÿ y ÿ4 ¼ ðÿ2Þ ÿ

1 2 3 1 2
2 ðÿ2Þ ÿ ðÿ2ÞÞ ÿ ðÿ4Þ ÿ 2 ðÿ4Þ ÿ ðÿ4ÞÞ ¼
Ð3 3
10. 1 ðÿ4Þdx ¼ ðÿ4xÞ 1 ¼ ÿ4 3 ÿ ðÿ4 1Þ ¼ ÿ12 þ

4 ¼ ÿ8 ðÿ8 ÿ 2 þ 2Þÿ ðÿ64 ÿ 8 þ 4Þ ¼ ÿ8 ÿ ðÿ68Þ ¼ 60
Ð0 0 Ð 4ÿ 3 Ð 4 ÿ3
11. 2 2
2 ð4x þ 5Þdx ¼ 2x þ 5x 2 ¼ ð2 0 þ 5 0Þÿ
28. 2
1 x3 ÿ x2 Þdx ¼ 1 ð3x ÿ 2xÿ2 Þdx ¼ ÿ 32 xÿ2 þ
4
ð2 22 þ 5 2Þ ¼ 0 ÿ 18 ¼ ÿ18

2xÿ1 1 ¼ ÿ 32 4ÿ2 þ 2 4ÿ1 Þ ÿ ÿ 32 1ÿ2 þ 2
ÿ ÿ ÿ
1 3 2
Ð2 1
1ÿ1 Þ ¼ ÿ3 1
2 2 2 3
ÿ ÿ 3 3 1 3
12. ÿ1 ð2t ÿ t Þdx ¼ t ÿ 3 t ÿ1 ¼ ð2 ÿ 3 2 Þ ÿ 32 þ 2 ÿ ÿ 2 þ 2 ¼ ÿ 32 þ 2 þ 2 ÿ 2 ¼
ÿ
3
ðÿ1Þ2 ÿ 13 ðÿ1Þ3 ¼ 4 ÿ 83 ÿ 1 þ 13 ¼ 0 ÿ 32
ÿ
Ð4 2 x3 2
4 43 2

Ð3 3 29. 2 ðx ÿ 2x þ 1Þdx ¼ ÿ x þ x ¼ ÿ 4 þ 4
13. 1ð ÿ 4xÞdx ¼ ÿ2x2 1 ¼ ÿ2 32 ÿ ðÿ 2 12 Þ ¼ 3 ÿ 3 2 3
ÿ 23 ÿ 22 þ 2 ¼ 64
ÿ8
3 ÿ 16 þ 4 ÿ 3ÿ4þ2 ¼
ÿ2 9 ÿ ðÿ2 1Þ ¼ ÿ18 þ 2 ¼ ÿ16
64
3 ÿ 16 þ 4 ÿ 83 þ 4 ÿ 2 ¼ 56 26
3 ÿ 10 ¼ 3
2 5
Ð5 2 5 3
ÿ5 3 2
14. 2 ð5w þ 2wÞdw ¼ 3 w þ w 2 ¼ 3 5 þ 5 Þ ÿ Ð 4 pffiffiffi3 Ð 4 3=2 4
ÿ5 3 2
30. 0 x dx ¼ 0 x dx ¼ 25 x5=2 0 ¼ 25 45=2 ÿ 0 ¼ 25
¼ 625 40 585
ÿ ÿ
32 þ2 3 þ 25 ÿ 3 þ 4 ¼ 3 þ 21 ¼
64
32 ¼ 5
195 þ 21 ¼ 216 Ð2 ÿ3 2
ÿ4

31. 1 ÿ3x dx ¼ x 1
¼ 18 ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ 78
2 3
Ð3 2 1 3
1 3 2
15. 0 ðt þ 2tÞdt ¼ 3 t þ t 0 ¼ 3 3 þ 3 ÿ 0 ¼ 18 Ð1 6 11=6 1

Ð0 4 0
4
32. 0 3x5=6 dx ¼ 3 11 x 0
¼ 18
11
16. ÿ2 ð5 ÿ t3 Þdt ¼ 5t ÿ t ¼ 0 ÿ 5ðÿ2Þ ÿ ðÿ2Þ ¼
4 ÿ2 4
1 ÿ1 ÿ1
Ð ÿ1 tÿ2
ÿðÿ10 ÿ 4Þ ¼ 14 33. ÿ2 3 dx ¼ ÿ 3 t ÿ2
¼ 13 ÿ 16 ¼ 16
1 4 2
Ð2 4 3 1 5
1 5
Ð3 2 3 2 3
3 2 3 34. 0 ðx ÿ x Þdx ¼ 5 x ÿ 4 x 0 ¼ 5 2 ÿ 14 24 ÿ 0 ¼
17. ÿ1 ð3y ÿ2yÞdy ¼ y ÿ y ÿ1 ¼ ð3 ÿ3 Þÿððÿ1Þ ÿ
2 32
ðÿ1Þ Þ ¼ 18 þ 2 ¼ 20 5 ÿ 16 32
4 ¼ 5 ÿ4¼ 5
12
Ð4 2 s3 2
4 43 Ð 2 pffiffiffi Ð 2 1=2 2
18. 0 ðs ÿ 4s þ 16Þds ¼ 3 ÿ 2s þ 16s 0 ¼ 3 ÿ 2 35. x dx ¼ 0 x dx ¼ 23 x3=2 0 ¼ 23 23=2 ÿ 0 ¼

0
pffiffiffi
42 þ 16 4 ÿ 0 ¼ 64 64 160
3 ÿ 32 þ 64 ¼ 3 þ 32 ¼ 3
4
3 2 1:8856
Ð4 2 2 3 4
ÿ 2 3
Ð3 p Ð 3 4=3 3
19. 1 ð4 ÿ 2w Þdw ¼ 4w ÿ 3 w 1 ¼ 4 4 ÿ 3 4 ÿ dx ¼ 37 x7=3 1 ¼ 37 37=3 ÿ 37
ffiffiffi
1 x x dx ¼ 1 x
3
36.
4 1 ÿ 23 13 ¼ 16 ÿ 128 2 126 5:1344
ÿ ÿ ÿ
3 ÿ 4 ÿ 3 ¼ 12 ÿ 3 ¼
Ð3 1 Ð 3 ÿ1=2
12 ÿ 42 ¼ ÿ30 37. 1=2
pffiffi ÿ 2Þdx ¼
x 1=2 ðx ÿ 2Þdx ¼ 2x1=2 ÿ
0 3 ÿ pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2x1=2 ¼ 2 3 ÿ 2 3 ÿð2 1=2 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 2 3 ÿ
Ð0
20. ÿ2 ÿdt ¼ ÿt ÿ2 ¼ 0 ÿ ðÿðÿ2ÞÞ ¼ ÿ2

pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
Ð3 2 3 33 6 ÿ 2 þ 1 ¼ 2 3 ÿ 2 ÿ 5 ÿ2:9501
x3 2 2
21. 2 ðx þ 2x þ 1Þdx ¼ 3 þ x þ x 2 ¼ 3 þ 3 þ 3

3 38. To use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, the
ÿ 23 þ 22 þ 2 ¼ 21 ÿ 26 3 ¼ 3
37
function must be continuous over a closed interval.
This function, f ðxÞ ¼ xÿ2 is not continuous at

y4 0
Ð0 3 3 2
3 2
22. ÿ3 ð3y ÿ y Þdy ¼ 2 y ÿ 4 ÿ3 ¼ 0 ÿ 2 ðÿ3Þ ÿ
ðÿ3Þ4
x ¼ 0.
¼ ÿ 27 81
ÿ 81 54 27
4 2 ÿ 4 ¼ 4 ÿ 4 ¼ 4
Ð2 2 2 23 39. Since velocity is the derivative of displacement, the
x3 2 2
23. 3 ðx þ 2x þ 1Þdx ¼ 3 þ x þ x 3 ¼ 3 þ 2 þ 2 displacement is the integral of the velocity.

3
ÿ 33 þ 32 þ 3 ¼ 26 3 ÿ 21 ¼ ÿ 3
37
SECTION 24.3 445
4 Ð9 Ð9
N 0 ðtÞ dt ¼ 0 25 ÿ 6t1=2 dt ¼ 25t ÿ 4t3=2 j90 ¼
Ð4 2
0 ð4:00t ÿ 1:00t Þdt ¼ 2:00t
2
ÿ 13 t3 0 ¼ 2 42 ÿ 45. 0
1 3 64 25ð9Þ ÿ 4ð9Þ3=2 ¼ 225 ÿ 108 ¼ 117. There will be
3 4 ÿ 0 ¼ 32 ÿ 3 ¼ 10:7 m
an increase of 117 moose.
40. Angular displacement is the
Ð 3 integral of angular (a) NðtÞ ¼ ð175 þ 2t ÿ 0:2t2 Þ dt ¼ 175t þ t2 ÿ
Ð
velocity. Hence, we have 1 ð1:00t3 ÿ 27:0tÞdt ¼ 46.
0:2 3 2 0:2 3
3 t þ C. Since Nð0Þ ¼ 175ð0Þ þ ð0Þ ÿ 3 ð0Þ þ
4 ÿ
27 2 3 2732
1 4
3
ÿ 14 ÿ 27

4t ÿ 2 t 1 ¼ 4 ÿ 2 2 ¼ ÿ88:0 rad
C ¼ C ¼ 0, we have NðtÞ ¼ 175t þ t2 ÿ 0:2 3
3 t .
41. (a) aðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8 m/s2 ; vðtÞ ¼ antiderivative of (b) The number of computer cases the machine
aðtÞ; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t þ C1 ; at t ¼ 0; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ10 so produces
Ð 4 in the first
Ð 4 4 hours of the day is given
vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t ÿ 10; vð3Þ ¼ ÿ9:8 3 ÿ 10 ¼ by 0 NðtÞ dt ¼ 0 ð175 þ 2t ÿ 0:2t2 Þ dt ¼ 175t þ
ÿ39:4 m/s. t2 ÿ 0:2 3 4

3 t 0 ¼ 711:7 or about 712 cases.
The negative means its velocity is downward. Its Ð8 Ð8
speed is jÿ39:4j ¼ 39:4 m/s (c) 4 NðtÞ dt ¼ 4 ð175 þ 2t ÿ 0:2t2 Þ dt ¼ 175t þ
8
(b) Displacement is the integeral of the velocity. t2 ÿ 0:2 t3 1429:9 ÿ 711:7 ¼ 718:2 or about
3 4
Ð3 3
Hence ðÿ9:8t ÿ 10Þdt ¼ ÿ4:9t2 ÿ 10t ¼
0 0
718 cases.
2 2
ÿ4:9ð3 Þ ÿ 10:3 ÿ 0 ¼ ÿ74:1. The negative indi-
Ð2
47. (a) 1 ð0:5 þ 4tÿ3 Þ dt ¼ 0:5t ÿ 2tÿ2 1 ¼ ½0:5ð2Þ
cates a downward movement. Distance is jÿ74:1j ¼
ÿ2ð2Þÿ2 ÿ ½0:5ð1Þ ÿ 2ð1Þÿ2 ¼ ½1:0 ÿ 0:5ÿ½0:5ÿ
74:1 m.
(c) 4:9t2 ÿ10t ¼ 180; 4:9t2 þ 10t ÿ 180 ¼ 0. Using 2 ¼ 2. The tree will grow 2 ft in the second year
the quadratic formula, t ¼ ÿ7:167 or t ¼ 5:1258. afterÐ it is 20 years old.
5
Since t must be positive, t ¼ 5:1258 s. (b) 4 ð0:5 þ 4tÿ3 Þ dt ¼ 0:5t ÿ 2tÿ2 j54 ¼ ½0:5ð5Þ
ÿ2ð5Þÿ2 ÿ½0:5ð4Þÿ2ð4Þÿ2 ¼ ½2:5 ÿ 0:8ÿ½2:0 ÿ
Ð Ð
42. vðtÞ ¼ aðtÞdt ¼ ÿ32 dt ¼ ÿ32t þ C1 . sðtÞ ¼
2
Ð
vðtÞdt ¼ ÿ16t þ C1 t þ C2 . Since the sandbag 0:125 ¼ 0:545. The tree will grow 0:545 ft in the
is dropped from an elevation of 840 ft, sð0Þ ¼ fifth year after it is 20 years old.
840 and so, C2 ¼ 840, which means that sðtÞ ¼ Ð5 5
(c) 1 ð0:5 þ 4tÿ3 Þ dt ¼ 0:5t ÿ 2tÿ2 1 ¼ ½0:5ð5Þ
ÿ16t2 þ C1 t þ 840. We also have sð8Þ ¼ 0 ¼
ÿ16 82 þ C1 8 þ 840 ¼ ÿ1024 þ C1 8 þ 840 ÿ2ð5Þÿ2 ÿ ½0:5ð1Þ ÿ 2ð1Þÿ2 ¼ ½2:5 ÿ 0:8ÿ½0:5ÿ
and so, 8C1 ¼ 184, or C1 ¼ 184 8 ¼ 23 ft/s. 2 ¼ 3:92. The tree will grow 3:92 ft in years 1
through 5 after it is 20 years old.
43. (a) Acceleration is change in velocity divided by
time so a ¼ ð10; 500ÿ500Þ=0:01 ¼ 10; 000=0:01 ¼ 48. The total concentration of the pollutant from t ¼ 0
1 000 000Ð m/s2 .
Ðx Ðx ÿ x
Ð 0:01 to t ¼ x is 0 P0 ðtÞ dt ¼ 0 ð91t5=2 Þ dt ¼ 91 27 t7=2 0
(b) v ¼ aðtÞdt ¼ 1 000 000t þ 500; s ¼ 0 vðtÞ
0:01 ¼ 26x7=2 . We set this equal to 5720 and solve for x.
¼ 500 000t2 þ 500t0 ¼ 50 þ 5 ¼ 55 m. 26x7 =2 ¼ 5720
pffi
44. We have i ¼ 1:00t þ 1:00 t. Since charge is the x7 =2 ¼ 220
Ð9
integral of current, we have q ¼ 1 ðt þ t1=2 Þdt ¼ x ¼ 2202=7 ¼ 4:67
It will take about 4:67 yr or 4 yr 8 mo.
2 ÿ
t2 2 3=2 9

2 þ 3t 1
¼ 92 þ 23 93=2 ÿ 12 þ 23Þ ¼ 81 54
2 þ 3
ÿ 12 ÿ 23 ¼ 80 52
2 þ 3 57:3 C
24.3 THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
ðt3 þ 1Þdt ¼ 14 t4 þ t þ C
Ð Ð
1. 9 dx þ 9x þ C 7.
3x dx ¼ 32 x2 þ C ð2 ÿ 4s3 Þds ¼ 2s ÿ s4 þ C.
Ð Ð
2. 8.
6x2 dx ¼ 6 13 x3 þ C ¼ 2x3 þ C
Ð 2
ðy þ 4y ÿ 3Þdy ¼ 13 y3 þ 2y2 ÿ 3y þ C.
Ð
3. 9.
Ð pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffi
x dx ¼ x1=2 dx ¼ 23 x3=2 þ C 4 y þ 4p1 ffiffiy ¼ 4 y1=2 þ 14 yÿ1=2 dy ¼ 4
Ð Ð Ð
4. 10.
Ð 2 pffiffiffi
x x dx ¼ x5=2 dx ¼ 27 x7=2 þ C
Ð
2 3=2
5. 3y þ 14 2y1=2 þ C ¼ 83 y3=2 þ 12 y1=2 þ C.
Ð ÿ2=3
6. x dx ¼ 3x1=3 þ C
Ð p
x ÿ p33ffiffiffi2 dx ¼ x1=3 ÿ 3xÿ2=3 dx ¼ 34 x4=3 ÿ
ffiffiffi Ðÿ
11. 3
that ÿ 16 u3=2 du ¼ ÿ 16 25 u5=2 þ C ¼
Ð
x
p
3
ffiffi pffiffiffi
9x1=3 þ C ¼ 3x4 x ÿ 9 3 x þ C. 1
ÿ 15
5=2
ð3 ÿ 6x2 Þ þC.
Ð ÿ ÿ3 ÿ1=2
x ÿ 3xÿ1=2 þ 13 x1=2 dx ¼ ÿ 12 xÿ2 ÿ 3 2x1=2 þ

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ðx2 þ 3Þ x dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 3, then
Ð x dx Ð
12. 25. x2 þ3
1 2 3=2 ÿ1
pffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffi
3 þ 3x þ C ¼ 2x 2 ÿ 6 x þ 9 x x þ C. du ¼ 2x dx or x dx ¼ 12 du. Substituting produces
1
Ð ÿ1=2 1=2
du ¼ 12 2u1=2 þ C ¼ ðx2 þ 3Þ þ C ¼
Ð 2
13. ðx þ 3Þ2x dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ Ð3, then du ¼ 2x dx. 2 u
Then, substituting we get u du ¼ 12 u2 þ C ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 2 2 x2 þ 3 þ C.
2 ðx þ 3Þ þ C.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ð4x2 ÿ 1Þÿ3=2 x dx. Let u ¼ 4x2 ÿ 1,
Ð x dx Ð
Ð 2 26.
14. ð3x ÿ 5Þ6x dx. Let u ¼ 3x2 Ðÿ 5, then du ¼ 6x dx. 4x2 ÿ1
Substituting, we see that u du ¼ 12 u2 þ C ¼ 12 then du ¼ 8x dx and so 18 du ¼ x dx. Substituting,
2
ð3x2 ÿ 5Þ þ C.
we have 18 uÿ3=2 du ¼ 18 ðÿ2Þuÿ1=2 þ C ¼ ÿ 14
Ð
ð4 ÿ 2x2 Þ4x dx. Let u ¼ 4 ÿ 2x2 , then du ¼
Ð
15.
ð4x2 ÿ 1Þÿ1=2 þ C ¼ ÿ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ C ¼ ÿ 14 ð4x2
ÿ4x dx.ÐSubstituting, we can Ðrewrite the given inte- 4 4x2 ÿ1
gral as ð4 ÿ 2x2 Þ4x dx ¼ ÿ u du ¼ ÿ 12 u2 þ C ¼ ÿ1Þÿ1=2 þ C.
2 2 ÿ3
ÿ 12 ð4 ÿ 2x Þ þ C. ¼ ðx2 þ 3Þ x dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 3, then
Ð x dx Ð
27. ðx2 þ3Þ3
4
du ¼ 2x dx, or x du ¼ 12 du. Substitution yields
Ð 3
16. ð2x þ 1Þ 6x2 dx. Let u ¼ 3x2 þ 1, then du ¼
Ð ÿ3 ÿ2
6x2 dx. Substituting, we have u4 du ¼ 15 u5 þ C ¼
1
u du ¼ 12 ÿ1
2 u
ÿ2
þ C ¼ ÿ1 2
4 ð x þ 3Þ þ C ¼
Ð
2
5 ÿ1 ÿ2
1 3 þ C ¼ ÿ 14 ðx2 þ 3Þ þ C.
5 ð2x þ 1Þ þ C. 4ðx2 þ3Þ2
3
ð3 ÿ x2 Þ 2x dx. Let u ¼ 3 ÿ x2 , then du ¼
Ð
17. Ð ÿ2x dx
2
ðx2 þ 3Þ dx. We cannotÐ use substitution, so we
Ð
28.
or ÿdu ¼ 2x dx. Substituting, we have ÿ u3 du ¼ 2
expand ðx2 þ 3Þ to get ðx4 þ 6x2 þ 9Þdx ¼ 15 x5
4
ÿ 14 u4 þ C ¼ ÿ 14 ð3 ÿ x2 Þ þ C.
Ð 2 4
þ 2x3 þ 9x þ C.
18. ðx ÿ 3Þ x dx. Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 3, then du ¼Ð 2x dx or Ð 2 2
x dx ¼ 2 du. Substituting, produces 12 u4 du ¼
1 29. ð3x ÿ 1Þ dx. We Ð cannot use substitution so we
1 5 expand to get ð9x4 ÿ 6x2 þ 1Þdx ¼ 95 x5 ÿ 2x3 þ
15 u5 þ C ¼ 10
1
ðx2 ÿ 3Þ þ C.
2 x þ C.
1=2
ðx2 þ 4Þ x dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 4, then du Ð¼ 2x dx
Ð
19. Ð x2 ÿ1 Ð ðxþ1Þðxÿ1Þ
dx ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þdx ¼ 12 x2 ÿ
Ð
30. xþ1 dx ¼ xþ1
or x dx ¼ 12 du. Substituting, we obtain 12 u1=2 du
3=2 x þ C; x 6¼ ÿ1.
¼ 12 23 u3=2 þ C ¼ 13 ðx2 þ 4Þ þ C. Ð x2 ÿxÿ6 Ð ðxÿ3Þðxþ2Þ
dx ¼ ðx ÿ 3Þdx ¼ 12 x2
Ð
5 31. xþ1 dx ¼ xþ2
Ð 3
20. ðx þ 1Þ x2 dx. Let u ¼ x3 þ 1, then du ¼ 3x2 dx
ÿ3x þ C; x 6¼ ÿ2.
or x2 dx ¼ 13 du. Substituting, we see that
6
Ð 3x dx
1 . Let u ¼ x2 þ 4, and then du ¼ 2x dx, or
Ð 5 1 1 6 1 3
3 u du ¼ 3 6 u þ C ¼ 18 ðx þ 1Þ þ C.
32. ðx2 þ4Þ5
3x dx ¼ 32 du. Substitution yields 32 uÿ5 du ¼ 32
Ð
Ð ðpffiffixÿ1Þ3 Ð pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
21. pffiffi dx ¼ ð x ÿ 1Þ3 xÿ1=2 dx. Let u ¼ x
x ÿ1 ÿ4 ÿ4
4 u þ C ¼ ÿ 38 ðx2 þ 4Þ þ C.
ÿ1, then du ¼ 12 xÿ1=2 orÐ 2 du ¼ xÿ1=2 dx. Sub-
5x dx
. Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 1,
Ð
stituting,
pffiffiffi we have 2 u3 du ¼ 2 14 u4 þ C ¼ 33. then du ¼ 2x dx or
1 4 ðx2 ÿ1Þ1=3
ð x ÿ 1Þ þ C.
5x dx ¼ 52 du. Substitution produces 52 uÿ1=3 du
Ð
2
Ð 4 7 3
22. ðx ÿ 5Þ x dx. Let u ¼ x4 ÿ 5, then du ¼ 4x3 dx 2=3
¼ 52 32 u2=3 þ C ¼ 15 2
4 ð x ÿ 1Þ þ C.
or x3 dx ¼ 14 du. Substituting, we have 14 u7 du ¼
Ð
ð4 ÿ xÞÿ1=2 dx. Let u ¼ 4 ÿ x, and then du ¼ ÿdx.
Ð
1 8 34.
4 18 u8 þ C ¼ 32
1
ðx4 ÿ 5Þ þ C.
Substituting we see that ÿ ðuÞÿ1=2 du ¼ ÿ 21 u1=2 þ
Ð
4
ð3x3 þ 1Þ x2 dx. Let u ¼ 3x3 þ 1, then du ¼ 9x2 dx
Ð
23.
C ¼ ÿ2ð4 ÿ xÞ1=2 þ C.
or x2 dx ¼ 19 du. Substituting, we obtain 19 u4 du ¼
Ð
2
ð1 þ 3x2 Þ x dx. Let u ¼ 1 þ 3x2 , and then du ¼
Ð
1 5 35.
9 15 u5 þ C ¼ 45
1
ð3x3 þ 1Þ þ C.
3=2
6x dx, or x dx ¼ 16 du. Substitution produces
ð3 ÿ 6x2 Þ 2x dx. Let u ¼ 3 ÿ 6x2 , then du ¼
Ð
24. 1
Ð 2 3
u du ¼ 16 13 u3 þ C ¼ 18
1
ð1 þ 3x2 Þ þ C.
ÿ12x dx, or 2x dx ¼ ÿ 16 du. Substituting, we see 6
SECTION 24.3 447
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1=2
2x 5x2 þ 3 dx. Let u ¼ 5x2 þ 3, then du ¼ ðx3 ÿ 2Þðx4 ÿ 8xÞ dx. Let u ¼ x4 ÿ 8x, then
Ð Ð
36. 48.
10x dx, or 15 du ¼ 2x dx. Substitution produces du ¼ ð4x3 ÿ 8Þdx, or 14 du ¼ ðx3 ÿ 2Þdx. Thus,
Ð 3 1=2
ðx ÿ 2Þðx4 ÿ 8xÞ dx ¼ 14 u1=2 du ¼ 14 23 u3=2 þ
3=2
Ð
1
Ð 1=2
5 u du ¼ 15 23 u3=2 þ C ¼ 15
2
ð5x2 þ 3Þ þ C.
3=2
2=3 C ¼ 16 ðx4 ÿ 8xÞ þ C.
3x2 ð4x3 ÿ 5Þ dx. Let u ¼ 4x3 ÿ 5, then du ¼
Ð
37.
ð3x þ 1Þ3 dx. Let u ¼ 3x þ 1, then du ¼ 3 dx, or
Ð
12x2 dx, and we have 14 du ¼ 3x2 dx. Thus, 49.
5=3 1 1
Ð 3 1 1 4
3 du ¼ dx. Hence, we obtain 3 u du ¼ 3 4 u þ
1
Ð 2=3
4 u du ¼ 14 35 u5=3 þ C ¼ 20
3
ð4x3 ÿ 5Þ þ C.
38.
Ð 2x2 dx
. Let u ¼ 5 ÿ 3x3 , and du ¼ ÿ9x2 dx;
1
C ¼ 12 ð3x þ 1Þ4 þ C.
ð5ÿ3x3 Þ2=3
2
7xðx3 ÿ 2Þ dx. For substitution to work, we must
Ð
2x2 dx ¼ ÿ 29 du. Thus, ÿ 29 uÿ2=3 du ¼ ÿ 29 31 u1=3 þ
Ð 50.
2
1=3 Ðhaveÿ 6an x 3 term. We
Ð do not, so expand
C ¼ ÿ 23 ð5 ÿ 3x3 Þ þ C.

7x x ÿ 4x þ 4 dx ¼ ð7x7 ÿ 28x4 þ 28xÞdx ¼
2 7 8
ð1 þ 3x2 Þ dx. WeÐ cannot use substitution so we ÿ 28 5
5 x þ 14x þ C.
2
Ð
39. 8x
expand to get ð1 þ 6x2 þ 9x4 Þdx ¼ x þ 2x3 þ 4 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ð2x3 ÿ 1Þ x4 ÿ 2x dx. Let u ¼ x4 ÿ 2x, then
Ð
9 5 51.
5 x þ C.
3 du ¼ ð4x3 ÿ 2Þdx, or 1
du ¼ ð2x3 ÿ 1Þdx. Sub-
Ð3
Ð 2
40. ð2x þ 4xÞ ð4x þ 4Þdx. Let u ¼ 2x2 þ 4x, and 1
stitution results in 2 u1=4 du ¼ 12 15 u5=4 þ C ¼
then du ¼ ð4x þ 4Þdx. Hence, u3 du ¼ 14 u4 þ
Ð
2 4 5=4
4 5 ðx ÿ 2xÞ þ C.
C ¼ 14 ð2x2 þ 4xÞ þ C.
x2
dx. Setting u ¼ 4 ÿ x3 , we have du ¼
Ð
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 52.
41. 4x2 þ 2xð4x þ 1Þdx. Let du ¼ 4x2 þ 2x, and ð4ÿx3 Þ3=2
ÿ3x dx, or x2 dx ¼ ÿ 13 du. Thus, ÿ 13 uÿ3=2 du
2
Ð
then du ¼ ð8x þ 2Þdx, or 12 du ¼ ð4x þ 1Þdx. Thus,
ÿ1=2
substituting results in 12 u1=2 du ¼ 12 23 u3=2 þ C ¼
Ð ¼ ÿ 13 ÿ2
1 u
ÿ1=2
þ C ¼ 23 ð4 ÿ x3 Þ þ C or 2 ffi
3 4ÿx3
3=2
1 2 þ C.
3 ð4x þ 2xÞ þ C.
4
ðt þ 7Þ1=2 dt ¼ 23 ðt þ 7Þ3=2 þ C
Ð
ðx2 þ x ÿ 5Þ ð2x þ 1Þdx. Let u ¼ x2 þ x ÿ 5, 53.
Ð
42.
then du ¼ ð2x þ 1Þdx. Substituting, we obtain ðxÿ1Þðxþ1Þðx2 þ1Þ
x4 ÿ1
¼ ðx 3 þ x 2 þ x
Ð Ð Ð
Ð 4 5 54. xÿ1 dx ¼ dx
u du ¼ 15 u5 þ C ¼ 15 ðx2 þ x ÿ 5Þ þ C. xÿ1
4 3 2
þ1Þdx ¼ x4 þ x3 þ x2 þ x þ C; x 6¼ 1.
dx ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þÿ2 dx ¼ ÿ1ðx ÿ 1Þÿ1 þ C ¼
Ð xÿ1 Ð
43. ðxÿ1Þ3
ÿ1 y3 ÿ8
Ð ðyÿ2Þðy2 þ2yþ4Þ
ðy2 þ 2y þ 4Þ
Ð Ð
xÿ1 þC 55. yÿ2 dy ¼ yÿ2 dy ¼
1 3 2
44.
Ð 2xþ1
dx. Letting u ¼ x2 þ x ÿ 5, we obtain dy ¼ 3 y þ y þ 4y þ C; y 6¼ 2.
ðx2 þxÿ5Þ3
ð6x ÿ 7Þ8 dx. Let u ¼ 6x ÿ 7, then du ¼ 6 dx;
Ð
du ¼ ð2x þ 1Þdx. Substitution yields uÿ3 du ¼
Ð
56.
ÿ2 1 1
Ð 8 1 u9
ÿ 12 uÿ2 þ C ¼ ÿ 12 ðx2 þ x ÿ 5Þ þ C ¼ 2ðx2 þxÿ5
ÿ1
Þ2 6 du ¼ dx. Hence, we obtain 6 u du ¼ 6 9 þ
þ C. C ¼ 54 1
ð6x ÿ 7Þ9 þ C.
Ð 4 2 Ð2 2 2
45. ð2x ÿ 3Þ 8x dx. Let u ¼ 2x4 ÿ 3 and du ¼ 8x3 . 57. 0 ðx ÿ 4Þ2x dx. Let u ¼ x ÿ 4, then du ¼ 2x dx.
We do not have x3 in the original integrand, so sub- For the limits of integration, we haveÐ x ¼ 0 )
0
stitution will not
Ð work. Expand the indicated
Ð bino- u ¼ ÿ4 and x ¼ 2 ) u ¼ 0. Thus, ÿ4 u du ¼
mial to get ð4x8 ÿ 12x4 þ 9Þ8x dx ¼ ð32x9 ÿ u 2
0
16
2 ¼ 0 ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ8.
ÿ4
96x5 þ 72xÞdx ¼ 32 10 96 6 72 2 16 10
10 x ÿ 6 x þ 2 x þ C ¼ 5 x Ð4 3
ÿ16x6 þ 36x2 þ C. 58. xð4x2 þ 2Þ dx. Let u ¼ 4x2 þ 2, then du ¼
0
8x dx, or 18 du ¼ x dx. For the limits of integration,
dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 6x, then du ¼ ð2x þ 6Þ
Ð xþ3
46.
ðx2 þ6xÞ1=3 we have x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 2 and x ¼ 4 ) u ¼ 66.
dx, and we have 12 du ¼ ðx þ 3Þdx. Thus, 12 uÿ1=3
Ð
Ð 66
Thus, by substitution, we have 18 2 u3 du ¼
2=3
du ¼ 12 32 u2=3 þ ¼ 34 ðx2 þ 6xÞ þ C 1 1 4 66

8 u ¼ 1 ð664 ÿ 24 Þ ¼ 18974720 ¼ 592960.
4 2 32 32
Ð 3 2=3
47. ðx ÿ 3xÞ ðx2 ÿ 1Þdx. Let u ¼ x3 ÿ 3x, then Ð2
du ¼ ð3x2 ÿ 3Þdx, or 13 du ¼ ðx2 ÿ 1Þdx; 13 u2=3 du
Ð 59. 6xð3x ÿ 7Þdx. Letting u ¼ 3x2 ÿ 7, we obtain
1
2
5=3 du ¼ 6x dx and x ¼ 1 ) u ¼ ÿ4, and x ¼ 2 )

¼ 13 35 u5=3 þ C ¼ 15 ðx3 ÿ 3xÞ þC
Ð5 5
N 0 ðtÞdt ¼ ÿ1
Ðÿ
u du ¼ 12 u2 ÿ4 ÿ 750
Ð
u ¼ 5. Substitution produces ÿ4 68. NðtÞ ¼ t2 ÿ 120 dt ¼ 750t ÿ
¼ 25 16 9
2 ÿ 2 ¼ 2. 120t þ C. We are given Nð1Þ ¼ 7320 ¼ 750ð1Þÿ1
ÿ120ð1Þ þ C ¼ 630 þ C. Thus, C ¼ 7320ÿ630 ¼
Ð3 2
60. 1 2x2 ð3x3 ÿ 1Þ dx. Letting u ¼ 3x3 ÿ 1, we see 6690 and we conclude that NðtÞ ¼ 750tÿ1 ÿ
that du ¼ 9x2 dx, or 29 du ¼ 2x2 dx. For the limits 120t þ 6690.
of integration, we have x ¼ 1 ) u ¼ 2 and
PðxÞ ¼ P0 ðxÞdx ¼ ð4x þ 35Þdx ¼ 2x2 þ 35x þ
Ð Ð
x ¼ 3 ) u ¼ 80. Thus, the integral becomes 69.
2 80 2
Ð 80
2 u3 2 3 3 1 C. We are given Pð0Þ ¼ ÿ150 and so,
u du ¼ 9 3 ¼ 27 ð80 ÿ 2 Þ ¼ 37;925 3.

9 2 2 C ¼ ÿ150. Thus, PðxÞ ¼ 2x2 þ 35x ÿ 150
Ð2 ð8
2 2
61. 0 2xð20 ÿ 3x Þdx. Let u ¼ 20 ÿ 3x , then du ¼ 70. PðtÞ ¼ P0 ðtÞdt
ÿ6x dx, and so ÿ 13 du ¼ 2x dx. Here, we see that 0
the limits of integration can be changed as x ¼ ð8 !
1800
0 ) u ¼ 20 and x ¼ 2 ) u ¼ 8. Substitution pro- ¼ 1=2
dt
Ð8 8 0 ð18 ÿ 0:5tÞ
duces ÿ 1 u du ¼ ÿ 1 1 u2 ¼ ÿ 1 ð82 ÿ 202 Þ ¼
3 20 3 2 20 6 ð8
56. ¼ ½1800ð18 ÿ 0:5tÞÿ1=2 dt
0
Ð5 2 1=2
dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 144, then
ð8
62. 0 xðx þ 144Þ
du ¼ 2x dx, and so 12 du ¼ x dx. Here we see that ¼ 1800 ½ð18 ÿ 0:5tÞÿ1=2 dt
0
x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 144 and x ¼ 5 ) u ¼ 169. Using
Ð 169
all these substitutions, you get 12 144 u1=2 du ¼ Let u ¼ 18 ÿ 0:5t, and then du ¼ ÿ0:5 dt and
169 ÿ dt ¼ ÿ2 du. When t ¼ 0, u ¼ 18 and when t ¼ 8,
ÿ 1 2 u3=2 ¼ 1 1693=2 ÿ1443=2 ¼ 1 ð133 ÿ 123 Þ
2 3 144 3 3 u ¼ 14. With these substitutions, the integral
¼ 13 ð2197 ÿ 1728Þ ¼ 469 1
3 ¼ 156 3. becomes
Ð3 3 2 3 2 ð8h
63. 0 ðx þ 2Þx dx. Let u ¼ x þ 2, then du ¼ 3x dx,
i
PðtÞ ¼ 1800 ð18 ÿ 0:5tÞÿ1=2 dt
or 13 du ¼ x2 dx. Here, we see that x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 2 0
Ð 29 ð 14
and x ¼ 3 ) u ¼ 29. Substitution yields 13 2 u du ¼ 1800 uÿ1=2 ðÿ2 duÞ
29
¼ 1 1 u2 ¼ 1 ð292 ÿ 22 Þ ¼ 139:5.
3 2 2 6
18
ð 14
Ð2 dx ¼ ÿ3600 uÿ1=2 du
64. 1 ðxþ4Þ2 . Let u ¼ x þ 4, then du ¼ dx. Here x ¼ 18
14
1 ) u ¼ 5; and x ¼ 2 ) u ¼ 6. Substitution pro-

Ð6 6 ¼ ÿ7200u1=2 18
duces 5 uÿ2 du ¼ ÿuÿ1 5 ¼ ÿ 16 þ 15 ¼ 30
1 h i
¼ ÿ7200 ð14Þ1=2 ÿ ð18Þ1=2 3607
Ð4 2 4 2
65. 1 ð3x ÿ 2Þ x dx. Let u ¼ 3x ÿ 2, then du ¼
6x dx, or 16 du ¼ x dx and we see that x ¼ 1 ) During the first 8 hr, there will be an increase of
u ¼ 1 and x ¼ 4 ) 4 ¼ 46. Substitution pro- about 3607 bacteria. !
ð
Ð 46 4 46 ÿ 5750
duces 1 u du ¼ 1 1 u5 ¼ 1 465 ÿ 15 ¼
6 1 6 5 1 30 71. TðxÞ ¼ ÿ dx
ðx þ 1Þ3
6;865;432:5 ð
Ð0 2 3 2 ¼ ÿ5750ðx þ 1Þÿ3 dx
66. ÿ1 ð6x ÿ 1Þ x dx. Let u ¼ 6x ÿ 1, then du ¼
1
12x dx, or 12 du ¼ x dx and we see that x ¼ ÿ1 ) ÿ5750
u ¼ 5 and x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ ÿ1. Substitution produces ¼ ðx þ 1Þÿ2 þ K
ÿ1 ÿ2
1 ÿ1 3
u du ¼ 1 1 u4 ¼ 1 ððÿ1Þ4 ÿ 54 Þ ¼
Ð
12 5 12 4 5 48 ¼ 2875ðx þ 1Þÿ2 þ K
1
48 ðÿ624Þ ¼ ÿ13.
Since Tð0Þ ¼ 2900 C, then 2875 þ K ¼ 2900 and
0 K ¼ 25. Hence, TðxÞ ¼ 2875ðx þ 1Þÿ2 þ 25.
Ð Ð
67. LðxÞ ¼ L ðxÞdx ¼ ð0:3 þ 0:002xÞdx ¼ 0:3xþ
0:001x2 þ C. When the population is 20,000 peo-
Ð Ð
72. qðtÞ ¼ Idt ¼ 0:005 dt ¼ 0:005t þ C. We are
ple, x ¼ 20 and we are given Lð20Þ ¼ 7:2 or given that the capacitor is discharged at t ¼ 0,
0:3ð20Þ þ 0:001ð20Þ2 þ C ¼ 6:4 þ C ¼ 7:2. Thus, and so tð0Þ ¼ C ¼ 0. Thus, qðtÞ ¼ 0:005t.
C ¼ 7:2 ÿ 6:4 ¼ 0:8 and LðxÞ ¼ 0:3x þ 0:001x2 þ
0:8
SECTION 24.4 449
24.4 THE AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
1. 4.
y y h(x) = x2 + 4
f(x) = x
4 6
2 x=4 5
x
–2 2 4 6 8
4
From the graph we can determine that all the area is 3

above the x-axis so we only need to integrate from 0
Ð4 4 x = –1 x=1
2 2 2
to 4. 0 x dx ¼ x2 ¼ 42 ÿ 02 ¼ 8 2
0
2.
1
y
5 x
x = –2 –2 –1 1 2
4 –1
3 Ð1
f(x) = –2x
All the area above the x-axis ÿ1 ðx2 þ 4Þdx ¼
1
x3
ÿ1 ÿ 1 2
3 þ 4x ¼ 3 þ 4 ÿ ÿ 3 ÿ 4 ¼ 8 3.
2
ÿ1
1 5.
x y
–2 –1 1 2 g(x) = 3x + 1
–1 34
From the graph we can determine that all the area is 30

above the x-axis so we need only integrate from ÿ2 26
Ð0 0
to 0. ÿ2x dx ¼ ÿx2 ¼ ÿ02 þ ðÿ2Þ2 ¼ 4
ÿ2 ÿ2 22
3. 18
x = 10
y 14
18 10
16 6
2
f(x) = x 2
14 x
–6 –2 2 6 10 14
12
10
All the area is above the x-axis. We can determine
x=4 that 3x þ 1 intersects the x-axis at ÿ 13. Hence, the
8 desired area is
6 ð 10
3
ð3x þ 1Þdx ¼ x2 þ xj10ÿ1=3
4 ÿ1=3 2

2 300 1 1
¼ þ 10 ÿ ÿ
2 6 3
x
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 1
¼ 160
Ð4 4
3 6
All the area is above the x-axis 0 x2 ¼ x3 ¼
0
43 03 64
3 ÿ 3 ¼ 3
6. 9.
y x = –2 y
k(x) = 2x2 – x
12 10
9
10 8
8 7
6
6 h(x) = 10 – 2x
5
4 4
3
2 2
x 1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 x
–5 –4 –3 –1 1 2 3 4
All the area is above the x-axis.
Ð 5 We can see that hðxÞ
intersects the x-axis at 5. 0 ð10 ÿ 2xÞdx ¼ 10xÿ Between ÿ2 and 0, we can seeÐthat k is above the x-
0 3
axis. Thus, the desired area is ÿ2 ð2x2 ÿ xÞ dx ¼ 2x3
x2 j50 ¼ 50 ÿ 25 ¼ 25 2
ÿ x2 j0ÿ2 ¼ 0 ÿ ÿ16
ÿ 4
1 22
3 ÿ 2 ¼ 73 ¼ 3.
7.
10.
y
y
7 2
6
5 1
j(x) = x3 + 1 x=1
k(x) = 2x + 5
4
3 x
–2 –1 1
2
x = –2 x=1 –1
1
x Between ÿ1 and 1, we see that j is above

Ð 1 the x-
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
axis. As a result, the desired area is ÿ1 ðx3 þ 1Þ
–1 1
4 ÿ ÿ
dx ¼ x4 þ x ¼ 14 þ 1 ÿ 14 ÿ 1 ¼ 2.

–2 ÿ1
Between ÿ2 and 1, kðxÞ is above the x-axis. Thus, 11.

Ð1 1
the desired area is ÿ2 ð2x þ 5Þdx ¼ x2 þ 5xÿ2 ¼ y
ð1 þ 5Þ ÿ ð4 ÿ 10Þ ¼ 6 þ 6 ¼ 12.
1
8. x
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6
y –1
8 –2
7 –3
m(x) = x2 – 4x
6
j(x) = 2x2 –4
5
4
3 From the graph we can determine that m intersects
x=2
2 the x-axis at 0 and 4 and is below the axis. Hence
1 we take the absolute value of the integral.
x ð 4 4
3

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
x ÿ 4x dx ¼ x ÿ 2x2 ¼ 64 ÿ 32
ÿ 2
x=1 3 3
0 0

Between 1 and 2, j is above the x-axis. Hence the

2 2 32
Ð2 2 2x3
2
16 2 14
¼ ÿ10 ¼ 10 or
1 2x dx ¼ 3 ¼ 3 ÿ 3 ¼ 3 .
desired area is 3 3 3
1
SECTION 24.4 451
12. 14.
y y
1 6 h(x) = 6 – x – x2
n(x) = x2 – 4
5
x
–2 –1 1 2 4
–1 3
2
–2
1
–3 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–4 The area is above the x-axis and h intersects the

axis at ÿ3 and 2.
From the graph we determine that n intersects the ð2 2
x-axis at ÿ2 and 2 and the area is below the axis x2 x3
6 ÿ x ÿ x2 dx ¼ 6x ÿ ÿ
ÿ
between these points. We need the absolute value ÿ3 2 3 ÿ3
of the integral or its negative.

8
¼ 12 ÿ 2 ÿ
ð 2
ÿ 2
3
x ÿ 4 dx
9

ÿ ÿ18 ÿ þ 9

ÿ2
ð2 3 2 2
ÿ 2 x
¼ÿ x ÿ 4 dx ¼ ÿ ÿ 4x 5
ÿ2 3 ÿ2 ¼ 20
6
8 ÿ8
¼ÿ ÿ8 ÿ þ8
3 3 15.

16 ÿ32 32 2
¼ÿ ÿ 16 ¼ ÿ ¼ ¼ 10 y
3 3 3 3
4
g(x) = x3 –4x
13. 2
y x
–6 –4 –2 2 4
10 –2
f(x) = 9 – x2
8 –4
6
The graph is above the x-axis from ÿ2 to 0 and
4 below the x-axis from 0 to 2.
2
ð0 ð2
ÿ 3 ÿ 3
x ÿ 4x dx ÿ x ÿ 4x dx
x ÿ2
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 4 0 0 4 2
x 2 x
ÿ 2x2

¼ ÿ 2x ÿ
The area is above the x-axis and f intersects the x- 4 ÿ2 4
0
axis at ÿ3 and 3. Thus, we have 16 16
¼0ÿ ÿ8 ÿ ÿ8 þ0¼8
ð3 3 4 4
x3
9 ÿ x2 dx ¼ 9x ÿ
ÿ
ÿ3 3 ÿ3
¼ ð27 ÿ 9Þ ÿ ðÿ27 þ 9Þ ¼ 36
16. 19.
y y
1
5
g(x) = 2x
4
f(x) = x3 – x2
3
x 2
–1 1
1 f(x) = x2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
From the graph we determine that gðxÞ f ðxÞ on
The graph is below the axis from 0 to 1, the two [0, 2]. Hence, the desired area is
places it intersects the x-axis.
ð2 2
x3 8 4
x3 1 2x ÿ x2 dx ¼ x2 ÿ ¼ 4 ÿ ¼ :
ð1 4 ÿ
ÿ 3 x
x ÿ x2 dx ¼ ÿ

ÿ ÿ 0 3 0 3 3
0 4 3
0
1 1 1 20.
¼ÿ ÿ ¼ :
4 3 12
y
5 h(x) = x + 2
17.
4
y
3
4 h(x) = x + 9 g(x) = 4 – x2
2
2
1
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 x
–2 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
The graph is above the x-axis and intersects at ÿ9.
The graphs intersect at x ¼ ÿ2 and x ¼ 1. Since
Thus, the desired area is
gðxÞ hðxÞ, the desired area is
0
ð0
2 ð1
x þ 9 dx ¼ ðx þ 9Þ3=2

ÿ9 3 ðgðxÞ ÿhðxÞÞdx
ÿ9
ÿ2 ð
2h i 1 ÿÿ
¼ ð0 þ 9Þ3=2 ÿ ðÿ9 þ 9Þ3=2 4 ÿ x2 ÿ ðx þ 2Þ dx

3 ¼
ÿ2
2 ð1 1
¼ 27 ¼ 18: ÿ x2 x3
2

3 ¼ 2 ÿ x ÿ x dx ¼ 2x ÿ ÿ
ÿ2 2 3
ÿ2
18. 1 1 8
¼ 2ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4 ÿ 2 þ
2 3 3
y
4
1 1 8 1
¼2ÿ ÿ þ4þ2ÿ ¼4
j(x) = x 2 3 4 2
2 x=9
x
2 4 6 8 10
The graph is above the x-axis and intersects the

axis at 0. Thus, the desired area is
ð9 9
pffiffiffi 2 2
x dx ¼ x3=2 ¼ 93=2 ¼ 18:
0 3 0 3
SECTION 24.4 453
21. f ðxÞ ÿ ðÿ1Þ.

ð2
y ÿ 2
x þ 4 ÿ ðÿ1Þ dx
10 ÿ2 ð
2 ÿ
x2 þ 5 dx

g(x) = 9 ¼
8 ÿ2
2
x3

8 ÿ8
6 ¼ þ 5x ¼ þ 10 ÿ ÿ 10
3 ÿ2 3 3
f(x) = x2 + 3
1
4 ¼ 25
3
2
23.
x
–4 –2 2 4 y
pffiffiffi g(x) = 2x
f and g intersect at ð 6; 9Þ. On the interval 3
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi f(x) = x – 4
½ÿ 6; 6, we see that gðxÞ f ðxÞ. Thus, the
1
desired area is x
1 3 5 7 9
–1
ð p6ffiffi
9 ÿ x2 þ 3 dx –3
ÿ ÿ
pffiffi
ÿ 6
ð pffiffi6 pffiffi6 –5
ÿ 2
x3
¼ pffiffi 6 ÿ x dx ¼ 6x ÿ pffiffi
ÿ 6 3 ÿ 6 f and g intersect at ð8; 4Þ. g is defined on ½0; 1Þ.
pffiffiffi3 ! pffiffiffi3 ! On [0, 8], we see that gðxÞ f ðxÞ.
pffiffiffi 6 pffiffiffi 6
¼ 6 6ÿ ÿ ÿ6 6 þ ð8
3 3 ðgðxÞ ÿ f ðxÞÞdx
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 0
¼ 12 6 ÿ 4 6 ¼ 8 6 19:596 ð 8 pffiffiffiffiffi
¼ ð 2x ÿ x þ 4Þdx
22. ð08 pffiffiffiffiffi ð8
¼ 2x dx þ ð4 ÿ xÞdx
y 0 0
f(x) = x2 + 4
9 For the first integral let u ¼ 2x, then du ¼ 2 dx, so
8 dx ¼ 12 du and the limits of integration become
x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 0 and x ¼ 8 ) u ¼ 16. Thus, by
7 substitution into the first integral, we get
6
1 16 pffiffiffi
ð ð8
u du þ ð4 ÿ xÞdx
5 2 0
0 8
1 2 3=2 16 x2
4 ¼ u þ 4x ÿ
23 0 2 0
3
x = –2 x=2 64 64 1
2
¼ ÿ 0 þ 32 ÿ ¼ 21 ¼ 21:333
3 2 3
1
24.
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
y
y = –1
6
–2 y=4
f(x) = x
From the figure we determine that we need to inte- 2
grate from ÿ2 to 2 and that the needed integrand is x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
–2
Ð 16 pffiffiffi 16
0 ð4 ÿ xÞdx ¼ 4x ÿ 23 x3=2 0 ¼ 64ÿ 128 64 1
3 ¼ 3 ¼ 21 3
25. f and g intersect at ð2; 0Þ. On ½ÿ2; 2; gðxÞ

f ðxÞ.
y
ð2
9 ÿ 2x2 ÿ x2 ÿ 4 dx
ÿ ÿ
4
ÿ2
ð2
12 ÿ 3x2 dx
ÿ
¼
x ÿ2
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 2
–2 ¼ 12x ÿ x3 ÿ2 ¼ ð24 ÿ 8Þ ÿ ðÿ24 þ 8Þ ¼ 32
2
g(x) = 4 – x
–4
27.
–6
y
–8
3
h(x) = 2x – 1 x2
2 2
h(x) = –3x 1
x
f and g intersect at ðÿ1; 3Þ and ð4; ÿ12Þ –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
ð4 –2 j(x) = 1 x – 2
2
4 ÿ x2 ÿ ðÿ3xÞ dx
ÿÿ
–3
ÿ1
ð4 –4
4 þ 3x ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
¼ ÿ
ÿ1 h and j intersect at ÿ1; ÿ2 13 and (4, 0)
4
3x2 x3 ð4
¼ 4x þ ÿ ðhðxÞ ÿ jðxÞ dx
2 3 ÿ1
ÿ1
64 3 1 ð4
3 1

¼ 16 þ 24 ÿ ÿ ÿ4 þ þ ¼ x ÿ x2 þ 2 dx
3 2 3
ÿ1 2 2
3 65 4
¼ 44 ÿ ÿ ¼ 20:8333 3 2 1 3
2 3 ¼ x ÿ x þ 2x
4 6
ÿ1
26. 64 3 1
¼ 12 ÿ þ 8 ÿ þ ÿ2
6 4 6
y
¼ 10:417
8 g(x) = 8 – 2x 2
28.
7
y
6
5
1
4 n(x) = x2
m(x) = x4
3
x
2 –1 1
1 f(x) = x2 – 4
ð1 1
x x3 x5
x2 ÿ x4 dx ¼ ÿ
ÿ
–2 –1 1 2 3 3 5 ÿ1
ÿ1
–1
1 1 1 1 4
–2 ¼ ÿ ÿ ÿ ¼
3 5 5 3 15
–3
–4
SECTION 24.4 455
29. 31.
y y
8 x=1 10
g(x) = 4x
k(x) = x2
6 8
4 6
2
2 j(x) = 8 – x
4
f(x) = x3
x
–4 –2 2 4 2
ð1 x
2 –6 –4 –2 2 4
ÿ x2 dx
ÿÿ ÿ
8ÿx
ÿ2
ð1
8 ÿ 2x2 dx
ÿ
¼
ÿ2
1
2 –6
¼ 8x ÿ x3
3 ÿ2
–8
2 16
¼ 8ÿ ÿ ÿ16 þ
3 3 –10
18
¼ 24 ÿ ¼ 18 ð0 ð2
3
x3 ÿ 4x dx þ 4x ÿ x3 dx
ÿ ÿ
ÿ2 0
30. 0 2
x4 x4

y ¼ ÿ 2x2 þ 2x2 ÿ
x = –2
4 ÿ2 4 0
5
y=4
16 16
4 ¼0ÿ ÿ 18 þ 8 ÿ ÿ0¼8
4 4
3
f(x) = 2 x 32.
2
1 y
x 9
–1 1 2 3 4 5 k(x) = 9 – x2
–1 8
x=3
ð0 ð4 7
pffiffiffi
4 dx þ ð4 ÿ 2 xÞdx 6
ÿ2 0
4 5
4
4xj0ÿ2 þ
4x ÿ x3=2

¼ 4
3 0
3
32 32 40 1
¼ 8 þ 16 þ ¼ 24 ÿ ¼ ¼ 13 h(x) = x + 3
3 3 3 3
1
x
–2 –1 1 2 4
h intersects k at ð3; 0Þ and ð2; 5Þ

ð2
9 ÿ x2 ÿ ðx þ 3 dx
ÿ
34.
ÿ3
ð3 y
ðx þ 3Þ ÿ 9 ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
þ
2 3
ð2 ð3
2 f(x) = x
6 ÿ x ÿ x2 dx þ
ÿ ÿ 2
¼ x þ x ÿ 6 dx
ÿ3 2 1
2 3 3 h(x) = x – 2
x2 x3 x2

x
¼ 6x ÿ ÿ þ þ ÿ 6x
–1 1 2 3 4 5
x
2 3 ÿ3 3 2
2
–1
8 9 g(x) = –x
¼ 12 ÿ 2 ÿ ÿ ÿ18 ÿ þ –2
3 2
–3

9 8
þ 9 þ ÿ 18 ÿ þ 2 ÿ 12
2 3
f is always the top graph. From 0 to 1, g is the bot-
8 9 tom; from 1 to 4, h is the bottom.
¼ 12 ÿ 2 ÿ þ 18 þ ÿ 9 þ 9
3 2 ð1 ð4
9 8 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
þ ÿ 18 ÿ ÿ 2 þ 12 ð x þ xÞdx þ ð x ÿ x þ 2Þdx
12 3 0 1
16 16 2 1
2 3=2 x2 2 3=2 x2
4
¼ 24 ÿ 4 þ 9 ÿ ¼ 29 ÿ ¼ 23 ¼ x þ þ x ÿ þ 2x

3 3 3

3 2 0 3 2
1

33. 2 1 16 16
¼ þ ÿ0þ ÿ þ8
3 2 3 2
y
12 2 1
h(x) = x2 – 2x
ÿ ÿ þ2
3 2
10
2 1 16 2 1
8 ¼ þ þ ÿ8þ8ÿ þ ÿ2
3 2 3 3 2
6 g(x) = 4x – x2 + 8 16 1
4 ¼ ÿ1¼4
3 3
2
x 35.
–4 –2 2 4 6
y
h and g intersect at ðÿ1; 3Þ and (4, 8) f(x) = 4x
3 y=3
ð4
ðgðxÞ ÿ hðxÞÞdx 2
ÿ1
ð4
1
8 þ 6x ÿ 2x2 dx
ÿ
¼
ÿ1
4 x
2 –1 1 2 3 4
¼ 8x þ 3x2 ÿ x3 –1
3 ÿ1

128 2 Solving for
¼ 32 þ 48 ÿ ÿ ÿ8 þ 3 þ p ffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffi the ppoint of intersection, we get
3 3 4x ¼ 2 x ¼ 3; x ¼ 32, and x ¼ 94. Now integrat-
ffiffiffi
128 2 ing, we have
¼ 80 ÿ þ8ÿ3ÿ
3 3 ð 9=4
pffiffiffi
130 125 2 ð3 ÿ 2 xÞdx
¼ 85 ÿ ¼ ¼ 41 0
3 3 3 9=4
4
¼ 3x ÿ x3=2
3 0
27 4 27 27 27
¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ ¼ 2:25
4 3 8 4 6
SECTION 24.4 457
36. ð8 8
1 1 2
y
ÿ u1=2 du ¼ ÿ u3=2
2 16 2 3 16
5 1 3=2
¼ ÿ ð8 ÿ 64Þ
3
4 k(x) = x + 2
1 2 3=2 0
ð0
1 1=2
ÿ u dx ¼ u
3
2 8 2 3 8
1
¼ ÿ ð0 ÿ 83=2 Þ
2 3
The sum of these two integrals is 64
3 . For the second
1
integral let u ¼ 16 ÿ 4x, and then du ¼ ÿ4 dx or
dx ¼ ÿ 14 du. Here the limits of integration are
x
–2 –1 1 2 x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 16 and x ¼ 4 ) u ¼ 0.
0
–1 1 0 1=2
ð
1 2
u du ¼ ÿ u3=2

h(x) = x3 – 3x + 2
ÿ
4 16 4 3 16
1 64
h and k intersect at ðÿ2; 0Þ, ð0; 2Þ and (2;4). Thus, ¼ 0 þ 64 ¼
the desired area is 6 6
ð0 ð2 For the final answer, we subtract this last answer
ðhðxÞ ÿ kðxÞÞdx þ ðkðxÞ ÿ hðxÞÞdx from the earlier result, and obtain 64 64 64
3 ÿ 6 ¼ 6 ¼
32 2
3 ¼ 10 3 ¼ 10:667.
ÿ2 0
ð0 ð2
3
4x ÿ x3 dx
ÿ ÿ
¼ x ÿ 4x dx þ 38.
ÿ1 0
4 0 2 y
x 2
2 x4
¼ ÿ 2x þ 2x ÿ 3
4 ÿ2 4 0 f(x) = x1/3
1 x=8
¼ 0 ÿ ðÿ4 þ 8Þ þ ð8 ÿ 4Þ ÿ 0 ¼ 8 x
–9 –7 –5 –3 1 3 5 7 9
37. –3 g(x) = –2
y
ð8 8
5 3
ðx1=3 ÿ ðÿ2ÞÞdx ¼ x4=3 þ 2x
y = 16 – 2x ÿ8 4 ÿ8
3
¼ ð12 þ 16Þ ÿ ð12 ÿ 16Þ
1 ¼ 32
y = 16 – 4x
x
1 3 5 7 9
Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 39.
0 ð 16 ÿ 2x ÿ 16 ÿ 4x dx þ 4 16 ÿ 2x dx ¼
1
Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 16 ÿ 2x dx ÿ 0 16 ÿ 4x dx þ
Ð 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi f(x) = x–5/3
4 16 ÿ 2x dx.
x=8
For the first and third integrals let u ¼ 16 ÿ 2x,
then du ¼ ÿ2 dx or dx ¼ ÿ 12 du. For the limits
of integration, we obtain x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 16; x ¼ 1 3 5 7 9 11
4 ) u ¼ 8 and x ¼ 8 ) u ¼ 0.
3 ÿ2=3 b
ðb
ÿ5=3
lim x dx ¼ lim ÿ x
b!1 8 b!1 2
8
3 ÿ3=2 3 ÿ2=3
¼ lim ÿ b þ ð8Þ
b!1 2 2
3
¼ or 0:375
8
Ð 1 pffiffiffi
40. 43. The area of the blue is 0 ð x ÿ x3 Þdx ¼ 23 x3=2 ÿ
y 1
x4 2 1 5
5 4 ¼ 3 ÿ 4 ¼ 12. The total area is 1 so the area of
0
5 7
4 g(x) = 4 the white is 1 ÿ 12 ¼ 12 . More white enamel is
needed.
3
f(x) = 12
ÿ
x 44. (a) SðxÞ ÿ CðxÞ ¼ ðÿx2 þ 11x þ 15Þ ÿ 54 x2 ¼
2
ÿ 94 x2 þ 11x þ 15. Using the quadratic formula,
1 x ¼ 6 or x ¼ ÿ 109 . Since x > 0, the answer is 6 yr.
Ð 6ÿ
–3 –1 1 2 3
x (b) 0 ÿ 94 x2 þ 11x þ 15Þdx ¼ ÿ 34 x3 þ 11 2
2 x þ
x = –2 x=2
15xj60 ¼ 126 or $126;000;000.
The graphs of f and g intersect when x12 ¼ 4, or 45. The graphs intersect at ðÿ2; 9Þ and (2, 9). ÐFor the
2
when x2 ¼ 14 ) x ¼ 12. Thus, the desired area is cross-sectional area of the trough, we use ÿ2 ð9 þ
2
2x2 ÿ x4 Þdx ¼ 2 0 ð9 þ 2x2 ÿ x4 Þdx ¼ 2 9xþ
ð ÿ1=2 ð 1=2 ð2 Ð
1 1
dx þ 4 dx þ dx 2 3
2
ÿ2 x
2
ÿ1=2 1=2 x
2
3x ÿ 1 x5 ¼ 508 33:87 cm2 . The volume is
5 0 15
ÿ1=2 1=2 2 508
¼ ÿxÿ1 þ4xj þÿxÿ1 ÿ1=2 15 1 000 ¼ 33 866 23 33 866:67 cm3 .
ÿ2 1=2
1 1 46. The graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (8, 16). A ¼
¼ 2 ÿ þ 2 ÿ ðÿ2Þ ÿ þ 2 ¼ 7
2 2 Ð 8ÿ 2 1 2
Ð 8ÿ 5 2

0 10x ÿ x ÿ 4 x dx ¼ 0 10x ÿ 4 x dx ¼
5 3 8

41. 5x2 ÿ 12 x 0 ¼ 106 23 106:67 cm2 .
Ð 2:4 ÿ3000 1000 Ð 2:4 ÿ1:33
y 47. 0:6 V 1:33 ÿ V 1:33 dV ¼ 0:6 2000V dV ¼
2000 ÿ0:33
2:4
ÿ0:33 V 0:6
¼ 2633:5 or about 2630 Btu.
2 x4y = 1 ð 1:0
1000
48. W¼ 2044:5 ÿ 1:4 dV
1 0:6 V
ð 2:6
2000 1000
x þ 1:4
ÿ
1 2 3 1:0 V V 1:4
1:0
¼ 2044:5V þ 2500V ÿ0:4 0:6

ðb
1 þ ÿ5000V ÿ0:4 þ 2500V ÿ0:4 1:0
2:6
x4 y ¼ 1 ) y ¼ 4 ¼ xÿ4 ; lim xÿ4 ¼
x b!1 1
b ½ð2044:5 þ 2500Þ ÿ ð1226:7 þ 3066:76Þ
1 ÿ3 ÿ1 1 1
lim ÿ x lim 3
þ ¼ þ ½ðÿ3411:78 þ 1705:89Þ
b!1 3 1 b!1 3b 3 3
ÿ ðÿ5000 þ 2500Þ
42. ¼ 1045:15
y
The work done is about 1045 Btu.
1
Ð 10 Ð 10 100
g(x) = x – x 4 2
49. ! ¼ 0 dt ¼ 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi dt ¼
ðtþ1Þ3
10
ÿ200
pffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ÿ200 p1ffiffiffiffi ÿ 1 139:7 rad/s.
tþ1 0 11
x
–1 1 Ð1 Ð1
50. V ¼ l a 2 x 2 3=2 dx ¼ 12 l a 2 2x2 3=2 dx ¼
ðR þx Þ ðR þx Þ
2 ÿ3=2
1
Ð1 2
–1
l
2 a ð2xÞ ð R þ x Þ dx ¼
ð1 1
1 ÿ2 2 ÿ1=2 ÿl ffi
ÿ 2
x4 ÿ x2 dx 2 l 1 ðR þ x Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi .
ÿ
ÿ a R2 þa2
ÿ1
5 1
x x3
¼ÿ ÿ
5 3 ÿ1

ÿ1 ÿ1 ÿ1 ÿ1 4
¼ÿ ÿ þ ÿ ¼
5 3 5 3 15
SECTION 24.5 459
24.5 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

Ð2 Ð1
1. 1 x4 dx; 1
h n ¼ 6; x ¼ 6 9. 4
0 1þx2 dx; n ¼ 10
ÿ104
1
(a) 1 þ 2
2
4
ð76Þ4
þ 2ð86Þ4
þ 2ð96Þ4
þ2 6 þ (a) 3.139926;
ÿ114 4 1 1
2 6 þ2 6 ¼ 12 ð75:17746914Þ ¼ 6:2647891 (b) 3.1415926 (Note: The actual value is .)
h ÿ 4 Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(b) 13 14 þ 4 ð76Þ4 þ 2ð86Þ4 þ 4ð96Þ4 þ 2 10
6 þ
10. 0 1 þ x3 dx; n ¼ 8
ÿ114 4 1 1
4 6 þ2 6 ¼ 18 ð111:6018519Þ ¼ 6:20010286 (a) 6.521610,
Ð2 4
2 (b) 6.391210
(c) 1 x4 dx ¼ x5 ¼ 32 1 31
5 ÿ 5 ¼ 5 ¼ 6:2 Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
Ð2 5 1
11. 0 1 þ x3 dx; n ¼ 8
2. 1 2x hdx; n ¼ 8; x ¼ 4
(a) 3.251744,
(a) 12 0 þ 2 2ð14Þ þ 2 2ð12Þ5 þ 4ð34Þ5 þ 4ð1Þ5 þ
5
(b) 3.241238
4ð54Þ5 þ 4ð32Þ5 þ 4ð74Þ5 þ 2ð2Þ5 14 ¼ Ð 0:2
1 12. 0 sin x dx; n ¼ 4
8 ð177:3125Þ ¼ 22:1640625
(a) 0.019929,
h
(b) 13 0 þ 4 2ð14Þ5 þ 2 2ð12Þ5 þ 4 2 ð34Þ5 þ 2 2
(b) 0.019933
15 þ 4 2ð54Þ5 þ 2 2ð32Þ5 þ 4 2 ð74Þ5 þ 2ð2Þ5 14 ¼
Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
13. ÿ2 x þ 4 dx; n ¼ 8
1
12 ð256:125Þ ¼ 21:34375
Ð2 2 6
(c) 1 2x5 dx ¼ 13 x6 0 ¼ 23 ¼ 64 1 (a) 7.909233,
3 ¼ 21 3.
Ð 1 pffiffiffi (b) 7.912321
3. 0 x dx; n ¼ 4; x ¼ 14 Ð3
14. 1 ln x dx; n ¼ 8
qffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffi
(a) 2 0 þ 2 14 þ 2 1=2 þ 2 34 þ 1 14 ¼
1
(a) 1.292375,
1
8 ð5:14626437Þ
qffiffi
¼ 0:643283 (b) 1.295798
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiq3ffiffi
1
0þ4 1 1 Ð 4 pffiffix
(b) 4 þ 2 1=24 4þ1 4¼ 15. 0 1þ x dx; n ¼ 8
3 pffiffi
1
12 ð7:878315178Þ ¼ 0:6565263 (a) 2.141030,
Ð1 1
(c) 0 x1=2 dx ¼ 23 x3=2 0 ¼ 23 ¼ 0:6667 (b) 2.170342
Ð 1 ex þeÿx
16. 2 dx; n ¼ 4
Ð2
4. 1 x1=3 dx 0
(a) 1.139241, (a) 1.181316,

(b) 1.139875, (b) 1.175227
Ð2 4 2
(c) 1 x1=3 dx ¼ 34 x3 1 ¼ 34 24=3 ÿ 34 ¼ 1:139882 17. (a) x ¼ 1; 12 ð4:2 þ 2ð3:9Þ þ 2ð3:8Þ þ 2ð4:0Þ þ
Ð 5 dx 2ð3:5Þ þ 2ð3:4Þ þ 2ð3:9Þ þ 2ð4:1Þ þ 4:3Þ ¼ 12
5. 1 x ; n¼ 8
ð61:7Þ ¼ 30:85
(a) 1.628968,
(b) 13 ð4:2 þ 4ð3:9Þ þ 2ð3:8Þ þ 4ð4:0Þ þ 2ð3:5Þ þ
(b) 1.610847 4ð3:4Þ þ 2ð3:9Þ þ 4ð4:1Þ þ 4:3Þ ¼ 13 ð92:5Þ ¼
Ð 4 dx 30:83333
6. 1 x2 ; n ¼ 6
(a) 0.789219, 18. x ¼ 0:1
Ð4 ÿ2 4 (a) 12 ð4:32 þ 2ð4:57Þþ2ð5:14Þþ2ð5:78Þþ2ð6:84Þ
(b) 0.754838, actual value 1 x dx ¼ ÿxÿ1 1 ¼
þ 2ð6:62Þ þ 6:51Þð0:1Þ ¼ 12 ð68:73Þð0:1Þ ¼ 3:4365
ÿ 14 þ 1 ¼ 0:75
Ð 5 dx (b) 13 ð4:32þ4ð4:57Þþ2ð5:14Þþ4ð5:78Þþ2ð6:84Þ
7. 1 1þx ; n ¼ 8 þ 4ð6:62Þ þ 6:51Þð0:1Þ ¼ 13 ð102:67Þð0:1Þ ¼ 3:4223
(a) 1.1032107,
19. (a) x ¼ 0:25; 12 ð16:32 þ 2ð16:48Þ þ 2ð16:73Þ þ
(b) 1.098726 2ð16:42Þþ 2ð16:38Þ þ 2ð16:29Þ þ 16:25Þð0:25Þ ¼
Ð2 1
8. 0 x dx; n ¼ 4 2 ð197:17Þð0:25Þ ¼ 24:64625
(a) 4.550118,
þ1 2 þ1
1

(b) 4.262661 actual þ1 x 0
¼ 2þ1 ¼ 4:261635
(b) 13 ð16:32 þ 4ð16:48Þ þ 2ð16:73Þ þ 4ð16:42Þ þ The revenue from the sale of the first 600 comput-
2ð16:38Þ þ 4ð16:29Þ þ ð16:25Þð0:25Þ ers is about $68,802.30.
¼ 13 ð295:55Þð0:25Þ ¼ 24:629167 25. Trapezoidal:
20. x ¼ 5 100
(a) 12 ð0 þ 2 21 þ 2 18 þ 2 17 þ 2 18 þ 2 A¼ ½300 þ 2ð300Þ þ 2ð350Þ þ 2ð400Þ
2
14 þ 0Þ 5 ¼ 52 ð142Þ ¼ 355 m2 þ 2ð500Þ þ 2ð600Þ þ 2ð500Þ þ 2ð600Þ
(b) 13 ð0 þ 4 21 þ 2 18 þ 4 17 þ 2 18 þ 4 þ 2ð550Þ þ 2ð650Þ þ 600
14 þ 0Þ 5 ¼ 53 ð280Þ ¼ 466:7 m2 ¼ 490; 000 ft2 11:264 acres
Ð2 ÿ10t
21. 1 4:0e ÿ 4:0eÿ20t dt; t ¼ 14
Simpson:
(a) 2:676 10ÿ5 C ¼ 26:76 C
100
(b) 20:34 C A¼ ½300 þ 4ð300Þ þ 2ð350Þ þ 4ð400Þ
3
22. x ¼ 5 milliseconds moving from 10 to 60. þ 2ð500Þ þ 4ð600Þ þ 2ð500Þ
(a) 12 ½0:3 þ 2ð0:7Þ þ 2ð0:8Þ þ 2ð0:7Þ þ 2ð0:8Þ þ
þ 4ð600Þ þ 2ð550Þ þ 4ð650Þ þ 600
2ð0:7Þ þ 2ð0:5Þ þ 2ð0:4Þ þ 2ð0:2Þ þ 2ð0:2Þ þ 0:1
¼ 496; 667 ft2 11:417 acres
ð5Þ ¼ 52 ð10:8Þ ¼ 27
(b) 5
3 ½0:3 þ 4ð0:7Þ þ 2ð0:8Þ þ 4ð0:7Þ þ 2ð0:8Þ þ 26. Here, x ¼ 9ÿ1
8 ¼ 1.
4ð0:7Þ þ 2ð0:5Þ þ 4ð0:4Þ þ 2ð0:2Þ þ 4ð0:2Þ þ 0:1
Trapezoidal:
¼ 53 ð16:2Þ ¼ 27
1
23. (a) Using trapezoidal rule Reaction ¼ ½rð1Þ þ 2rð2Þ þ 2rð3Þ þ 2rð4Þ
2
ð 100
5 þ 2rð5Þ þ 2rð6Þ þ 2rð7Þ þ 2rð8Þ þ 2rð9Þ
f ðxÞdx ½692:1 þ 2ð742:7Þ þ 2ð796:6Þ 1
50 2 ¼ ½1:3679 þ 2ð0:5183Þ þ 2ð0:3335Þ
þ 2ð944:8Þ þ 2ð1152:1Þ þ 2ð1164:5Þ 2
þ 2ð0:2500Þ þ 2ð0:2000Þ þ 2ð0:1667Þ
þ 2ð1262:8Þ þ 2ð1215:0Þ þ 2ð1355:3Þ
þ 2ð0:1429Þ þ 2ð0:1250Þ þ 1111
þ 2ð1438:2Þ þ 1583:3
¼ 2:47585
56048:5 million metric tons
(b) Using Simpson’s rule Simpson:
ð 100 1
5 Reaction ¼ ½rð1Þ þ 4rð2Þ þ 2rð3Þ þ 4rð4Þ
f ðxÞdx ½692:1 þ 4ð742:7Þ þ 2ð796:6Þ 3
50 3
þ 2rð5Þ þ 4rð6Þ þ 2rð7Þ þ 4rð8Þ
þ 4ð944:8Þ þ 2ð1152:1Þ þ 4ð1164:5Þ
þ rð9Þ
þ 2ð1262:8Þ þ 4ð1215:0Þ þ 2ð1355:3Þ
1
þ 4ð1438:2Þ þ 1583:3 ¼ ½1:3679 þ 4ð0:5183Þ þ 2ð0:3335Þ
3
55716:3 million metric tons þ 4ð0:2500Þ þ 2ð0:2000Þ þ 4ð0:1667Þ
24. With n ¼ 10 m the interval and points are at 0, 60, þ 2ð0:1429Þ þ 4ð0:1250Þ þ 0:1111
120, . . . , 600. ¼ 2:35723
ð 600
R0 ðxÞdx
0
60 0
¼ ½R ð0Þ þ 2R0 ð60Þ þ 2R0 ð120Þ þ
2
þ 2R0 ð540Þ þ R0 ð600Þ
30½0 þ 2ð152:33Þ þ 2ð169:46Þ þ 2ð163:26Þ
þ 2ð148:29Þ þ 2ð130:42Þ þ 2ð112:38Þ
þ 2ð95:49Þ þ 2ð80:30Þ þ 2ð67:00Þ þ 55:55
¼ 68; 802:3
CHAPTER
ER 24 REVIEW
Ð2 Ð2 ÿ
x5 dx ¼ 16 x6 þ C 2
x5 þ 4x3 ÿ 3x2 ÿ
þ 4Þðx3 ÿ 3Þdx ¼
Ð
1. 17. ÿ1 ðx ÿ1
Ð p
12Þdx ¼ x6 þ x4 ÿ x3 ÿ 12xj2ÿ1 ¼ 64
Ðÿ 6 ÿ
ð 3 x þ 4Þdx ¼ x1=3 þ 4 dx ¼ 34 x4=3 þ 4x þ C
ffiffiffi
2. 6 þ 16 ÿ
Ð3 2 1 3 2
3 ÿ1 39
3. 0 ðx þ 4x ÿ 6Þdx ¼ 3 x þ 2x ÿ 6x 0 ¼ 9 þ 8 ÿ 24Þ ÿ 6 þ 1 þ 1 þ 12 ¼ ÿ 2

18 ÿ 18 ¼ 9 Ð2 Ð2 4
Ð4 2 Ð4 2 18. xðx þ 2Þ2 dx ¼ 1 ðx3 þ 4x2 þ 4xÞdx ¼ x4 þ 43 x3
1
1 3 2
4. 1 ðx þ 4Þ dx ¼ 1 ðx þ 8x þ 16Þdx ¼ 3 x þ 4x þ 2 ÿ
4 ÿ64 ÿ1 þ 2x2 1 ¼ ð4 þ 32 1 4
3 þ 8Þ ÿ 4 þ 3 þ 2Þ ¼ 19 12
1
16x1 ¼ 3 þ 64 þ 64 ÿ 3 þ 4 þ 16 ¼ 129 Ð y2 dy
19. ; Let u ¼ y3 ÿ 5, then du ¼ 3y2 dy, or
ðy3 ÿ5Þ2=3
ð8 8
Ð 8 dt ÿ1=3 3 2=3 3 9
5. p ¼ t dt ¼ t ¼6ÿ2¼2 1 3 1
Ð ÿ2=3
1 3 3 du ¼ y dy. Substitution produces 3 u du ¼
ffi
t 1 2 1
Ð 4 pffiffiffi 4 ÿ ÿ 1
31 u1=3 þ C ¼ ðy3 ÿ 5Þ
1=3
þ C.
6. ð x þ 4Þdx ¼ 2 x3=2 þ 4x ¼ 16 þ 16 ÿ 2 þ 4
1 3 1 3 3
3
14
¼ þ 12 ¼ 16 23 ¼ 50 Ð5ÿ6xþx2
Ð ð5ÿxÞð1ÿxÞ Ð
1ÿx dx ¼ ¼ ð5 ÿ xÞdx ¼
3 3 20. dx
1ÿx
¼ ðt þ 5Þÿ4 dt ¼ ÿ 13 ðt þ 5Þÿ3 þ C
Ð dt
Ð
7. ðtþ5Þ4
2
5x ÿ x2 þ C; x 6¼ 1
ÿ1=3
¼ ð x 2 þ 4Þ x dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 4, and
Ð xffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dx ffi
Ð
8. p Ð1 3
ÿ x2 Þ dx ¼
Ð 1ÿ
1 ÿ 3x2 þ 3x4 ÿ x6 dx ¼
21. 0 ð1
3 2
x þ4 0
then du ¼ 2x dx, or 12 du ¼ x dx. Substitution pro- ÿ 1
x ÿ x3 þ 3 x5 ÿ 1 x7 ¼ 1 ÿ 1 þ 3 ÿ 1 ¼
2=3 5 7 0 5 7
duces 12 uÿ1=3 du ¼ 12 32 u2=3 þ C ¼ 34 ðx2 þ 4Þ þ
Ð
21 5
35 ÿ 35 ¼ 16
35
C. Ð xþ2 2
Ð8 p Ð 8 4=3 8 22. ðx2 þ4xÞ dx. Let u ¼ x þ 4x, then du ¼ ð2x þ
dx ¼ 37 x7=3 1 ¼ 37 27 ÿ 37 ¼ 381
ffiffiffi
9. 1 x x dx ¼ 1 x 7
3
4Þdx, or 2 du ¼ ðx þ 2Þdx. Thus, 12 uÿ2 du ¼ 12
1
Ð
54:429. ÿ1
ðÿ1Þuÿ1 þC ¼ ÿ 12 ðx2 þ 4xÞ þ C or 2ðxÿ1
2 þ4xÞ þ C.
Ð 4 4 dx 4 4 ÿ3=2
Ð 4
dx ¼ 43 ðÿ2Þxÿ1=2 1 ¼ Ð pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
1 3 x3 ¼ 3 1 x

10. pffiffiffi
23. ffi dx ¼ 2 23 x3=2 ÿ p1ffiffi 21 x1=2 þ C ¼
2x ÿ p1ffiffiffi
2x 2
ÿ 83 12 ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ 83 ÿ1
ÿ 4 pffiffi pffiffiffi 1=2
2 ¼ 3
3=2
2 2 3=2
3 x ÿ 2 x þ C ¼ 1
3 ð2xÞ ÿ ð2xÞ1=2 þ C
ðu ÿ uÿ4 Þdu ¼ 15 u5 þ 13 uÿ3 þ C
Ð 4
11. 24.
Ð 3
ðx ÿ 4xÞð3x2 ÿ 4Þdx. Let u ¼ x3 ÿ 4x, then du ¼
Ð x4 ÿ1 Ð ÿ3 x2 1 ÿ2 2 2
12. x3 dx ¼ ð x ÿ x Þdx ¼ 2 þ 2 x þC ¼ ð3x2 ÿ4Þdx. Thus, u du ¼ u2 þC ¼ 12 ðx3 ÿ4xÞ þ C.
Ð
x2
þ 2x12 þ C
Ð 4 9ÿt3 Ð 4 ÿ ÿ2 1 4
ÿ 3 t dt ¼ ÿ3tÿ1 ÿ 13 12 t2 1
ÿ
2 25. 1 3t2 dt ¼ 1 3t
2x x2 ÿ 5 dx. Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 5, then du ¼ 2x dx.
Ð
13. ¼ ÿ3
ÿ 8
ÿ 1
1
4 ÿ 3 ÿ ÿ3 ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ 4
Thus, u1=2 du ¼ 23 u3=2 þ C ¼ 23 ðx2 ÿ 5Þ3=2 þ C
Ð
Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 1 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi Ð1 pffiffiffi
2 2 26. xð3 x ÿ 5Þdx ¼ 0 ð3x ÿ 5 xÞdx ¼ 32 x2 ÿ
14. 0 x x þ 9 dx. Let u ¼ x þ 9, then du ¼ 2x dx,
0
1
or 1
2 du ¼ x dx. For the limits of integration, we 5 23 x3=2 0 ¼ 32 ÿ 10 11
3 ¼ÿ 6
have x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 9 and x ¼ 4 ) u ¼ 25. Thus Ð8 pffiffi
4 3 u du
1 25 1=2
25 27. ÿ1 ð1þu4=3 Þ3. Let v ¼ 1 þ u4=3 , then dv ¼ 43 u1=3 du,
du ¼ 12 23 u3=2 9 ¼ 15 ð125 ÿ 27Þ ¼ 13 ð98Þ
Ð
2 9 u
or 3dv ¼ 4u1=3 du. The limits of integration become
¼ 98
3 ¼ 32 3.
2
Ð 3p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi u ¼ ÿ1 ) v ¼ 2 and u ¼ 8 ) v ¼ 17. Thus,
15. x 6 ÿ x2 dx. Let u ¼ 6 ÿ x2 , then du ¼ ÿ2x dx, Ð 17 ÿ2 17

we have 3 2 v ÿ3 dv ¼ 3 ÿ1
2 v 2
ÿ3
¼ 217 3
2 þ 222
or ÿ 12 du ¼ x dx. Substitution yields ÿ 12 u1=3 du

Ð
ÿ0:00519 þ 0:375 ¼ 0:36981.
4=3
¼ ÿ 12 34 u4=3 þ C ¼ ÿ3 2
8 ð6 ÿ x Þ þ C. Ð 2 3x3 ÿ2xÿ3 Ð 2ÿ
dx ¼ 1 3x ÿ 2xÿ5 dx ¼ 32 x2 þ 12 xÿ4 j21
ÿ
28. 1 x2
3
3xð4 ÿ x2 Þ dx. Let u ¼ 4 ÿ x2 , then du ¼Ðÿ2x dx,
Ð
16. ÿ 1
ÿ3 1 1 1
¼ 6 þ 32 ÿ 2 þ 2 ¼ 6 32 ÿ 2 ¼ 4 32
or 3x dx ¼ ÿ 32 du. Substituting, we have ÿ 32 u3 du ¼
2 4
ÿ 32 14 u4 þ C ¼ ÿ3
8 ð4 ÿ x Þ þ C.
Ð 1 dx Ðb ÿ3 b
¼ lim 1 xÿ4 dx ¼ limb!1 ÿ1
ÿ
29. 1 x4 3 x 1
¼
b!1
ÿ1 1
1
lim 3b3 þ 3 ¼ 3
b!1
Ð1 4x dx
30. 0 ð3x2 þ1Þ5
; Let u ¼ 3x2 þ 1, then du ¼ 6x dx, or 35. 4x3 ¼ x ) 4x3 ÿ x ¼ 0 ) xð4x2 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0 )
2 x ¼ 0; ÿ 12 ; 12.
4x dx ¼ 3 du. For the limits of integration, we
obtain x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 1 and x ! 1 ) u ! 1. ð0
ÿ 2
ð 1=2
x ÿ 4x3 dx
ÿ
Ð1 ÿ 1 4x ÿ x dx þ
Thus, 23 1 uÿ5 du ¼ 23 ÿ 14 uÿ4 1 ¼ lim 6b
ÿ ÿ1 1
4 þ 6 ÿ1=2 0
b!1
¼ 16. 2 0
1=2
x2

x
¼ x4 ÿ þ ÿ x 4
31. f ðxÞ ¼ 4x ÿ 6 ¼ 0; 4x ¼ 6; x ¼ 32. Thus, 2 ÿ1=2 2

0
Ð 3=2 Ð4
ÿ ÿ3 ð4x ÿ 6Þdx þ 3=2 ð4x ÿ 6Þdx ¼ ÿð2x2 ÿ

1 1 1 1 1
¼ÿ ÿ þ ÿ ¼
3=2 4 ÿ
6xÞjÿ3 þ ð2x2 ÿ 6xÞ3=2 ¼ ÿ 92 ÿ 9 þ ð18 þ 18Þ 16 8 8 16 8
ÿ
þ ð32 ÿ 24Þ ÿ 92 ÿ 9 ¼ 92 þ 36 þ 8 þ 92 ¼ 53. 36.
2
32. gðxÞ ¼ 2 ÿ x ÿ x ¼ ð2 þ xÞð1 ÿ xÞ. This crosses y
Ð1 g(x) = x – 3
the x-axis at ÿ2 and 1. ÿ2 ð2 ÿ x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼ 1
1
2 3 ÿ ÿ
2x ÿ x2 ÿ x3 ¼ 2 ÿ 12 ÿ 13 ÿ ÿ4 ÿ 2 þ 83 ¼ x
ÿ2 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
5
2ÿ þ6 6 ÿ 83 ¼ 8ÿ 21
6 ¼8ÿ ¼ ¼7
2
9
2 4 12 or 4.5. –1
33. –2
y –3
–4
x f(x) = x3 – 3x2
–4 –2 2 4
–2 The graphs intersect when f ðxÞ ¼ gðxÞ or x3 ÿ
f(x) = x2 – x – 12
3x2 ¼ x ÿ 3. This can be rewritten as x2 ðx ÿ 3Þ
–4 ¼ ðx ÿ 3Þ, or x2 ðx ÿ 3Þ ÿ ðx ÿ 3Þ ¼ 0, or ðx2 ÿ 1Þ
ðx ÿ 3Þ ¼ 0. Thus, we see that the graphs intersect
–6 g(x) = – 6 at ÿ1; 1 and 3. The desired area is
ð1
ÿ 3
x ÿ 3x2 ÿ x þ 3 dx

–8
ÿ1
ð3
x ÿ 3 ÿ x3 þ 3x2 dx
ÿ
þ
1
4 1
–12 x x2
¼ ÿ x3 ÿ þ 3x
4 2 ÿ1
The graphs will intersect when f ðxÞ ¼ gðxÞ or 2 3
when x2 ÿ x ÿ 12 ¼ ÿ6. This can be rewritten as x x4
ÿ 3x ÿ þ x3

þ
x2 ÿ x ÿ 6 ¼ 0 which factors as ðx ÿ 3Þðx þ 2Þ ¼ 2 4
1
0. The graphs intersect at x ¼ ÿ2 and x ¼ 3. 1 1 1 1
Ð 3 ¼ ÿ1ÿ þ3 ÿ þ1ÿ ÿ3
Thus, the desired area is ÿ2 ðx3 ÿ x ÿ 6Þdx ¼
4 2 4 2

9 81 1 1

x3 x2 3
3 ÿ 2 ÿ 6xÿ2 ¼ 9 ÿ 92 ÿ 18 ÿ ÿ8
ÿ ÿ
3 ÿ 2 þ 12 þ ÿ 9 ÿ þ 27 ÿ ÿ3ÿ þ1
2 4 2 4
125 125
¼ ÿ 6 ¼ 6 . 3 1 1 3
¼ 1 ÿ ÿ2 þ 2þ ÿ ÿ1
4 4 4 4
34. hðxÞ ¼ x þ 2 ¼ 0 at x ¼ ÿ2. Thus, ¼8
Ð 7 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 7
x þ 2 dx ¼ 23 ðx þ 2Þ3=2 ¼ 227
3 ÿ 0 ¼ 18.

ÿ2 ÿ2
CHAPTER 24 TEST 463
Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
37. y2 þ x ¼ 0; y ¼ 2x þ 1; ð2x þ 1Þ2 þ x ¼ 0; 4x2 þ 42. 5
ÿ1 1 þ x dx; n ¼ 10
4x þ 1 þ x ¼ 0; 4x2 þ 5x þ 1 ¼ 0; ð4x þ 1Þðx þ 1Þ. (a) 38.795198,
ÿ
The graphs intersect at ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ and ÿ 14 ; 12 (b) 38.464568
ð ÿ1=4 Ð1 x ÿx
ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 43. 0 ðe ÿ e Þdx; n ¼ 4
2x þ 1 þ ÿx dx
ÿ1 (a) 1.091812,
ð0
pffiffiffiffiffiffi (b) 1.086185
þ 2 ÿx dx
ÿ1=4
ÿ1=4 44. (a) 12 ð4:25 þ 2ð5:72Þ þ 2ð5:13Þ þ 2ð3:19Þ þ
2 2ð2:10Þ þ 2ð0:15Þ þ 2ð1:65Þ þ 2ð3:10Þ þ 3:70Þ
¼ x2 þ x ÿ ðÿxÞ3=2

3 ÿ1 ð0:25Þ ¼ 18 ð50:03Þ ¼ 6:25375
0
2 (b) 13 ð4:25 þ 4ð5:72Þ þ 2ð5:13Þ þ 4ð3:19Þ þ
þ ÿ2 ðÿxÞ3=2

3 ÿ1=4 2ð2:10Þ þ 4ð0:15Þ þ 2ð1:65Þ þ 4ð3:10Þ þ 3:70Þ
1
ð0:25Þ ¼ 12 ð74:35Þ ¼ 6:195833

1 1 1 2 1
¼ ÿ ÿ ÿ 1ÿ1ÿ þ0þ
16 4 12 4 6 Ð 15 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi15
1 ffi
9 45. (a) 0 t þ pffiffiffiffiffi1þt
dt ¼ t2 þ 2 1 þ t ¼ 225 2 þ
pffiffiffiffiffi 0
¼ ¼ 0:5625
16 2 16 ÿ 2 ¼ 112:5 þ 8 ÿ 2 ¼ 118:5 m
(b) The acceleration is given by aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼
38. 2x3 ¼ x4 ; x4 ÿ 2x3 ¼ 0; x3 ðx ÿ 2Þ ¼ 0 they inter- 1 ÿ 12 ð1 þ tÞÿ3=2 . Thus, the acceleration at t ¼ 15
Ð2
sect at (0, 0) and (2, 16) 0 ð2x3 ÿ x4 Þdx ¼ is að15Þ ¼ 1 ÿ 12 ð16Þÿ3=2 ¼ 1 ÿ 128 1
¼ 127
2 128
1 4 x5 32 8 3 0:992 m=s2 .
2 x ÿ 5 ¼ 8 ÿ 5 ¼ 5 ¼ 1 5 ¼ 1:6
0
4 5
Ð5 5
Ð 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 46. ! ¼ 3 10t3 dt ¼ 10 5
4 t 0 ¼ 2 ð625 ÿ 81Þ ¼ 2 ð544Þ ¼
39. 0 1 ÿ x2 dx; n ¼ 10 1360 J
(a) 0.776130,
47. di
2:0 ÿ 1:0t2 ¼ ÿ2 dt di
) dt ¼ 1 t2 ÿ 1. Hence, i ¼
(b) 0.781752 Ð 6 ÿ1 2 ÿ1 3 6 2 ÿ1
1 2 t ÿ1 dt ¼ 6 t ÿ t 1 ¼ ð36 ÿ 6Þ ÿ 6 ÿ1 ¼

Ð4 1
40. 1 3x dx; n ¼ 6 30 þ 56 ¼ 30 56 30:8 A.
(a) 0.468452,
48. (a) When the car stops its velocity is 0. Hence, we
(b) 0.462566 want to know when vðtÞ ¼ 88 ÿ 4t ¼ 0, which is
Ð 2:5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi the same as 4t ¼ 88, and so t ¼ 22 s
41. 2 x3 ÿ 1 dx; n ¼ 10
Ð(b) The distance2the car travels is given by sðtÞ ¼
(a) 1.613695, vðtÞ ¼ 88t ÿ 2t , and so, the distance it travels in
(b) 1.613656 those 22 s is sð22Þ ¼ 88 22 ÿ 2 222 ¼ 968 ft.
CHAPTER ER 24 TEST
Ð1 1 Ð 3
1. 0 2x dx ¼ x2 0 ¼ 1 ÿ 0 ¼ 1. 6. ðx2 þ 8xÞ ðx þ 4Þdx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 8x, then du ¼
ð2x þ 8Þdx, or 12 du ¼ ðx þ 4Þdx. Substitution yields
Ð4 Ð4
2. 1 ðx þ 1Þðx2 þ 1Þdx ¼ 1 ðx3 þ x2 þ x þ 1Þdx ¼
4 ÿ 1
Ð 3 4
u du ¼ 12 14 u4 þ C ¼ 18 ðx2 þ 8xÞ þ C.
4
x3 x2
x 64
ÿ1
4 þ 3 þ 2 þ x ¼ 64 þ 3 þ 8 þ 4 ÿ 4 þ
2

1
1 Ð 2 2 pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffi
3þ 12 þ 1Þ ¼ 95:25. 7. 1 3x x3 þ x þ x3 þ xÞdx ¼ 1 x3 þ x
2 ð3x2 þ1Þdx. Let u ¼ x3 þ x, then du ¼ ð3x2 þ 1Þdx.
Ð 2
ðx þ 3Þ dx ¼ ðx4 þ 6x2 þ 9Þdx ¼ 15 x5 þ
Ð
3.
When x ¼ 1 ) u ¼ 2 and when x ¼ 2Ð )puffiffiffi¼ 10.
2x3 þ 9x þ C. 10
Thus, with these substitutions we have 2 u du ¼
5
4ðx4 þ 7Þ x3 dx; Let u ¼ x4 þ 7, then du ¼ 4x3 dx. 2 3=2 10
Ð
4.
ÿ
3u 1
¼ 2 103=2 ÿ 23=2 19:196.
3
6
Thus, u du ¼ 16 u6 þ C ¼ 16 ðx4 þ 7Þ þ C.
Ð 5
Ð x2 þ2 Ð ÿ2 ÿ1
5. x2 dx ¼ ð1 þ 2x Þdx ¼ x ÿ 2x þ C.
Ð4 1
8. 4x3 ÿ 4 ¼ 4ðx3 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 4ðx ÿ 1Þðx2 þ x þ 1Þ. This 10. 2 x dx;n ¼ 8; x ¼ 28 ¼ 14. The trapezoidal
Ð1 Ð2
crosses the x-axis at x ¼ 1. ÿ1 ð4 ÿ 4x3 Þdx þ 1 ð4x3
ÿ
rule yields 12 12 þ 2:25
2 2
þ 2:5 2
þ 2:75 þ 23 þ 3:25
2 2
þ 3:5 þ
ÿ 4Þdx ¼ ð4x ÿ x4 Þj1ÿ1 þ ðx4 ÿ 4xÞj21 ¼ 2
þ 14Þ 14 ¼ 18 ð5:55297Þ ¼ 0:694122. Simpson’s
3:75
ð4 ÿ 1Þ ÿ ðÿ4 ÿ 1Þ þ ð16 ÿ 8Þ ÿ ð1ÿ 4Þ ¼ 3 þ ÿ
rule produces 13 12 þ 2:25 4 2
þ 2:5 4
þ 2:75 þ 23 þ 3:25
4
þ
5 þ8 þ 3 ¼ 19.
2 4
þ 3:75 þ 14Þ 14 ¼ 12
1
ð8:31785Þ ¼ 0:693154
9. The graphs intersect at ðÿ3; 7Þ and (2, 2). Thus, 3:5
Ð2
the desired area is ÿ3 ½ð4 ÿ xÞ ÿ ðx2 ÿ 2Þ dx ¼ 11.
Ð1 ÿ 1
0:0004 tÿ1=2 þ t1=2 dt ¼ 0:0004 2t1=2 þ 23 t3=2 0
Ð2 2 0
2 x2 x3
ÿ3 ð6 ÿ x ÿ x Þdx ¼ 6x ÿ 2 ÿ 3 ¼ ð12 ÿ 2 ÿ
ÿ
¼ 0:0004 2 þ 23 ÿ ð0 þ 0Þ 0:00107 C
ÿ 125 ÿ3
8 9
3Þ ÿ ÿ18 ÿ 2 þ 9 ¼ 6 20:833.
CHAPTER
25
Applications of Integration
25.1 AVERAGE VALUES AND OTHER ANTIDERIVATIVE APPLICATIONS

1 1

1. y ¼ 1 0 x2 dx ¼ 13 x3 10 ¼ 13
Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi
Ð3
krms ¼ 12 1 ðx6 ÿ 2x3 þ 1Þ dx ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð1 ffi q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi q ffiffi p ffiffi
frms ¼ 11 0 x4 dx ¼ 15 x5 10 ¼ 15 ¼ 55 0:4472
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3
1 x7 x4

2 7 ÿ 2 þx 1 ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffi ffi
1 3 4
1
Ð4 2 1 1 2187
81 1 1 960
2. y ¼ 4ÿ2 2 3x dx ¼ 2 ½x 2 ¼ 2 ð64 ÿ 8Þ ¼ 28 2 7 ÿ 2 þ3ÿ7þ2ÿ1 ¼ 7 ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð4 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 5 ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
grms ¼ 12 2 9x4 dx ¼ 92 x5 42 ¼ 137:1428 11:7108
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i4
9 1024ÿ32
ÿ h3
¼ 892:8 ¼ 29:8798 Ð4
7. y ¼ 14 0 ðt2 þ 4Þdt ¼ 14 t3 þ 4t ¼ 14 64

2 5
0 3 þ 16 ¼
Ð3 2 h i3
1 1 x3 1 16 1 28
3. y ¼ 3ÿ1 1 ðx ÿ 1Þdx ¼ 2 3 ÿ x 1 ¼ 2 ½ð9 ÿ 3Þ ÿ 3 þ 4 ¼ 93 ¼ 3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð4
frms ¼ 14 0 ðt4 þ 8t2 þ 16Þdt ¼
ÿ1 1 20
10
3ÿ1 ¼ 2 3 ¼ 3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4
Ð3 1 t5 8t3
hrms ¼ 12 1 ðx2 ÿ 1Þ2 dx ¼

4 5 þ 3 þ 16t 0 ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 3 4 1 1024 512 1648

1 x5 2x3

5 þ 3 þ 64 ¼ 15 ¼ 109:8667
Ð
2
2 1 ðx ÿ 2x þ 1Þdx ¼ 2 5 ÿ 3 þx 1 4
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi q ffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 12 243 54
ÿ1 2
¼ 248
ÿ
5 ÿ 3 þ3 ÿ 5ÿ3þ1 15
10:4817
i4
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð4 h
1 2 1 16t3
¼ 16:53 4:0661 8. y ¼ 4ÿ2 2 ð 16t ÿ 25 Þdt ¼ 2 3 ÿ 25t ¼
2
1 1024 128 1 2
ÿ ÿ
3 ÿ 100 ÿ 3 ÿ 50 ¼ 2 248 3 ¼ 124:333
Ð3 h i3
1 2 1 x3 1 2
4. y ¼ 3þ3 ÿ3 ð9 ÿ x Þdx ¼ 6 9x ÿ 3 ÿ3 ¼ 6 ½ð27 ÿ 9Þ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi
Ð4
1 grms ¼ 12 2 ð256t4 ÿ 800t2 þ 625Þdt ¼
ÿðÿ27 þ 9Þ ¼ 6 ð36Þ ¼ 6:
1 256t5
800t3
4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5 þ 3 þ 625t 0 ¼ 18553:53 ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 3 2 2
Ð
jrms ¼ 6 ÿ3 ð9 ÿ x Þ dx ¼ 2
136:2114
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 3
Ð
ð 81 ÿ 18x 2 þ x4 Þdx ¼
6 ÿ3 h i2
1 2 2 2 x3
Ð
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
x 5 3
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9. y ¼ 1 1 ð 6x ÿ x Þdx ¼ 3x ÿ 3 1
3
6 81x ÿ 6x ÿ 5 1 ¼ 43:2 6:5727
8 1
ÿ ÿ 20
Ð 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi h i5 ¼ 12 ÿ 3 ÿ 3 ÿ 3 ¼ 3
5. y ¼ 0 15 x þ 4 dx ¼ 15 23 ðx þ 4Þ3=2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð2 ffi
frms ¼ 2 3 4
1 ð36x ÿ 12x þ x Þdx ¼
0
2
¼ 15 ½ð27 ÿ 8Þ ¼ 38 15 :
5 2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 12x3 ÿ 3x4 þ x5 1 ¼ 45:2 6:7231
5
frms ¼ 15 0 ðx þ 4Þ dx ¼
Ð
Ð3 h 2 i3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 x2
5 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 25
ffi q5ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 10. y ¼ 13 0 ð16t2 ÿ 8t þ 1Þdt ¼ 13 16t3 ÿ 4t2 þ t ¼
6 2 þ 4x 0 ¼ 5 2 þ 20 ¼ 2þ4¼
0
1
qffiffiffiffi 3 ½144 ÿ 36 þ 3 ¼ 37
13
2 ¼ 2:5495
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð3
hrms ¼ 13 0 ð256t4 ÿ 256t3 þ 96t2 ÿ 16t þ 1Þdt ¼
h i 3
6. y ÿ 3ÿ1 1
Ð3 2 1 x4 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 ðx ÿ 1Þdx ¼ 2 4 ÿ x 1 ¼ 1 256t5

4 3 2
3 5 ÿ 64t þ 32t ÿ 8t þ t 0 ¼ 2684:2
1 81 1
1
2 4 ÿ 3 ÿ 4 þ 1 ¼ 2 ½18 ¼ 9: 51:8093
465
466 CHAPTER 25 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
pffi 2
Ð 2:5 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
1 2 1 4:9t3 1 3
Ð
11. y ¼ 2:5 0 ð4:9t ÿ 2:8t þ 4Þdt ¼ 2:5 3 ÿ 20. ieff ¼ 3 0 ðt þ t Þ dt
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2:5 1 3
1:4t2 þ 4t 0 ¼ 2:5

¼ 13 2 t2 þ 2t3=2 þ t dt
Ð ÿ
ð26:7708Þ ¼ 10:7083
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
Ð 2:5 2 2 i3
jrms ¼ 2:5 0 ð4:9t ÿ 2:8t þ 4Þ dt
h3 2
¼ 13 t3 þ 45 t5=2 þ t2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 2:5 ð415:9765Þ ¼ 12:8992 4 3=2 3
¼ 3 þ 5 3 þ 2 ¼ 8:6569 ¼ 2:9423 A:
1
Ð 1:6 1
12. y ¼ 1:6 0 ð4:9t2 ÿ 4:2t þ 9Þdt ¼ 1:6 ð15:71413Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 4
4t t2 þ 1 ¼ 0 t t2 þ 1. Let u ¼ t2 þ 1 and
Ð
9:8213 21. 4 0
ffi then, du ¼ 2t dt. When t ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 1, and when
1 1:6 2 ÿ 4:2t3 þ 9Þ2 dt ¼
Ð
krms ¼ 1:6 0 ð 4:9t t ¼ 4 )Ð u ¼ 17. Making these substitutions, we
17 pffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
have 12 1 u du ¼ 12 23 u3=2 17 1
1 ¼ 3 ð69:092796Þ ¼
1:6 ð160:25496Þ ¼ 10:0080 23:0309 A.
1 90
0:0002ð4991 þ 366x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼ 0:0002
Ð rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
13. 4991x Ð 4h i
90 0 90
22. ieff ¼ 14 0 ð4tÞ2 ðt2 þ 1Þ dt ¼
2 x3 90 0:0002

þ 183x ÿ 3 0 ¼ 90 ½1688490 ¼ 3:7522 cm qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi
Ð4 5 3
4 0 ðt4 þ t2 Þdt ¼ 2 t5 þ t3 40 ¼ 2
Ð 365
for 90 days. 0:0002 365 0 i ð4991 þ 366x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼
h 3
365 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0:0002
4991x þ 183x2 ÿ x3 ¼ 1024 64
365 0 5 þ 3 ¼ 30:0755 A
0:0002
365 ð9992848Þ ¼ 5:4755 cm for the year.
23. P ¼ ðieff Þ2 R ¼ ð30:0755Þ2 30 ¼ 27136 W
pffiffiffi h i4
1 4 1 x2 2 3=2
Ð
14. 4 0 ð1 þ x ÿ xÞdx ¼ 4 x þ 2 ÿ 3 x :¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 0:25
0 24. ieff ¼ 0:25 1
0 ðt3 ÿ 2t2 Þ2 dt ¼
1 16 2

4 4 þ 8 ÿ 3 ¼ 1 3 ¼ 1:6667 kg
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 0:25
4 0 ðt6 ÿ 4t5 þ 4t4 Þdt ¼
15. aðtÞ ¼ ÿ32; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t; sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 360. qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Setting sðtÞ ¼ 0, and solving for t, we obtain 2 17 t7 ÿ 23 t6 þ 45 t5 0:25 0 ¼ 2 0:000 627 2. Thus,
ÿ16t2 þ 360 ¼ 0, or 16t2 ¼ 360, and so t ¼ ðieff Þ2 ¼ 4ð0:000 627 2Þ 0:002 509 and so, P ¼
1
Ð 4:74
4:743416. Thus, s ¼ 4:74 0 ðÿ16t2 þ 360Þdt ¼ i2eff R ¼ 0:002 509 5 ¼ 0:012 545 12:5 mW.
1
16 3
4:74 pffi pffi
ÿ t þ 360t ¼ 240 ft. The average velo-
4:74 3 0 h 2 i4:74 25. We have v ¼ 4 t ÿ 2t ¼ 2ð2 t ÿ tÞ.
4:74
1
ðÿ32tÞdt ¼ ÿ16t
Ð
city is v ¼ 4:74 0 4:74 ¼ ÿ75:8947 Ð 6 pffi
2
0
(a) So, v eff ¼ 16 0 2ð2 t ÿ tÞ dt ¼
ft/s. qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
2 6
Ð
3=2 þ t2 Þdt ¼
2 200 10 2 3 0 ð4t ÿ 4t
Ð
16. h ¼ 200ð3 100
VðtÞ i10 ÿ t ÿÞ: V ¼ 10 0 ð100 ÿ t Þdt ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6
t 1000
20 100t ÿ 3 ¼ 20 1000 ÿ 3 ¼ 13333:33 L 1 8 5=2
þ 13 t3 0 ¼

2
0 3 2t ÿ 5 t
Ð 6ÿ 6 2 288
pffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
ffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6 þ 72 ¼ 96 ÿ 192
ÿ
(a) 16 0 60þ4t ÿ t2=3 dt ¼ 16 60t þ 2t2 ÿ 35 t5=3 0 ¼ 3 72 ÿ 5 6

17. 5
60 þ 2 6 ÿ 35 62=3 ¼ 70:018 or 70 F pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

Ð 9ÿ 9 1:939593877 1:3927. So, the effective vol-
(b) 16 3 60 þ 4t ÿ t2=3 dt ¼ 16 60t þ 2t2 ÿ 35 t5=3 3

tage is about 1.3927 V.
¼ 16 ½484:3797 ¼ 80:7 F (b) The average power is P ¼ i2eff R ¼
ÿpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1:939593877 ð10Þ 19:40. Hence, the aver-
1 30 1
Ð
18. 30 0 ð900 ÿ 15 120t Þdt ¼ 30 ½900t ÿ age power is about 19.40 W.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffi pffiffiffiffi pffi pffiffiffiffi pffi
10 120t3=2 30 1 1
0 ¼ 30 ½27000 ÿ 18000 ¼ 30 ½9;000 26. V ¼ 8:0 t ÿ 16 t3 ¼ 8 t ÿ 2 t3 ¼ 8 tð1ÿ
¼ 300 cases 2tÞ and is greater than 0 from t ¼ 0 to t ¼ 12 s.
1 3
pffi h2 i3 pffiffiffi 2 Ð 1=2 h pffi pffiffiffiffii2
tÞdt ¼ 13 t2 þ 23 t3=2 ¼ 32 þ 23 3
Ð
19. 3 0 ð1:0 þ 0
ðVrms Þ ¼ 2 0 8 t ÿ 2 t3 dt ¼ 2
2:6547 A. Ð 1=2 h2 i1=2
64 0 ðt ÿ 4t2 þ 4t3 Þdt ¼ 128 t2 ÿ 43 t3 þ t4 ¼
0
128½0:02083 ¼ 2:6667. Hence, P ¼ ðVrms Þ2 R ¼

2:6667 9:75 ¼ 26:0 W.
SECTION 25.2 467
Ð 0:1
27. q ¼ 0 2t dt ¼ t2 0:10 ¼ 0:01 C is the increase. The (c) The average blood pressure during this 2 sec-
new charge is 0:01 þ 0:01 ¼ 0:02 C. ond interval is
Vc ¼ C1 dt ¼ 8010
1
0:04t3 dt ¼ 8010
1 4
Ð ð2
28. ÿ6 ÿ6 ð0:01t Þ þ 1 ÿ 4
40t ÿ 160t3 þ 160t2 þ 80 dt

k; k ¼ 100, so Vc ¼ 125t4 þ 100 225 ¼ 125t5 þ pðtÞ ¼
2ÿ0 0
100 125 ¼ 125t; t4 ¼ 1, so t ¼ 1 s. 2
1 160 3
V ¼ 2t ¼ 8t5 ÿ 40t4 þ t þ 80t
29. Ð þ 1; i Ð¼ 0:03t Ð 2 3 0
W ¼ P dt ¼ Vi dt ¼ ð2t þ 1Þð0:03tÞdt ¼
101:3
0:03 2 50
Ð 50 2
2

0 ð0:06t þ 0:03tÞdt ¼ 0:02t þ 2 t 0 ¼
The average blood pressure during this 2 second
2537:5 J
interval is about 101.3 mm of mercury.
Ð 0:001
30. V ¼ C1 0
1
0:2 dt ¼ 9010ÿ6 0:0002 ¼ 2:222 V
34. (a) Cubic : RC ðtÞ ¼ ð2:4882 10ÿ5 Þt3 ÿ 0:0016t2
ÿ 0:1138t þ 1:5907 dollars t years after 1980.
0:2t2
V ¼ C1 0:04t dt ¼ C1 0:2t2 þ k, so Vc ¼ 7:510 Quartic: RQ ðtÞ ðÿ2:4666 10ÿ5 Þt4 þ 0:0012t3
Ð
31. ÿ6 . At
2 ÿ 0:0160t2 ÿ 0:0131t þ 1:4311 dollars t years after
t ¼ 0:005; V ¼ 0:2ð0:005Þ
7:510ÿ6
¼ 0:6667 V.
1980. ð 12
1
Ð Ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (b) RC ðtÞ ¼ RC ðtÞdt
32. q ¼ i dt; q ¼ 0 3 1 þ 5t dt. Let u ¼ 1 þ 5t, then 12 ÿ 2 2
du ¼ 5 dt. When t ¼ 0, then u ¼ 1 andÐwhen t ¼ 3, 1
16 ¼ ½ð6:2055 10ÿ6 Þt4 ÿ ð5:3333
then u ¼ 16. Substituting, we get 15 1 u1=3 du ¼ 10
u

1 3 4=3 16
¼ 3 164=3 ÿ 14=3 ¼ 5:8976 C.
10ÿ4 Þt3 ÿ 0:0569t2 þ 1:5907tj12
2
5 4 1 20
1
33. (a) We are given pðtÞ ¼ 40t4 ÿ 160t3 þ 160t2 þ ð9:2Þ ¼ :92 dollars
10
80 mm of mercury for 0 t 2. We begin by ð 12
finding the critical values. p0 ðtÞ ¼ 160t3 ÿ 480t2 1
RQ ðtÞ ¼ RQ ðtÞdt
þ 320t ¼ 160tðt2 ÿ 3t þ 2Þ. Since t2 ÿ 3t þ 2 ¼ 12 ÿ 2 2
ðt ÿ 2Þðt ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0 when t ¼ 1 or t ¼ 2, the critical 1
¼ ½ðÿ4:9332 10ÿ6 Þt5 þ ð3:0 10ÿ4 Þt4
values are t ¼ 0, t ¼ 1, and t ¼ 2. Since pð0Þ ¼ 80, 10
pð1Þ ¼ 120, and pð2Þ ¼ 80 we see that the approx- ÿ 0:0053t3 ÿ 0:0066t2 þ 1:4311tj12
2
imate systolic (maximum) blood pressure during 1
this 2 second interval is 120 mm of mercury. ð9:1Þ ¼ :91 dollars
10
(b) From our work in (a) we see that the approx- ð 22
1
imate diastolic (minimum) blood pressure during (c) RC ðtÞ ¼ RC ðtÞdt
this 2 second interval is 80 mm of mercury. 12 ÿ 2 12
1
ð3:1Þ ¼ :31 dollars
10
ð 22
1
RQ ðtÞ ¼ RQ ðtÞdt
12 ÿ 2 12
1
ð3:2Þ ¼ :32 dollars
10
25.2 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION: DISK AND WASHER METHODS

Ð5 Ð7 h2 i7
1. 1 ð4xÞ2 dx ¼ 16
16
3 5
5. 1 ðx þ 1Þdx ¼ x2 þ x ¼ 49 1

3 r 1 ¼ 3 ð124Þ ¼ 661:33 2 þ7ÿ2ÿ1 ¼ 1
2077:64. 30 94:25
Ð2
0 x4 dx ¼ 5 x5 02 ¼ 32
i2
2. 5 20:11
Ð 2ÿ h7
x6 ÿ 1 dx ¼ x7 ÿ x ¼ 128 1

Ð4 2 6. 1 7 ÿ 2 ÿ 7þ
3 4
64 1
3. 0 x dx ¼ 3 x 0 ¼ 3 67:02
Ð6 Ð6 1 ¼ 120
7
4. 0 ð6 ÿ xÞ2 dx ¼ 0 ð36 ÿ 12x þ x2 Þdx ¼ pffiffiffi Ð 4 pffiffiffi2 2
h i6 7. y ¼ x2 ) x ¼ y; 0 y dy ¼ y2 40 ¼ 8
3
36x ÿ 6x2 þ x3 ¼ 72 226:19
0
Ð5
8. x þ y ¼ 5 ) x ¼ 5 ÿ y; 0 ð5 ÿ yÞ2 dy ¼ 21. Use
p the equation for the top of a semicircle y ¼
Ð5 h 3 5
i r 2 ÿ x2 rotated about the x-axis.
0 ð25ÿ10y þ y2 Þdy ¼ 25y ÿ 5y2 þ y3 ¼ 125
3 ð r pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðr
0 ÿ 2
r ÿ x2 dx

9.
Ð2
The two curves intersect at (2, 2). Thus, V ¼ 0 V¼ r 2 ÿ x2 dx ¼
ÿr r ÿr 3
x3 r3

Ð2
ð4ÿxÞ2 ÿx2 dx ¼ 0 ð16 ÿ 8x þ x2 ÿ x2 Þ dx ¼ r
¼ r2 x ÿ ¼ r3 ÿ þ r3 ÿ
2 3 ÿr 3 3
½16x ÿ 4x2 0 ¼ 16 4 3
pffiffiffi ¼ r
10.
Ð8
y ¼ 3 x ) x ¼ y3 and so V ¼ 0 y6 dy ¼ y7 8

¼ 3
7 0
2
x2 y2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7
8 22. þ by2 ¼ 1; ¼ 1 ÿ ax2 ¼ a aÿx 2
2 , so y ¼
a b ÿb x
,
7 ¼ 2 0977152. a2 b2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2
a2 b2 ÿb2 x2
Ða
pffiffiffi Ð2 and we have y ¼ . The volume is ÿa
y ¼ 3 x ) x ¼ y3 and so V 0 ð82 ÿ y32 Þdy ¼
2
11. 22 h a ia h
a b b2 2 2 b2 x3 2 b2 a
a2 ÿ a2 x dx ¼ b x ÿ 3a2 ÿa¼ b a ÿ 3 þ
7 2
h i
64y ÿ y7 ¼ 128 ÿ 128
768
0 7 ¼ 7 . 2
i 2
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi b2 a ÿ b3a ¼ 43 ab2 or 4b3a. (Note: if a ¼ b ¼ r we
12. y ¼ x ) x ¼ y2 ; y ¼ x2 ) x ¼ y. The curves
Ð1 4
have the formula for the volume of a circle.)
intersect
h2 i at (1, 1). Thus, 0 ð y ÿ y Þdy ¼
5 1 23. (a) The equation must be of the form y ¼ mx2
y y 1 1 3
2 ÿ 5 ¼ 2 ÿ 5 ¼ 10
0 assuming it passes through the origin. It must
13. They intersect at ð2; 0Þ with 8 ÿ 2x2 on the out- also contain the point (1.5, 1) so 1 ¼ mð1:5Þ2 ;
1
side. Thus, we have 1 ¼ mð2:25Þ or m ¼ 2:25 ¼ 49. The equation is y ¼
p
qffiffiffiffiffi
Ð2 2 2 Ð2 4 2 9 3
ÿ2 ð8 ÿ 2x2 Þ ÿð4 ÿ x2 Þ dx ¼ ÿ2 9 x of x ¼ 4 y ¼ 2 y.
ffiffi
ffi
½ð64 ÿ 32x2 þ 4x4 Þ ÿ ð16 ÿ 8x2 þ x4 Þdx ¼ (b) To find its volume rotate about the y-axis we
Ð2 Ð 1 qffiffiffiffiffi2 Ð1 h 2 i1
ÿ2 ð48 ÿ 24x2 þ 3x4 Þdx ¼ ½48x ÿ 8x3 þ evaluate 0 94 y dy ¼ 0 94 y dy ¼ 94 y2 ¼ 98 m
2
0
3 5 2
5 x ÿ2 ¼ 102:4 or 512
5 ¼ 1:125 m2 .
14. y ¼ x2 ) x ¼ 2 y; y ¼ x3 ) x ¼ 3 y. Thus, we have dV
¼ V 0 ¼ 9 9 9
24. dy 4 y; dV ¼ 4 y dy ¼ 4 1 1ð0:004Þ ¼
Ð 1 ÿpffiffiffi2 pffiffiffi2 2 1

0 3 y ÿ 2 y dy ¼ 35 y5=3 ÿ y2 ¼ 35 ÿ 12 ¼ 0:009, and v ¼ v 0 dy ¼ 9
ÿ 9
0 4 y dy ¼ 4 1ð0:004Þ ¼
0:009 0:028 27 m3 .
10
i1 Ð 123 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 123
ÿ442 ð1472 þ 0:16y2 Þ2 dy ¼ ÿ422 ð1472 þ
Ð 1ÿ h
x5 7
25.

15. 0 x4 ÿ x6 dx ¼ 5 ÿ x7 ¼ 2
35
0 h 3 123
i
16. They intersect at (0, 0) and (4, 16). Thus, we have 0:16y2 Þdy ¼ 21609y þ 0:16y
3 ¼
i4 ÿ442
Ð 4 h 3
x5
0 ð4xÞ2 ÿ x4 dx ¼ 16x 3 ÿ 5 ¼ 15 ¼
2048 16913711 ft2 53135993 ft3 .
0
428:93
Ð 123 2
þ 0:16y2 Þdy ¼ ð146:5Þ5 y þ

26. ÿ442 ð146:5
pffiffiffi Ð 16 ÿpffiffiffi2 ÿy2
17. x ¼ y; x ¼ 4y. Hence, we obtain 0 y ÿ 4 Þ 10:16y3 123

¼ 16;830;798 ft3 or 52;875;552 ft3.
h2 i16 3 ÿ442
y y3 The volume is ð16;913;711 ÿ 16;830;798Þ ft3 ¼
ÿ256 256 ÿ256 128
dy ¼ 2 ÿ 48 ¼ 2 ÿ 3 ¼ 6 ¼ 3
0
82;913 or 260;479 ft3
Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 h 4
i2 ÿ
18. 0 8 ÿ x dx ¼ 8x ÿ x4 ¼ 16 ÿ 16
3
4 ¼ 27. Use the equation for a circle x2 þ y2 ¼ 182 or
0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
12 x ¼ 182 ÿ y2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 ÿ14
Ð ÿ14 h i
19. y ¼ 8 ÿ x2 ; y2 ¼ 8 ÿ x2 ; x2 ¼ 8 ÿ y2 . So, x ¼ (a) ÿ18 ð182 ÿ y2 Þdy ¼ 182 y ÿ y3 ¼ 226 23
ÿ18
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð pffiffi8 or 837.758 m3
8 ÿ y2 . pNow, we obtain 0 ð8 ÿ y2 Þdt ¼ Ð6 h 3 6
i
h 3
i 8 h pffiffiffi
ffiffi pffiffii h pffiffiffi pffiffii (b) ÿ18 ð182 ÿ y2 Þdy ¼ 182 y ÿ y3 ¼
ÿ18
8y ÿ y3 ¼ 8 8 ÿ 8 3 8 ¼ 16 2 ÿ 163 2 ¼ 5760 18 095:574 m3
pffiffi 0
32 2 Ð4
3 28. Using the washer method, we got m ¼ 0 ½ðx2 þ
4
5Þ2 ÿ 22 dx ¼ 0 ðx4 þ 10x2 þ 21Þdx ¼ 15 x5
Ð
20. Take the line y ¼ hr x. This line rotated about the 4
x-axis forms a cone of height h and radius r. þ 10 3
3 x þ 21x 0 ¼ 502:13. Since ¼ 0:016 kg/
h 2 3 ih
Ðh 2 2 3
V ¼ 0 hr 2 x2 dx ¼ hr 2 x3 ¼ hr 2 h3 ¼ 13 r 2 h cm3 , we have m ¼ ð502:13 cm3 Þ ð0:016 kg=cm3 Þ
0 25:24 kg.
SECTION 25.3 469
25.3 VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION: SHELL METHOD

Ð2 Ð2 h 4 i2
1. 2 0 xðx2 ÿ 0Þdx ¼ 2 0 x3 dx ¼ 2 x4 ¼ 8 14. They intersect at (0, 0) and (0, 2)
0
3
p ffiffiffi 1=3
Ð8 ð2 ð2
2. x ¼ y ) y ¼ x ¼ x . Hence we have ¼ 2 0 x
3
3
ÿ 2
4y ÿ y4 dy
ÿ
8 8 2 y 4y ÿ y dy ¼ 2
x1=3 dx ¼ 2 0 x4=3 dx ¼ 2 37 x7=3 0 ¼ 768
Ð
7 0 0
3 2
3. When y ¼ 8 we see that x ¼ 3, we will rotate 4y y5
Ð 3 the ¼ 2 ÿ
portion in the first quadrant. Thus, 2 1 xð8 ÿ 3 5
0
3
h 2 4
i3 64 64 128
x2 þ 1Þdx ¼ 2 1 ð9x ÿ x3 Þdx ¼ 2 9x2 ÿ x4 ¼
Ð
¼ ÿ ¼
1 3 5 15

2 81 4 ÿ 17
4 ¼ 32
Ð2 Ð2 h5 3 15. They intersect at (0, 0) and (2, 4). Rotating about
4. 2 0 xðx3 þ xÞdx ¼ 2 0 ðx4 þ x2 Þdx ¼ 2 x5 þ x3 20 the line y ¼ 6 means we must integrate with
pffiffiffi
respect to dy. y ¼ x2 ) x ¼ y and y ¼ 2x )
272
¼ 2 32 5 þ 8
3 ¼ 15
Ð5 Ð5 x ¼ 12 y
5. 2 0 xð25 ÿ x2 Þdx ¼ 2 0 ð25x ÿ x3 Þdx ¼ ð4
h 2
x4
i5 y
2 25x 2 ÿ 4 0 ¼ 625
2
2 ð6 ÿ yÞ y1=2 ÿ dy
0 2
6. x2 ¼ 8 ÿ x2 , or 2x2 ¼ 8, or x2Ð¼ 4, so x ¼ 2. Now
ð4
y2

1=2 3=2
we can solve this using 2 0 xð8 ÿ x2 ÿ x2 Þ dx ¼
2 ¼ 2 6y ÿ 3y ÿ y þ dy
0 2
Ð2 h 4
i 2
2 0 ð8x ÿ 2x3 Þdx ¼ 2 4x2 ÿ x2 ¼ 16
4
3y2 2 5=2 y3

3=2
pffiffiffi
0 ¼ 2 4y ÿ ÿ y þ
7. y ¼ x3 ) x ¼ 3 y ¼ y1=3 . Hence, we have 2 0 y
Ð8 2 5 6 0

ÿ 1=3 Ð 8 4=3 3 7=3 8 768 64 32
y ÿ 0 dy ¼ 2 0 y dy ¼ 2 7 y 0
¼ 7 ¼ 2 32 ÿ 24 ÿ þ
1
5 3
8. y ¼ x4 ) x ¼ y4 ; y ¼ x3 ) x ¼ y1=3 . They intersect Ð1 176
at (0, 0) and (1, 1), so we have 2 0 y ¼ 11:7333
15
ÿ 1=4 1 ÿ
y ÿ y1=3 dy ¼ 2 0 y5=4 ÿ y4=3 dy ¼ 2 49 y9=4 ÿ
Ð
ÿ 16. y ¼ 2 ÿ x and y ¼ x2 intersect at ðÿ2; 4Þ and (1, 1).
3 7=3 1 2
7 y ¼ 2 63 ¼ 63 This region is bounded on the left by y ¼ 2 ÿ x or
Ð2
9. y ¼ 3 x ) x ¼ y3 ; 2 0 yðy3 Þdy ¼ 2 0 y4 dy ¼
Ð2 x ¼ 2 ÿ y and on the right by y ¼ x2 or x ¼ ÿ y.
h 5 i2 ð4
2 y5 ¼ 64 pffiffiffi
5 2 y ð2 ÿ yÞ ÿ ðÿ yÞ dy
1
Ð8 8 ð4
pffiffiffi

10. x ¼ y2=3 ; 2 0 y y2=3 dy ¼ 2 38 y8=3 0 ¼ 192 ¼ 2
ÿ
2y ÿ y2 þ y y dy
Ð 1 ÿ 1=2 1
1
ÿ
11. 2 0 x x ÿ x3=2 dx ¼ 2 0 x3=2 ÿ x5=2 dx ¼
Ð
4
2 5=2 2 7=2 1 8 2 y3 2 5=2
2 5 x ÿ 7 x ¼ 35 ¼ 2 y ÿ þ y
0 3 5 1

12. x þ 2y ¼ 3 ) x ¼ 3 ÿ 2y;Ðx ¼ y; y ¼ 0. These graphs 64 64 1 2
1 ¼ 2 16 ÿ þ ÿ 1 þ ÿ
intersect at (1, 1). 2 0 y½ð3 ÿ 2yÞ ÿ ydy ¼ 2 3 5 3 5
Ð1 2
3 2 3
1 64
0 ð3y ÿ 3y Þdy ¼ 2 2 y ÿ y 0 ¼ 2ð0:5Þ ¼ . ¼
5
13. y ¼ 2x3 ) x ¼ 3 2y; y2 ¼ 4x ) x ¼ 14 y2 . These graphs
p ffiffi
ð1
ð1 ÿ xÞ 2 ÿ x ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 2). 17. 2
ÿ2
ð 2 1=3 2 ð1
y y
2 ÿ 3x þ x3 dx
ÿ
2 y ÿ dy ¼ 2
2 4
0 ð2 ÿ2 1
1 4=3 y3

3 2 x4
¼ 2 p ffiffi
ffi y ÿ dy ¼ 2 2x ÿ x þ
3
2 4 2 4 ÿ2
0 2
1 3 7=3 y4

3 1
¼ 2 p ffiffi
ffi y ÿ ¼ 2 2 ÿ þ þ 4 þ 6 ÿ 4
27 16 0
3
2 4
12 10 3 27 27
¼ 2 ÿ1 ¼ ¼ 2 6 ¼ 2 ¼
7 7 4 4 2
ð2
ð4 ÿ xÞ 4 ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
18. 2
ÿ2
ð2 For the first integral, let u ¼ 100 ÿ x2 ; du ¼
16 ÿ 4x ÿ 4x2 þ x3 dx ÿ2x dx so ÿ 12 du
p¼ffiffiffiffiffix dx. When x ¼ 0, then u ¼ 100
ÿ
¼ 2
ÿ2 2 and when x ¼ 51, then u ¼ 49:1. Substituting,
4 x4 we obtain
¼ 2 16x ÿ 2x2 ÿ x3 þ
3 4 49
ÿ2 ÿ1 49 1=2
ð
2 3
32 2 u du ¼ ÿ u2
¼ 2 32 ÿ 8 ÿ þ 4 2 100 3 100
3

32
2 3
7 ÿ 103 ¼ 483

ÿ ÿ32 ÿ 8 þ þ 4 ¼ÿ
3 3
pffiffiffi ffi
51
The second integral is equal to 2 72 x2 0 ¼ 7

32
¼ 2 32 ÿ 8 ÿ þ 4 þ 32
51 ¼ 357. Substituting these two answers, we
3
32 have 438 ÿ 357 ¼ 81 m3
þ 8ÿ ÿ4 (b) 81 1000 ¼ 254 469 kg
3
138 256 21. The graph intersects the x-axis at 2 and 4.5.
¼ 2 ¼
3 3 ð 4:5 " 4 #
4 5
V ¼ 2 x ÿðx ÿ 3:25Þ þ
19. Start with the equation x ¼ 25 ¼ y2 rotated dx
2 4
about the x axis. We will take the shells starting ð 4:5
with y ¼ 2 to y ¼ 5. The height of a shell is ÿ 5
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 ÿx þ 13x4 ÿ 63:375x3
2 25 ÿ y2 . 2 2 y 2 25 ÿ y2 dy; Let u ¼ 25 2
2
ÿ y ; du ¼ ÿ2y dy; y ¼ 2 ) u ¼ 21; y ¼ 5 ) u ¼ þ 137:3125x2 ÿ 109:125xÞdx

0. Substituting, we have 1
¼ 2 ÿ x6 þ 2:6x5 ÿ 15:84375x4
ð0 0 6
2
2 ÿu1=2 du ¼ 2 ÿ u3=2 2197 3 873 2 4:5

21 3 21 þ
48
x ÿ
16
x
pffiffiffiffiffi

2 3=2 2
¼ 2 21 ¼ 28 21
3 2½ÿ17:18 ÿ ðÿ33:05Þ
¼ 403:1 31:74 99:7
By the washer method: The volume of the pan is 99.7 in.3 .
ð p21
ffiffiffiffi
22. This is Ða constant thickness of 0.1 cm. Hence,
pffiffiffiffi 25 ÿ y2 ÿ 4 dy
ÿÿ
2
V ¼ 2 0 0:1y dy ¼ 20:05y2 20 ¼ 2ð0:2Þ ¼
ÿ 21 pffiffiffiffi
ð 21 0:4 1:2566 cm3
¼ pffiffiffiffi 21 ÿ y2 dy
ÿ
ÿ 21
pffiffiffi
21
ffi
23. (a)
Ð4
V ¼ 0 ½ðx2 þ 3Þ2 ÿ 12 dx
y3

¼ ð21y ÿ Ð4
3 ÿpffiffiffi ffi V ¼ 0 fx4 þ 6x þ 8gdx
21 pffiffiffiffiffi
¼ ð21 21 ÿ 7 21Þ 2 ¼ 28 21 4
V ¼ 15x5 þ 3x2 þ 8x 0

20. (a) First wepobtain theffi value

ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi of yffi when x ¼ 7,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi V ¼ ð284:8 ÿ 0Þ
using y ¼ ÿ 100 ÿ x2 ; ¼ 102 ÿ72 ¼ 100 ÿ 49 ¼
pffiffiffiffiffi V ¼ 284:8 894:726 cm3
51. Now, integrating, we have
(b) M ¼ 0:021 k=cm3 ð894:726 cm3 Þ 18:79 kg
ð p51
ffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 x 100 ÿ x2 ÿ 7 dx Ð 1:59
24. x6

0
ð p51
ffiffiffiffi V ¼ 2 0 1 ÿ 16 dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 1:59 ÿ 6 x12

¼ 2 x 100 ÿ x2 ÿ 7x dx V¼ 2 0 1 ÿ 18x þ 256 dx
0 ffi
ð pffiffiffi
51 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 7
V ¼ 2 x ÿ 56 1
x þ 256113
1:59
x13 0
¼ 2 x 100 ÿ x2
0 pffiffiffiffi V 7:891 m3
ð 51
¼ ÿ2 7x dx
0
SECTION 25.4 471
25.4 ARC LENGTH AND SURFACE AREA

3=2 1=2 3 2
1. y ¼ 13 ðx2 þ 2Þ ; y0 ¼ 12 ðx2 þ 2Þ 2x ¼ 5. y ¼ x6 þ 2x1
, so y0 ¼ x2 ÿ 2x12
1=2
xðx2 þ 2Þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 2
ð3 2
x
ð 3 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1þ ÿ 2 dx
h
1=2
iffi 1 2 2x
1 þ x ð x þ 2Þ 2 dx
0
ð 3 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4
x 1 1
ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1þ ÿ þ 4 dx
¼ 1 þ x2 ðx2 þ 2Þdx 1 4 2 4x
0 ð 3 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x4 1 1
¼ 1 þ x4 þ 2x2 dx ¼ þ þ dx
1 4 2 4x4
ð03 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð3 2
x 1
¼ x4 þ 2x2 þ 1 dx ¼ þ 2 dx
1 2 2x
ð03
ÿ 2 x3 x3 1
3
9 1 1 1
¼ x þ 1 ¼ þ x30 ¼ 9 þ 3 ¼ 12 ¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ ÿ þ
0 3 6 2x 2 6 6 2
1
1 2 14
2. y¼x ;y ¼ 3=2 0 3 1=2
2x
¼5ÿ ¼4 ¼
3 3 3
ð 8 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 8 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3 1=2 9x 3
1þ x ¼ 1 þ dx 6. x ¼ y3 þ 4y 1
, so x0 ¼ y2 ÿ 4y12
0 2 0 4 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 2
ð 8 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð3
4 9 9
¼ 1 þ x=; dx 1 þ y2 ÿ 2 dy
9 04 4 1 4y
8
9 3=2
ð 3 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 2 1 1
¼ 1þ x ¼ 1 þ y4 ÿ þ dy
9 3 4
0 2 16y 4
1
8 h i
¼ 193=2 þ 1 ¼ 24:8353 ð3 s ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

27 1 1
¼ y4 þ þ dy
1 2 16y4
3. 9x2 ¼ 4y3 , or x2 ¼ 49 y3, or x ¼ 23 y3=2, and so ð 3 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x0 ¼ y1=2

2
1
¼ y þ 2 dy
ð 3 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 4y
2
1 þ ðy1=2 Þ dy ¼ 1 þ y dy ð3 3
y3 yÿ1

1
0 0 ¼ y2 þ yÿ2 dy ¼ ÿ
2 4 3 4 1
¼ ð1 þ yÞ3=2 30

1
3h

1 1 1
2 i ¼ 9ÿ ÿ þ
¼ 43=2 ÿ 13=2 12 3 4
3
2 14 108 ÿ 1 ÿ 4 þ 3 106 53
¼ ½8 ÿ 1 ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
3 3 12 12 6
Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffih 2 i2
4.
4
y ¼ x4 þ 18 xÿ2 and y0 ¼ x3 ÿ 14 xÿ3 7. 2 0 4x 1 þ 42 dx ¼ 8 17 0 x dx ¼ 8 17 x2
pffiffiffiffiffi 0
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 16 17
1 2
ð2
1 þ x3 ÿ 3 dx Ð8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2 12 13 8
2 0 12 1 þ 12
Ð
1 4x 8. 5 x 5 dx ¼ 2 5 5 0 x dx ¼
312 x2 8
ð 2 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9984
1 1 25 2 0 ¼ 25 ¼ 399:36
¼ 1 þ x6 ÿ þ 65
dx Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi 2
1 2 16x 9. y ¼ x; y0 ¼ 1; 2 0 x 1 þ 12 dx ¼ 2 2 x2 20 ¼
ð 2 s pffiffiffi
ð2 r ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
6
1 1 3
1 4 2
¼ x þ þ ¼ x þ 3
0 2 16x6 1 4x
ð2 4 2
1 x 1
x3 þ xÿ3 dx ¼ ÿ xÿ2

¼
1 4 4 8 1
1 1 1 123
¼4ÿ ÿ þ ¼ ¼ 3:84375
32 4 8 32
2
10. y2 ¼ 4x, so y ¼ 2x1=2 ; y0 ¼ xÿ1=2 ¼ p1ffiffix ; p1ffiffix ¼ 1x du ¼ ÿ4ð4 ÿ xÞ3 dx. When x ¼ 4 we see that
ð8 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 8 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u ¼ 0, and when x ¼ 2, we find that u ¼ 16. Sub-
1=2 1 pffiffiffi x þ 1 stituting these values in S, we obtain S ¼ ÿ 2
2 2x 1 þ dx ¼ 4 x dx Ð 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x x 0 1=2
0 0
du ¼ ÿ 2 23
Ð
16 1 þ 9u du ¼ ÿ 2 16 ð1 þ 9uÞ
ð8
3=2 0
1

¼ 4 x þ 1dx 9 ð1 þ 9yÞ 16 ¼ ÿ ð1 ÿ 576Þ ¼ 575 66:904
27 27
0
2 in.2 .
¼ 4ðx þ 1Þ3=2 80

3 15. (a) The general formula for a vertical parabola
8 208 with its vertex at the origin is 4py ¼ x2 . The point
¼ ½27 ÿ 1 ¼
3 3 ð1; 0:1Þ is on the parabola so we have 4pð0:1Þ ¼ 12
1
or 0:4p ¼ 1 which means that p ¼ 0:4 ¼ 2:5. Since
11. x ¼ 4y ) y ¼ 4x ; y ¼ 1 ) x ¼ 4, and y ¼ 3 ) x ¼ the focus is at ð0; pÞ we have determined that the
12. We have y0 ¼ 14, and so, the surface area is focus is at ð0; 2:5Þ.
ð 12 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi ð (b) The surface area for revolving a curve around
x 1 17 12
2 1 þ dx ¼ x dx the y-axis is
4 4 16 8 4
pffiffiffiffiffi 2 12 ðd qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
17 x S ¼ 2x 1 þ ½g0 ðyÞ2 dy
¼
8 2 4 c
pffiffiffiffiffi
17 Based on the results in (a) the solar furnace pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi is
¼ ½72 ÿ 8 described by 10y ¼ x2 and so gðyÞ ¼ 10y ¼
8pffiffiffiffiffi
ð10yÞ1=2 and so g0 ðyÞ ¼ 0:5ð10yÞÿ1=2 . Thus, the
¼ 8 17 103:62
surface area is
pffiffiffi
Since x ¼ y ¼ y1=2 , then x0 ¼ 12 yÿ1=2 ¼ 2p1 ffiffiy and
ð 0:1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
i2ffi
12. h
ÿ1=2
02 1
x ¼ 4y. Thus, the surface area is S¼ 2 10y 1 þ 0:5ð10yÞ dy
0
ð 6 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 0:1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
pffiffiffi
y 1 þ dy
1 ¼ 2 10y 1 þ 0:25ð10yÞÿ1 dy
4y 0
0
ð 0:1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffisffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 6 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0:025
pffiffiffi 4y þ 1 ¼ 2 10y 1 þ dy
¼ 2 y dy 0 y
0 4y ð 0:1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4y þ 1 ¼ 2 10y þ 0:25 dy
¼ 2 dy ¼ 4y þ 1 dy 0
0 2 0 0:1
1 2 4 3=2

¼ ð4y þ 1Þ3=2 60
¼ ð10y þ 0:25Þ
4 3 30 0
3=2 62 4
¼ 25 ÿ 13=2 ¼ ¼ ð1:25Þ ÿ 0:25Þ3=2
3=2
6 3 30
0:1697 0:5330
13. Since y ¼ 75 x , then y0 ¼ 25
2 3=2 1 1=2
x . Place the origin
at the point where the cable meets the ground, then The surface area is about 0:1697 0:5330 m2 .
the length of the cable is given by L ¼ 16. The figure below shows the float valve and a typi-
Ð 225 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cal shell.
1=2 2 dy ¼ 225
ÿ1 ÿ 1 2
0 1 þ 25 x 0 1 þ 25 x dy ¼
Ð 225 ÿ 1
1=2 2
ÿ 1
3=2 225
0 1 þ 625 x dy ¼ 625 3 1 þ 625 x
0
660:841 2147 ÿ 416:666 6667 ¼ 244:174 548 or

approximately 244.17 m.
14. Here y ¼ ð4 ÿ xÞ3 ; so y0 ¼ ÿ3ð4 ÿ xÞ2 .Ð Thus, we
4
find that the surface area is S ¼ 2 2 ð4 ÿ xÞ3
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h i2 Ð4
1 þ ÿ3ð4 ÿ xÞ2 dx ¼ 2 2 ð4 ÿ xÞ3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 þ 9ð4 ÿ xÞ4 dx. Let u ¼ ð4 ÿ xÞ4 , and then
SECTION 25.5 473
(a) Using the shell method to find the volume pro- ð4 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
duces pffiffiffi l m2
S¼ 2 y 1 þ 0:5ðyÞÿ1=2 dy
ð4 0
ð4
V ¼ 2 x ð20 ÿ xÞ ÿ x2 dx
ÿ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 þ 2ð20 ÿ yÞ 1 þ ðÿ1Þ2 dy
ð4 0
ð 4 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
20x ÿ x2 ÿ x3 dx
ÿ
¼ 2 pffiffiffi
0 ¼ 2 y 1 þ 0:25ðyÞÿ1 dy
4 0
1 1 ð4 pffiffiffi
¼ 2 10x2 ÿ x3 ÿ x4
3 4 0
þ 2 ð20 ÿ yÞ 2 dy
0
448 ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 4 pffiffiffi
¼ 469:1445
3 ¼ 2 y þ 0:25 dy þ 2 2 ð20 ÿ yÞ dy
0 0
Thus, the volume of this float valve is
pffiffiffi ÿ 4

2
448
3 149:3333 469:1445 cm .
3
¼ 2 ðy þ 0:25Þ3=2 þ 2 20y ÿ 0:5y2
(b) To determine the surface area we will deter- 3 0
mine the area of the bottom part of the float valve, 2ð107:6644 ÿ 0:0833Þ 675:9520
pffiffiffi
the part determined by y ¼ x2 or x ¼ y, and the
The surface area is about 675:9520 cm2 .
top part of the valve, the part determined by
y ¼ 20 ÿ x or x ¼ 20 ÿ y.
25.5 CENTROIDS
1. x ¼ 45þ6ðÿ3Þ ¼ 20ÿ18 1 42þ67 8þ42

10 ¼ 5 ; y ¼ 4þ6 ¼ 10 ¼ 5. x ¼
4ðÿ12Þþ8ð2Þ
¼ ÿ2þ16 ¼ 14 7 42þ81
12 ¼ 6 ; y ¼ ¼
4þ6
4þ8 12 12
The centroid is at ðx; yÞ ¼ ð0:2; 5Þ. 8þ8 16 4
ÿ 7 4

12 ¼ 12 ¼ 3. The centroid is at 6 ; 3 .
2. x ¼ 3ðÿ1Þþ4ðÿ2Þþ13ð1Þ
3þ4þ13 ¼ ÿ3ÿ8þ13
20
1
¼ 10 ¼ 0:1; y ¼
6. The upper rectangle has center at (3, ÿ 1) and
area 12.
3ð4Þþ4ðÿ5Þþ13ð2Þ
3þ4þ13 ¼ 12ÿ20þ26
20 ¼ 18
20 ¼ 0:9. The centroid The lower rectangle has center at 12 ; ÿ 12 and area
is at ðx; yÞ ¼ ð0:1; 0:9Þ. 36 þ 3 12 79 12 ÿ 72 17
7. x ¼ 12ð3Þþ7ð1=2Þ
12þ7 ¼ ¼ 38 ; y ¼ ¼ 38 .
3. x ¼ 21þ3ðÿ1Þþ5ð6Þ ¼ 2ÿ3þ30 ¼ 2:9; y ¼ 25þ3ð4Þþ5ðÿ4Þ ÿ79 19
17
19
2þ3þ5 10 2þ3þ5 The centroid is at 38 ; 38 .
2
¼ 10 ¼ 0:2. The centroid is at (2.9, 0.2).
7. The upper left rectangle has center ðÿ3:5; 1Þ and
4. x ¼ 11þ22þ3ðÿ3Þþ4ðÿ4Þ
1þ2þ3þ4 ¼ 1þ4ÿ9ÿ16
10 ¼ ÿ20
10 ¼ ÿ2; area 6. Lower rectangle has center ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ and
area 16. The upper right rectangle has center (2.5,
y ¼ 11þ2ðÿ2Þþ33þ4ðÿ4Þ
10 ¼ 1ÿ4þ9ÿ16
10 ¼ ÿ10
10 ¼ ÿ1. The 6ðÿ3:5Þþ16ðÿ1Þþ15ð2:5Þ
centroid is at ðÿ2; ÿ1Þ. 1.5) and area 15. x ¼ 6þ16þ15 ¼ 0:5
37 ¼
1 6ÿ16þ15ð1:5Þ 12:5 25
ÿ ;y¼ ¼ 37 ¼ 74. The centroid is at
5. The left rectangle has center at ÿ 12 ; 2 and area 4. ÿ741 25 37
The right rectangle has center at (2, 1) and area 8. 74 ; 74 .
8. Divide the region into several rectangles giving areas and centers similar to the following:
4; ðÿ2; 3:5Þ; 10; ðÿ3:0:5Þ; 16; ð0; 0Þ; 2; ð3; ÿ1:5Þ; 8; ð4; 1Þ; and 2; ð5:5; 3Þ.
4ðÿ2Þ þ 10ðÿ3Þ þ 16ð0Þ þ 2ð3Þ þ 8ð4Þ þ 2ð5:5Þ 11
x¼ ¼
4 þ 10 þ 16 þ 2 þ 8 þ 2 42
4ð3:5Þ þ 10ð0:5Þ þ 16ð0Þ þ 2ðÿ1:5Þ þ 8ð1Þ þ 2ð3Þ 30 5
y¼ ¼ ¼
42 42 7
ÿ 5
The centroid is at 11
42 ; 7 .
9. y ¼ 2x þ 3½0; 3 12. y ¼ x4 ½ÿ1; 2

ð3 ð3 ð2 ð2
My ¼ xð2x þ 3Þdx ¼
ÿ 2
2x þ 3x dx My ¼ x x4 dx ¼ x5 dx
ÿ1 ÿ1
0 0 2
x6
3
2x3 3x2 27 63 69 ÿ 1 63 21
¼ þ ¼ 18 þ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
3 2 0 2 2 6 ÿ1 6 6 2
ð3 2
1 1 2 8 1 x9
ð
Mx ¼ ð2x þ 3Þ2 dx Mx ¼ x dx ¼
2 0 2 ÿ1 2 9 ÿ1
1 3ÿ 2
ð
¼

4x þ 12x þ 9 dx 513 171 57
2 0 ¼ ¼ ¼
3 18 6 2
1 4x3
ð2 2
1 x5 32 þ 1 33
¼ þ 6x2 þ 9x ¼ ½36 þ 54 þ 27 m¼ 4
x dx ¼ ¼ ¼ ;
2 3 0 2 ÿ1 5 ÿ1 5 5
117 21 5 35
¼ x¼ ¼
ð23 2 33 22
m ¼ ð2x þ 3Þdx ¼ x2 þ 3x3 ¼ 9 þ 9 ¼ 18 57 5 285 95

0 y¼ ¼ ¼ :
0 2 33 66 22
63 7
x¼ ¼ ¼ 1:75
ÿ35 95
36 4 The centroid is 22 ; 22 .
117 13
y¼ ¼ ¼ 3:25 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
36 4 13. y ¼ x þ 4 on ½0; 5; My ¼ 0 x x þ 4 dx; u ¼
The centroid is (1.75, 3.25). x þ 4; du ¼ dx; x ¼ u ÿ 4 x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 4 and 5 )
u ¼ 9. Substituting, we obtain
10. y ¼ x3 ½0; 2 ð9
pffiffiffi
ð2 2 ðu ÿ 4Þ u du
x5 32
My ¼ x x3 dx ¼ ¼ 4
ð9
0 5 0 5
2 ¼ u3=2 ÿ 4u1=2 du
1 2 6 1 x7
ð
64 4
Mx ¼ x dx ¼ ¼ 9
2 0 2 7 0 7

2 2
¼ u5=2 ÿ 4 u3=2
ð2 4 2 5 3

x 4
m ¼ x3 dx ¼ ¼ 4 2 243 64 64
0 4 0 ¼ ÿ 72 ÿ þ
32 8 5 5 3
x¼ ¼ 1458 ÿ 1080 ÿ 192 þ 320 506
20 5 ¼ ¼
64 16 15 15
y¼ ¼ ð5 2 5
7:4 7 1 1 x
Mx ¼ ðx þ 4Þdx ¼ þ 4x
2 0 2 2
ÿ
The centroid is 85 ; 16 7 . 0

1 25 65
11. y ¼ x1=3 ½0; 8 ¼ þ 20 ¼
2 2 4
ð8 ð8
ð5
2
My ¼ x x2=3 dx ¼ x4=3 dx x þ 4 dx ¼ ðx þ 4Þ3=2 50

m¼
0 0 0 3
3 384 2 38
¼ x7=3 80 ¼

¼ ½27 ÿ 8 ¼
7 7 3 3
1 8 2=3
ð
1 3 48 506 3 253
Mx ¼ x dx ¼ x5=3 80 ¼ x¼ ¼
2 0 2 5 5 15 38 95
ð8
3 65 3 195

m ¼ x1=3 dx ¼ x4=3 08 ¼ 12 y¼ ¼ :
4 4 38 152
0 ÿ
384 32 The centroid is 253 195
95 ; 152 .
x¼ ¼
7 12 7
48 4
y¼ ¼ :
5 12 5
ÿ 4
The centroid is 32 7 ;5 .
SECTION 25.5 475
ð1 ð1
x 2x ÿ x3 dx ¼
ÿ 2
2x ÿ x4 dx
ÿ
14. y ¼ x2 þ 16; ½0; 4 16. My ¼
0 0
ð4 4 4 3 1
x 2x x5 2 1 7
My ¼ x x2 þ 16 dx ¼ þ 8x2
ÿ
¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ ¼
0 4 0 3 5 0 3 5 15
1 1h
ð
¼ 64 þ 128 ¼ 192 ÿ 2 i
Mx ¼ ð2xÞ2 ÿ x3 dx
1 4ÿ 2
ð
2 2 0
Mx ¼ x þ 16 dx 1 1ÿ 4
ð
2 0 4x ÿ x6 dx

¼
2 0
1 4ÿ 4
ð
x þ 32x2 þ 256 dx
1
¼
5
2 0 2x x7 2 1 23
¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ ¼
4 5 14 0 5 14 70
1 x5 32x3

ð1 1
¼ þ þ 256x x4

3 2
ÿ
2 5 3 0 m¼ 2x ÿ x dx ¼ x ÿ
0 4 0
1 1024 2048 1 3
¼ þ þ 1024 ¼1ÿ ¼
2 5 3 4 4
512 1024 7 4 28
¼ þ þ 512 x¼ ¼
5 3 15 3 45
1536 þ 5120 þ 7680 14336 23 4 92 46
¼ ¼ y¼ ¼ ¼ :
15 15 70 3 210 105
ð4 3 4 ÿ28 46
ÿ 2 x The centroid is 45 ; 105 .
m¼ x þ 16 dx ¼ þ 16x
0 3 0 17. The graphs intersect at ðÿ2; 4Þ and (1, 1)
64 256
¼ þ 64 ¼ ð1
3 3 x 2 ÿ x ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
My ¼
3 9 ðÿ2
x ¼ 192 ¼ ¼ 2:25 1 ÿ
256 4 ¼ 2x ÿ x2 ÿ x3 dx

14336 3 56
y¼ ¼ ¼ 11:2 ÿ2 1
15 256 5 x3 x4
¼ x2 ÿ ÿ
The centroid is (2.25, 11.2). 3 4 ÿ2
1 1 8 9
ð2 ð2 ¼1ÿ ÿ ÿ4ÿ þ4¼ÿ
3 4 4 4
x 4x ÿ x2 dx ¼
ÿ 2
4x ÿ x3 dx
ÿ
15. My ¼ 1 1
ð
ÿ 2 2
2
0 0 Mx ¼ ð2 ÿ xÞ ÿ x dx
2 2 ÿ2
4x3 x4

32 20 ð1
¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ4¼ 1
4 ÿ 4x þ x2 ÿ x4 dx
ÿ
3 4 0 3 3 ¼
2 ÿ2
1 2h
ð i
2 1
ð4xÞ2 ÿ x2 dx 43 x 5
ÿ
Mx ¼ 1
2 0 ¼ 4x ÿ 2x2 þ ÿ
2 3 5 ÿ2
1 2ÿ 2
ð
¼ 16x ÿ x4 dx
1 1 1 8 32
2 0 ¼ 4ÿ2þ ÿ þ8þ8þ ÿ
2 3 5 4 5
2
1 16x3 x5

1 128 32 1 33 36
¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ ¼ 18 þ 3 ÿ ¼
2 3 5 0 2 3 5 2 5 5
ð1 1
x2 x3

64 16 272
2 ÿ x ÿ x2 dx ¼ 2x ÿ ÿ
ÿ
¼ ÿ ¼ m¼
3 5 15 ÿ2 2 3 ÿ2
ð2 2 1 1 8 1
x3

4x ÿ x2 dx ¼ 2x2 ÿ ¼2ÿ ÿ þ4þ2ÿ ¼8ÿ ÿ3
ÿ
m¼ 2 3 3 2
0 3 0
1 9
8 16 ¼4 ¼
¼8ÿ ¼ 2 2
3 3 9 2 1
20 3 5 x¼ÿ ¼ÿ
x¼ ¼ 4 9 2
3 16 4 36 2 8
272 3 17 y¼ ¼ :
y¼ ¼ : 5 9 5
15 16 5 ÿ
The centroid is ÿ 12 ; 85 .
ÿ5 17
The centroid is 4 ; 5 .
18. The graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1) 1

1 1ÿ 1 x2 x3
ð
1
x ÿ x2 dx ¼

ð1 ð1 Mx ¼ ÿ ¼
2 0 2 2 3 0 12

My ¼ x x ÿ x3=2 dx ¼ x2 ÿ x5=2 dx 1
ð1
0 0 pffiffiffi x2

2
3
x 2
1
1 2 1 m ¼ ð x ÿ xÞdx ¼ x3=2 ÿ
¼ ÿ x7=2 ¼ ÿ ¼ 0 3 2 0
3 7 0 3 7 21 2 1 1
1 ¼ ÿ ¼
1 1ÿ 2 1 x3 x4 3 2 6
ð
x ÿ x3 dx ¼

Mx ¼ ÿ 1 6 6 2
2 0 2 3 4 0 x¼ ¼ ¼

1 1 1

1 15 1 15 5
¼ ÿ ¼ 1 6 1
2 3 4 24 y¼ ¼ :
ð1 2 1 12 1 2 ÿ
x 2


m¼ x ÿ x3=2 dx ¼ ÿ x5=2
0 2 5 0
1 2 1 21. They intersect at ðÿ4; ÿ4Þ and (3, 3)
¼ ÿ ¼ ð3
2 5 10
x 12 ÿ x2 ÿ x dx
ÿ
1 10 10 My ¼
x¼ ¼ ÿ4
21 1 21 ð3
1 10 10 5 12x ÿ x3 ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
y¼ ¼ ¼ : ¼
24 1 24 24 ÿ4
3
x4 x3
ÿ
The centroid is 10 5
21 ; 12 ¼ 6x2 ÿ ÿ
4 3 ÿ4
19. The graphs intersect at ð3; 9Þ 81 64
ð3 ¼ 54 ÿ ÿ 9 ÿ 96 þ 64 ÿ
4 3
x 18 ÿ x2 ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
My ¼ 81 64 343
ÿ3 ¼ 13 ÿ ÿ ¼ÿ
ð3 4 3 12
18x ÿ 2x3 dx ¼ 0
ÿ ð3
¼ 1 2
12 ÿ x2 ÿðxÞ2 dx
ÿ
ÿ3 Mx ¼
2 ÿ4
1 3 ÿ
ð
2 ÿ 2
Mx ¼ 18 ÿ x2 ÿ x2 dx 1 3 ÿ
ð
144 ÿ 24x2 þ x4 ÿ x3 dx

2 ÿ3 ¼
2 ÿ4
1 3 ÿ
ð
324 ÿ 36x2 þ x4 ÿ x4 dx
3
¼ 25x3 x5

2 ÿ3 1
144x ÿ þ
1 3 2 3 5 ÿ4
¼ 324x ÿ 12x3 ÿ3 1

243
2 ¼ 432 ÿ 225 þ þ 576
1 2 5
¼ ½972 ÿ 324 þ 972 ÿ 324 ¼ 648
2 1600 1024 3773
ð3 3 ÿ þ ¼
2x3

3 5 15
18 ÿ x2 ÿ x2 dx ¼ 18x ÿ
ÿ
m¼ ð3
ÿ3 3 ÿ3
12 ÿ x2 ÿ x dx
ÿ
m¼
¼ ð54 ÿ 18 þ 54 ÿ 18Þ ¼ 72 ÿ4
3
x¼0 x3 x3

¼ 12x ÿ ÿ
648 3 2 ÿ4
y¼ ¼9
72 9 64 1 343
¼ 36 ÿ 9 ÿ þ 48 ÿ þ 8 ¼ 57 ¼
The centroid is (0, 9). 2 3 6 6
343 6 1
20. The intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1) x¼ÿ ¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ0:5
12 343 2
ð1
pffiffiffi
ð1 3773 6
My ¼ xð x ÿ xÞdx ¼ x3=2 ÿ x2 dx y¼ ¼ 4:4
15 343
0 0

2 x3
1 The centroid is ðÿ0:5; 4:4Þ.
¼ x5=2 ÿ
5 3 0
2 1 1
¼ ÿ ¼
5 3 15
SECTION 25.5 477
pffiffiffi
22. y ¼ x2 and y ¼ x3 intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1). 26. y ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þ2 ) x ÿ 1 ¼ y1=2 ) x ¼ 1 y
ð1
1 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
Mx ¼ y ð1 þ yÞ2 ÿ ð1 ÿ yÞ2 dy
ð1 4
x5

x 1 1
My ¼ x x2 ÿ x3 dx ¼
ÿ
ÿ ¼ ÿ 0
0 4 5 0 4 5 ð1
1 ¼ y½1 þ 2 y þ y ÿ 1 þ 2 y ÿ ydy
¼ 0
20 ð1
1
1 1ÿ 4 1 x5 x7
ð
Mx ¼ x ÿ x7 dx ¼

ÿ ¼ 4y3=2 dy
2 0 2 5 7 0 0
2 5=2 1 8

1 1 1 2 1 1 ¼ 4 y ¼
¼ ÿ ¼ ¼ 5 5
2 5 7 23 2 35 0
ð1
ð1 3
x4
1 2 8
m ¼ 4y1=2 dy ¼ 4 y3=2 10 ¼

ÿ 2 x 1 1
x ÿ x3 dx ¼

m¼ ÿ ¼ ÿ 0 3 3
0 3 4 0 3 4
1 x¼0
¼ 8
12 5 8 3 3
y ¼ 8 ¼ ¼ :
1 12 3 5 8 5
x¼ ¼ 3
20 1 5 ÿ
The centroid is 0; 35 .
1 12 12
y¼ ¼
35 1 35 27. x þ y ¼ 6 ) y ¼ 6 ÿ x; x ¼ 3
ÿ
The centroid is 35 ; 12
35 .
ð3 h i
My ¼ x ð6 ÿ xÞ2 dx
23. y ¼ x3 ; 0
ð2 2 ð3
x3 36x ÿ 12x2 þ x3 dx
ÿ
My ¼ x x2 dx ¼ ¼ 32
ÿ ¼
0 8 0 0
3
x4

ð2 2
x7 128 297
m¼
ÿ 3 2
x ¼ ¼ : ¼ 18x2 ÿ 4x3 þ ¼ 74:25 ¼
7 7 4 0 4
0 0 ð3 ð3
Thus, we find that x ¼ 32 m ¼ ð6 ÿ xÞ2 dx ¼ 36 ÿ 12x þ x2 dx
ÿ 7 7 ÿ
128 ¼ 32 128 ¼ 4 and
7 0 0
y ¼ 0 since it’s rotated about the x-axis. The cen- 3
x3

ÿ
troid is 74 ; 0 . ¼ 36x ÿ 6x2 þ ¼ 63
3 0
297 1 33
24. y ¼ x3 ) x ¼ y1=3 x¼ ¼
ð8 4 63 28
3 y¼0
Mx ¼ y y2=3 dy ¼ y8=3 80 ¼ 96
0 8 ÿ
ð8 The centroid is 33
28 ; 0 .
3 96
m ¼ y2=3 dy ¼ y5=3 08 ¼
0 5 5 28. y¼8ÿx
Thus, we see that x ¼ 0 since it is rotated about the ð8
My ¼ xð8 ÿ xÞ2 dx
ÿ5
y-axis, and y ¼ 96
965 ¼ 96
96 ¼ 5. The centroid
4
is (0, 5). ð8
64x ÿ 16x2 þ x3 dx
ÿ
¼
25. y ¼ x4 ) x ¼ y1=4 4
ð1 4
2 2 2

Mx ¼ y y1=4 dy ¼ y5=2 01 ¼
16 3 1 4 2
5 5 ¼ 32x2 ÿ x þ x ¼ 106
0
ð1 3 4 0 3
1=4
2 2 3=2 1 2 ð8
1 1
m¼ y dy ¼ y 0 ¼ 8
m ¼ ð8 ÿ xÞ2 dx ¼ ÿ ð8 ÿ xÞ3 4 ¼ 21

0 3 3 3 3
4
x¼0
2 x¼5
5 2 3 3
y ¼ 2 ¼ ¼ y¼0
3
5 2 5
The centroid is (5, 0).
ÿ 3
The centroid is 0; 5 .
ð4 ð8 ð pffiffi8 pffiffi8
y3

2 2 2
29. Mx ¼ y 4 dy þ yð8 ÿ yÞ dy
ÿ
m¼ 9 ÿ y ÿ 1 dy ¼ 8y ÿ
0 4 3
0 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi0
2 2 pffiffiffi 8 8 16 8 32 2
¼ 128 þ 106 ¼ 234 ¼ 8 8ÿ ¼ ¼
3 3 3 3 3
ð 4 ð8
x¼0
m¼ 16 dy þ ð8 ÿ yÞ2 dy pffiffiffi
0 4 16 3 2
1 1 y¼ p ffiffi ¼ ¼ 1:0607
¼ 64 þ 21 ¼ 85
32 2 4
3
3 3
The centroid is (0, 1.0607).
x¼0
234 23 pffiffiffi
33. y ¼ x2 ; y ¼ x
y¼ ¼ 2:75
85 13 ð1 3 1
x x6
My ¼ x x ÿ x4 dx ¼

The centroid is (0, 2.75). ÿ ¼
0 3 6 0 6
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð1 2
x5

30. y ¼ 16 ÿ x2 4 x 3
ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð4 m ¼ x ÿ x dx ¼ ÿ ¼
2 0 2 5 10
My ¼ x 16 ÿ x2 dx ¼ 16x ÿ x2 dx
10 5
6
0 0 x ¼ 3 ¼ ¼ :

x4
4
10
18 9
2
¼ 8x ÿ ¼ ð128 ÿ 64Þ ¼ 64
4 0
ÿ
ð4 4
x3

2 34.
ÿ
m¼ 16 ÿ x dx ¼ 16x ÿ These two curves intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).
0 3 0 y ¼ x4 ) x ¼ y1=4 ; y ¼ x2 ) x ¼ y1=2 .
128
¼ ð1 1
y3

3
2
64 3 Mx ¼ y y1=2 ÿ y dy ¼ y5=2 ÿ
x ¼ 128 ¼ or 1:5 5 3 0
2 0
3 2 1
y¼0 ¼ ÿ ¼
5 3 15
The centroid is (1.5, 0). ð1 1
y2

2
m¼ y1=2 ÿ y dy ¼ y3=2 ÿ
3 2 0
31. x2 ÿ y2 ¼ 1; ÿy2 ¼ 1 ÿ x2 ; y2 ¼ x2 ÿ 1; y ¼ 0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 1
x2 ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ ¼
3 2 6
1
ð3 4
x x2
3 6 2
My ¼ x x2 ÿ 1 dx ¼
ÿ
ÿ y ¼ 15
1
¼ ¼
4 2 1 6
15 5
1
81 9 1 1 ÿ
The centroid is 0; 25
¼ ÿ ÿ þ ¼ ½20 ÿ 4 ¼ 16
4 2 4 2
ð3 3 3 35. (a) Make two rectangles by cutting off ÿ the top
x
piece. Then the bottom has center at 50; 12 and
ÿ 2
m¼ x ÿ 1 dx ¼ ÿx
3
1 1 ÿ
1

2 20 area 100 cm2 . The left piece has center at 12 ; 101
2
¼ 9 ÿ 3 ÿ þ 1 ¼ 6 or and area 99 cm2 .
3 3 3
16 4 3 12 100 50 þ 99 12 5049:5
x ¼ 20 ¼ ¼ : x¼ ¼ 25:374
3
5 5 100 þ 99 199
ÿ12
The centroid is 5 ; 0 or (2.4, 0). 1 99 5049:5
y ¼ 100 þ 101 ¼ 25:374
2 2 199
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
32. x2 ÿ y2 ¼ 1 ) x ¼ y2 þ 1 and x ¼ 3 ) y ¼ 8
The centroid of the frame is (25.374, 25.374).
ð pffiffi8
y 32 ÿ y2 ÿ 1 dy
ÿ
Mx ¼
0pffiffi
ð 8
y 8 ÿ y2 dy
ÿ
¼
0
pffiffi8
y4

2
¼ 4y ÿ ¼ ½32 ÿ 16 ¼ 16
4 0
SECTION 25.6 479
ð 28 2
9
m¼ 7 ÿ y dy
(b) The bottom area is h w with
ÿ h w 56
2 ; 2 and
0
ÿw center
ð 28
the left area is ðh ÿ wÞ, center 2 ; hþw 9 81 2
2 ¼ 49 ÿ y þ y dy
ÿ 2 2 3 0 4 3136
hw h2 þ wðh ÿ wÞ w2 h 2w þ hw2 ÿ w2 28
x¼ ¼ 2
27y3

hw þ ðh ÿ wÞw 2wh ÿ w 2 9y
¼ 49y ÿ þ ¼ 679
h2 þ hw ÿ w2 8 3136 0
¼ :
2ð2h
ÿhww ÿ wÞ ÿ y ¼ 6713
679 ¼ 9:8866 inches from the top of the base.
þ ðh ÿ wÞw hþw The centroid is (0, 9.8866).
y¼ 2 2
wð2h ÿ wÞ (b) The bottom has volume of 182 ¼ 324 in.2 and
hw þ h2 ÿ w2 centroid 12 in. below the top of the base.
¼
2ð2h ÿ wÞ 9:8866 679 ÿ 12 ð324Þ
2
þhwÿw2 h2 þhwÿw2
y¼
The centroid is h2ð2hÿwÞ ; 2ð2hÿwÞ . 679 þ 324
21089:52 ÿ 162 20; 927:52
36. (a) Use the center of the bottom of the cone as the ¼ ¼ 8:517
2457:14 2457:14
origin and the y-axis as the axis of the cone. Then
the cone is formed by rotating the line x ¼ 7 ÿ 4:5 The centroid is 8.517 in. above the top of the base.
28 y h 2 i40
45 9 Ð 40
or x ¼ 7 ÿ 280 y ¼ 7 ÿ 56 y. 37. (a) m ¼ 0 ð5x þ 1Þdx ¼ 5x2 þ x ¼ 4040 g
ð 28 2 h 3 0 3 i40
9 Ð 40
(b) My ¼ 0 xð5x þ 1Þdx ¼ 5x3 þ x2 ¼
Mx ¼ y 7 ÿ y dy 0
0 56
107;467
107;467; x ¼ ¼ 26:6 cm from the less
ð
9 81 2 4040
¼ y 49 ÿ y þ y dense end.
4 3136 h2 i8
Ð8
(a) m ¼ 0 ðx þ 5Þdx ¼ x2 þ 5x ¼ 32 þ 40 ¼ 72
ð 28
9 81 3 38.
¼ 49y ÿ y2 þ y dy kg
0
0 4 3136 Ð8 h3 2
i8
2 3
28 (b) My ¼ 0 xðx þ 5Þdx ¼ 3 þ 5x2 ¼ 330:67; x
x
49y 3y 81y4 0
¼ ÿ þ ¼ 6713 ¼ 330:67
2 4 12544 0 72 ¼ 4:59 m from the one end.
25.6 MOMENTS OF INERTIA
1. Iy ¼ 3 42 þ 5ðÿ3Þ2 ¼ 48 þ 45 ¼ 93 4. Iy ¼ 3 22 þ 4 22 ¼ 3 42 ¼ 76
ÿ
Ix ¼ 3ð0Þ2 þ 5ð0Þ2 ¼ 0 Ix ¼ 3 32 þ 4 42 þ 3 52 ¼ 166

rffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
93 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 76 þ 166
ry ¼ ¼ 3:41; rx ¼ 0; r0 ¼ rx2 þ ry2 ¼ r0 ¼ ¼ 4:9193
3 10
3:4095 ð p2ffiffi 3 pffiffi2
2
ÿ 2
2x x5
5. Iy ¼ x 2 ÿ x dx ¼ ÿ
2. I y ¼ 6 02 þ 3 02 þ 1 02 ¼ 0 0 3 5 0
Ix ¼ 6 22 þ 3 ðÿ5Þ2 þ 1 42 ¼ 115 4 2 4 2 8 2
¼ ÿ ¼ 0:7542
qffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 5 15
ry ¼ 0; rx ¼ 115 2
10 ¼ 3:39; r0 rx þ ry ¼
2
ð p2ffiffi pffiffi2
x3

2
ÿ
3:3912 m¼ 2 ÿ x dx ¼ 2x ÿ
0 3 0
qffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
Iy ¼ 4 22 þ 3 12 ¼ 19; ry ¼ 19
¼ 1:6475 pffiffiffi 2 2

3. 7
¼ 2 2ÿ
qffiffiffiffi 3
Ix ¼ 4 12 þ 3 42 ¼ 52; rx ¼ 52
7 ¼ 2:7255; r0 ¼ pffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffi
8
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 2 15 2
19þ52
¼ 3:1847 ¼ ; ry ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:6325
7 3 4=3 5
pffiffiffi
2 7=2 3 16 2
ð2 ð4 ð4
pffiffiffi 2

6. Ix ¼ y ð yÞdy ¼ y ¼ 12. Ix ¼ 4 y2 y3=2 dy ¼ 4 y7=2 dy
0 y 0 7 0 0
4
¼ 3:2325

2 4096
pffiffiffi ¼ 4 y9=2 ¼ ¼ 455:11 g cm2
4 2 9 0 9
m¼ ð8 8
v3ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

3 32 3 4
p
2=3
m ¼ 4 x dx ¼ 4 x5=3 ¼
u16 ffiffi2 rffiffiffiffiffi
u 12 0 5 0 5
rx ¼ t p7 ffiffi ¼ ¼ 1:3093 ¼ 51:2 g
4 2 7
3 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
455:1111
ð5 rx ¼ 2:9814 cm
y2 3 dy ¼ y3 05 ¼ 125

7. Ix ¼ 51:2
0
ð5
ð2 5 2
m ¼ 3 dx ¼ 15 1 x
0 13. Iy ¼ 8 x2 x2 ÿ 2 dx ¼ 8 ÿx
ffi pffiffiffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 x 5 1
125 25
32 1

26
rx ¼ ¼ 2:8868 ¼8 ÿ2ÿ þ1 ¼8 ¼ 41:6 g cm2
15 3 5 5 5
ð3 3 ð2 3 2
5x3

1 x 1
8. Iy ¼ x2 5 dx ¼ ¼ 45 m¼8 x2 ÿ 2 dx ¼ 8 þ
0 3 0 1 x 3 x 1

m ¼ 15 8 1 1 2
¼ 8 þ ÿ ÿ 1 ¼ 14 g
45 pffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffi 3 2 3 3
ry ¼ ¼ 3 1:7321 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
41:6
15 ry ¼ 1:6842 cm
ð1 14:6667

9. Ix ¼ y2 y1=3 ÿ y1=2 dy
0 ð1
3 10=3 2 7=2 1 y2 2 ÿ yÿ1=2 dy

14. Ix ¼ 8
¼ y ÿ y 0
10 7 0 ð4

¼ 0:014286 þ 8 y2 2 ÿ y1=2 dy
70 1
ð1 3 1 3
1 3 4
x x4 1 2y 2 2y 2
ÿ y5=2 þ8 ÿ y7=2
ÿ 2
x ÿ x3 dx ¼

m¼ ÿ ¼ ¼8
0 3 4 0 12 3 5 3 7
0 1
2 2 128 256 2 2
sffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffi
1
12 ¼8 ÿ þ8 ÿ ÿ þ
rx ¼ 70 1
¼ 0:4140 3 5 3 7 3 7
12
70
128 2 254
ð1 ¼8 ÿ ÿ ¼ 47:8467 g cm2
3 5 7
5
x6

x
x2 x2 ÿ x3 dx ¼
ÿ
10. Iy ¼ ÿ ¼ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 5 6 30 47:8476
rx ¼ ¼ 1:8062 cm
0:0333 14:6666
sffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffi
1
30 12 2 ð p2ffiffi
m ¼ ; ry ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:6325
x3 2 ÿ x2 dx

12 1
12
30 5 15. Iy ¼ 2
0
ð4 4 pffiffi2
x5
4
2
ÿ
Iy ¼ 5 x 4x ÿ x dx ¼ 5 x ÿ 2
4 2x x6
11. ¼ 2 ÿ
0 5 0 4 6
0
1024

¼ 5 256 ÿ ¼ 256 g cm2 8 4
5 ¼ 2 2 ÿ ¼
6 3
ð4
x3
4 ð pffiffi2 pffiffi2
x4

2 2
ÿ
m¼5 4x ÿ x dx ¼ 5 2x ÿ m ¼ 2
ÿ 2
2
x 2 ÿ x dx ¼ 2 x ÿ
0 3 0 4 0
0
64 ¼ 2
¼ 5 32 ÿ
3 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4=3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
256 ry ¼ ¼ 2=3 0:8165
¼ 53:333; ry ¼ 2:1909 cm 2
53:333
SECTION 25.6 481
ð2 2 ð4 4 4
h i 2 6x
16. Ix ¼ 2 y3 y1=2 dy ¼ 2 y9=2 20. Iy ¼ 2 x3 6 dx ¼ 2 ¼ 768
0 9 0 0 4 0
pffiffiffi
2 p ffiffi
ffi 64 2
ð4
4
¼ 2 16 2 ¼ 31:5938 m ¼ 2 x 6 dx ¼ 2 3x2 0 ¼ 96
9 9 0
pffiffiffi
2 5=2 2 16 2
ð2
768 pffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3=2
m ¼ 2 y dy ¼ 2 y ¼ ry ¼ ¼ 8 2:8284
0 5 0 5 96
u64pffiffi2 rffiffiffiffiffi
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u 20 2 pffiffiffi
rx ¼ t 2pffiffi ¼
ð4
¼ 5 1:4907
Iy ¼ 2 3 x3 4x ÿ x2 ð4 ÿ xÞ dx
ÿ
16 2 9 3 21.
5
1
ð4
ð4 5 4
x6 ¼ 6 x 5x ÿ x2 ÿ 4 dx
3
ÿ
4x
x3 4x ÿ x2 dx ¼ 2
ÿ
17. Iy ¼ 2 ÿ 1
0 5 6 0 ð4
ÿ 4
5x ÿ x5 ÿ 4x3 dx

4096 ¼ 6
¼ 2 857:86 or 273:07 1
30 4
x6

ð4 3 4
4x x4 ¼ 6 x5 ÿ ÿ x4
m ¼ 2 x 4x ÿ x2 dx ¼ 2
ÿ
ÿ 6 1
0 3 4 0
128 ¼ 6ð85:5Þ ¼ 513 g cm
¼ ð4
3 m ¼ 6 x 5x ÿ x2 ÿ 4 dx
ÿ
134:04 or 42:667 1
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð4
273:07 ¼ 6
ÿ 2
5x ÿ x3 ÿ 4x dx

ry ¼ ¼ 2:5298
42:667 1
3 4
5x x3
¼ 6 ÿ ÿ 2x2 ¼ 67:5 g
ð 16
1
18. Ix ¼ 2 y3 y1=2 ÿ y dy 3 4 1
0 4 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 16 513
ry ¼ ¼ 2:7568 cm

7=2 1 4
¼ 2 y ÿ y dy 67:5
0 4
5 16 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2 4y
¼ 2 y9=2 ÿ 11; 650:84 22. y¼ 4 ÿ x ) y2 ¼ 4 ÿ x ) x ¼ 4 ÿ y2
9 5 0
ð 16
1
x þ 2y ¼ 4 ) x ¼ 4 ÿ 2y
m ¼ 2 y y1=2 ÿ y dy ð2
4
0
Ix ¼ 2 5 y3 4 ÿ y2 ÿ ð4 ÿ 2yÞ dy
ÿ
ð 16
1 0
¼ 2 y3=2 ÿ y2 dy ð2
4
¼ 10 y3 2y ÿ y2 dy
0
ÿ
1 3 16

2 5=2 0
¼ 2 y ÿ y 136:53 ð2
5 12 0 ¼ 10
ÿ 4
2y ÿ y5 dy

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0
11; 650:84
rx ¼ 9:24 2y5 y6
2
136:53 ¼ 10 ÿ ¼ 21:333 g cm2
5 6 0
ð6 ð2
y3 4 dy ¼ 2y4 06 ¼ 2592

m ¼ 10 y 2y ÿ y2
ÿ
19. Ix ¼ 2
0 0
ð6 ð2
6
m ¼ 2 y 4 dx ¼ 2 2y2 0 ¼ 144
ÿ 2
2y ÿ y3 dy

¼ 10
0 0
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
2y3 y4

2592
rx ¼ 4:2426 ¼ 10 ÿ ¼ 13:333 g
144 3 4 0
21:333 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
rx ¼ ¼ 1:6 ¼ 1:2649 cm
13:333
ð2 ð1
x3 x3 ÿ xÿ1 dx y3 2 ÿ yÿ1 dy
ÿ ÿ
23. Iy ¼ 2 5 24. Ix ¼ 10
1 1=2
ð2 2 ð8
x7 x3

x6 ÿ x dx ¼ 10
2 þ 10 y3 2 ÿ y1=3 dy
ÿ
¼ 10 ÿ
1 7 3 1 ð1 1
¼ 158:0952 g cm2
ÿ 3
2y ÿ y2 dy

¼ 10
ð2 1=2
m ¼ 10 x x3 ÿ xÿ1 dx
ÿ ð8
1 þ 10 2y3 ÿ y10=3 dy
4 1 3 1
ð2
ÿ 4 4 8
¼ 10 x ÿ 1 dx y y y 3 33
1 ¼ 10 ÿ þ10 ÿ y3
2 2 3 1=2 2 13 1
x5

¼ 10 ÿ x ¼ 52 g ¼ 1574:4631 g cm2
5 ð1
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 m ¼ 10 y 2 ÿ yÿ1 dy
ÿ
158:0952
ry ¼ ¼ 1:7436 cm 1=2
52 ð8
þ 10 y 2 ÿ y1=3 dy
1
8
1 3
¼ 10 y ÿ y 1=2 þ 10 y2 ÿ y7=3
2
7 1
¼ 88:2143 g
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1574:4631
rx ¼ ¼ 4:2247 cm
88:2143
25.7 WORK AND FLUID PRESSURE
1. F ¼ kx; 3 ¼ kð1=3Þ1 yields k ¼ 9. Hence, F ¼ 9x; 9:8 ¼ 852:6 N. The work inh lifting ithe chain is
Ð 5=6 5=6 10
10 in. ¼ 56 ft. Work ¼ 0 9x dx ¼ 92 x2 j0 ¼ 92 25 y2
Ð 10
36 ¼ 0 46:06ð15 ÿ yÞdy ¼ 46:06 15 ÿ 2 ¼ 4606 J.
25 0
8 ¼ 3:125 ft lb The work in lifting the load is 852:6 10 ¼ 8526 J.
Ð2
The total work is 4606 þ 8526 ¼ 13;132 J or about

9 2 2 9 27
2. 1 9x dx ¼ 2 x 1 ¼ 2 ð4 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 2 ¼ 13:5 ft lb.
13 kJ.
3. 20 cm ¼ 0:2 m; 6 ¼ kð0:2Þ; so k ¼ 30 and we get
Ð1 2 11. For the first 12 feet; each section will have a
F ¼ 30x. Thus, work ¼ 0 30x ¼ 30x 1
2 0 ¼ 15 J Ð 12
Ð 0:2 weight of 0:75 dy. 0 0:75ð12ÿyÞdy ¼ 0:75ð12y ÿ
2 0:2
4. 0:1 30x ¼ 15x 0:1 ¼ 15ð0:04 ÿ 0:01Þ ¼ 0:45 J y2 12
¼ 34 ð72Þ ¼ 54 ft lb. The total weight of the
2 Þ0
Ð 0:1 kð0:01Þ chain is 12 34 ¼ 9 lb. The work in lifting the last

k 2 0:1 0:4
5. 0 kx dx ¼ 2 x 0 ¼ 2 ¼ 0:20. Hence, k ¼ 0:01
¼ 40; F ¼ kx ¼ 40 ð0:1Þ ¼ 4 N 8 feet is 72 ft lb. The total work is 54 þ 72 ¼
Ð 4=12 126 ft lb.
6. F ¼ kx; 5 ¼ k 16, so k ¼ 30. Work ¼ 1=12 30x dx ¼
1=3 ÿ ÿ 15 225 12. For the first 5 meters; each section has a weight of
15x2 j1=12 ¼ 15 19 ÿ 144
1
¼ 15 144 ¼ 144 ft lb or 0:4 0:8y ¼ 3:92y N. The work in raising one
Ð5
1:5625 ft lb end 5 meters is 0 3:92ð5 ÿ yÞdy ¼ 3:92ð5y ÿ
2
Ðb y 5
2 Þ 0 ¼ 3:92 12:5 ¼ 49N m ¼ 49 J. The total

9 2 b 9 2 9 2
7. 0 9x dx ¼ 2 x 0 ¼ 2 b ; 2 b ¼ 105; b2 ¼ 23:333;
b ¼ 4:8305 ft weight of the chain is 5ð3:92Þ ¼ 19:6 N. The
work in lifting the chain the last 5 meters is
8. The weight of a section is 2 dy; distance moved is 19:6 5 ¼ 98 J. The total work done is 49 þ 98
2 20
h i
¼ 147 J.
Ð 20
50 ÿ y. Work ¼ 0 2ð50 ÿ yÞdy ¼ 2 50y ÿ y2 ¼
0
2½1000 ÿ 200 ¼ 2ð800Þ ¼ 1600 ft lb. 13. When the tank is x meters above the ground it has
h i30 taken 2x minutes to get there and has used
y2
Ð 30
9. 0 2:5ð30 ÿ yÞdy ¼ 2:5 30y ÿ 2 ¼ 2:5ð450Þ ¼ 20 2x ¼ 40x L. Hence the volume of the tank is
0
1125 J ð1000 ÿ 40xÞ L. Water has a density of 1 kg/L so
its mass is ð1000 ÿ 40xÞkg. The total mass is
10. The mass ¼ 4:7 kg/m; weight ¼ 4:7 9:8 ¼ 46:06 ð1047ÿ 40xÞ kg so its weight is 9:8ð1047 ÿ 40xÞ.
N. A mass of 87 kg has a weight of 87
SECTION 25.7 483
Ð 10 Ð5 2
20
1dx ¼ 9 x2 10
Ð 20
W ¼ 0 9:8ð1047ÿ40xÞdx ¼ 9:8½1047xÿ 20x2 0 ¼ 24. 0 ð9ÞðxÞdx þ 910 0 0 þ
9:8ð12940Þ ¼ 126;812 J or 127 kJ. 450 ¼ 450 þ 450 ¼ 900 ¼ 900
14. 1 cm ¼ 0.01 m; 3 mm ¼ 0.003 m 54:8 ¼ 49;320 ¼ 1:549 105 ft lb.
ð 0:01 25. Position the tank so that the bottom is at (0, 0).
W¼ 8:988 109 5 10ÿ7 Then the radius will be 23 y where y is the height.
0:003 ÿ 2
1 The volume will be 23 y dy; ¼ 847 kg=m3 ¼
ðÿ2Þ 10ÿ7 dr
r2 Ð 3:6 ÿ 2
8300:6 N=m3 : W ¼ 8300:6 0 23 y ð18:6 ÿ yÞ
0:01
ÿ1 h 3 4 3:6
i
¼ ÿ8:988 10ÿ4 dy ¼ 8300:6 49 ð18:6Þ y3 ÿ 49 y4 ¼
r 0:003 0
¼ ÿ8:988 10ÿ4 ð233:33Þ 8300:6½109:9 ¼ 912 236 J ¼ 2 866 000 J ¼

2:866 MJ
¼ ÿ2:0972 10ÿ1 ¼ ÿ0:20972 J pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
26. r ¼ 16 ÿ y2 ¼ r 2 ¼ ð16 ÿ y2 Þ; distance raised is
Ð0
ð 1010ÿ9 ðÿyÞW ¼ ÿ4 ð1000 9:8Þð16 ÿ y2 ÞðÿyÞdy ¼
15. W¼ 8:988 4 10ÿ19 5 h 4 0
i
0:05 9800 ÿ8y2 þ y4 ¼ 9800½64 ¼ 627200 J.
ÿ4
1 Ð0
10ÿ8 dr 27. W ¼ 9800 ÿ2 ð16 ÿ y2 ÞðÿyÞdy ¼ 9800½ÿ8y2 þ
r2
y4 0
4 ÿ2 ¼ 9800½32 ÿ 4 ¼ 9800½28 ¼ 274400 J
10ÿ8
ÿ16 ÿ1
¼ 1:7976 10
r 0:05 28. Using the same set-up as Example 26.40 we get
Ð4
¼ 1:7976 10ÿ16 108 9800 1 ð16 ÿ x2 Þð14 ÿ xÞdx where x is the dis-
¼ 1:7976 10ÿ8 J ¼ 179:76 J tance from the top of the tank. This is equal to
Ð4
9800 1 ð224ÿ16xÿ14x2 þ x3 Þdx ¼ 9800½224xÿ
3 4
x 4
Ð 10ÿ3 8x2 ÿ 14x
3 þ 4 1 ¼ 9800ð321:75Þ ¼ 3 153 150 J.
16. W¼ 5:310ÿ7 8:988 1:6 10ÿ18 ðÿ1:6Þ
10ÿ3
10ÿ19 : r12 dr ¼ 2:3009 10ÿ27 ÿ1 29. (a) P ¼ gh ¼ 1000 9:8 2 ¼ 19;600 N=m2
r 5:310ÿ7 ¼
(b) F ¼ PA ¼ 19;600 10 7 ¼ 1372000 N
ÿ27
ÿ 6

ÿ2:3009 10 1:8858 10 ¼ ÿ4:3391
30. (a) P ¼ gh ¼ 54:8 10 ¼ 548 lb=ft2 ;
10ÿ21 J (b) F ¼ PA ¼ 548 9 ¼ 4932 ¼ 15494 lb.
Ð1 1
W ¼ FðrÞdr ¼ 0:01 rk2 ¼ ÿk 1r 0:01 ¼ ÿk½1 ÿ 100
Ð
17. 31. The area of the short side is 7 m 2 m. So, we get
¼ 99k J. ¼ 9800
Ð2 Ð2
Ð 20 20 h 0 hðyÞ2 i 0LðyÞdy ÿ 9800 0 ð2 ÿ yÞ 7dy ¼
W ¼ 1 rk2 dr ¼ ÿk
1 19k
18. r 1 ¼ ÿk 20 ÿ 1 ¼ 20 ft lb. 9800 14y ÿ 7y2 ¼ 9800 14 ¼ 137200 N.

Ð02 2
19.
Ð 5000 5000
W ¼ 4000 rk2 ¼ ÿk 1r 4000 ¼ k 5 10ÿ5 . Since k ¼
32. Long side 9800 0 ð2ÿ yÞ 10 ¼ 9800½20yÿ 5y2 0 ¼
16 109 , we get W ¼ 16 109 5 10ÿ5 ¼ 9800 20 ¼ 196 000 N
80;000 mi lb ¼ 4:224 109 ft lb. Ð2 ÿ Ð2
Ð8 33. 9800 0 ð2 ÿ yÞ 3 ÿ 32 y dy ¼ 9800 0 ð6 ÿ 6y þ
x2 8
i2
20. 0 ð54:8Þð16Þx dx ¼ 876:8 2 0 ¼ 28057:6
h
3 2 2 y3
2 y Þdy ¼ 9800 6y ÿ 3y þ 2 ¼ 9800½4 ¼
88145:6 ft lb. 0
Ð8 39 200 N
5
21. 0 880ð4Þx dx ¼ 1:264 10 kg m. Multiply- Ð1 Ð2
ing by the gravitational constant to get joules, we 34. g 0 hð40dh þ g 0 ð1 þ hÞð40 ÿ 20hÞdh
have 1:264 105 9:8 ¼ 1:23872 106 J ¼ ð1 ð2
3:89155 106 J 40 þ 20h ÿ 20h2 dh
ÿ
¼ 9800 40h þ 9800
Ð2 0 0
5 x 2 2
3

22. 0 70 9:8 10 x dx ¼ 6:86 10 2 0 ¼ 1:372
2
20h3

2 1
þ 9800 40h þ 10h2 ÿ

106 J ¼ 1:372 MJ. (Note: 1 m3 of water has a mass ¼ 9800 20h 0 3 0
of 103 kg and a weight of 9:8 103 N.)
Ð 1:5 h i1:5 ¼ 9800½20 þ 9800½66:67 ¼ 9800½86:67
5 5 x2
23. 0 6:8610 ð2ÿ xÞdx ¼ 6:86 10 2x ÿ 2 0
¼ ¼ 849300N ¼ 849 kN
6:86 105 1875 ¼ 1:28625 MJ ¼ 1;286;250 J
Ð0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
35. r ¼ 1:6 m; ¼ 680 kg/m3 ; g ¼ Ð680 9:8 ¼ 36. x2 þ y2 ¼ 16. 2 ÿ4 ð4 þ yÞ 16 ÿ y2 dy ¼
0
6664 N/m3 . Thus, we have g ÿ1:6 ð1 6 þ yÞ Ð 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 ÿ4 16 ÿ y2 ÿ 2 ÿ4 ÿy 16 ÿ y2 dy ¼
2 2:56 ÿ y2 dy ¼ g 3:2 ÿ1:6 2:56 ÿ y2 ÿ
Ð 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
g ÿ1:6 ÿ2y 2:56 ÿ y2 dy: As in example 26.43. 8 ÿ4 16 ÿ y2 dy ÿ ÿ4 ÿ2y 16y2 d6. The left
The left integral will be 14 the area of a circle integral is 1
4 the area of a circle of radius 4 so 4.
so 14 ð1:6Þ2 ¼ 2:0106. The right integral is The right integral is 23 ð16 ÿ y2 Þ
3=2 0 128
ÿ4 ¼ 3 . Put-
2 3=2 0
2
2
3 ð2:56ÿy Þ ÿ1:6 ¼ 4:096 3 ¼ 2:7307; g½3:2 ting this together 8 4ÿ 128
3 ¼ 42:5ð57:86Þ ¼
2:0106 ÿ 2:7307 ¼ g½3:7032 ¼ 6664ð3:7032Þ 2;459:2 lb.
¼ 24 578 N.
CHAPTER R 25 REVIEW
1 6
ð 5
1 1 ð5
x3
4x dx ¼ 2x2 61 ¼ ð72 ÿ 2Þ

1. y¼ 5. V¼ ð6xÞ2 dx ¼ 36
5 1 5 5 1 3 1
20 ¼ 12½125 ÿ 1 ¼ 1488
¼ ¼ 14
5 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð5 ð5 4 5
s sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x
1 6 1 16x3 6 My ¼ xð6xÞ2 ¼ 36 x3 dx ¼ 36
ð
frms ¼ 16x dx ¼ 1 1 4 1
5 1 5 3 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 9½625 ÿ 1 ¼ 5616
¼ 229:3 ¼ 15:1438 5676
x¼ ¼ 3:7742
2 1488
1 2 3 1 x4
ð
16 The centroid is (3.7742, 0).
2. y¼ x dx ¼ ¼ ¼2
2 0 2 4 0 8
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi7 6. y ¼ ÿx ) x ¼ ÿy. Hence,
1 2 6 1 x7
ð
ð4 4
yrms ¼ x dx ¼ y3
2 0 2 7 0 V ¼ ðÿyÞ2 dy ¼ ¼ ð64 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 3 1 3
¼ 9:142857 ¼ 3:0237 ð4 4
y4

1
Mx ¼ y3 dy ¼ ¼ 64 ÿ
1 4ÿ 2
ð
1 x3
4 1 4 4 1
3. y¼ x ÿ 4 dx ¼ ÿ 4x ¼ 63:75
2 2 2 3 2
1 32 16 63:75
¼ ¼ y¼ ¼ 3:0357
2 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3 3 21
s
1 4 4
ð The centroid is (0, 3.0357).
hrms ¼ ðx ÿ 8x2 þ 16Þdx
2 2 ð2 2
7.
ÿ 4 2 x9
V¼ x dx ¼ ¼ ð512 ÿ 1Þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4ffi
1 x5 8x3 1 9 9
¼ ÿ þ 16x 1
2 5 3 2 511
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
¼ 40:53 ¼ 6:3666 9
ð2 2
x10
My ¼ x9 dx ¼ ¼ ð1024 ÿ 1Þ
1 2:5 ÿ
ð
6:77083 1 10 10 1
4:9t2 ÿ 2:8t ÿ 4 dt ¼

4. y¼ 1023
2:5 0 2:5 ¼
10
¼ 2:7083
1023 9
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x¼ ¼ 1:8018
1 2:5 10 511
ð
krms ¼ ð4:9t2 ÿ 2:8t ÿ 4Þ2 dt
2:5 0 The centroid is (1.8018, 0).
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
147:6432
¼
2:5
¼ 59:0573 ¼ 7:6849
ð1 2 3 3
8. V¼ x2=3 dx ¼ x7=3 10 ¼ 12. Curves intersect at (0, 0) and (2, 4). Here x ¼ y1=3
0 7 7
ð1 and x ¼ 4y.
3 3
My ¼ x x4=3 dx ¼ x10=3 ¼ ð4
y 2 2
0 10 10 V ¼ 5ÿ ÿ 5 ÿ y1=3 dy
3 7 7 0 4
x¼ ¼ or 0:7 ð 4
y2

10 3 10 5
¼ 25 ÿ y þ
The centroid is (0.7, 0). 2 16
0 i
ÿ 25 ÿ 10y þ y2=3 dy
1=3
ð1 1
y7

3 ð4
y2=3 ÿ y6 dy ¼ y5=3 ÿ y2

9. V¼ 5
0 5 7 0 ¼ ÿ y þ þ 10y1=3 ÿ y2=3 dy
0 2 16
16 4
¼ 0:4571
ÿ5y 2
y 3
15 4=3 3 5=3
35 ¼ þ þ y ÿ y
ð1
3 8=3 y8
1
4 48 2 5 0
5=3 7
Mx ¼ y ÿ y dy ¼ y ÿ ¼ ¼ ½22:9077
0 8 3 0 4
ð4
5 2 y3

1 35 35 4=3 5=3
y¼ ¼ 0:5469 Mx ¼ ÿ y þ þ 10y ÿ y dy
4 16 64 0 2 16
The centroid is (0, 0.5469).
5y3 y3 30 7=3 3 8=3
4
¼ ÿ þ þ y ÿ y
ð1 6 64 7 8 0
16
10. V ¼ x2=3 ÿ x6 dx ¼ ¼ 44:3980
0 35
ð1 44:3980
My ¼ x x2=3 ÿ x6 ¼ y¼ ¼ 1:93812
4 22:9077
0
1 35 35 Since it’s rotated about x ¼ 5, then x ¼ 5. The
x¼ ¼ 0:5469 centroid is (5, 1.0169).
4 16 64
The centroid is (0.5469, 0). 0
13. x ¼ y3=2 ; x0 ¼ 32 y1=2 ; x 2 ¼ 94 y
11. Here
p y ffi¼ x2 ) x ¼ y1=2 ; y ¼ 9 ÿ x2 ) x ¼ ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 4 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
9 ÿ y, and x2 ¼ 9 ÿ x2 ) 2x2 ¼ 9. Hence x ¼
02 9
L¼ 1 þ x dy ¼ 1 þ y dy
p3ffiffi2 and y ¼ 92 ¼ 4:5. 0 0 4
ð 4 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 4:5 ð9 4 9 9
¼ 1 þ y dy
V ¼ y dy þ ð9 ÿ yÞdy 9 04 4
0 4:5 4
9 3=2

9 4 2 8 3=2
y2 y2 ¼ 1þ y ¼ 10 ÿ 1

¼ 4:5 0 þ 9y ÿ ¼ 20:25 9 3 4 27

0
2 2 4:5
ð 4:5 ð9 ¼ 9:0734
y2 dy þ 9y ÿ y2 dy
ÿ
Mx ¼ ÿ 1=2
0
3 4:5 2
4:5
9 !
14. y ¼ 8x3 ;
y 9y y3 1 ÿ 3 ÿ1=2 24x1=2
¼ þ ÿ ¼ 91:125 y0 ¼ 8x 24x2 ¼ pffiffiffi 24x2
3 0 2 3 4:5 2 4 2
91:125 6x3=2 pffiffiffi 3=2
y¼ ¼ 4:5 ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 3 2x
20:25 2
The centroid is (0, 4.5). (Note: this is the answer ð 2 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi 2ffi
you would expect due to the symmetry of the L¼ 1 þ 3 2x1=2 dx
0
curves.)
ð2
¼ 1 þ 18x dx
0
1 2
ð1 þ 18xÞ3=2 20 ¼ 8:2986

¼
18 3
4 Ð 0:6
15. (a) Here y ¼ x4 þ 8x12 and y0 ¼ x3 ÿ 4x13 . 17. F ¼ kx; 5 ¼ kð0:2Þ; k ¼ 25; W ¼ 0 25x dx ¼
25x2 0:6

2 0 ¼ 4:5 N m ¼ 4:5 J
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 2
ð3
3 Ð 0:001
L¼ 1 þ x ÿ 3 dx 1 1
0:001
4x 18. V ¼ 6010 ÿ6 0 0:40 dt ¼ 6010 ÿ6 0:40t 0
¼
1
1
ð 3 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
s ffi 6010ÿ6
ð0:004Þ ¼ 6:6667 V
6
1 1
¼ 1þ x ÿ þ dx Ð2 h 4
i2
1 2 16x6 19. Iavg ¼ 12 0 ð4t ÿ t3 Þdt ¼ 12 2t2 ÿ t4 ¼ 12 ½8 ÿ 4 ¼ 2 A
0
aðtÞ ¼ ÿ32; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t; sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 555;
ð 3 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 1 20.
¼ x6 þ þ dx sðtÞ ¼ 0 ) 16t2 ¼ 555 ) t ¼ 5:8896.
1 2 16x6
ð3 ð 5:8896
1 1
¼ x3 þ 3 dx ÿ16t2 þ 555 dt
ÿ
s¼
1 4x 5:8896 0
1 1 81 5:8896
¼ x4 ÿ xÿ2 31 ¼ ÿ16t3

1
4 2 4 ¼ þ 555t
5:8896 3 0
1 1 1
ÿ ÿ þ ¼ 20:111 s ¼ 370 ft
72 4 8
ð 5:8896
ð3 4 1
v¼ ðÿ32tÞdt

x 1
(b) S ¼ 2 þ 2 5:8896 0
1 4 8x 1 5:8896
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ¼ ÿ16t2 0 ¼ ÿ94:2338 ft=s
1 1 5:8896
1 þ x6 ÿ þ dx
2 16x2
ð3 4 ð 30
x 1 1 21. W¼ ½1000 þ 5ð50 ÿ xÞdx
¼ 2 þ 3 x3 þ 3 dx 0
1 4 8x 4x ð 30
ð3 7
x x 1 1 ¼ ð1250 ÿ 5xÞdx
¼ 2 þ þ þ dx
1 4 6 8 32x6 0
30
5x2

8 3
x2 x 1 1 ÿ5

x ¼ 1250x ÿ ¼ 35250 ft lb
¼ 2 þ þ ÿ x 2 0
32 32 8 32 5 1
¼ 2½205:5062 ¼ 411:0124 22. hðyÞ ¼ ð100 ÿ yÞ; LðyÞ ¼ 200 þ 2y
ð 100
0
1 ÿ4
16. (a) x ¼ 16 y6 þ 16 y ; x0 ¼ y5 ÿ 14 yÿ5 ; x 2 ¼ P ¼ 62:4 ð100 ÿ yÞð200 þ 2yÞdy
ÿ 10 1 1 ÿ10 0
y ÿ 2 þ 16 y ð 100
20000 ÿ 2y2 dy
ÿ
ð 2 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 62:4
1 1 0
L 1 þ y10 ÿ þ yÿ10 dy 100
2 16 2
¼ 64:2 20000y ÿ y3 ¼ 62:4 1:333 106
1
ÿ
ð2
1
3 0
¼ y5 þ yÿ5 dy ¼ 8:32 107 lb ¼ 4:16 104 tons
1 4
6 2
y 1 ÿ4
¼ ÿ y ¼ 10:5586 23. Ð 16 is at x ¼ 0 and the bottom
The top of the tank at
6 16 2
ð2 6
1
x ¼ 16 W ¼ 880 0 36 x dx ¼ 31680 x2 16 0 ¼
y 1 5 1 4 055 040 kg m ¼ 39 739 392 J
S ¼ 2 þ y þ dy
1 6 16y4 4y5 Ð 16 ÿ 2
ð 2 11 24. 62:4 0 6 ÿ 3x 8 x dx
y y y 1
¼ 2 þ þ þ dy ð 10
9 9

1 6 24 16 64y9 ¼ 62:4 36 ÿ x þ x2 x dx
2 2 64
ð010
12
y2 y2

y 1
¼ 2 þ þ ÿ 9 2 9
72 48 32 512y 1 8 ¼ 62:4 36x ÿ x þ x3 dx
2 64
¼ 2½57:08332 ¼ 114:0664 0 16
3 9
¼ 62:4 18x2 ÿ x3 þ x4
2 256 0
¼ 62:4ð768Þ ¼ 4:79232 104 ft lb
CHAPTER 25 TEST 487
CHAPTER
ER 25 TEST
Ð5 5
1. 1
y ¼ 5ÿ1 1 ð3x
2
þ 1Þdx ¼ 14 ðx3 þ xÞ1 ¼ 14 ð130 ÿ 2Þ 5. Since y0 ¼ 32 x1=2 , the arc length L ¼
Ð 6 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 32 1=2 2 dx ¼ 6
ÿ3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1 þ 2 x 1 1 þ 94 x dx ¼
1
Ð3
3 2 p
2. grms ¼ 3ÿ1 1 ðx ÿ 1Þ dx ¼
1 6
Ð ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 1 4 þ 9x dx. Let u ¼ 4 þ 9x and then du ¼ 9dx,
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3ffi
1 3 6
Ð
ð x ÿ 2x 3 þ 1Þdx ¼

1 1 7
x ÿ 1 4
x þ x and if x ¼ 1; u ¼ 13 and if x ¼ 6; u ¼ 58, so L ¼
2 1 2 7 2 1 1 58 1=2
Ð 1 3=2 58
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 18 13 u du ¼ 27 u 13 14:6238.
137:1429 11:71
Ð7 Ð 7 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 6. Here y0 ¼ 12 x2 and so, the surface area S ¼
3. V ¼ 0 ½ f ðxÞ2 dx ¼ 0 9x þ 1 dx ¼ Ð 3 ÿ1 3 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2 Ð 3 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð7 7 1 2 6 x 1 þ 12 x2 dx ¼ 3 1 x3 1 þ 14 x4 dx ¼
0 ð9x þ 1Þdx ¼ 92 x2 þ x 0 ¼ 227:5
1 4 3=2 3
4
ÿ
Ð4 9 1 þ 4x 1 42:9156 134:82
4. We begin by determining the moment: My ¼ 0 Ð 10 Ð 10
2 4 ÿ
xðx2 þ 1Þ dx ¼ 0 x5 þ 2x3 þ x dx ¼ 16 x6 þ
Ð 7. W ¼ 0 25ðy þ 4Þdy ¼ 25 0 ðy þ 4Þdy ¼
1 4 1 2 4 2456
10
2 x þ 2 x 0 ¼ 3Ð . Now we find the mass, m ¼ 25 12 y2 þ 4y 0 ¼ 25ð50 þ 40Þ ¼ 2250 ¼
4 2 Ð4
V, from V ¼ 0 ðx2 þ 1Þ dx ¼ 0 ðx4 þ2x2 þ1Þdx 2250 000 J
4
¼ 15 x5 þ 23 x3 þ x 0 ¼ 7544 7544
30 . so, m ¼ 30 and Ð8 Ð8
My ÿ 2456
ÿ7544 24560 8. F ¼ 5 y2ð8 ÿ yÞdy ¼ 5 ð16yÿ 2y2 Þdy ¼ ½8y2 ÿ
x ¼ m ¼ 3 = 30 ¼ 7544 3:26: Thus, 2 3 8
the centroid is at (3.26, 0) 3 y 5 54. Since the density of water is ¼ 62:5
lb, we have a force of F ¼ 54ð62:5Þ ¼ 3375.
CHAPTER
26
Derivatives of Transcendental Functions
26.1 DERIVATIVES OF THE SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS

2 cos x
1. y ¼ sin 3x; y0 ¼ 3 cos 3x 19. y¼ ;
sin 2x
2. y ¼ cos 4x; y0 ¼ ÿ4 sin 4x sin 2xðÿ2 sin xÞ ÿ 2 cos x cos 2x 2
y0 ¼
3. y ¼ 3 cos 2x; y0 ¼ 3ðÿ sin 2xÞ 2 ¼ ÿ6 sin 2x sin2 2x
ÿ2 sin x sin 2x ÿ 4 cos x cos 2x
4. y ¼ 5 sin 6x; y0 ¼ 5ðcos 6xÞ 6 ¼ 30 cos 6x ¼
sin2 2x
y ¼ sin x2 þ 1 ; y0 ¼ 2 x cos x2 þ 1 ÿ2 sin xð2 sin x cos xÞ ÿ 4 cos x 2 cos2 x ÿ 1
ÿ ÿ ÿ
5.
¼
y ¼ cos ÿx3 ÿ 5Þ; y0 ¼ ÿ sin x3 ÿ 5 3x2 ¼ ð2 sin x cos xÞ2
ÿ ÿ
6.
2 3
ÿ 2
ÿ4 cos x sin x þ 2 cos2 x ÿ 1

ÿ3x sin x ÿ 5
¼ 2 2
7. y ¼ 4 sin2 3x ¼ 4ðsin 3xÞ2 ; y0 ¼ 4 2ðsin 3xÞ ÿ4 sin2 x cos x2
ÿ4 cos x sin x þ cos x þ cos2 x ÿ 1

ðcos 3xÞð3Þ ¼ 24 sin 3x cos 3x
¼ 2 2
8. y ¼ 5 cos2 2x ¼ 5ðcos 2xÞ3 ; y0 ¼ 5 3ðcos 2xÞ2 ÿ 42 sin x cos x
ðÿ sin 2xÞð2Þ ¼ ÿ30 cos2 2x sin 2x ÿ4 cos x cos x ÿ cos x
¼ ¼
4 sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x
y ¼ cos 3x2 ÿ 2 ; y0 ¼ ÿ6x sin 3x2 ÿ 2
ÿ ÿ
9.
20. y ¼ sin2x2x ; y0 ¼ 2x cos 2x2ÿsin 2x2
¼ 4x cos 2xÿ2 sin 2x
¼
y ¼ sin 2x3 þ 1 ; y0 ¼ 6x2 cos 2x3 þ 1
ÿ ÿ
10. 4x2 4x2
2x cos 2xÿsin 2x
pffiffiffi 2x2
11. y ¼pffiffisin x ¼ sin x1=2 ; y0 ¼ cos x1=2 12 xÿ1=2 ¼
cospffiffi x 21. y ¼ x2 sin x; y0 ¼ 2x sin x þ x2 cos x
2 x
22. y ¼ x3 cos x; y0 ¼ 3x2 cos x ÿ x3 sin x
12. y ¼ cos x3=2 ; y0 ¼ ÿ sin x3=2 32 x1=2 ¼ ÿ 32 x sin x3=2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 23. y ¼ x sin x; y0 ¼ 12 xÿ1=2 sin x þ x cos x
13. y ¼ cos 2x3 ÿ 4; y0 ¼ ÿ sin 2x3 ÿ 4
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2
x cos xÿsin3 x sin2 xð3x cos xÿsin xÞ
24. y ¼ sinx x ; y0 ¼ 3x sin ¼
ÿ ÿ1=2 ÿ 2 2
2x3 ÿ4
1 3
2 2x ÿ 4 6x ¼ ÿ3x psin
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3
2x ÿ4
x2 x2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 25. y ¼ ðsin 2xÞðcos 3xÞ; y0 ¼ sin 2xð ÿ 3 sin 3xÞ þ
14. y ¼ sin2 x þ 1; y0 ¼ 2 sin2 cos x þ 1 12 ðx þ 2 cos 2x cos 3x ¼ 2 cos 2x cos 3x ÿ 3 sin 2x sin 3x
pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
1Þÿ1=2 ¼ sin xþ1 xþ1
cos xþ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
26. y ¼ x2 cos 3x2 ÿ 1 ; y0 ¼ 2x cos 3x2 ÿ 1 þ
ÿ ÿ
y ¼ x2 þ sin2 x; y0 ¼ 2x þ 2 sin x cos x x2 ÿ sin 3x2 ÿ 1 ð6xÞ ¼ 2x cos 3x2 ÿ 1 ÿ

ÿ ÿ ÿ
15.
6x3 sin 3x2 ÿ 1
ÿ
16. y ¼ cos x þ sin x; y0 ¼ ÿ sin x þ cos x ¼ cos x ÿ
sin x
y ¼ sin3 ÿx4 ; y0 ¼ 3sin2 x4 cos x4 4x3 ¼
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
27.
y ¼ sin x cos x; y0 ¼ sin xðÿ sin xÞ þ cos x cos x ¼ 12x3 sin2 x4 cos x4
ÿ
17.
cos2 x ÿ sin2 x ¼ cos 2x pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi
y ¼ cos x ¼ ðcos xÞ2 ; y0 ¼ 12 ðcos xÞÿ1=2
28.
18. y ¼ ðsin xÿÿ cos xÞ2 ; y0 ¼ 2ðsin x ÿ cos xÞðcos x þ pffiffiffi ÿ pffiffi
ðÿ sin xÞ 12 xÿ1=2 ¼ pÿffiffip sin x

pffiffiffi
sin xÞ ¼ 2 sin2 x ÿ cos2 x ¼ ÿ2 cos 2x
4 x cos x
29. y ¼ sin2 x þ cos2 x ¼ 1; y0 ¼ 0
30. y ¼ sin2 x ÿ 2 cos2 x; y0 ¼ 2 sin x cos x þ
4 cos x sin x ¼ 6 sin x cos x ¼ 3 sin 2x
31. f ðxÞ ¼ sin x; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ cos x; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ sin x
488
SECTION 26.1 489
32. gðxÞ ¼ cos x; g0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ sin x; g00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ cos x (b)

0 00 000
33. y ¼ sin x; y ¼ cos x; y ¼ ÿ sin x; y ¼
ÿ cos x
34. y ¼ cos x; y0 ¼ ÿ sin x; y00 ¼ ÿ cos x; y000 ¼ sin x
35. y ¼ sin x; y0 ¼ cos x; y00 ¼ ÿ sin x; and y000 ¼
d4
ÿ cos x; yð4Þ ¼ sin x, so dx 4 ðsin xÞ ¼ sin x
36. y ¼ cos x; y0 ¼ ÿ sin x; y00 ¼ ÿ cos x; y000 ¼

d4
sin x; and yð4Þ ¼ cos x, so dx 4 ðcos xÞ ¼ cos x.
pffiffiffi
(a) When x ¼ 4, then f ðxÞ ¼ 2 cos 4 ¼

ÿ
37.
pffiffiffiÿ pffiffi2
2 ¼ 1. The line is tangent at the point (a) The
ÿ 2
39. ÿ slope of the tangent line to h at this point
is ÿ h0 2 . Since h0 ðxÞ ¼ 4 cosð4xÞ, we see that
4 ; 1 . The slope of the tangent line at this point
pffiffiffi h0 2 ¼ 4 cosð2Þ ¼ 4. Thus, the slope of the
is f 0 4 . Since f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 2 sin x, the slope of
ÿ
pffiffiffi ÿ normal line to ÿh at this point is ÿ 14 and its equation
the tangent line is ÿ 2 sin 4 ¼ ÿ1. Using the is y ÿ y0 ¼ m x ÿ x0

slope-intercept form for the equation of a line, 1
yÿ0¼ÿ xÿ
the equation of the tangent line is 4 2
ÿ
y ÿ y0 ¼ m x ÿ x0
1
y¼ÿ xþ
4 8
y ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ1 x ÿ
4 (b)

¼ ÿx þ
4

y ¼ ÿx þ
4
(b)
40. (a) Since j0 ðxÞ ¼ sin xðÿ2 sin 2xÞ þ cos x cos 2x,
pffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffi
we see that j0 4 ¼ ÿ 22 2 þ 22 0 ¼ ÿ 2. Thus,
ÿ
the slope of the normal line to j at this point is p1ffiffi2

and its equation is y ¼ p1ffiffi2 x ÿ 4 or y ¼ ÿ p1ffiffi2 x
ÿ
(a) When x ¼ 2 , then gðxÞ ¼ 2 cos2 2
ÿ
38. ¼
ÿ 2 2 3 ÿ 12 1 3
2 cos 3 ¼ 2 ÿ 2 ¼ 2. The point of tan- þ p ffiffi.
4 2
gency is 2 1
ÿ
3 ; 2 ÿ. The slope of the tangent line at (b)
this point is g0 2 g0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ4 cos x sin x,

. Since
0 2
ÿ 3 ÿ
1
ÿ pffiffi3 pffiffiffi
then g 3 ¼ ÿ4 ÿ 2 2 ¼ 3. Using the
slope-intercept form for the equation of a line, the
equation of the tangent line is
ÿ
y ÿ y0 ¼ m x ÿ x0
1 pffiffiffi

2
yÿ ¼ 3 xÿ
2 3
pffiffiffi 1 2
y ¼ 3x þ ÿ pffiffiffi
2 3
490 CHAPTER 26 DERIVATIVES OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
As in Example 27.7, V 0 ¼ 45;240 cos 377ð1:571Þ

41. marks at the bottom of the screen are one (year)
¼ ÿ3470:332 or about ÿ3470 V. apart you should be able to determine how the
graph for the present year should look.
42. The velocity function is v ¼ s0 ¼ ðÿ4:8Þ75
sin 75t.
When t ¼ 0:01 s, vð0:01Þ ¼ ðÿ4:8Þ75 sin 75ð0:01Þ
¼ ðÿ4:8Þ75 sinð0:75Þ ¼ ÿ245:4 cm/s. The ac-
celeration function is a ¼ s00 ðÿ4:8Þ75 2
cos 75t.
When t ¼ 0:01 s, að0:01Þ ¼ ð4:8Þ752 cos 75ð0:01Þ
¼ ðÿ4:8Þ752 cosð0:75Þ ¼ ÿ19 755:6 cm2 =s
43. The current to the capacitor is given by I ¼ q0 ðtÞ ¼
ÿ0:25 sinðt ÿ 1:45Þ. When t ¼ 7:6 s, the cur-
rent is I ¼ q0 ð7:6Þ ¼ ÿ0:25 sinð7:6 ÿ 1:45Þ ¼ (b) The given formula is for t years after 1900,
ÿ0:25 sinð6:15Þ ¼ 0:033 A. which means that on December 31, 1900, t ¼ 0,
on January, 1, 1901, t 0:023, on December 31,
44. The rate at which l changes with respect to
0 0 1901, t ¼ 1. So, December 31, 2001, t ¼ 101 and
is given l ¼ 62 sin
ÿ by When ¼ 3 ; l ¼
ÿ 22. January 1, 2002, t ¼ 101:003: That means the July
62 sin 2 3 ¼ 62 sin 3 ¼ 53:7 ft/rad.
pffiffi 1995 would be about when t ¼ 94:5. Evaluating
I 0 ðÞ ¼ ÿ2M cosðÞ sinðÞ; I 0 3 ¼ ÿ 23 M
ÿ
45. Cð94:5Þ 360:2423 ppm
ÿ0:866M cd/rad (c) April 2002 was about when t ¼ 101:25 and
Cð101:25Þ 375:8506 ppm.
46. Notice here that, ILr is being differentiated with
(d) C 0 ðtÞ ¼ ð0:010345Þ sinð6:283tÞ þ ð6:283Þ
respect to i , and so both r and ILi are treated
ð0:010345tþ2:105676Þ cosð6:283tÞþ0:027566t ÿ
as constants. Thus, dIdLir ¼ ILr 0 ði Þ ¼ ILi ð1 ÿ r Þ 0:844566 part per million per year t years after
sin i . When r ¼ 0:6 and ILi ¼ 100 cd, we have 1900.
dILr 0
di ¼ ILr ði Þ ¼ 100ð1 ÿ 0:6Þ sin i ¼ 40 sin i .
(e) C0 ð101:25Þ 2:3285 ppm/yr.
The rate at which ILr changes with respect to i (f) This sketch is from the end of 2000, when
when i ¼ 6 is given by ILr 0 6 ¼ 40 sin 6
ÿ ÿ t ¼ 100, to the end of 2008, when t ¼ 108. Since
the marks on the x-axis are one (year) apart you
¼ 20 cd/rad.
should be able to determine how the graph for
47. To find the maximum and minimum, we first the present year should look.
find the critical values. I 0 ðtÞ ¼ 2 cos t ÿ sin t ¼ 0
sin t
or 2 cos t ¼ sin t and so, cos t ¼ tan t ¼ 2. This
occurs when t 1:107 and t 4:249. The maxi-
mum is at Ið1:107Þ ¼ 2 sinð1:107Þ þ cosð1:107Þ
2:24 A. The minimum is Ið4:249Þ ¼ 2 sinð4:249Þþ
cosð4:249Þ ÿ2:24 A.
dB
48. B0 ¼
d
50. (a) PðsÞ ¼ Pð8ÞÿPð4Þ 37:9397ÿ48:3132 ¼ ÿ10:3735

1þcos2 ð2Þ ð2 cos Þÿ2 sin 2 cosð2Þ ÿ2 sinð2Þ 8ÿ4 8ÿ4 4
¼ 2
2 ¼ ÿ2:5934 kW/m/s.
1 þ cos ð2Þ (b) P0 ðsÞ ¼ 0:258ð20:204Þ cosð0:258s þ 0:570Þ
1þcos2 ð2Þ ð2 cos Þþ8 sin sinð2Þ cosð2Þ
¼ 2 kW=m=s ¼ 5:212632 cosð0:258s þ 0:570Þ
2

1 þ cos ð2Þ kW=m=s.
(c) P0 ð4Þ ÿ0:1626 kW=m=s and P0 ð8Þ ÿ4:5554
When ¼ 6, we obtain B0 2:494 T/rad. kW/m/s.
49. (a) This sketch is from the end of 2000, when
t ¼ 100, to end of 2008, when t ¼ 108. Since the
26.2 DERIVATIVES OF THE OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. y ¼ tan2 x; y0 ¼ 2 tan x sec2 x 12 xÿ1=2 ¼ 3. y ¼ sec 5x; y0 ¼ 5 sec 5x tan 5x
pffiffi 2 pffiffi
tan xpsec
ffiffi x
x 4. y ¼ cotð1 þ 2xÞ; y0 ¼ ÿ2 csc2 ð1 þ 2xÞ
2. y ¼ tan 4x; y0 ¼ 4 sec2 4x 5. y ¼ cscð2x ÿ 1Þ; y0 ¼ ÿ2 cscð2x ÿ 1Þ cotð2x ÿ 1Þ
SECTION 26.2 491
6. y ¼ tan 2x ; y0 ¼ 12 sec2 2x 22. yðcsc x þ cot xÞ3 ; y0 ¼

3ðcsc x þ cot xÞ2 ðÿ csc x cot x ÿ csc2 xÞ ¼
7. y ¼ sin x tan x; y0 ¼ sin 2
ÿ x sec x þ tan x cos x ¼ ÿ3 csc xðcsc x þ cot xÞ3
sin x sec2 x þ sin x ¼ sin x sec2 x þ 1
cot x 0
23. Here y ¼ 1ÿcsc x ; so y ¼
8. y ¼ sin x cot x; y0 ¼ ÿ sin x csc2 x þ cot x cos x ¼
cos2 x cos2 xÿ1 ÿ sin2 x
ÿ
ÿ1
sin x þ sin x ¼ sin x ¼ sin x ¼ ÿ sin x
ð1ÿcsc xÞ ÿcsc2 x ÿcot xðcsc x cot xÞ
ð1ÿcsc xÞ2
¼
9. y ¼ tan3 x; y0 ¼ 3 tan2 x sec2 x ÿ
ÿ csc2 xþcsc3 xÿcsc x cot2 x csc x csc2 xÿcot2 xÿcsc x
¼ ¼
y ¼ cot3 4x; y0 ¼ 3 cot2 4x ÿ csc2 4x 4x ¼
ÿ
10. ð1ÿcsc xÞ2 ð1ÿcsc xÞ2
ÿ12x cot2 4x csc2 4x csc xð1ÿcsc xÞ csc x
ð1ÿcsc xÞ2
¼ 1ÿcsc x
y ¼ sec4 x2 ; y0 ¼
ÿ
11. pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 2
pffiffi
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ 24. Here y ¼ x þ tan x, so y0 ¼ 1 ffiffi
p þ sec2pffiffix x ¼
4 sec3 x2 sec x2 tan x2 ð2xÞ ¼ ÿ p 2 x
1 ffiffi
1 þ sec2 x
ffiffi
ffi
ÿ p
8x sec4 ðx2 tan x2 2 x
pffiffiffiffiffi ÿ 3 25. y ¼ ðcsc x þ 2 tan xÞ3 ; y0 ¼ 3ðcsc x þ 2 tan xÞ2
12. y ¼ csc3 x3 ¼ csc x3=2 ; y0 ¼
ÿ csc x cot x þ 2 sec2 x ¼ 3ðcsc x þ 2 tan xÞ2
2 ÿ 3=2 ÿ 3=2 ÿ ÿ 3 1=2 ÿ
3 csc x ÿ csc x cot x3=2 2x ÿ
ÿ ÿ 2 sec2 x ÿ csc x cot x
¼ ÿ 92 x1=2 csc3 x3=2 cot x3=2
ÿ 1=2 0 1 ÿ ÿ1=2
26. y ¼ 1 þ cot2 x ; y ¼ 2 1 þ cot2 x
yÿ ¼ tanx cot x; y0 ¼ tan x ÿ csc2 x þ cot x
ÿ
13.
2 2
sec2 x ¼ sec2 x cot x ÿ csc2 x tan x ð2 cot xÞðÿ csc2 xÞ ¼ ÿpcot x csc x
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ÿ cotcscx csc
x
x
¼
1þcot2 x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
14. y ¼ sec x csc x; y0 ¼ sec x tan x csc x ÿ sec x csc x ÿ cot x csc x or y ¼ 1 þ cot x ¼ csc x; y0 ¼
2
sin x 1 1 cos x 2
cot x ¼ sec x cos x sin x ÿ cos x sin csc x ¼ sec x ÿ ÿ csc x cot x
csc2 x
y ¼ ðtan 2xÞ3=5 ; y0 ¼ 35 ðtan 2xÞÿ2=5 sec2 2x ð2Þ ¼
ÿ
2
27.
15. 0
cos x cot x þ sin2 x
ÿy ¼ sin2 xcot x; y ¼ 2 sin x cos
ÿ csc x ¼ 2 sin x cos x sin xx ÿ sin2 x sin12 x ¼
6
5 sec
2
2xðtan 2xÞÿ2=5
2 cos2 x ÿ 1 ¼ cos 2x 28. y ¼ x csc x; y0 ¼ xðÿ csc x cot xÞ þ csc x ¼
16. y ¼ sin 5x2 ; y0 ¼ cos 5x2 ð10xÞ ¼ 10x cos 5x2 csc xð1 ÿ x cot xÞ
sec x 0
17. y ¼ tan 1x ; y0 ¼ sec2 1x ÿ xÿ2 ¼ ÿ x12 sec2 1x
ÿ 29. Here y ¼ 1þtan x, and so y ¼ ÿ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3
ð1þtan xÞðsec x tan xÞÿsec x sec x tan xþtan2 xÿsec2 x
18. y ¼ cot x2 þ 1; 2 ¼ 2 ¼
ð1þtan xÞ ð1þtan xÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1 ÿ ÿ1=2
sec xðtan xÿ1Þ
y0 ¼ ÿ csc2 x2 þ 1 x2 þ 1 2x ð1þtan xÞ 2
2
ÿx p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi cos x
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi csc x2 þ 1 30. y¼ ;
x2 þ 1 1 þ sec2 x
ÿ ÿ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ 1 þ sec2 x ðÿ sin xÞ ÿ cos x 2 sec2 x tan x
y0 ¼
1=2 0 1 ÿ
19. y ¼ 1 þ tan x2 ¼ 1 þ tan x2 ; y ¼2 1þ ÿ 2
1 þ sec2 x
2 ÿ1=2 sec2 x2
ÿ 2 2 xffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
tan x sec x ð2xÞ ¼ 1þtan x2 p
ÿ sin x ÿ sin x sec2 x ÿ 2 sec2 x sin x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ÿ 2
20. y¼ tan x þ cot x ¼ ðtan x þ cot xÞ1=2 ; y0 ¼ 1 þ sec2
þ cot xÞÿ1=2 sec2 x ÿ csc2 x ¼ 2sec
2
ÿ
ÿ csc2 x ÿ sin x 1 þ 3 sec2 x
1
ÿ
2 ðtan x
tan xþcot x ¼ ÿ 2
tan x 1 þ sec2 x
21. y¼ ;
1 þ sec x d d
ÿ cos u
31. dx cot u ¼ dx ¼
ð1 þ sec xÞ sec2 x ÿ tan xðsec x tan xÞ sin u
y0 ¼
ð1 þ sec xÞ2 d
sin u dx cos u ÿ cos u2 sin u
¼
sec x þ sec x ÿ sec x tan2 x
2 3 sin2 u
¼
ð1 þ sec xÞ2 sin uðÿ sin uÞ du du
dx ÿ cos u cos u dx
¼
sin2 u

sec x sec x þ sec2 x ÿ tan2 x
¼ ÿ
ÿsin2 uÿcos2 u du
ð1 þ sec xÞ2 dx
¼ ÿ csc2 u du
sin2 u dx
sec x½sec x þ 1 sec x
¼ 2
¼
ð1 þ sec xÞ 1 þ sec x
ÿ1
32. d
dx csc u
d 1
¼ du d
sin x ¼ dx ðsin uÞ ¼ ÿ1ðsin uÞÿ2 dx
d
44. The velocity is found by differentiating s, as
ds
sin u ¼ ÿ1ðsin uÞÿ2 cos u du 1 cos u du
v ¼ s0 ¼ ¼ 16 tan t2 þ 8t2 sec2 t2 ð2tÞ
ÿ
dx ¼ ÿ sin u sin u dx ¼
dt
ÿ csc u cot u du
dx ¼ 16t tan2 þ16t3 sec2 t2
33. y ¼ tan 2x; y0 ¼ 2 sec2 2x ¼ 2ðsec 2xÞ2 ; y00 ¼ When t ¼ 0:8 s, the velocity is vð0:8Þ ¼ 16ð0:8Þ tan
4ðsec 2xÞðsec 2x tan 2xÞ2 ¼ 8 sec2 2x tan 2x ð0:8Þ2 þ 16ð0:8Þ3 sec2 ð0:8Þ2 ¼ 22:26 m/s.
Differentiating the velocity, the acceleration
34. ÿy ¼ sec 3x; y0 ¼ 3 sec 3x tan 3x; y00 ¼ 3 sec 3x is
sec2 3xÿ 3 þ 3 tan 3xðsec dv
3x tan 3x 3Þ ¼ a ¼ v0 ¼ ¼ 16 tan t2 þ 16t sec2 t2 ð2tÞ
ÿ
9 sec 3x sec2 3x þ tan2 3x dt
þ 48t2 sec2 t2
y ¼ x tan x; y0 ¼ x sec2 x þ tan x; y00 ¼ xð2 sec x
ÿ
35.
þ 2 sec t2 sec t2 tan t2 ð2tÞ 16t3
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
sec x tan xÞ þ sec2 x þ sec2 x ¼ 2x sec2 x tan x þ
2 sec2 x ¼ 2 sec2 xðx tan x þ 1Þ ¼ 16 tan t2 þ 32t2 sec2 t2 þ 48t2 sec2 t2
36. Here y ¼ cosx x, and so y0 ¼ xðÿ sin xÞÿcos x2
x1
¼ þ 64t4 sec2 t2 tan t2
ÿx sin xÿcos x 00
x2 ; y ¼ ¼ 16 tan t2 þ 80t2 sec2 t2 þ 64t4 sec2 t2 tan t2
x2 ðÿx cos xÿsin xþsin xÞþ2xðx sin xþcosÞ
x4 ¼ When t ¼ 0:8 s, the acceleration is að0:8Þ ¼
ÿx2 cos xþ2x sin xþ2 cos x
x3 or 2 cos xþ2x sin xÿx2 cos x
x3
16 tanð0:8Þ2 þ 80ð0:8Þ2 sec2 ð0:8Þ2 þ
64ð0:8Þ4 sec2 ð0:8Þ2 tanð0:8Þ2 ¼ 121:83 m=s2 .
37. Since y ¼ x sin y, then y0 ¼ xðcos yÞy0 þ sin y, or
y0 ÿ xðcos yÞy0 ¼ sin y, or y0 ð1 ÿ x cos yÞ ¼ sin y
and so y0 ¼ 1ÿxsincos
y
y.
T
45. ¼ arctan
38. Since sin xyþxy ¼ 0, then cos xyðxy0 þ yÞ þ ðxy0 þ W

yÞ ¼ 0, or ðxy0 þ yÞ½cos xy þ 1 ¼ 0 ) xy0 þ y ¼ 0, 1 ÿT
d=dt ¼ ÿ T 2
and so y0 ¼ ÿyx. 1þ w w2

39. Here x þ y ¼ sinðx þ yÞ, and differentiating, we 1 ÿT
d=dt ¼
obtain 1 þ y0 ¼ cosðx þ yÞ½1 þ y0 ¼ cosðx þ yÞ þ T2
1 þ W2 W2
y0 cosðx þ yÞ, or y0 ÿy0 cosðxþ yÞ ¼ cosðx þ yÞÿ1, ÿT
d=dt ¼ 2
and so y0 ¼ cosðxþyÞÿ1 1ÿcosðxþyÞ
1ÿcosðxþyÞ or cosðxþyÞÿ1. W þ T2
40. Differentiating y2 ¼ tan 4xy we get 2yy0 ¼
sec2 4xyð4xy0 þ 4yÞ, or 2yy0 ¼ 4xy0 sec2 4xy þ 46. 12
tan ¼
4y sec2 4xy, or y0 2y ÿ 4x sec2 4xy ¼ 4y sec2 4xy,
ÿ
y
¼ tanÿ1 ð12
2
2y sec 4xy
and so y0 ¼ yÿ2x sec2 4xy. yÞ
1 ÿ12
n0 ¼ ÿ csc cot ¼ ÿ csc
ÿ ÿ
41. 8 cot 8 ¼ ÿ6:31 d=dt ¼ dy=dt
2 y2
1 þ ð12
yÞ
42. The relationship between and x is given by cot ¼
x ÿ12
h. Taking the derivative of both sides with respect d=dt ¼ dy=dt
sin2 dx y2 þ 122
to t, we get ÿ csc2 d 1 dx d
dt ¼ h dt or dt ¼ ÿ h dt.
Since x2 þ y2 ¼ 12
Now, 360 mph ¼ 528 ft/s, and so dx=dt ¼ ÿ528
Differentiating with respect to t
ft/s (negative because the airplane is approach-
dx dy
ing the tower). Putting this all together, produces 2x þ 2y ¼ 0
d sin2 37 dt dt
dt ¼ ÿ 6250 ft ðÿ528 ft=sÞ ¼ 0:0306 rad/s. dy ÿx dx
¼
43. Differentiating I ¼ 16 cot2 ð2Þ, produces dt y dt
I 0 ¼ 2 16 cotð2Þ ÿ csc2 ð2Þ ð2Þ
dy ÿ46:57
¼ 2:5 ÿ2:587
dt 45
¼ ÿ64 cotð2Þ csc2 ð2Þ
ÿ12
When ¼ 7 0 7
ÿ Therefore, d=dt ¼ 2 ðÿ2:587Þ
16 , then I 16 ¼ 45 þ 122
ÿ 2 ÿ 7 0:014 rad=s
ÿ64 cot 2 716 csc 2 16 ¼
ÿ 7 2 ÿ 7
ÿ64 cot 8 csc 8 1055:05 mV/rad.
SECTION 26.3 493
26.3 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. y ¼ sinÿ1 2x, so y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2
1ÿ4x2
. 19. y ¼ x tanÿ1 ðx þ 1Þ; y0 ¼ tanÿ1 ðx þ 1Þ þ x
1þðxþ1Þ2
2. ÿ4
y ¼ cosÿ1 4x, so y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi . 2
y ¼ 1 þ tanÿ1 x ; y0 ¼ 2 1 þ tanÿ1 x 1þx
ÿ ÿ ÿ 1
1ÿ16x2 20. 2 ¼
1
ÿ
2 1þtanÿ1 x
3. y ¼ tanÿ1 2x, so y0 ¼ 2
2
2
¼ 4þx2. 1þx2
1 þ x4 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sinÿ1 1 ÿ x2 , and so
ÿ
y0 ÿ 13 1 21. Here we are given y ¼
ÿ1 x 3 ffi
ÿ 1 ffi
4. y ¼ sin , so qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
3 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
9ÿx2
x3 9ÿx2
1ÿ 9 3 ÿ1=2
y0 ¼ 12 sinÿ1 1 ÿ x2 ÿ2x
ÿ ÿ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 ¼
ffi
y ¼ cosÿ1 1 ÿ x2 and y0 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2x
2ffi ¼
ÿ
5. ÿ 1ÿ 1ÿx2
1ÿ 1ÿx2 ÿx ÿx ffi
2x ffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ ffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ 2 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ1
ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ1 1ÿx2 2x2 ÿx4
2x2 ÿx4 1 ffiffi sin 1ÿx2 1ÿ 1ÿx2 sin
pffiffiffi p
ÿ1 2 x
6. y ¼ sin x, and y0 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1 ffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffip ¼ ÿ1 ffi
¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi.
pffiffiffi2 2 x 1ÿx ÿ
1ÿ x sinÿ1 1ÿx2 2ÿx2
1 ffi
2 xÿx2
1=2 ÿ1 ÿ1=2
sin x; y0 ¼ 12 1 ÿ x2
ÿ ÿ
22. y ¼ 1 ÿ x2
ÿ1 0 ÿ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ2 ffi
7. y ¼ sin ð1 ÿ 2xÞ, so y ¼ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1=2 ÿ1
ðÿ2xÞ sinÿ1 x þ 1 ÿ x2 ¼ ÿpsin
ÿ 1 ffi
1ÿð1ÿ2xÞ2 4xÿ4x2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffix þ 1
1ÿx2 1ÿx
¼ pÿ1 ÿ1
sinffiffiffiffiffiffiffixffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
xÿx or 1 ÿ p 1ÿx2
8. y ¼ tanÿ1 ð4x ÿ 1Þ; y0 ¼ 4
¼ 4
¼
y ¼ x cotÿ1 1 þ x2 ; y0 ¼ cotÿ1 1 þ x2 þ
ÿ ÿ
1þð4xÿ1Þ2 16x2 ÿ8xþ2 23.
2 2
8x2 ÿ4xþ1 or 1ÿ4xþ8x2 2x2
x ÿÿ1 2 2x ¼ cotÿ1 1 þ x2 ÿ 2þ2x
ÿ
2 þx4
ÿ1 1ÿ3x2
x3 ÿ x ; y0 ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ
y ¼ cos 1þ 1þx2
9. ÿ 2ffi ¼
1ÿ x3 ÿx
Here y ¼ sinÿ1 fx ÿ 1x þ 1 , and so y0 ¼
ÿ
1ÿ3x 2 24.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1ÿx2 þ6x4 ÿx6
1 1
10. 2ðxÿ3Þ
y ¼ sinÿ1 ðx ÿ 3Þ2 ; y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðxþ1Þÿðxÿ1Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ðxþ1Þ2 ðxþ1Þ2 ÿðxÿ1Þ2
ðxÿ1Þ2
ffi
4
1ÿðxÿ3Þ 1 ÿ ðxþ1Þ2 xþ1
11. y ¼ secÿ1 ð4x þ 2Þ; y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4
2
¼ 2
¼ ðxþ1Þ2 pffiffiffi
ffi ¼ 1 pffiffi
ð4xþ2Þ ð4xþ2Þ ÿ1 ðxþ1Þ2 4x ðxþ1Þ x
2
ÿ sinÿ1 x
ÿ 1 ffi

ð2xþ1Þ 2
ð4xþ2Þ ÿ1 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sinÿ1 x 0 1ÿx2
25. Since y ¼ then y ¼x ,
12. y ¼ cscÿ1 ð3x þ 1Þ; y0 ¼ pÿ3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2
2
ð3xþ1Þ ð3xþ1Þ ÿ1 ÿ1
ÿ1

1 sin x 1 1 sin x
1ÿx2
ffi ÿ x2 ¼ x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi ÿ x .
¼ xpffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1ÿx
13. y ¼ x sinÿ1 x; y0 ¼ x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 ffi
1ÿx2
þ sinÿ1 x
ÿ1 ffi
p1ffiffiffiffiffiffi x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2x ÿ arccos x2
ÿ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 2 xþ1 26. y¼ arccos x2
; y0 ¼ 1ÿx4
¼
14. y ¼ sin ÿpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 ¼
x þ 1; y ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x x2
1ÿ xþ1 ÿ2 ffi arccos x2
1ÿx4
ÿ x2
1 pffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 xþ1 ÿx
27. y ¼ ðarcsin xÞ1=3 ; y0 ¼ 13 ðarcsin xÞÿ2=3 1 ffi
1ÿx2
2
15. y ¼ x2 cosÿ1 x; y0 ¼ 2x cosÿ1 x ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ffi
1ÿx2 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16. y ¼ cosÿ1 1 ÿ x2 ; y0 ¼ 3 1 ÿ x ðarcsin xÞ2=3
2
ÿ 1=3 0 1 ÿ ÿ2=3
ÿ
ÿ 12 1 ÿ x2
ÿ1=2
ðÿ2xÞ x 1ÿx2
ÿ ÿ1=2 28. y ¼ arctan x2 ; y ¼ 3 arctan x2
1 ffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ 1 2x
x2 1ÿx2
1þx4 2x ¼ ÿ
ÿ
1ÿ 1ÿx 2 ÿ 2=3
3 1þx4 arctan x2
1
Since y ¼ tanÿ1 2xÿ1 , then y0 ¼
ÿ
17. 2x ÿ 2 29. Let y ¼ cosÿ1 u or u ¼ cos y. Hence du d
dx ¼ dx cos y ¼
1 þ 2xÿ12x
ÿ 2x2ÿð2xÿ1Þ2 1 ÿ ÿ sin y dy
dx so
ÿ1 du
¼ sin dy 2
y dx. Since sin y þ cos y ¼ 1
dx
2
4x2 ¼ 4x2 þ4x2 ÿ4xþ1 4xÿ4xþ2 4x2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2 4x2 we have sin y ¼ 1 ÿ cos2 y ¼ 1 ÿ u2 , and so
8x2 ÿ4xþ1 dy
pffiffiffi 0 dx
d
¼ dx cosÿ1 u ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ1 ffi du
1ÿu2 dx
.
ÿ1 ÿ1ffiffiffiffiffiffi
18. y ¼ csc x; y ¼ pffiffixp xÿ1 2 x
p1 ffiffi ¼ 2xpÿ1ffiffiffiffiffiffi
xÿ1
30. Let y ¼ cotÿ1 u and then, u ¼ cot y. Thus, we 32. We are given h ¼ 7920 ft ¼ 1:5 mi, x ¼ 6 mi, and
have du 2 dy dy ÿ1 du dx=dt ¼ ÿ270:0 mi/s (negative because it is
dx ¼ ÿ csc y dx ) dx ¼ csc2 y dx. By the
Pythagorean identities we have csc ¼ 1þcot2 y ¼
2 approaching tower). Since tan ¼ hx ¼ 1:5 , we
ÿ 1:5 d d
ÿx1:5
1 þ u2 , and so dy ÿ1 du d ÿ1 have ¼ arctan x . Thus, dt ¼ dt arctan x ¼
dx ¼ 1þu2 dx or dx cot u ¼
ÿ1 du
. 1 ÿ 1:5 dx 1:5 dx
2
1þu dx ÿ x2 dt ¼ ÿ x2 þ2:25 dt . Substituting the
1 þ 2:25
x2
31. In this problem, let P be a point on the track 1:5
given values for x and produces ddt ¼ ÿ 62 þ2:25
directly in front of the camera and x the dis-
tance the car has traveled past P, and the angle ðÿ270Þ 10:59 rad/h 0:1765 rad/min
from P to the camera to x. Then ¼ 0:0029 rad/s 0:1685 /s.
1
tanÿ1 42 az ¼ xel sec el
ÿx 1 dx 42 dx
and d dt ¼ ÿ x 2 42 dt ¼ 422 þx2 dt .
33.
1 þ 42 az d
¼ xel sec el
When ¼ 15 , then ¼ tanÿ1 42
ÿx x
or tan ¼ 42 el del
and x ¼ 42 tan 15 11:25387. Substituting this az
¼ xel sec el tan el
value of x and the given information that el
dx d
dt ¼ 320 ft/s in the formula for dt produces 34. az ¼ z ÿ y tan el
d 42
dt ¼ 422 þð11:25387Þ2 ð320Þ 7:1087 rad/s. az d
¼ ÿy tan el
el del
az
¼ ÿy sec2 el
el
26.4 APPLICATIONS
1. If y ¼ sin x, then y0 ¼ cos x. Since cos x > 0 on y

ÿ
ÿ 2 ; 2 ; sin x is increasing on ÿ 2 ; 2 .

1
2. If y ¼ tan x; y0 ¼ sec2 x. Since sec2 x 0 x
π π 5π π 2π
everywhere it is defined, tan x is increasing for all –1 6 2 6
values where it is defined.
–2
3. If y ¼ arccos x, then y0 ¼ ÿ1 ffi
1ÿx2
when jxj < 1.
Hence y0 < 0 which means that the arccos x is 6. gðxÞ ¼ 2 cos x þ sin 2x. To find the critical val-
decreasing for jxj 1. ues, we take the derivative and set it equal to 0.
4. If y ¼ arctan x, then y0 ¼ 1þx 1
2 which is always g0ÿðxÞ ¼ ÿ2 sin x þ 2 cos 2x ¼ 0 ) ÿ2 sin x þ
positive. As a result, we see that arctan x is always 2 1 ÿ 2 sin2 x ¼ 0 or ÿ4 sin2 x ÿ 2 sin x þ 2 ¼ 0.
increasing. Factoring, we have ðÿ4 sin x þ 2Þðsin x þ 1Þ ¼ 0.
This gives sin x ¼ ÿ1 or sin x ¼ 12. Hence
5. f ðxÞ ¼ 2 sin x þ cos 2x; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 2 cos x ÿ 2 sin 2x.
x ¼ 3 5
2 of x ¼ 6 or 6 . Taking the second deriva-
The critical values occur when f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 0. Hence,
tive and setting it equal to 0 produces g00 ðxÞ ¼
we have 2 cos x ÿ 2 sin 2x ¼ 0; 2 cos x ÿ 4 sin x
ÿ2 cos x ÿ 4 sin 2x ¼ ÿ2 cos x ÿ 4ð2 sin x cos xÞ ¼
cos x ¼ 0. Factoring, we obtain 2 cos xð1 ÿ 2 sin xÞ
ÿ2 cos xð1 þ 4 sin xÞ ¼ 0, or cos x ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 2
¼ 0. If cos x ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 2 ; 3 2 and if 1 ÿ 2 sin x ¼ and so, x ¼ 3 1
2 or sin x ¼ ÿ 4, and so, x ¼ 3:3943
0 ) sin x ¼ 12 ) x ¼ 6 ; 5 6 Differentiating again,
.
ÿor x ¼ 6:0305. As a result, the
ÿ 5 maximum is at
we get f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2 sin x ÿ 4 cos 2x ¼ 0, or

6 ; 2:5981 , the minimum at 6 ;ÿ ÿ2:5981 , and
ÿ2ðsin x þ 2ð1 ÿ 2 sin2 xÞÞ ¼ 0, or ÿ2ðsin x þ 2 ÿ

the inflection points are at 2 ; 0 ; ð3:3943;
4 sin2 xÞ ¼ 0, and so 2 4 sin2 x ÿ sin x ÿ 2 ¼ 0.
ÿ ÿ
ÿ1:4523Þ; 3 2 ; 0 , and (6.0305, 1.4524).
The quadratic formula yields sin x ¼ ÿ0:59307
y
or sin x ¼ 0:84307. Hence, x ¼ 3:7765; x ¼
2
5:6483; x ¼ 1:0030, or x ¼ 2:1386. Maxima are
1
at ; 1:5 ; 5
ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ 3 6 6 ; 1:5 ; minima are at 2 ; 1 and
x
2 ; ÿ3 . Inflection points are at ð1:0030; 1:2646Þ;
π 2π
–1
ð2:1386; 1:2646Þ; ð3:7765; ÿ0:8896Þ and ð5:6483;
–2
ÿ0:8896Þ.
SECTION 26.4 495
7. hðxÞ ¼ cos x ÿ sin x. To find the critical values, sin x ¼ 12 ; and so there are additional critical val-
we take the derivative and set it equal to 0. Thus, ues at x ¼ 6 and x ¼ 5 6 . For inflection points, we
h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ sin x ÿ cos x ¼ 0 and so, ÿ sin x ¼ take the second derivatives and set them equal to
cos x, or tan x ¼ ÿ1, which means that x ¼ 3 4 or 0: k00 ðxÞ ¼ cos xðÿ2 cos xÞ ÿ sin xðÿ2 ÿ sin x þ 1Þ ¼
7 00
4 . The second derivative is h ðxÞ ¼ ÿ cos x þ ÿ2 cos2 x þ 2 sin2 x ÿ sin x ¼ ÿ2 1 ÿ 2 sin2 x þ
sin x and setting it equal to 0 produces sin x ¼ 2 sin2 x ÿ sin x ¼ 6 sin2 ÿ sin x ÿ 2 ¼ ð3 sin x ÿ
cos x or tan x ¼ 1. Thus, x ¼ 4 or x ¼ 5 4 . As a 2Þ ð2 sin x þ 1Þ ¼ 0. Hence, sin x ¼ 23 ) x ¼
ÿ pffiffiffi 0:7297 or x ¼ 2:4119, or sin x ¼ ÿ 12 ) x ¼ 7
result, the maxima are 74 ; 3 ; the minimum is 6
ÿ 3 pffiffiffi ÿ or 11
6 . Thus, we see that this function has the fol-
4 ; ÿ 3 , and the inflection points are 4; 0
ÿ ÿ 5
ÿ lowing maxima: 6 ; 1:25 and 6 ; 1:25 ; min-
and 5 ; 0 . ima: 2 ; 1 and 3
ÿ ÿ
2 ; ÿ1 ; and inflection points:
4
ÿ
y (0.7297, 1.2222), (2.4119, 1.2222), 7 6 ; 0 and
ÿ 11
1 6 ; 0 .
y
x
π 2π
1
–1
x
π 2π
2
8. jðxÞ ¼ cos x ÿ sin x. Taking the derivative and
setting it equal to 0, we have j0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2 cos x sin x –1
ÿ cos x ¼ ÿ cos xð2 sin x þ 1Þ ¼ 0. This yields
cos x ¼ 0 which produces the critical values x ¼
3 1 10. mðxÞ ¼ sec x ÿ tan x. For critical values m0 ðxÞ ¼
2 and 2 or sin x ÿ 2 gives the critical values x ¼ sec x tan x ÿ sec2 x ¼ sec xðtan x ÿ sec xÞ ¼ 0.
7 11
6 and 6 . For inflection points take the second Hence, either sec x ¼ 0 which yields no solutions
derivative j00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ cos xð2 cos xÞ þ sinð2 sin x þ or tan x ¼ sec x, or cossin x 1
x ¼ cos x ) sin x ¼ 1 or

1Þ ¼ ÿ2 cos2 x þ 2 sin2 x þ sin x ¼ ÿ2 1ÿ2 sin2 x
ÿ
x ¼ 2. This is not a solution since both sec and
þ 2 sin2 xþsin x ¼ ÿ2 þ 6 sin2 x þ sin x ¼ 6 sin2 x þ tan are undefined at 2. Hence, there are not critical
sin x ÿ 2 ¼ ð3 sin x þ 2Þð2 sin x ÿ 1Þ. Setting the values and m has no maxima or minima. To deter-
mine inflection points we take the second deriva-
second derivative equal to 0 and solving, we ob-
tive and set it equal to 0. m00ÿðxÞ ¼ sec x tan2 x þ
tain sin x ¼ 12 ) x ¼ 6 or 5 6 or sin x ¼ ÿ 3 )
2
sec3 x ÿ 2 sec2 x tan x ¼ sec x tan2 x þ sec2 x ÿ
x ¼ 3:8713 or x ¼ 5:5535. From the above in- 2 sec tan x ¼ sec xðtan x ÿ sec xÞ2 ¼ 0. Once
again undefined at 2 and 3
ÿ
formation, we obtain maxima at 7 ; 1:25 and . There is an apparent
6 2
inflection point at 2 ; 0 , but this is actually an
ÿ 11 ÿ ÿ 3 ÿ
6 ; 1:25 ; minima at ÿ 2 ; ÿ1 and
2
;1 ;
and inflection points at 6 ; 0 ; 5
ÿ
6 ; 0 ; ð3:8713;
undefined point and hence a hole. Thus, there are
no inflection points. Concave up ÿ
ÿ
1:2222Þ; and (5.5535, 1.2222).
ÿ ÿ 3 2 ; 2 Con-
cave down 2 ; 2 .
y
y
3
1
2
1
x
π 2π x
π 2π
–1
–1
–2
2 –3
9. kðxÞ ¼ cos x þ sin x. To find the critical values,
we take the derivative and set it equal to 0. k0 ðxÞ ¼
ÿ2 cos x sin x þ cos x ¼ cos xðÿ2 sin x þ 1Þ ¼ 0. 11. y ¼ sin x, at x ¼ 6, we get y ¼ sin 6 ¼ 0:5.
This yields cos ¼ 0 which means that there are ÿThus,

want to find the line tangent at this point
we
critical values at x ¼ 2 and x ¼ 32 . We also get 6 ; 0:5 . To find the slope of the tangent line we
take the derivative y0 ¼ cos x and evaluate it when
pffiffi
x ¼ 6 to get cos 6 ¼ 23. Using the point-slope (b) vðtÞ ¼ x0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ1:5
ÿ sin 2t
form for the equation of thepffiffi line, we
obtain the (c) vð0Þ ¼ 0 m/s; v 12 ¼ 0 m/s; vð1Þ ¼ 0 m/s
desired equation: y ÿ 0:5 ¼ 23 x ÿ 6 . (d) aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ3:02 cos 2t
ÿ
(e) Velocity is a maximum when aðtÞ ¼ 0. Hence

12. y ¼ sin x, at x ¼ 6, we get y ¼ sin 6 ¼ 0:5.
ÿ3:02 cos 2t ¼ 0; or cos 2t ¼ 0 ) 2t ¼ 2 þ
ÿThus,

we want to find the line normal at the point k ) t ¼ 14 þ 2k : k ¼ 0; 1; 2 . . .; Using the sec-
6 ; 0:5 . As in Exercise #11, pffiffi
the slope of the
ond derivative test, we have a0 ðtÞ ¼ 6:03 sin 2t.
tangent line when x ¼ 6 is 23, and so the slope At ¼ 14 þ 2k, with k is even, we see that a0 ðtÞ is pos-
of the normal line is ÿ p2ffiffi3. Using the point-slope itive, so vðtÞ is minimum. When k is odd, a0 ðtÞ is
form for the equation of the line, we obtain the negative so vðtÞ is maximum. Answer: t ¼ 14 þ 2k;
ÿ2ffiffi k ¼ 1; 3; 5 . . . or t ¼ 4nþ3
4 ; n ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . . .
ÿ
desired
pffiffi ÿ
equation: yÿ0:5 ¼ p 3
xÿ 6 or y ÿ 0:5 ¼
ÿ2 3 0

3 x ÿ 6 . 21. (a) Q ¼ 1:33ð2Þ5=2 tan 2 ¼ 7:523 tan 2 ; Q ¼
1 2
2 ð7:5236Þ sec 2
3
13. ÿy ¼ tan
x; at x ¼ 4, we get y ¼ 1, so point is
4 ; 1 . To ÿfind the slope, we take the derivative (b) Q ð30Þ ¼ 3:7618 sec2 15 ¼ 3:7518ð1:0353Þ2
0
y0 ¼ 3 tan x sec2 x and at 4, we get y0 ¼ 3 ¼ 4:0319 m3 =s

pffiffiffi
12 ð 2Þ2 ¼ 6. Hence, the equation of the tangent (c) Qð40Þ ¼ 3:7168 sec2 20 ¼ 4:2602
0
line is y ÿ 1 ¼ 6 x ÿ 4 . (d) Q ¼ k sec2 2; critical values at 2 ¼ 90 or
ÿ
¼ 180 . Q is increasing so maximum at ¼

As in Exercise #13, the point is 4 ; 1 , but the
ÿ
14.
slope of the normal line is ÿ 16. Thus, 180 .
ÿ the equation
of the normal line is y ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ 16 x ÿ 4 . 22. cos ¼ 12s ¼ 12sÿ1 . Taking derivatives we have
ÿ2 ds
15. The horizontal distance from the light to the ÿ sin d
dt ¼ ÿ12s dt . When s ¼ 20; cos ¼
plane is 8000 ft. The velocity is dx dt ¼ 400 mi/h ¼
12
20 ) ¼ 0:9273 rad. d 12ð0:4Þ
dt ¼ sinð0:9273Þ202 ¼ 0:015
400 mile
hr 5280 ft
1 mi 1 hr
3600 s ¼ 586:7 ft/s; x
tan ¼ 6000 . rad/min smaller.
2 d 1 dx
Taking derivatives we have sec dt ¼ 6000 dt . Also,
23. I ¼ sin2 3t; I 0 ¼ 6 sin 3t cos 3t; I 0 ð1:5Þ ¼
tan ¼ 8000 4
6000 ¼ 3, and so ¼ 0:9273 rad. Hence, 6ðsin 4:5Þðcos 4:5Þ ¼ 1:2364 A/s
d dx=dt ðdx=dtÞ cos2 ð586:7Þ cos2 ð0:9273Þ
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
dt 6000 sec2 6000 6000 24. Using tanð þ Þ ¼ 6:5 2:5
x , with tanðÞ ¼ x , then
0:0352 rad/s. tanðþÞÿtan
tan ¼ tan ð þ Þ ÿ ¼ 1þtanðþÞ tan ¼
16. 300 m ¼ 0:3 ffikm; 400 m ¼ 0:4 km. The ship is
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6:5
ÿ 2:5 9
x x x 9x
4002 ÿ 3002 ¼ 264:6 m ¼ 0:2646 km from its ¼ ¼ x2 þ16:25. Hence ¼
x
1 þ 6:5x x
2:5
1 þ 16:25
x2
closest point. tan ¼ 0:3 . Taking derivatives, we 9x
arctan x2 þ162:5 . Taking derivatives we have d dx ¼
have sec2 d dt ¼ 1
0:3 dx=dt. We know cos ¼ 34,
1
and so sec ¼ 43. Substituting, we obtain d
ÿ
dt ¼
d 9x
ÿ 9x 2 dx x2 þ16:25 ¼
10 1 þ x2 þ16:25
¼ 18:75 rad/hr ¼ 0:0052 rad/s. (Note:
0:3ð43Þ2 ðx2 þ16:25Þ2 2
ðxþ16:25Þ9ÿ9xð2xÞ
¼
x4 þ32:5x2 þ18x2 þ264:0625 ðx2 þ16:25Þ2
dx
dt ¼ velocity ¼ 10 km/h). 146:25ÿ9x2 d 2
x4 þ50:5x2 þ264:0625. Now, dx ¼ 0 when 9x ¼
d
17. dt ¼ 1 rpm ¼ 2 rad/min ¼ 0:10472 rad/s . 146:25 or x ¼ 4:0311. By the first derivative test
x
tan ¼ 500 . Taking derivatives we have sec2 this yields a maximum. Answer: 4.0311 ft.
d 1 dx dx 2 d
ÿ 2
dt ¼ 500 dt or dt ¼ sec dt 500 ¼ sec 4
25. xðtÞ ¼ 14 cos 2t; vðtÞ ¼ ÿ 12 sin 2t; aðtÞ ¼ vðtÞ ¼
ð0:10472Þð500Þ ¼ 104:72 m/s. ÿ cos 2t; aðtÞ ¼ 0 when 2t ¼ 2 þ 2k or
3
18. Papp ¼ P sec ; P0app ¼ P sec tan 0 ¼ 2 þ 2k. By the first derivative test the maximums
15 sec 3 tan 3 ð0:6Þ ¼ 31:1769 W/min occur at 2t þ 3 2 þ 2k or t ¼ 4 ÿþ k
3
or t ¼
3þ4k 3

d x ; k ¼ 0; 1; 2; 3; . . . : Thus, v ¼ ÿ 12 sin
dt ÿ30 rpm ¼ 3:1416 rad/s. We know that tan ¼ 8,
19. ÿ 34 1 1
4
and taking derivatives of both sides we have 2 ¼ ÿ 2 ðÿ1Þ ¼ 2 m/s ¼ 0:5 m/s.

1 dx
ÿ
sec2 d dx 2 1
ÿ
dt ¼ 8 dt . Hence, dt ¼ 8 sec 40 ð3:1416Þ 26. A ¼ 2 b1 þÿ b2 h; b1 ¼ 10; b2 ¼ 10 þ 20 sin ;
¼ 42:8284 mi/s. h ¼ 10 cos 0 2 . Hence, we have A ¼
1
2 ð10 þ 10 þ 20 sin Þð10 cos Þ ¼ 5 cos ð20 þ
ÿ
20. (a) xðtÞ ¼ 2 þ 0:75 cos 2t; xð0Þ ¼ 2:75 m; x 12
¼ 1:245 m; xð1Þ ¼ 2:75 m 20 sin Þ ¼ 100 cos ð1 þ sin Þ. Taking the
SECTION 26.5 497
ÿ ÿ
n xn f xn xnþ1 f xnþ1
derivative, we get Aÿ0 ¼ 100 cos ðþ cos Þÿ 1 3 0:0100 2:98835 6:71610ÿ5
100 sin ð1þsin Þ ¼ 100 cos2 ÿ sin ÿ sin2 2 2:98835 6:71610 ÿ5
2:9883 3:10510ÿ9
and setting A0 ¼ 0 we obtain cos2 ÿ sin ÿ
sin2 ¼ 0; or 1 ÿ sin2 ÿ sin ÿ sin2 ¼ 0.
28. f ðxÞ ¼ sin x ÿ x2 ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ cos x ÿ 2x. x ¼ 0 is one
Hence, 1 ÿ sin ÿ 2 sin2 ¼ 0 and factoring, we
answer. Using Newton’s method to find the other,
have ð1 ÿ 2 sin Þð1 þ sin Þ ¼ 0. Thus, sin ¼
1 x ¼ 0:8767 more exactly 0.8767262154.
2 ) ¼ 6; or sin ¼ ÿ1 ) ¼ which 2
is out of range. Hence the only critical value is 29. gðxÞ ¼ sin x þ x4 ÿ 2x; g0 ðxÞ ¼ cos x þ 34 x2 ÿ

6. By the first derivative test, this is a maximum. 2; x ¼ 0 is one answer. By Newton’s method x ¼
Answer: ¼ 6 of 30 . 2:71995214. Since gðxÞ is odd, x ¼ ÿ2:71995214
is also an answer.
27. f ðxÞ ¼ cosx þ x ÿ 2; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿsinx þ 1. Use first
x¼3. 30. hðxÞ ¼ cos x þ x2 ÿ 3; h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ sin x þ 2x. Since
hðxÞ is even, roots come in pairs, so x ¼
1:795116642.
26.5 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

ÿ 1þx2 0 1 ÿ 1ÿx2
1. Since y ¼ log 5x, its derivative is y0 ¼ 15 x loge 14. y ¼ 12 ln 1ÿx 2 ; y ¼ 2 1þx2
5 ¼ 1x ln110. ÿ ÿ
1ÿx2 2xþ2x 1þx2 ÿ 1 ÿ 4x
2 ¼ 12 1þx 1ÿx2 ¼ 2x
Here y ¼ log5 x3 , and its derivative is y0 ¼ 3xx3
2 2 1ÿx4
2.
ÿ
1ÿx2
log5 e ¼ 3x ln15. 3
x2 þ4
15. y ¼ ln p4x ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; y0 ¼ 4x 3
x2 þ4
y ¼ ln x2 þ 4x ; y0 ¼ x2xþ4
ÿ
3. 2 þ4x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ ÿ1=2
pffiffiffiffiffi x2 þ 4 12x2 ÿ 4x3 12 x2 þ 4 2x

y ¼ ln x3 þ 4x; y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 12 x2 þ 4xÞÿ1=2 ð2x ¼
1
ÿ
4. 2 x þ4x x2 þ 4
þ 4Þ ¼ xxþ2
2 þ4x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ ÿ
x2 þ4 x2 þ 4 12x2 ÿ4x4 4x2 x2 þ4 3ÿx2
4x3 ¼ 4x13 ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1=2
y ¼ ln x2 þ 4x ; y0 ¼ 12 ln x2 þ 4x
ÿ ÿ ÿ
5.
ÿ 3=2 x2 þ4
x2 þ4
2xþ4 xþ2ffi
¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ 2 þ12
2x
x2 þ4x ÿ ÿ x x2 þ4 ÿ
ln x2 þ4x x2 þ4x
0
x3 1x ÿ ln x 3x2 x2 ÿ3x2 ln x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 16. y ¼ lnx3x ; y ¼ ¼ x6
¼
6. y ¼ ln x2 þ 4x; y0 ¼ 12 ln x2 þ 4x
ÿ ÿ1=2 2x
x2 þ x6
1ÿ3 ln x
ÿ1 ÿ ÿ1=2 x4
2
4 ¼ x þ 2 ln x þ 4x
17. y ¼ ðln xÞ2 ; y0 ¼ 2 ln x 1x ¼ 2 lnx x
7. Here y ¼ ln 1x and its derivative is y0 ¼ 1=x
1
cosðln xÞ
18. y ¼ sinðln xÞ; y0 ¼ cosðln xÞ 1x ¼ or
ÿ 1xÿ2 ¼ ÿ 1x. By an alternate method: y ¼
ÿ x
1
ln xÿ1 ¼ ln x, so y0 ¼ ÿ1 1x ¼ ÿ1x. x cosðln xÞ
8. y ¼ ln cos x; y0 ¼ cos1 x ðÿ sin xÞ ¼ ÿ tan x 19. y ¼ lnðln xÞ; y0 ¼ ln1x 1x ¼ x ln1 x

y ¼ ln tan x; y0 ¼ tan1 x sec2 x ¼ sec x csc x
ÿ
9. ln xÿx1x
pffiffiffi 20. y ¼ lnxx ; y0 ¼ ¼ ln xÿ12
ðln xÞ2 ðln xÞ
10. y ¼ log4 x; y0 ¼ p1ffiffix ln14 xÿ1=2 ¼ 2x 1ln 4
21. Since y ¼ ln x, then y0 ¼ 1
x ¼ xÿ1 , and y00 ¼
1
x ÿ ln x 1ÿln x ÿ1xÿ2 ¼ ÿ1
11. y ¼ lnxx ; y0 ¼ x
¼ x2 x2 .
2
ÿ x 0 x 1þx ÿ 1þxÿx 1 22. Here y ¼ x ln x, and y0 ¼ 1 þ ln x, so y00 ¼ 1x.
12. y ¼ ln 1þx ; y ¼ x ð1þxÞ2 ¼ xð1þxÞ
y ¼ 1x ln x; y0 ¼ 1x 1x þ ln x ÿ 1xÿ2 ¼
ÿ
ÿ ÿ1=2 0 1 ÿ 1þx ÿ1=2 ÿ 1ÿx 23.
13. y ¼ ln 1þx ; y ¼ 2 ln 1ÿx 1þx
1ÿx x2 1x ÿ ð1 ÿ ln xÞ2x
ÿ ð1ÿxÞþð1þxÞ 1 ÿ 1þx ÿ1=2 ÿ 1ÿx ÿ 2
¼ 2 ln 1ÿx ¼
1
x2 ÿ ln x
x2 ¼ 1ÿln x
x2 ; y00 ¼
ð1ÿxÞ2 1þx ð1ÿxÞ2 x4
1
ÿ 1þx ÿ1=2 1
ÿ 1þx ÿ1=2
ð1þxÞð1ÿxÞ ln 1ÿx ¼ 1ÿx2 ln 1ÿx ¼ ÿx ÿ 2xxð14 ÿ ln xÞ ¼ ÿ1 ÿ 2 þ 2 ln x
x3 ¼ 2 ln x ÿ 3
x3 ¼ ln x2 ÿ 3
x3
24. y¼ ln x ¼ ðln xÞ1=2 ; y0 ¼ 12 ðln xÞÿ1=2 1x ¼ 2 ln t þ 1 ¼ 0. Hence ln t ¼ ÿ 12 and t ¼ eÿ1=2 .
ÿ2 ÿ
sð0Þ is undefined and s eÿ1=2 ¼
ÿ
; y00 ¼ ÿ1 2 xðln xÞ1=2 2ðln xÞ1=2 þ
1
ÿ
2 xðln xÞ1=2 ÿ ÿ1=2 2 ÿ ÿ1=2 ÿ
2ðln xÞ1=2 þ ðln xÞÿ1=2 ÿk e ln e ¼ ÿ ke ÿ 12 ¼ 2ek .
2x 1x 12 ðln xÞÿ1=2 4 xÿ1

2 ln x 1 ¼
ÿ1 2 ln þ1 2 ln xþ1 33. (a) In order to find the critical values, we deter-
¼ÿ
4 x2 ðln xÞ3=2 1 4 x2 ðln xÞ3=2 mine when P0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ0:008 lnð0:025tÞÿ 0:008 ¼ 0.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi The maximum value is when lnð0:025tÞ þ 1 ¼ 0
sin2 x 2
x3
25. y ¼ ln x3 ¼ 12 ln sinx3 x ; y0 ¼ 12 sin2 x
or when t ¼ 40eÿ1 14:72 h
2 x3 sin x cos x ÿ 3x2 sin2 x
¼ 2 x cos x ÿ 3 sin x
¼ cot x ÿ 23x ; (b) Pð14:72Þ ¼ 0:014 ÿ 0:008ð14:72Þ ln
x6 2 sin x x
3 ðÿ1Þ 0:025ð14:72Þ ¼ 0:014 ÿ 0:11776 lnð0:368Þ
y00 ¼ ÿ csc2 x ÿ 3
2 x2 ¼ 2x2 ÿ csc x
2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0:132 ppm.
3 ÿ sin3 x
; y0 ¼
3
26. y ¼ ln sinx x ¼ 1
ln 1
x
ÿ ÿ1
3 x 3 sin3 x 34. Rewriting C ¼ lnðrkL
b =ra Þ
¼ kL ln rrba ¼
x 3 sin2 x cos x ÿsin3 x 1 3 x cos x ÿsin x
x2 ¼ ¼ cot x ÿ 13 x; ÿ1 ÿ1
3 x sin x kL lnfðrb Þðra Þ g . Treating k, L, and rb as
y00 ÿ csc2 x þ 3x12 ¼ 3x1x ÿ csc2 x constants, and differentiating, we obtain
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ 1=2 0 ÿ ÿ1=2 1
27. y ¼ ln x2 ¼ ln x2 ; y ¼ 12 ln x2 x2 dC ÿ2 1
¼ ÿkL lnfðrb Þðra Þÿ1 g

ðÿ1Þ
2x ¼ ÿ 1 1=2 ; y00 ¼ x2ÿ1
ÿ 1
ÿ 2
ÿ1=2
2x
dra ðrb Þðra Þÿ1
ln x2 x 2 ln x
x ln x2 ðrb Þðra Þÿ2

1=2 1=2 ÿ2
¼ x2ÿ1
ÿ ÿ
þ ln x2 ÿ 1 1=2 þ ln x2

ln x2 rb ra rb
ln x2 ¼ kL ln
¼ ÿ ÿ1þln x3=2
2
ra rb ðra Þ2
x2 ln x2 kL
¼ ÿ 2
28. Here y ¼ lnðx þ cos xÞ, and y0 ¼ xþcos
1
x
rb
ln ra ðra Þ
1ÿsin x 00
j1 ÿ sin xj ¼ xþcos x, which means that y ¼ Substituting, rb ¼ 1:5 cm, ra ¼ 1:0 cm, L ¼
ðxþcos xÞðÿ cos xÞÿð1ÿsin xÞð1ÿsin xÞ 6:0 m ¼ 600 cm, and k ¼ 55:6 pF/m ¼ 0:556
ðxþcos xÞ2
¼ dC
pF/cm, produces dr a
2029:2 pF/cm.
ÿx cos xÿcos2 xÿ1þ2 sin xÿsin2 x 2 sin xÿx cos xÿ2
ðxþcos xÞ2
¼ ðxþcos xÞ2 .
35. (a) H ¼ÿxlnxÿð1ÿxÞlnð1ÿxÞ
29. Since y ¼ x2 lnðsin 2 xÞ, then y0 ¼ 2 x lnðsin 2 xÞ þ dH 1 1
2 x2 2 ¼ðÿ1lnxÿx Þÿ½ÿ1lnð1ÿxÞþ ð1ÿxÞðÿ1Þ
sin 2 x cos 2 x ¼ 2 x lnðsin 2 xÞ þ 2 x cot 2 x, and so
dx x 1ÿx
00 dH
y ¼ 2 lnðsin 2xÞþ2x sin 2x cos 2x 2ÿ2x2 csc2 2x
1
¼ÿlnxÿ1ÿ½ÿlnð1ÿxÞÿ1
dx
2þ 4x cot 2x ¼ 2 lnðsin 2xÞþ 4x cot 2xÿ4x2 csc2 2x dH
¼ÿlnxÿ1þlnð1ÿxÞþ1
þ4x cot 2x ¼ 2 lnðsin 2xÞ þ 8x cot 2x ÿ 4x2 csc2 2x. dx
dH
30. y ¼ ðcos xÞðln xÞ; y0 ¼ cos x 1x þ ln xðÿ sin xÞ ¼ ¼ÿlnxþlnð1ÿxÞ
dx
1
x cos x ÿ ðsin xÞðln xÞ; y00 ¼ ÿ1
x sin x ÿ x2
1
cos x ÿ
(b) ÿlnxþlnð1ÿxÞ¼ 0
sin x 1x ÿ ðcos xÞðln xÞ ¼ ÿ 2x sin x ÿ x12 cos x ÿ
2
lnð1ÿxÞ¼ lnx
ðcos xÞðln xÞ
ðcos xÞðln xÞ ¼ ÿ 2x sin xþcos xþx
x2 1ÿx¼ x
31. (a) N 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ5 lnð0:045tÞ ÿ 0:045t
0:225t
ÿ 0:5 ¼ 1¼ 2x
ÿ5 lnð0:045tÞÿ5:5. Solving ÿ5 lnð0:045tÞÿ5:5 ¼ x¼ 0:5
0, or lnð0:045tÞ ¼ ÿ1:1, we have 0:045t ¼ eÿ1:1 (c) Hð0:5Þ0:6931
1
and so, t ¼ 0:045 eÿ1:1 7:397 h. The maximum 36. LðdÞ 158:6 ÿ 42:9 lnðdÞ
number of medflies will be Nð7:397Þ 108:96
(a) Lð1Þ 158:6 ppm
109.
(b) Graphing NðtÞ,we see that it is 0 at about 31.67 h, (b) Lð15Þ 42:4 ppm
so the medflies will be eradicated within the 36 h 1
(c) L0 ðdÞ ¼ ÿ42:9
period. d
(a) ds 21 ÿ42:9
32. dt ¼ ÿ2kt ln t ÿ kt t ¼ ÿktð2 ln t þ 1Þ L0 ðdÞ ¼ ppm=m
d
(b) Finding the critical value, we get t ¼ 0 or
SECTION 26.6 499
26.6 DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
1. y ¼ 4x ; y0 ¼ 4x 1 ln 4 ¼ 4x ln 4 23. y ¼ ðsin xÞx ; Use logarithmic differentiation. Then,

2.
2
y ¼ ex ; y0 ¼ ex 2x ¼ 2xex
2 2 ln y ¼ x lnðsin xÞ, or 1y y0 ¼ x sin1 x cos x þ
pffiffi pffiffi pffi
x ln ðsin xÞ, and so y0 ¼ y½x cot x þ ln ðsin xÞ or
3. y ¼ 5 x ; y0 ¼ 5 x 2p1 ffiffix ln 5 ¼ 25pffiffix ln 5
y0 ¼ ðsin xÞx ½x cot x þ lnðsin xÞ.
2 2 arctan x
4. y ¼ 6x þx ; y0 ¼ 6x þx ð2x þ 1Þ ln 6 ¼ 24. y ¼ earctan x ; y0 ¼ earctan x 1þx
1 e
2 ¼ 1þx2
2
ð2x þ 1Þ6x þx ln 6 3x 3x
25. y ¼ ln sin e3x ; y0 ¼ sin1e3x cos e3x e3x 3 ¼ 3e sincos e
e3x ¼
5. y ¼ 2sin x ; y0 ¼ 2sin x cos x ln 2 ¼ cos x 2sin x ln 2
3e3x cot e3x
6. y ¼ e5xþ3 ; y0 ¼ e5xþ3 ¼ 5e5xþ3 pffiffiffi
26. y ¼ esin x ln x; Use the product rule with the
7. y ¼ ex
2
þx
; y0 ¼ ð2x þ 1Þex
2
þx pffiffiffi pffiffiffi d sin x
chain rule. y0 ¼ esin x dx d
ln x þ ln x dx e ¼
pffiffiffi
y ¼ e2x ; y0 ¼ 2e2x
1
8. esin x p1ffiffix 2p1 ffiffix þ ln x esin x cos x ¼ esin x 2x þ
4 4 3
pffiffiffi
9. y ¼ 4x ; y0 ¼ 4x 4x3 ln 4 ¼ 4x3 4x ln 4 cos x ln x
10. y ¼ x þ ex ; y0 ¼ 1 þ ex 27. y ¼ ey þ y þ x; this is equivalent to 0 ¼ ey þ x.
2 x
e ÿe ð2xÞx x By implicit differentiation we obtain 0 ¼ ey y0 þ 1
y ¼ xe2 ; y0 ¼ x ¼ e ðxÿ2Þ
x
11. x4 x3 or ey y0 ¼ ÿ1 so y0 ¼ ÿ1 0
ey or y ¼ ÿe
ÿy
12. y ¼ x3 ex ; y0 ¼ 3x2 ex þ x3 ex ¼ x2 ex ð3 þ xÞ
yex ÿ xey ¼ 1; yex þ y0 ex ÿ ey þ xey y0 ¼ 0;
ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ 28.
y x
x2 ex ÿ 1þex 2x ÿye
13. y ¼ 1þe
x
; y 0
¼
x
¼ xe ÿ2ÿ2e
x
¼ y0 ex ÿ xey y0 ¼ ey ÿ yex ; y0 ¼ eex ÿxe y
x2 x4 x3
ex ðxÿ2Þÿ2 d ex þ eÿx
¼ 2 e þ eÿx ðÿ1Þ ¼
d
ÿ 1
ÿ x

x3 ÿ ÿ
29. dx ðcosh xÞ ¼ dx 2
ex ex ÿ 1þex ex ex ÿeÿx
1þe x
0 2x
e ÿe ÿe x 2x
ÿex ¼ sinh x
14. y¼ ex ; y ¼ ÿ 2 ¼ e2x ¼ e2x ¼ 2
ex ÿ ex þeÿx 2 ÿ ex ÿeÿx 2
ÿ1 30. cosh x ÿ sinh2 x ¼
2
ÿ ¼
ex ¼ ÿeÿx 2 2
e2x þ2þeÿ2x e2x ÿ2þeÿ2x 2 2
4 ÿ 4 ¼ þ ¼1
4 4
15. y ¼ etan x ; y0 ¼ etan x sec2 x ¼ sec2 x etan x ÿ e x þ eÿ x ÿ e x ÿ eÿ x 2e x
31. cosh x þ sin hx ¼ þ ¼ 2 ¼ ex
16. y ¼ ecos 3x ; y0 ¼ ecos 3x ðÿ sin 3xÞð3Þ ¼ ÿ
2
ÿ
2

ÿ3 sin 3xecos 3x 2x ÿ2 x ex þ eÿ x e x ÿ e x ÿ x ÿx
32. sinh 2 x ¼ e ÿ2e ¼ 2 ¼ 2 e ÿe
2
2 2 2 2 2
17. y ¼ sin ex ; y0 ¼ cos ex ex 2x ¼ 2xeex cos ex ÿ e x þeÿx
2 ¼ 2 sinh x cosh x
x x 2
18. y ¼ cos 2x ; y0 ¼ ÿ sin 2x 2x 2x ln 2 ¼ ÿ 2x
2 2 33. y ¼ esinh 3x ; y0 ¼ esinh 3x cosh 3x 3 ¼
2x sin 2x ln 2
3ðcosh 3xÞesinh 3x
y ¼ 3x x3 ÿ 1 ; y0 ¼ 3x 3x2 þ x3 ÿ 1 3x ln 3 ¼
ÿ ÿ ÿ
19.
ÿ 34. f ðxÞ ¼ sinhð2x þ 3Þ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ coshð2x þ 3Þ 2 ¼
3x2 3x þ x3 ÿ 1 3x ln 3
2 coshð2 þ 3Þ
2 2
y ¼ ex ÿ ln 2; y0 ¼ ex ÿln x 2x ÿ 1x ¼ 2x ÿ 1x pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ ÿ
20.
2 35. gðxÞ ¼ tanh x3 þ 4; g0 ðxÞ ¼ sech2 x3 þ 4
ex ÿln x p
ÿ1=2 2 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ffi sech2 x3 þ 4
1
ÿ 3

2 x þ4 3x2 ¼ 2p3xffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
21. y ¼ xcos x . Using logarithmic differentiation, we x3 þ4
hðxÞ ¼ sinh ln x2 þ 3x ; h0 ðxÞ ¼ cos h ln x2 þ

ÿ ÿ
obtain ln y ¼ ln xcos x or ln y ¼ cos x ln x, or 36.
1 0 1 0 1
y y ¼ cos x x þ ðÿ sin xÞ ln x, and so y ¼ y x
ÿ
1 ð2xþ3Þ cosh ln x2 þ3x
3x x2 þ3x ð2x þ 3Þ ¼
cos x ÿ sin x ln x , or y0 ¼ xcos x cosx x ÿ ðsin xÞ
2
x þ3x
3
jðxÞ ¼ cosh x þ sin x ; j ðxÞ ¼ 3 cosh2 x4 þ
ÿ 4 0 ÿ
ðln xÞ . 37.
ÿ 4 ÿ 3 ÿ 3
22. x3
y ¼ x ; Use logarithmic differentiation. ln y ¼ sin x sinh x þ sin x 4x þ cos x ¼ 3 4x þ
cos x cosh2 x4 þ sin x sinh x4 þ sin x
ÿ ÿ
x3 ln x; 1y y0 ¼ x3 1x þ 3x2 ln x; y0 ¼ y x2 þ
3 3
3x2 ln x ; y ¼ xx x2 þ 3xx ln x ¼ xx x2 ½1 þ 38. kðxÞ ¼ tanh2 x þ sech2 x; by one of the hyperbolic
x3 þ2 identities, kðxÞ ¼ 1 so k0 ðxÞ ¼ 0
3 ln x ¼ x ½1 þ 3 ln x
39. Here f ðxÞ ¼ sinhÿ1 7x, so f 0 ðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

1
2
7¼ (c) N 0 ðtÞ 27:35 27 bacteria/hour
ð7xÞ þ1
7 (d) N 00 ðtÞ ¼ 138;600
49x2 þ1
. 0ÿ 2 1
1þ99eÿ0:14t ðÿ0:14Þeÿ0:14t ÿeÿ0:14t
pffiffiffi
40. Since gðxÞ ¼ coshÿ1 x, we have g0 ðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 ffi
x2 ÿ1
B 2ÿ1þ99eÿ0:14t ð99Þðÿ0:14Þeÿ0:1 C
C
B C
B ÿ 4
1 ffiffi 1 pffiffi
p
2 x
¼ 2pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xÿ1 x
. @ 1þ99eÿ0:14t A
41. jðxÞ ¼ x sinhÿ1 1x. Using the product rule with ÿ

ÿ 0:14 eÿ 0:14 t 1ÿ 99 eÿ0:14 t
the chain rule we obtain j0 ðxÞ ¼ sinhÿ1 1x þ x ¼ 138;600 ÿ 3 . Setting the
1þ 99 eÿ 0:14 t
1 1 numerator equal to 0, and simplifying, we get
ÿ1
x2 ¼ sinhÿ1 1
ÿ qffiffiffi ¼
x
e0:14t ¼ 99 or 0:14t ¼ ln 99 and so N 00 ðtÞ ¼ 0
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 1 2 1
þ1 x x2 þ 1
x when t ¼ ln0:14
99
32:8 h.
jxj
sinhÿ1 1x ÿ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ sinhÿ1 1x ÿ xpjxj
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi. Recall that
1þx
0
(e) N ð32:8Þ 350 bacteria/hour
2
x 1þxx2
pffiffiffiffiffi 45. (a) Using the product rule, we obtain I ¼ q0 ðtÞ ¼
x2 ¼ jxj. ÿ5eÿt cos 2:5t ÿ 12:5eÿt sin 2:5t,
(b) q0 ð0:45Þ ÿ8:57 A
42. kðxÞ ¼ tanhÿ1 ðsin xÞ; k0 ðxÞ ¼ 1
cos x ¼
cos x 1
1ÿsin2 x 46. (a) dP
dh ¼ 14:7ðÿ0:0003655Þeÿ0:0003655 h ¼
cos2 x ¼ cos x ¼ sec x
ÿ0:00537285eÿ0:0003655h in lb/in.2 /ft
The rate at which N is growing is N 0 ðtÞ ¼ 615 ÿ
ÿ
43. (b) P0 ð35;000Þ ¼ ÿ1:4945 10ÿ8 lb/in.2 /ft
e0:02t ðÿ0:02Þ ¼ 12:3eÿ0:02t . After 7 days, N is

47. (a) N 0 ðtÞ ¼ 106 ð0:1Þ sech2 ð0:1tÞ ¼
growing at the rate of N 0 ð7Þ ¼ 12:3eÿ0:14 ¼ 10:69 10;000 sech2 ð0:1tÞ;
people/day. (b) N 0 ð6:93Þ 6401 bacteria/h,
(a) Nð0Þ ¼ 10;000 (c) Nð6:93Þ ¼ 699;906 7 105 bacteria
44. 1þ99 ¼ 100 bacteria
ÿ10;000ð99Þðÿ0:14Þeÿ0:14t ÿ0:14t dC
¼ Aq coshðqxÞ þ Bq sinhðqxÞJ=cm2
(b) N 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ138;600 e 2 48. dx
1þ99eÿ0:14t 1þ99 eÿ0:14t
bacteria/hour
26.7 APPLICATIONS
1. y ¼ x ln x. The domain is ð0; 1Þ. y0 ¼ x 1x þ values occur when 1ÿln x ¼ 0 or x ¼ e. Now, y00 ¼
1 ln x ¼ 1 þ ln x. Setting y0 ¼ 0 we obtain the crit-
ÿ
x2 ÿ 12 ÿ ð1 ÿ ln xÞ2 x
ical values 1 þ ln x ¼ 0; ln x ¼ ÿ1; x ¼ eÿ1 ¼ ¼ ÿ1ÿ2þ2
x3
ln x
¼ 2 lnxxÿ3
3 .
x4
0:3679; y00 ¼ 1x ; since x > 0, y00 is always posi- Inflection point when 2 ln x ÿ 3 ¼ 0 or x ¼ e . 3=2
tive so y is always concave up. This also means At x ¼ e, we see that y00 < 0, so the criticalÿvalue
that the critical value yields a minimum. Sum- 1

yields a maximum. Summary:ÿ Maxima: e; e ,
mary: maxima: none, minima: eÿ1 ; ÿeÿ1 or
ÿ
3=2 3
minima: none; inflection point: e ; 2e3=2 .
ð0:3679 ÿ 0:3679Þ; inflection points: none.
y
y
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 1
2
x
1 2 3 3. y ¼ xex ; y0 ¼ xex þ ex ¼ ex ðx þ 1Þ. The critical
values occur when y0 ¼ 0. Since ex cannot be 0,
the only one is when x þ 1 ¼ 0 or x ¼ ÿ1.
2. y ¼ lnxx. The domain is ð0; 1Þ. We determine
y00 ¼ ex ð1Þ þ ðx þ 1Þex ¼ 2ex þ xex ¼ ex ð2 þ xÞ.
that y0 ¼ 1ÿln x
x2 ; and the denominative cannot be Inflection point is when x ¼ ÿ2; y00 ðÿ1Þ > 0 so at
zero since the domain is ð0; 1Þ. The critical
x ¼ ÿ1 there is a minimum. Summary: Maxima;
SECTION 26.7 501
ÿ 1; ÿeÿ1 ; inflection point:

ÿ
none; minimum:
8
x2 x ÿ 8 lnx x ÿ 2x 4 ln xð2 ÿ ln xÞ
ÿ 2; ÿ2eÿ2 ¼
ÿ
x4
8ÿ8 ln xÿ8 ln xð2ÿln xÞ ln2 x
ÿ
y ¼ 8ÿ24 lnxxþ8 ¼ x83 1 ÿ 3 ln xþ
x3 3
ln x . The inflections occur when ln2 x ÿ 3 ln xþ

2
2
1 ¼ 0 or, by the quadratic formula, when
1 ln x ¼ 0:381966 or ln x ¼ 2:618034. This yields
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
x
x ¼ 1:46516 or x ¼ 13:70875. At x ¼ 1; y00 > 0
1 so y is a minimum. At x ¼ e2 , we see that
–1
y00 < 0, so y is a maximum. Summary: Maxima:
ÿ 2
e ; 2:16536 ; minima (1, 0); Inflection points:
y ¼ x2 ex ; y0 ¼ x2 ex þ 2xex ¼ ex x2 þ 2x . Critical
ÿ
4. (1.46516, 0.39831) and (13.70875, 1.99992).
2
values occur when x þ 2x ÿ¼ or at x ¼ 0 andx ¼
ÿ2. y00 ¼ ex ð2x þ 2Þ þ x2 þ 2x e2 ¼ ex x2 þ y

4x þ 2 Inflection points may occur when x2 þ 3
þffiffi2ffi ¼ 0. The quadratic formula yields x ¼ ÿ2
4x p
2
þ 2. When x ¼ ÿ2; y00 < 0 so y is maximum at
x ¼ ÿ2. When x ¼ 0; y00 > 0ÿ so y is minimum at 1
4effiffiÿ2

x ¼ 0. Summary: Maxima: ÿ 2; p ffi ; minima:
(0, 0); Inflection points: ðÿ2 ÿ 2; 0:3835370Þ x
pffiffiffi 1 2 3 4 5 6
and ðÿ2 þ 2; 0:1910182Þ.
x ÿx
y 7. y ¼ sinh x; y0 ¼ cosh x ¼ e þe 2 , which is never
x ÿx
0. y00 ¼ sinh x ¼ e ÿe x
2 , which is 0 when e ¼ e
ÿx
3 or when x ¼ 0. Inflection point at x ¼ 0. Summary:
2 Maxima: none, minima: none, inflection point (0, 0)
1 y
x 4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 3
2
2
x þ1 ÿ2x ÿ2x
5. Here y ¼ ln x21þ1, and so y0 ¼ 1 ÿ 2 ¼ x2 þ1. 1
x2 þ1
x
Since the denominator cannot be 0, the only critical –4 –3 –2 –1
–1
1 2 3 4
ÿ
x2 þ1 ðÿ2Þþ2 xð2 xÞ
value is when x ¼ 0. y00 ¼ ÿ 2 ¼ –2
x2 þ1
2 2 2 –3
ÿ2 x ÿ2þ4 x
ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ2 x ÿ22 . Inflectionpoints when x2 ÿ –4
x2 þ1 x2 þ1
1 ¼ 0 or at x ¼ 1. At x ¼ 0; y00 < 0 so y is a max-
imum. Summary:ÿ maxima; (0,ÿ 0); minima:
none; 8. Since y ¼ cosh x, its derivative is y0 ¼ sinh x;
inflection points: ÿ 1; ln 12 ; 1; ln 12 . which is 0 when x ¼ 0. The second derivative is
y00 ¼ cosh x, which is never 0. At x ¼ 0; y00 > 0,
y
so minimum. Summary: maxima: none; minima:
1 (0, 1); inflection points: none.
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 y
–1
4
–2
–3 3
2
2 x 8 ln x 1xÿ4 ln2 x
6. y ¼ 4 lnx x; the domain is ð0; 1Þ. y0 ¼ x2 ¼ 1
4 ln xð2ÿln xÞ
x2 Critical values occur when ln x ¼ 0 or
. x
–2 –1 1 2
x ¼ 1 and when 2 ÿ ln x ¼ 0 or x ¼ e2. y00 ¼
9. y ¼ eÿx cos x; ÿ2 x 2; y0 ¼ ÿeÿx sin x ÿ 13. y ¼ x2 ex ; y0 ¼ 2xex þ x2 ex ; at x ¼ 1; y0 ¼

cos xeÿx ¼ ÿeÿx ðsin x þ cos xÞ. Critical values occur 2e þ e ¼ 3e. The equation of the line is y ÿ e ¼
when sin x þ cos x ¼ 0 or sin x ¼ ÿ cos x or tan x ¼ 3eðx ÿ 1Þ
3 00
ÿ1. This is at ÿ 5 4 ; ÿ 4 ; 4 , and
7
4. y ¼ 1
14. The normal has slope ÿ 3e . Its equation is y ÿ e ¼
ÿeÿx ðcos x ÿ sin xÞ þ ex ðsin x þ cos xÞ ¼ eÿx 1
ÿ 3e ðx ÿ 1Þ
ðÿ cos x þ sin x þ sin x þ cos xÞ ¼ 2eÿx sin x. In-
flection points occur when sin x ¼ 0 or x ¼ 15. (a) sðtÞ ¼ eÿ3t ; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ3eÿ3t ,
00
ÿ2; ÿ; 0; ; 2. At x ¼ ÿ 5 4 ; y > 0 so (b) v 0 ðtÞ ¼ 9eÿ3t which is never undefined or 0
y is minima. At x ¼ ÿ 4 ; y00 < 0 so y is max- so velocity is never maximum.
00
ima. At x ¼ 3 4 ; y > 0 so y is minima. At 16. sðtÞ ¼ t2 þ 4 lnðt þ 1Þ
7 00
x ¼ 4 ; y < 0 so y is maxima. Summary: (a) vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 2t þ tþ1
4
maxima ÿ
ÿ ÿ 7 2
4 ; 1:5509 ; 4 ; 0:002896 , minima at 2ðtþ1Þ ÿ4
ÿ ÿ5 ÿ 3 (b) aðtÞ ¼ v 0 ðtÞ ¼ 2 ÿ ðtþ1Þ
4
2 ¼
ðtþ1Þ2
4 ; ÿ35:8885 and 4 ; 0:06702 ; Inflection
points at ðÿ2; 535:49Þ; ðÿ; ÿ23:1407Þ; ð0; 1Þ; (c) aðtÞ ¼ 0 when 2ðt þ 1Þ2 ÿ 4 ¼ 0 or t þ 1 ¼
ð; ÿ0:0432Þ and ð2; 0:001867Þ. 2 or t ¼ ÿ1 2; aðtÞ < 0 when ÿ 1 ÿ
2 < t < ÿ 1 þ 2. This means the v will be
y pffiffiffi
a maximum at ¼ ÿ1 ÿ 2 and minimum at t ¼
4 pffiffiffi
x ÿ1 þ 2
–2π –π –4 π 2π pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
(d) This minimum is vðÿ1þ 2Þ ¼ 2ðÿ1 þ 2Þþ
–12 p ffiffi
ffi p ffiffi
ffi p ffiffi
ffi
p4ffiffi ¼ ÿ2 þ 2 2 þ 2 2 ¼ 4 2 ÿ 2 3:6569
–20 2
–28 units/s
–36 17. sðtÞ ¼ sin et ;
(a) vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ cos et et ; vðtÞ t t
ÿ ¼e cos e ;
ln ðxþ2Þ cos x ÿ sin x 0 t t t 2t
y ¼ sin x
0 x 4; y0 ¼ aðtÞ ¼ v ðtÞ ¼ e cos e ÿ sin e e or aðtÞ ¼
10. lnðxþ2Þ ;
xþ2
ln2 ðxþ2Þ
.
sin x
et cos et ÿ et sin et
This is 0 when lnðx þ 2Þ cos x ÿ xþ2 ¼ 0. We can
0 (b) vðtÞ ¼ 0 when cos et ¼ 0 or et ¼ 2; this
solve this using Newton’s method. f ðxÞ ¼ y ¼
gives t ¼ ln 2 0:4516 s; a ln 2 ¼ 2 0 ÿ 2
ÿ
0 00
lnðx þ 2Þ cos x ÿ sin x
xþ2 ; f ðxÞ ¼ y ¼ ÿ lnðx þ 2Þ 2 2
sin 2 ¼ ÿ 2 ; ÿ 2 ÿ2:4674 units/ss.
ÿ ÿ
sin x þ 1
xþ2 cos x þ ðxþ2Þðxþ2Þ
cos xþsin x
2 ; x ¼ 1:3256;
4:6329; 7:8094 or 10.9655. Using a computer 18. x ¼ 5000e0:5t ; the growth rate is the derivative of
algebraic system, we can determine the inflection x or x0 ¼ 2500 e0:5t bacteria/h.
2=3
points occur at 2.1469, 5.1439, 8.2376, and 11.3605. 19. ðxÞ ¼ xeÿx ; this will have a maximum when
Summary: maxima: (1.3256, 0.8073), (7.8094, 2=3 2=3
0 ðxÞ ¼ 0. 0 ðxÞ ¼ x ex ÿ 23 xÿ1=3 þ eÿx ¼
ÿ
0.4375); minima: ð4:6329; 0:5269Þ; ð10:9655;
2=3 ÿ 2
ÿ0:3901Þ inflection points: ð2:1469; 0:5896Þ, eÿx 1 ÿ 23 x2=3 ¼ 0 when 23 x3 ¼ 1 or x2=3 ¼ 32 or

ð5:1439; ÿ0:4620Þ; ð8:2376; 0:3987Þ; ÿ 3=2
ð11:3605; ÿ0:3604Þ x ¼ 32 1:8371 m. We can use the first deri-
vative test to verify that this is a maximum.
y
20. PðxÞ ¼ 104 eÿ0:0012x . The rate of change is P0 ðxÞ;
1
P0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ0:0012 104 eÿ0:0012x ¼
0.5 ÿ12eÿ0:0012x kg=m2
2 2
21. i ¼ 1 ÿ eÿt =2L ; i ¼ Lt eÿt =2L ; The critical value
x
π 2π 3π 4π is when t ¼ 0. When t < 0; i0 < 0 and when
–0.5 t > 0; i0 > 0 so this yields a maximum.
22. QðtÞ ¼ eÿ6t ð4 cos 8t þ 3 sin 8tÞ ÿ 0:4 cos 10t.
11. y ¼ x3 ln x; y0 ¼ 3x2 ln x þ x2 ; at x ¼ 1; y0 ¼ 3 (a) Q0 ðtÞ ¼ eÿ6t ðÿ4 sin 8t 87 þ 3 cos 85 8Þ ÿ
12 ln 1 þ 12 ¼ 12 ¼ 1 so the slope is 1. 6eÿ6t ð4 cos 8t þ 3 sin 8tÞ þ 4 sin 10t ¼ eÿ6t
y ÿ 0 ¼ 1ðx ÿ 1Þ or y ¼ x ÿ 1 ðÿ50 sin 8tÞ þ 4 sin 10t ¼ 4 sin 10tÿ
50eÿ6tÿsin 8t
12. If the slope in Exercise #1 is 1, then the normal is
(b) Q0 16
¼ ÿ11:69768
ÿ1 so we get y ¼ ÿ1ðx ÿ 1Þ or y ¼ ÿx þ 1.
23. PðtÞ ¼ 100eÿ0:015t ; P0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ1:5eÿ0:015t ; P0 ð50Þ 27. hðxÞ ¼ ex cos x; h0 ðxÞ ¼ ex cos x ÿ ex sin x ¼
¼ ÿ1:5eÿ0:01550 ¼ ÿ0:7085 W/day ex ðcos x ÿ sin xÞ. Newton’s method yields
1.570796327 and several other answers. Reex-
24. T ¼ 10 þ 15eÿ0:875t ; T 0 ¼ ÿ0:875 15 eÿ0:875t ¼
amining hðxÞ we can see that ex is never 0 and
ÿ13:125eÿ0:875t ; T 0 ð30Þ ¼ ÿ13:125eÿ0:87530 ¼
cos x ¼ 0 when x ¼ 2 þ k where k is an
ÿ5:2224 15ÿ15 C/min
integer.
25. f ðxÞ ¼ x ÿ ln x ÿ 2; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 ÿ 1x. The roots are
28. jðxÞ ¼ ex þ 2x ÿ 2; j0 ðxÞ ¼ ex þ 2. The root is
0.1586; 3.1462.
0.3149.
26. gðxÞ ¼ ln x ÿ sin x; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 1x ÿ cos x. The root is
2.2191.
ER 26 REVIEW
CHAPTER
ÿ
0
ÿ 32
0 2 ln x3 þ4
1. y ¼ sin 2x þ cos 3x; y ¼ cos 2x 2 ÿ sin 3x 3 ¼ 15. y ¼ ln x þ 4 ; y ¼ x3 þ4 3x2 ¼
2 cos 2x ÿ 3 sin 3x ÿ
6x2 ln x3 þ4
2. y ¼ tan 3x2 ; y0 ¼ sec2 3x2 6x ¼ 6x sec2 3x2 x3 þ4
3. y ¼ tan2 3x; y0 ¼ 2 tan 3x sec2 3x 3 ¼ 16. y ¼ ln cos x; y0 ¼ cos1 x ðÿ sin xÞ ¼ ÿ tan x

2 2
6 tan 3x sec2 3x 17. x
y ¼ ln ð4xÿ3Þ 0
2 ; y ¼
ð4xÿ3Þ ð4xÿ3Þ 3x ÿx 2ð4xÿ3Þ4
3

2 3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x3 ð4xÿ3Þ4
4. y ¼ sin 2x ¼ ðsin 2xÞ1=2 ; y0 ¼ 12 ðsin 2xÞÿ1=2 2 2
ð4xÿ3Þ2 ÿ8x3 ð4xÿ3Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ð4xÿ3Þ
x3 3x ð4xÿ3Þ4
¼ 3ð4xÿ3Þÿ8x
xð4xÿ3Þ ¼
ðcos 2xÞ ¼ pcos 2x
sin 2x
¼ cos 2x sin 2x
sin 2x ¼ cot 2x sin 2x 4xÿ9
xð4xÿ3Þ
5. y ¼ x2 sin x. Using the product rule we obtain
18. y ¼ ln arctan x; y0 ¼ arctan
1 1
x 1þx2 ¼
1
y0 ¼ x2 cos x þ 2x sin x ¼ xðx cos x þ 2 sin xÞ
ÿ
1þx2 arctan x
2 2
19. y ¼ e4x ; y0 ¼ 8xe4x
6. y ¼ cos3x3x. Using the quotient rule we obtain y0 ¼
2
3xðÿ sin 3xÞ3ÿcos 3x3 20. y ¼ eln x ¼ x2 ; y0 ¼ 2x
9x2 ¼ ÿ3x sin3xxÿcos
2
3x
2 2
21. y ¼ esin x ; y0 ¼ 2x cos x2 esin x
7. y ¼ sinÿ1 ð3x ÿ 2Þ; y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
2
3
3 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
12xÿ9x2 ÿ3
ffi
1ÿð3xÿ2Þ 2 2 2
22. y ¼ exx þ sin x; y0 ¼ xex 2x þ ex þ cos x ¼
ÿ1 2 0 ÿ1 ffi
8. y ¼ cos x ; y ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1ÿx4
2x ¼ pÿ2x
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi4ffi
1ÿx
2ÿ
ex 2x2 þ 1 þ cos x
0
9. y ¼ arctan 3x2 ; 1
y ¼ 1þ9x4 6x ¼ 1þ9x 6x
4
23. y ¼ eÿx sin 5x; y0 ¼ eÿx cos 5x 5 þ ðÿ1Þeÿx
1 ð1ÿxÞ1þð1þxÞ sin 5x ¼ eÿx ð5 cos 5x ÿ sin 5xÞ
; y0 ¼
ÿ 1þx
10. y ¼ arctan 1ÿx ÿ 1þx 2 ð1ÿxÞ2
1þ 1ÿx 24. y ¼ eÿx ln x; y0 ¼ eÿx 1
x þ eÿx ðÿ1Þ ln x ¼ eÿx
2 1
ÿ1
¼ ð1ÿxÞ2 þð1þxÞ2
¼ 1þx2 x ÿ ln x
y ¼ x2 ex ; y0 ¼ 2xex þ x2 e2 ¼ ex x2 þ 2x . The
ÿ
11. Here y ¼ arcsin 1 ÿ x2 , and so y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ffi 25.
1ÿð1ÿxÞ2 critical values occur when x2 þ 2x ¼ 0 or x ¼ 0
2 ÿ1=2 ÿx ÿx
1
ÿ
2 1 ÿ x ðÿ2xÞ ¼ pffiffiffi2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi .
x 1ÿx jxj 1ÿx and x ¼ ÿ2. For the inflection points, we find
y00 ¼ 2ex þ 2xex þ x2 ex þ 2xex ¼ ex x2 þ 4x þ 2 .
ÿ
If x > 0 then y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1 ffi
1ÿx2
; x < 0; y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 ffi
1ÿx2 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Inflection points occur when x þ 4x þp 2 ffiffi¼
ffi 0. The
12. Here y ¼ arccos ÿ ÿ3 þ 4x ÿ x2 , and so y0 ¼ quadratic formula yields x ¼ ÿ2 2. When
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 ffi 2 ÿ 3 þ 4x ÿ x2 ÿ1=2 ð4 ÿ 2xÞ ¼
ÿ1 1
x ¼ ÿ2, then y00 < 0, and so y is a maximum.
1ÿðÿ3þ4xÿx Þ
ÿ1 2ÿx 1 2ÿx When x ¼ 0, then y00 > 0, and so y is a minimum.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ jxÿ2j pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi . If
x2 ÿ4 x þ 4 ÿ3 þ 4xÿx2 ÿ3 þ 4xÿx2 Summary: Maxima: ðÿ2; 0:5413Þ; minima: (0, 0);
0 1
x ÿ 2 > 0 then y ¼ ÿ3 þ 4xÿx2 . inflection points: ðÿ2ÿ 2; 0:3835Þ and ðÿ2 þ 2;
0:1910Þ.
y ¼ log4 3x2 ÿ 5 ; y0 ¼ 3x21ÿ5 ð6xÞ ln14 ¼ 3x6x
ÿ
13. 2 ÿ5
1
ln 4
14. y ¼ lnðx þ 4Þ3 ¼ 3 lnðx þ 4Þ; y0 ¼ xþ4

3
y y
6 0.5
4
2 x
π 2π
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2
x
2 –0.5
2
26. y ¼ 4eÿ9x . Finding y0 , we have y0 ¼ ðÿ18xÞ 28. y ¼ e sin 3x ÿ eÿ1 cos x. Noting the e and eÿ1 are
2 2
4eÿ9x ¼ ÿ72xeÿ9x . The only critical value is 0. constants, we find y0 ¼ e cos x þ eÿ1 sin x. Set-
2
Next, we find y ¼ ÿ72eÿ9x þ 72xð18xÞeÿ9x ¼
00 2 ting y0 equal to 0, we have e cos x þ eÿ1 sin x ¼ 0,
2 2 or eÿ1 sin x ¼ ÿe cos x, or tan x ¼ ÿe2. Hence,
ÿ72eÿ9x þ 1296x2 eÿ9x . Setting this equal to
2
x ¼ 1:7053 or 4.8469 are the critical values. Now,
0 we find 1296xpffiffi
ÿ 72 ¼ 0, or 18x2 ¼ 1, or y00 ¼ ÿe sin x þ eÿ1 cos x. Setting this equal to 0 we
1ffiffiffiffi 2
x ¼ 18 ¼ 6 . Summary: maxima:
p (0, 4); have tan x ¼ eÿ2 or x ¼ 0:1345 or 3.2761. Thus,
ÿ pffiffi
minima: none; inflection points: 62 ; 2:4261

we have a maxima at (1.7053, 2.7431), minima
at ð4:8469; ÿ2:7431Þ, and inflection points at
y
(1.4363, 0) and (3.2761, 0).
4
y
3
2
1
x
π 2π
–1
1
–3
x
–2 –1 1 2
29. With y ¼ x3 ln x, we get y0 ¼ 3x2 ln x þ x2 ¼

ÿx=2 0
27. y¼e sin 2x on ½0; 2; y ¼ sin 2x þ ÿ 12 eÿx=2 x2 ð3 ln þ1Þ. Solving 3 ln x þ 1 ¼ 0, we obtain
2 cos 2xeÿx=2 ¼ eÿx=2 2 cos 2x ÿ 12 sin 2x . Since ln x ¼ ÿ 13 or eÿ1=3 0:7165. For the second
ÿ
1
eÿ2x never equals 0, the critical values occur when derivative, we have y00 ¼ 6x ln x þ 3x þ 2x ¼
2 cos 2x ÿ 12 sin 2x ¼ 0. Solving we get 2 cos 2x ¼ 6x ln x þ 5x ¼ xð6 ln xþ5Þ. Solving 6 ln xþ5 ¼ 0,
5
1 we find ln x ¼ ÿ 56 or x ¼ eÿ6 0:4346. At
2 sin 2x or tan 2x ¼ 4; so 2x ¼ 1:325817; 4:45741; 00
7:6090, and 10.75060, and as a result x ¼ ÿ:6629; x ¼ ÿ0:7165; y is positive so y has a minimum
at this point. Summary: Maxima: none; min-
2:2337; 2:38045; 5:3753. Taking the second deri-
ima; ð0:7165; ÿ0:1226Þ; inflection point (0.4346,
vative, we obtain y00 ¼ ÿ 12 eÿx=2 2 cos 2x ÿ
ÿ
0.0684)
sin 2x þ eÿx=2 ðÿ4 sin 2x ÿ cos 2xÞ ¼ eÿx=2
1

ÿ2 y
ÿ cos 2x þ 14 sin 2x ÿ 4 sin 2x ÿ cos 2xÞ ¼ eÿx=2
ÿ
ÿ2 cos 2xÿ 15 15
4 sin 2x . Solving 2 cos 2x þ 4 sin 2x
¼ 0, we obtain 15 sin 2x
4 sin 2x ¼ ÿ2 cos 2x, or cos 2x ¼
ÿ2 8
15
, or tan 2x ¼ ÿ 14 which means that 2x ¼
4
2:6516; 5:7932; 8:9348, and 12:0764, and as a
result, that x ¼ 1:3258; 2:8966; 4:4675; 6:0382.
Summary: maxima: (0.6629, 0.6964), (3.8045, x
1
0.1448); minima: ð2:2337; ÿ0:3175Þ; ð5:3753;
ÿ0:0660Þ; inflection points: (1.3258, 0.2425),
ð2:8966; ÿ0:1106Þ, (4.4674, 0.0504), and
ð6:0382; ÿ0:0230Þ
ÿ1 ÿ1
30. y ¼ 2 arccos 4x ; y0 ¼ 12 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1
2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi of the normal is ÿ1 and its equation
(b) The slope
x2 16ÿx2
1 ÿ 16 16 is y þ ln 2 ¼ 4 ÿ x.
ÿ2
16ÿx2
. This is undefined at ÿ4 and 4 which are 36. y ¼ sinðln xÞ has the derivative y0 ¼ cosðln xÞ
the ends of the domain. yðÿ4Þ ¼ 2; yð4Þ ¼
1
x and, when x ¼ 1, the derivative is y0 ð1Þ ¼
0; y0 ¼ ÿ2ð16ÿxÞÿ1=2 ; y00 ¼ 16 ÿ x2
ÿ ÿ3=2
ðÿ2xÞ. cosðln 1Þ 11 ¼ cos 0 ¼ 1.
This is 0 when x ¼ 0 Summary: Maxima: (a) The slope of the tangent is 1 and its equation
ðÿ4; 2Þ; minima: (4, 0); inflection point ð0; Þ is y ¼ x ÿ 1.
y
(b) The slope of the normal is ÿ1 and its equation
6
is y ¼ 1 ÿ x.
5 37. T ¼ 75eÿ0:05109t þ 29
4 (a) Tð10Þ ¼ 75eÿ0:5109 þ 29 ¼ 64:9967 C,
3 (b) T 0 ¼ ðÿ0:05109Þ75eÿ0:05109t and T 0 ð10Þ ¼
2 ðÿ0:05109Þ75eÿ0:5109 ¼ ÿ2:2989 C
1
38. sðtÞ ¼ 10;000 ÿ 400
3 lnðcosh 1:6tÞ
x qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 0 400 1
(a) vðtÞ ¼ s ðtÞ ¼ 3 cosh 1:6t sinh 1:6t 1:6 ¼
ÿ640
3 tanh 1:6t
31. y ¼ arctan x; y0 ¼ 1þx 1 0 1 1
2 ; y ð1Þ ¼ 1þ1 ¼ 2
1 (b) vð60Þ ¼ ÿ640
3 tan 1:6ð60Þ ¼ ÿ213:33 ft/s
(a) The slope of the tangent is 2 and its equation
is y ¼ 4 ¼ 12 ðx ÿ 1Þ, 39. Using the same set-up as Example 27.20 we have
(b) The slope of the normal is ÿ2 and its equation tanð þ Þ ¼ 48 8
x and tan ¼ x . Writing tan ¼

is y ¼ 4 ¼ ÿ2ðx ÿ 1Þ tan ðþÞÿ , we obtain tan ¼ tan ðþÞÿ
48 8
x ÿx
40
tanðþÞÿtan
32. y ¼ sin3 x. The first derivative is y0 ¼ 3 sin2 x cos x ¼ 1þtanðþÞ tan ¼ 48 8
¼ x384 ¼ x240x þ384.
ÿ pffiffi2 2 pffiffi2 3pffiffi2 1þ ÿ 1þ
x2
0 ÿ 40x x x 0
ÿ
and so y 4 ¼ 3 2 2 ¼ 4 p.ffiffi
Hence, ¼ arctan x2 þ384 and ¼
(a) The slope
pffiffi
of the tangent
pffiffi ÿ
line is 3 4 2 and its equa- ÿ ÿ 2
2 3 2
1 x2 þ384 40ÿ40xð2xÞ x2 þ384
tion is y ¼ 4 ¼ 4 x ÿ 4 . pffiffi ÿ 40x 2 ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ 2
1 þ x2 þ384 x2 þ384 x2 þ384 þð40xÞ2
(b) The slope of the normal is ÿ 3p4 ffiffi2 ¼ ÿ23 2 and
pffiffi pffiffi ÿ
its equation is y ÿ 42 ¼ ÿ 2 3 2 x ÿ 4 .

40x2ÿþ15360ÿ80x2
15360ÿ40x 2
2 ¼ ÿ 2 . The derivative is
x2 þ384 x2 þ384 þð40xÞ2
0 1
33. y ¼ ln 3x has derivative y ¼ and, when x ¼ 1, x
the derivative is y0 ð1Þ ¼ 1. 0 when 15360 ÿ 40x2 ¼ 0 or 40x2 ¼ 15360, or
(a) The slope of the tangent at the point (1, 0) is x2 ¼ 384, which is x ¼ 19:5959. By the first deriva-
1 and its equation is y ¼ x ÿ 1. tive test this is a maximum. Answer 19.5959 ft.
(b) The slope of the normal line at the point (1, 0) is 40. vðtÞ ¼ 2 m/s. Letting y represent the height of the
ÿ1 and its equation is y ¼ ÿx þ 1 or y ¼ 1 ÿ x. y
balloon above the ground, we have tan ¼ 100 .
x x x y
34. y ¼ dx has the derivative y0 ¼ xe xÿe
2 and, when Taking the derivative of tan ¼ 100, we obtain
2 dy
2 1 dy 1 dy
x ¼ 1, the derivative is y0 ð1Þ ¼ 1eÿe
12 ¼ 0.
sec d
dt ¼ 100 dt and so, d
dt ¼ dt dt sec12 ¼ cos
100 dt .
(a) The slope of the tangent at (1, e) is 0 and its Since the balloon is rising at the rate of 2 m/s,
equation is y ¼ e. we have dydt ¼ 2 m/s. Thus, when the balloon is 30
(b) The slope of the normal at (1, e) is undefined,
m above the ground, y ¼ 30, and we see that we
which means that the normal line is a vertical 100
line. Its equation is x ¼ 1. obtain cos ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1002 þ302
¼ 0:957826 and the rate
of increase of the angle of inclination of the obser-
35. y ¼ lnðsin xÞ has the derivative y0 ¼ sin1 x cos x ¼ ver’s line of sight when the balloon is 30 m high is
tan x and, when x ¼ 4, the derivative is y0 4 ¼
ÿ 2
d
dt ¼ ð0:957826Þ
100
2
¼ 0:0183 rad/s.
tan 4 ¼ 1.
ÿ
(a) The slope of the tangent is 1 and its equation is

pffiffiffi
y þ ln 2 ¼ x ÿ 4.
CHAPTER
R 26 TEST
pffiffiffi
1. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ cos 7x dxd
ð7xÞ ¼ 7 cos 7x 8. Using the product rule: h0 ðxÞ ¼ esin x dx d
ðln xÞ þ
pffiffiffi d sin x
ÿ
0 ðln xÞ dx e . We simplify this by using the
2
ÿ 2
d ÿ 2
2. g ðxÞ2 ¼
ÿ sec
2
3xþ 2x dx 3x þ 2x ¼ ÿ
2 2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
0
3x þ 2x ð6x þ 2Þ ¼ ð6x þ 2Þ sec 3x þ chain rule: h ðxÞ ¼ esin x p1ffiffix dx
sec d
x þ ðln xÞ
2x pffiffiffi
esin x dx
d
ðsin xÞ ¼ esin x p1ffiffix 2p1 ffiffix þ ðln xÞesin x ðcos xÞ
p
3. h0 ðxÞ ¼ e2x dx d
ð2xÞ ¼ 2e2x
ÿ
¼ esin x 12 x þ cos x ln x .
ffiffiffi
j0 ðxÞ ¼ 5x12 dx
ÿ
4. d
5x2 ¼ 5x12 ð10xÞ ¼ 10x
5x2 ¼ x
2
9. The current, i, at a particular time is found by
k0 ðxÞ ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2 ÿ 2
taking the derivative of the charge. So, iðtÞ ¼
ÿ 2 2ffi dx e ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 d x 1
5. ex dx d

1ÿ ex
1ÿe2x2 q0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ3eÿt cos 2:5 t ÿ 7:5eÿt sin 2:5 t. At t ¼
ÿ 2 x2 0:65 sec; ið0:65Þ ÿ3:82 A.
x ¼ p2xe
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
1ÿe2x 10. The velocity at time t, vðtÞ, is the derivative of the
6. Using the quotient rule: f 0 ðxÞ ¼ position function. So, vðtÞ ¼ x0 ðtÞ ¼ 1:6
ðtan 5:0tÞÿ1=2 5 sec2 5:0 t ¼ 8 psecffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ ÿ ÿ 2
5:0 t
1þe2x 4 cos 4xÿsin 4x 2e2x
tan 25:0 t
. When t ¼
ÿ 2
sec 7:5
1þe 2x
1:5, we see that vð1:5Þ ¼ 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan 7:5
40:4743.
Using the product rule: g0 ðxÞ ¼ 7x2 þ 3x dx
ÿ d
7. The particle is at 40.4743 m.
ÿ 2 dÿ 2
tan 5x dx 7x þ 3x . Then, by using the chain
rule we obtain g0 ðxÞ ¼ 7x2 þ 3x ð2 tan 5xÞ
ÿ
ÿ 2 ÿ 2 ÿ
sec 5x 5þ tan 5x ð14x þ 3Þ ¼ ðtan 5xÞ 10 7x2
ÿ 2
þ3x sec 5x þ ð14x þ 3Þðtan 5xÞ .
CHAPTER
27
Techniques of Integration
27.1 THE GENERAL POWER FORMULA

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 3
Ð 1 arccsc x
1. sin x cos x dx. Let u ¼ sin x and du ¼ cos x dx, 11. x dx. Let u ¼ arccsc x and du ¼
4 x2 ÿ 1
then u3 du ¼ u4 þ C ¼ 14 sin4 x þ C.
Ð
ÿ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx, with the result ÿ u1=2 du ¼ ÿ 2 u3=2 þ
Ð
2
x x ÿ1 3
cos4 x sin x dx. If you let u ¼ cos x and du ¼
Ð
2.
C ¼ ÿ 23 ðarccsc xÞ3=2 þ C.
ÿ sin x dx, then you get ÿ u4 du ¼ ÿ 15 u5 þ C
Ð
Ð arctan 6x
¼ ÿ 15 cos5 x þ C. 12. 1þ36x2 dx. Let u ¼ arctan 6x and du ¼ 6
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1 1
1þ36x2 dx, so 6 du ¼ 1þ36x2 dx. Substitution yields
ffi
3. sin3 x cos x dx. Let u ¼ sin x and du ¼
1
Ð 1 1 2 1 2
cos x dx, so we have u3=2 du ¼ 25 u5=2 þ C ¼ 6 u du ¼ 6 2 u þ C ¼ 12 ðarctan 6xÞ þ C.
Ð
2 5=2
x þ C. ðarcsin 2xÞ3
5 sin
Ð
13. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx. Let u ¼ arcsin 2x and du ¼ 2
1ÿ4x2
Ð
4. sin 2 x cos 2 x dx. Let u ¼ sin 2 x and du ¼ 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx, so 12 du ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dx
. Substitution yields
1ÿ4x2 1ÿ4x2
2 cos 2 x dx, so we have cos 2 x dx ¼ 12 du. Substi- 1
Ð 3 1 1 4 1 4
2 u du ¼ 2 4 u þ C ¼ 8 ðarcsin 2xÞ þ C.
tuting, we have 12 u du ¼ 14 u2 þ C ¼ 14 sin2 2 x
Ð
Ð ðln xÞ3 dx
þ C. 14. x dx. Let u ¼ ln x and du ¼ x, and then
Ð 3 1 4 1 4
u du ¼ 4u þC ¼ 4 ðln xÞ þ C.
x sec2 x2 dx. If you let u ¼ x2 andÐ du ¼ 2 x dx,
Ð
5.
or 12 du ¼ x dx, then you get 12 sec2 u du ¼
4
Ð lnðxþ4Þ dx
1 1 2 15. dx. Let u ¼ lnðx þ 4Þ and du ¼ xþ4 ,
2 tan u þ C ¼ 2 tan x þ C.
xþ4
Ð 4 1 5 1
5
then u du ¼ 5 u þ C ¼ 5 lnðx þ 4Þ þ C.
cos3 x sin x dx. If you letÐ u ¼ cos x and du ¼
Ð
6.
Ð ½5þ2 ln x3
ÿ sin x dx, then you get ÿ u3 du ¼ ÿ 14 u4 þ C ¼ 16. dx. If you let u ¼ 5 þ 2 ln x and du ¼
x
ÿ 14 cos4 x þ C. 2dx 1 dx 1
Ð 3
x , then 2 du ¼ x . Thus, we have 2 u du ¼
sec2 x tan x dx. If you let uÐ ¼ tan x and du ¼
Ð
7. 1 1 4 1 4
2 4 u þ C ¼ 8 ½5 þ 2 ln x þ C.
sec2 x dx, then you get u du ¼ 12 u2 þ C ¼
ex dx
Ð
1
2Ð tan 2
x þ C or rewrite the original integral as 17. ðex þ4Þ2
Let u ¼ ex þ 4, and du ¼ ex dx, then have
.
ÿ1
sec2 x tan x dx ¼ sec x ðsec x tan x dxÞ and let
Ð
u du ¼ ÿ1uÿ1 þ C ¼ ÿ ex þ 4 þ C.
ÿ2
Ð ÿ
Ð
u ¼ sec x and du ¼ sec x tan x dx. Thus, u du ¼ 1=3 ÿ x
e þ eÿx e ÿ eÿx dx. Let u ¼ ex þ eÿx and
Ðÿ x
1 2 1 2
18.
2 u þ C ¼ 2 sec x þ C.
du ¼ ex ÿ eÿx dx. Then we have u1=3 du ¼
ÿ Ð
Ð e2x
8. dx. Here u ¼ 1 þ e2x and du ¼ 2e2x dx, 4=3
3 4=3
þ C ¼ 34 ex þ eÿx
ÿ
2x 1=2
ð1þe Þ 4u þ C.
1
so we have 2 du ¼ e2x dx. Thus, we rewrite Ð ÿ 2x 3 2x
19. e ÿ 1 e dx. Let u ¼ e ÿ 1 and du ¼ 2e2x dx
2x
the given integral as 12 ðuÞ1=2 du ¼ 12 2u1=2 þ C ¼
Ð
so 12 du ¼ e2x dx. Then, 12 u3 du ¼ 12
Ð
1=2
u1=2 þ C ¼ 1 þ e2x
ÿ
þ C. 1 4 1
ÿ 2x
4
4u þ C ¼ 8 e ÿ 1 þ C.
ÿ1 ffi
Ð arccos x
9. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx. Let u ¼ arccos x and then du ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð ÿ 3x 2=3 3x
1ÿx2 1ÿx2 20. 3e þ 1 e dx. Let u ¼ 3e3x þ 1 and du ¼
dx, with the result ÿ u du ¼ ÿ1 2 ÿ1
Ð
2 u þ C ¼ 2 9e dx so 9 du ¼ e3x dx. Then we have 19 u2=3 du
3x 1
Ð
2
ðarccos xÞ þ C. 5=3
¼ 19 35 u5=3 þ C ¼ 15 1
3e3x þ 1
ÿ
Ð arctan x þ C.
1
10. 1þx2 dx. Let u ¼ arctan x and then du ¼ 1þx2
Ð =4 3
21. 0 sin x cos x dx. If you let u ¼ sin x and
u du ¼ 12 u2 þ C ¼ 12
Ð
dx, with the result du ¼ cos x dx, then you have u du ¼ 14 u4 .
Ð 3
ðarctan xÞ2 þ C.
507
508 CHAPTER 27 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

=4
Substituting for u produces 14 sin4 x0 ¼ 14 sin4 4 ÿ

1
2 1 2
e3x þ 1 0 ¼ 16 e3 þ 1 ÿ 22 ¼
ÿ ÿ
gives 6
hÿ pffiffi i
2 4 1
sin4 0 ¼ 14 ¼ 04 ¼ 14 14 ¼ 16 6 ½444:599 ÿ 4 73:43331.
1

2 .
Ð 3 ÿt ÿ ÿt 2
e ÿ 2 dt. Let u ¼ eÿt ÿ 2 and du ¼
Ð =3 3 2 29. 0:7 e
22. =4 tan x sec x dx. Let u ¼ tan x and du ¼
ÿeÿt dt, and so ÿ u2 du ¼ ÿ 13 u3 . Substituting
Ð
sec2 x dx, which leads to u3 du ¼ 14 u4 . Substi- h for
Ð
Ð 3 ÿt ÿ ÿt 2 1 ÿt
=3 u iwe obtain e e ÿ 2 dt ¼ ÿ i3 e ÿ
tuting for u produces 14 tan4 x=4 ¼ 14 tan4 3 ÿ

3 3 hÿ 0:7
3 3
pffiffiffi 4 ¼ ÿ 13 eÿ3 ÿ 2 ÿ eÿ0:7 ÿ 2
ÿ
2
tan4 4 ¼ 14 3 ÿ 14 ¼ 14 ½9 ÿ 1 ¼ 2.

0:7
1:3397 C.
Ð 2 ½lnðx2 þ1Þ3 ÿ 2
Ð 2:50 ÿt ÿ ÿt 2
23. dx. Let u ¼ ln x þ 1 and du ¼ 30. e ÿ 5 dt. Substituting u ¼ eÿt ÿ 5
1 x2 þ1 0:25 e
2x 1 x
dx and so 2 du ¼ x2 þ1 dx. Thus, we get and du ¼ ÿeÿt dt, produces ÿ u2 du ¼ ÿ 13 u3 ,
Ð
x2 þ1
1 4
1
Ð 3 1 4
ÿ 2 2 Ð 2:50 ÿ 2
2 u du ¼ 8 u or 8 ln x þ 1 1 ¼ which leads to 0:25 eÿt eÿt ÿ 5 dt ¼

1 4 4

8 ln 5 ÿ ln 2 0:8098. 3 i2:50
hÿ hÿ 3
Ð p3ffiffi ðarctan xÞ3 ÿ 13 eÿt ÿ 5 ¼ ÿ 13 eÿ2:50 ÿ 5 ÿ
dx 0:25
24. 1 1þx2 dx. Let u ¼ arctan x and du ¼ 1þx2 . 3 i
pffiffi
ÿ ÿ0:25
e ÿ5 14:5762 C.
Then, we get u du ¼ 14 u4 or 14 ðarctan xÞ4 1 3 ¼
Ð 3
(a) NðtÞ ¼ ÿ 1020 1020
Ð
t2 ÿ 340dt ¼ t ÿ 340t þ C.
hÿ ÿ 4 i
1 4
ÿ 4 0:2055: 31.
4 3
Since Nð1Þ ¼ 1020 ÿ 340 þ C ¼ 9750 and so,
Ð2 e2x dx 2x 2x C ¼ 9070. Thus, NðtÞ ¼ 1020 t ÿ 340t þ 9070.
25. 1 ðe2x ÿ1Þ2 . Let u ¼ e ÿ 1 and du ¼ 2e dx (b) Nð10Þ ¼ 1020 10 ÿ 340ð10Þ þ 9070 ¼ 102 ÿ 3400
so 12 du ¼ e2x dx. Then, 12 uÿ2 du ¼ ÿ 12 uÿ1 or
Ð
þ 9070 ¼ 5772.
ÿ1 2 ÿ ÿ1 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 12 e2x ÿ 1 ¼ 1 ¼ ÿ 12 e4 ÿ 1 ÿ
ÿ Ðÿ 2
32. (a) MðtÞ ¼ 3t2 þ 18tð6t þ 18Þdt ¼ 3t þ
ÿ1 1=2 2
ÿ 2 3=2
18t ð6t þ 18Þdt ¼ 3 3t þ 18t þ C. Since
ÿ 2
e ÿ1 0:0689.
h i3=2
2 2
Ð 2 ÿ 2x 3 Mð3Þ ¼ 3 3ð3Þ þ 18ð3Þ þ C ¼ 486 þ C ¼
26. 0 8 e ÿ 1 e2x dx. Let u ¼ e2x ÿ 1 and du ¼
945, then C ¼ 459 and MðtÞ ¼ 23 3t2 þ 18tÞ3=2 þ
ÿ
2e2x dx, so 4du ¼ 8e2x dx. This leads to 4 u3 du ¼
Ð
Ð2 ÿ 459.
4 14 u4 . Substituting for u produces 0 8 e2x ÿ (b) MðtÞ ¼ 7200 means that
3 2x ÿ 2x 4 2 ÿ 4 ÿ 0 4
1 e dx ¼ e ÿ 1 j0 ¼ e ÿ 1 ÿ e ÿ 1 2ÿ 2
4 3t þ 18tÞ3=2 þ 459 ¼ 7200
¼ e4 ÿ 1 ¼ 8:25276 106 . 3
ÿ
2ÿ 2
Ð 2
x dx. Let u ¼ sin x and du ¼ cos x 3t þ 18tÞ3=2 ¼ 6741
27. 0 sin x cos 3
dx, and so u2 du ¼ 13 u3 . The curve is above the x
Ð
3t þ 18tÞ3=2 ¼ 10; 111:5
ÿ 2
axis from 0 to 2 and below from 2 to . Thus, the
=2 3t2 þ 18t ¼ 10; 111:52=3 467:6
area is 13 sin3 x0 ÿ 13 sin3 x=2 ¼ 13 sin3 2 ÿ
ÿ
3t2 þ 18t ÿ 467:6 ¼ 0
sin3 0 ÿ sin3 þ sin3 2 ¼ 13 ð1 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 þ 1Þ ¼ 23.

Ð ÿ 3x By the quadratic formula, t ÿ15:84 or 9:84.
e þ 1 e3x dx. Let u ¼ e3x þ 1 and du ¼

28. Since t 0, the machine should be replaced in
about 9.84 yr or 9 yr 10 mo.
3e3x dx. Then, 13 u du ¼ 16 u2 . Substituting for u
Ð
27.2 BASIC LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL INTEGRALS
Let u ¼ 4x þ 1 and du ¼ 4 dx, so 14 du ¼ eÿ3x dx. Let u ¼ ÿ3x and du ¼Ð ÿ3 dx, or

Ð dx
Ð
1. 4xþ1. 3.
dx. Then, 14 du
Ð 1 1 ÿ 13 du ¼ dx, which leads to ÿ 13 eu du ¼ ÿ 13 eu þ
u ¼ 4 juj þ C ¼ 4 ln j4x þ 1j þ C.
C ¼ ÿ 13 eÿ3x þ C.
1
Ð dx
2. 9xÿ5. Let u ¼ 9x ÿ 5 and du ¼ 9 dx and 9 du ¼
Ð 6x
4. e dx. Here let u ¼ 6x and du ¼ 6 dx or
1 du 1 1
Ð
dx. Then, 9 u ¼ 9 ln juj þ C ¼ 9 ln j9x ÿ 5j þ C. 1
¼ dx. This leads to 16 eu du ¼ 16 eu þ C
Ð
6 du
¼ 16 e6x þ C.
SECTION 27.2 509
sin x
Ð
5. cos x dx. Let u ¼ cos x and du ¼ ÿ sin x dx, then 1 1
ÿ 2
1 2
ÿ
2 ln juj ¼ 2 ln x þ 1 . This leads to 2 ln x þ
you have ÿ du
Ð
u ¼ ÿln jujþ C ¼ ÿ ln j cos xj þ C.
4 1 1
Ð 10xþ3 1 0 ¼ 2 lnð17Þ ÿ lnð1Þ ¼ 2 ln 17 1:4166.
2
6. 5x2 þ3xÿ7 dx. Here u Ð¼ 5x þ 3x ÿ 7 and du ¼
Ð 1 dx Ð 1 ÿ2x
20. 0 e2x ¼ 0 e dx. Let u ¼ ÿ2x and du ¼
ð10x þ 3Þdx, and so u ¼ ln juj þ C ¼ ln j5x2 þ
du
ÿ2 dx or ÿ 2 du ¼ dx. Substituting we get ÿ 12
1
Ð
3x ÿ 7j þ C.
Ð 2 sec2 x eu du ¼ ÿ 12 eu ¼ ÿ 12 eÿ2x . Evaluating from 0 to 1
2
7. tan x . If you let u ¼ tan x and du ¼ sec x dx,
1
we have ÿ 12 eÿ2x 0 ¼ ÿ 12 eÿ2 ÿ e0 ¼ ÿ 12 eÿ2 ÿ

then 2 du ¼ 2 sec2 x dx. Substituting we get
1 ¼ 12 1 ÿ eÿ2 0:4323.

2 du
Ð
u ¼ 2 ln juj þ C ¼ 2 ln j tan xj þ C. Ð3 1 x
Ð3 1 3
21. 1 ln ex dx. Recall that ln e ¼ x so 1 x dx ¼ ln jxj 1

Ð 2ex Ð ex x
8. ex þ4 dx ¼ 2 ex þ4 dx. If you let u ¼ e þ Ð 4, ¼ ln :3 ÿ ln 1 ¼ ln 3 1:0986.
then du ¼ e dx. Substituting we get 2 du
x
u ¼
Ð 3 x2 3 2
22. 0 x3 þ1 dx. Let u ¼ x þ 1 and du ¼ 3x dx or
2 ln juj þ C ¼ 2 ln jex þ 4j þ C. Since ex > 0 1 2 1 1
Ð 1
the absolute value signs are not needed. The final 3 du ¼ x dx. Thus, we have 3 u du ¼ 3 ln juj.
3
Evaluating produces 13 ln x3 þ 1 0 ¼ 13 ðln 28 ÿ
ÿ ÿ
answer is 2 ln ex þ 4 þ C.
x ln 1Þ ¼ 13 ln 28 1:1107.
4 dx ¼ ln4 4 þ C.
Ð x
9.
Ð 1 3 x4 4 3 1
e ÿ eÿx dx ¼ ex dx þ ÿ eÿx dx ¼ ex þ 23. 0 x e dx. Let u ¼ x and du ¼ 4x dx or 4 du ¼
Ðÿ x Ð Ð
10.
4
eÿx þ C. (Note: for the second integral let u ¼ x x3 dx. Substituting produces 14 eu du ¼ 14 eu ¼ 14 ex
Ð
then du ¼ ÿdx). 4 1

which leads to 1 ex ¼ 1 e1 ÿ e0 ¼ 1 ðe ÿ 1Þ
ÿ
4 0 4 4
e þ eÿx dx ¼ ex dx ÿ ÿeÿx dx ¼ ex ÿ
Ðÿ x Ð R
11. 0:4296.
ÿx
e þ C. (Note: for the second integral let u ¼ Ð =3 dx
24. =4 ðx2 þ1Þ arctan x. Let u ¼ arctan x, then du ¼
ÿx, then du ¼ ÿdx)
1
Ð1
x2 þ1 dx. Substituting we get u du ¼ ln juj ¼ ln
sec2 xetan x dx. Here you should let uÐ ¼ tan x,
Ð
12. =3
j arctan x j=4 : ¼ ln arctan 3 ÿ ln arctan 4 ¼ 0:19417.
and du ¼ sec2 x dx. Then, you have eu du ¼
eu þ C ¼ etan x þ C. Ð 4 ÿ1x=2
Ð e2x 25. 2 5 dx. Let u ¼ 2x and du ¼ 12 dx. Substi-
2x 2x
1þe2x dx. Let u ¼ 1 þ e , so duÐ ¼ e 2 dx or
13. ÿ 1 u ÿ x=2
Ð ÿ u 2 1
1 2x 1 du 1 tuting, we get 2 15 du ¼ 2 5 1 ¼ 5 1 .
2 du ¼ e dx. Substituting we get 2 u ¼ 2 ln jujþ ln 5 ln 5
1
ÿ 2x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ x=2 4
C ¼ 2 ln 1 þ e þ C ¼ ln 1 þ e þ C. 2x 2 15 2 hÿ
1 2
i
Evaluating, we have 1
¼
1 5 ÿ 15
Ð x 2 ln 5 2 ln 5
14. 1þx2 dx. Here u ¼ 1 þ x and du ¼ 2x dx, so
1 1 du
Ð 1 ¼ 0:1998.
2 du ¼ x dx. Substituting we get 2 u ¼ 2 ln jujþ
p Ð ln 5 ex
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
C ¼ 12 ln 1 þ x2 þ C or ln 1 þ x2 þ C.
ÿ
26. Let u ¼ ex þ 1 and du ¼ ex dx.
ln 2 ex þ1 dx.
Hence, we have 1u du ¼ ln juj ¼ ln ex þ 1 .
Ð ÿ
lnð1=xÞ
Let u ¼ ln 1x ¼ lnðxÞÿ1 ¼ ÿ ln x, and
Ð
15. x dx. ÿ x ln 5 ÿ ln 5
Evaluating, we get ln e þ1 ln 2 ¼ ln e þ 1 ÿ
then du ¼ ÿ 1x dx. Substituting we get ÿ u du ¼
Ð
ln eln 2 þ 1 ¼ lnð5þ1Þÿlnð2þ 1Þ ¼ ln 6 ÿ ln 3 ¼
ÿ
2
ÿ 12 u2 þ C ¼ ÿ 12 ln 1x þ C.
ÿ
ln 63 ¼ ln 2 0:6931.
Ð epxffi pffiffiffi
16. pffiffi dx. Let u ¼ x ¼ x1=2 ; du=dt ¼ 1 xÿ1=2 2du ¼
8 x pffi
Ð e x 2
pffiffi 27. Since exþ1 > x2 on ½0; 1, the area we want is
p1ffiffi dx pffiffi dx ¼ 1 2eu du ¼ 1 eu þ c ¼ 1 e x þ c.
Ð
Ð 1 ÿ xþ1 Ð1 Ð1
ÿ x2 dx ¼ 0 exþ1 ÿ 0 x2 dx ¼ exþ1

x 8 x 8 4 4 e
p 10 x3 1
3 pffi
x
ffiffiffi pffiffiffi ÿ ¼ e2 ÿ e1 ÿ 13 ¼ e2 ÿ e ÿ 1 4:3374.
u ¼ 3 x ¼ x1=3 ; du=dt ¼ 13 xÿ2=3 3 du ¼
Ð e
17. x2=3
dx. Let 0 3 0 3 3
Ð e p3 ffiffiffi
pffi p Ð4
x 3
This area is 0 eÿx dx ¼ ÿeÿx j40 ¼ ÿeÿ4 þ e0 ¼
ffiffi
1 28.
Ð
x2=3
dx x2=3 dx ¼ 3 eu du ¼ 3eu þ c ¼ 3e x þ c.
1 ÿ eÿ4 ¼ 0:9817.
ðln xÞ3=4
dx. Let u ¼ ln x and du ¼ 1x dx. Substitut-
Ð
18. x 29. (a) sðtÞ ¼ 394eÿ0:025t ÿ 384 dt ¼
Ðÿ
ing we get u3=4 du ¼ 47 u7=4 þ C ¼ 47 ðln xÞ7=4 þ C.

Ð
ÿ15760eÿ0:025t ÿ 384t þ C. At t ¼ 0, the object
Ð4 x 2 is on the ground, so sð0Þ ¼ 0 and we see that,
19. 0 x2 þ1 dx. Let u ¼ x þ 1 and du ¼ 2x dx C ¼ 15;760. Thus, the position function is sðtÞ ¼
or 12 du ¼ x dx. Substituting we get 12 du
Ð
u ¼ ÿ15;760eÿ0:025t ÿ 384t þ 15;760;
ÿ0:15s
(b) The object reaches its maximum height when 33. Since dV
ds ¼ ÿ0:45e , we see that V ¼
vðtÞ ¼ 0 or when eÿ0:025t ¼ 384 394. Taking the nat-
ÿ0:15s ÿ0:45 ÿ0:15s
þ C ¼ 3eÿ0:15s þ
Ð
ÿ0:45e ds ¼ ÿ0:15 e
ural
ÿ logarithm of both sides we get ÿ0:025t ¼ 0
C. Hence, Vð0Þ ¼ 3 ¼ 3e þ C ¼ 3 þ C so
ln 384 ¼ ln 384 ÿ ln 394. So, t ¼ ln 384ÿln 394

394 ÿ0:025 C ¼ 0 and VðsÞ ¼ 3eÿ0:15s . Also, 3eÿ0:15s ¼ 1:5
1:028;
yields eÿ0:15s ¼ 12. Taking the natural logarithm of
(c) sð1:028Þ ¼ 5:1196.
Ð2 both sides we get ÿ0:15s ¼ ln 12 or s ¼ lnð0:5Þ
30. The average value is 12 0 eðÿ2=3Þt dt. Let u ¼ ðÿ0:15Þ ¼ 4:6210 mi.
ÿ 23 t, then du ¼ ÿ 23 dt or ÿ 32 du ¼ dt. Then, 12
2 34. Since P ¼ Vk , we can solve for k ¼ PV ¼ 500
ÿ3
e du ¼ ÿ3 ðÿ2=3Þt
. Hence, ÿ 34 eÿð2=3Þt 0 ¼
Ð u
2 4 e 0:200 ¼ 100. Thus, the work done by the gas is given
ÿ 34 eÿ4=3 ÿ e0 ¼ 34 1 ÿ eÿ4=3 ¼ 0:5523.
ÐV Ð 0:800 0:8
by W ¼ V01 Vk dV ¼ 0:200 100 V dV ¼ 100 ln jVjj0:2 ¼
Ð 2 ÿ 2
31. Using the disc method this volume is 0 eÿx dx 100ðln 0:8 ÿ ln 0:2Þ 138:6294 N m ¼ 138:6 J.
Ð 2 ÿ2x
¼ 0 e dx. Let u ¼ ÿ2x, then du ¼ ÿ2 dx 35. First we find k ¼ PV ¼ 20 0:4 ¼ 8. Then,
Ð 1:500
or ÿ 12 du ¼ dx. Thus, the integral becomes the work done by the gas is W ¼ 0:400 V8 dN ¼
ÿ 12 eu du ¼ ÿ ÿ2x
Ð u
2 e ¼ ÿ2e . Evaluating, we get 8ðln 1:5 ÿ ln 0:4Þ 10:574 ft lb.
ÿ ÿ2x 2
ÿ
ÿ ÿ4
e ÿ e ¼ 1 ÿ eÿ4 1:5420.
0
ÿ
e ¼
Ð 4 Ð 2
2 0 2 2 36. TðxÞ ¼ 2xþ9 dx ¼ 2 2xþ9 dx ¼ 2 lnð2x þ 9Þ þ C.
32. (a) v ¼ 200eÿ50t . The average voltage is 0:02 1
Since Tð1Þ ¼ 2 lnð11Þ þ C ¼ 2:4, then C ¼ 2:4 ÿ
Ð 0:02 ÿ50t 200
ÿ ÿ1 ÿ50t 0:02 2 ln 11 ÿ2:4. Thus, TðxÞ ¼ 2 lnð2x þ 9Þ ÿ 2:4.
0 200e dt ¼ 0:02 50 e
0
¼
Ðx 2 Ðx 2
ÿ50t 0:02 37. FðxÞ ¼ 0 12teÿ3t dt ¼ ÿ2 0 ðÿ6tÞeÿ3t dt ¼
ÿ ÿ1 0
ÿ
ÿ200e 0
¼ ÿ200 e ÿ e ¼ 200 1 ÿ
ÿ3t2 x ÿ3x2 ÿ302 2

¼ ÿ2eÿ3x þ
ÿ
eÿ1 ¼ 126:4241 V
ÿ2e 0
¼ ÿ2e ÿ ÿ 2e
ÿ3x2
2 ¼ 2 ÿ 2e
(b) The effective voltage from t ¼ 0 to t ¼ 0:02 s
CðtÞ ¼ C 0 ðtÞdt ¼ 2ÿt dt ¼ ÿ ln12 2ÿt þ K. Since
Ð Ð
is 38.
Cð0Þ ¼ lnÿ12 þ K ¼ 1, we see that K ¼ 1 þ ln12.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Z 0:02
1 ÿ 2
¼ 200eÿ50t dt Hence, CðtÞ ¼ 1 þ 1ÿ2
ÿt
ln 2 g.
v eff
0:02 0
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Z 0:02
¼ 2; 000; 000 eÿ100t dt
0
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ÿ1 ÿ100t 0:02
¼ ð2; 000; 000Þ e 0
100
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ÿ1 ÿ ÿ
¼ ð2; 000; 000Þ e 2t ÿ e0
100
ÿ
¼ ð20; 000Þ 1 ÿ eÿ2
pffiffiffi
17; 293:29434 131:5040
The effective voltage is about 131.5040 V.
27.3 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC INTEGRALS
sin x dx. Let u ¼ 2x and du ¼ 12 dx gives tan 5x dx. Let u ¼ 5x, then du ¼ 5 dx and 15 du ¼
Ð Ð
1. 3.
Ð 2
2 sin u du ¼ ÿ2 cos u þ C ¼ ÿ2 cos 2x þ C. dx. This gives 15 tan u du ¼ ÿ 15 ln j cos uj þ C ¼
Ð
2.
Ð
cos 3x dx. Let u ¼ 3x, then du ¼ 3 dx and 13 du ¼ ÿ 15 ln j cos 5xj þ C or 15 ln j sec 5xj þ C.
dx. This gives 13 cos u du ¼ 13 sin u þ C ¼ 13 sin 3x x csc x2 dx. Let u ¼ x2 then
Ð Ð
4. du ¼ 2x dx and
1 1
du ¼ 12 ln j csc u
Ð
þ C. 2 du ¼ x dx. This gives 2 csc u
1 2 2
ÿ cot uj þ C ¼ 2 ln j csc x ÿ cot x j þ C.
SECTION 27.3 511
ð =2 ð =2
23. ðsec 0:5x þ 5Þ2 dx ¼
1 0 0
Ð Ð
5. cos x dx ¼ sec x dx ¼ ln j sec x þ tan xj þ C
sec2 0:5x þ 10 sec 0:5x þ 25 dx
ÿ
Ð 1 Ð
6. sin x dx ¼ csc x dx ¼ ln j csc x ÿ cot xj þ C ¼ ½2 tan 0:5x þ 20 ln j sec 0:5x
Ð 1 Ð 2
7. cos2 x dx ¼ sec x dx ¼ tan x þ C
=2
Ð csc x þ tan 0:5xj þ 25x 0
2
Ð
8. sin x dx ¼ csc x dx ¼ ÿ cot x þ C
h
¼ 2 tan þ 20 lnsec

Ð tan pffiffix pffiffiffi 4
9. pffiffi dx. Let u ¼ x then du ¼ 2p1 ffiffix dx and 2du ¼ i 4
x
þ tan þ 25

p1ffiffi dx. Substituting produces 2 tan u du ¼
Ð
x 4 2
pffiffiffi
ÿ2 ln j cos uj þ C ¼ ÿ2 ln j cos xj þ C or ÿ ½2 tan 0 þ 20 lnjsec 0 þ tan 0j þ 25ð0Þ
2 ln j sec xj þ C.
25
¼ 2ð1Þ þ 20 ln 2 þ 1 þ

10.
Ð
tan2 6x dx ¼
Ðÿ 2
sec 6x ÿ 1 dx ¼ 16 tan 6xÿ 2
x þ C. ÿ ½2ð0Þ þ 20 ln j1 þ 0j þ 25ð0Þ
pffiffiffi 25
sinð4x ÿ 1Þdx ¼ ÿ 14 cosð4x ÿ 1Þ þ C
Ð
11. ¼ 2 þ 20 ln 2 þ 1 þ

58:897
Ð sin xþcos x Ð 2
12. cos x dx ¼ ðtan x þ 1Þdx ¼ ln j sec xj þ x þ C ð =6
or x ÿ ln j cos xj þ C. 24. ðcot 3x ÿ 4Þ2 dx
Ð sin x =12
13. cos2 x dx. Let u ¼ cos x and du ¼ ÿ sin x dx. Sub- ð =6
stituting, we obtain ÿ uÿ2 du ¼ uÿ1 þ C ¼
Ð
cot2 3x ÿ 8 cot 3x þ 16 dx
ÿ
¼
ðcos xÞÿ1 þ C ¼ sec x þ C. =12
=6
Ð 1þsin x Ðÿ 1 Ð 1 8
14. cos x dx ¼ cos x þ tan x dx ¼ ðsec x þ ¼ ÿ cot 3x ÿ ln j sin 3xj þ 15x
tan xÞdx ¼ ln j sec x þ tan xj þ ln j sec xj þ C. 3 3 =12

Ð sec 3x tan 3x 1 8
15. 5þ2 sec 3x dx. Let u ¼ 5 þ 2 sec 3x, and then ¼ ÿ ð0Þ ÿ ln j1j þ 15
3 3 6
du ¼ 6 sec 3x tan 3x dx or 16 du ¼ sec 3x tan 3x dx. pffiffiffi
1 8 2
This yields 16 1u du ¼ 16 ln juj þ C ¼ 16 ln j5 þ
Ð
ÿ ÿ 1 ÿ ln þ 15
2 sec 3xj þ C. 3 3 2 12
1 8 pffiffi2ffi
cos2 x sin x dx. Let u ¼ cos x and Ðdu ¼
Ð
16. ¼ 15 þ þ ln 6:1459
ÿ sin x dx. Substituting yields ÿ u2 du ¼ ÿ 13 u3 12 3 3 2
þ C ¼ ÿ 13 cos3 x þ C. Ð 1þcos 4x Ðÿ 1 cos 4x

dx ¼ csc2 4x
Ð
25. sin2 4x
dx ¼ sin2 4x
þ sin 2
4x
sec4 3x tan 3x dx ¼ sec3 3x sec 3x tan 3x dx. If
Ð Ð
17.
Ð cos 4x
dx. Now, the first integral is csc2 4x
Ð
dx þ sin 2
4x
you let u ¼ sec Ð 3x, then1 du ¼ 3 sec 3x tan 3x dx.
This leads to 13 u3 du ¼ 12 u4 þC ¼ 121
sec4 3x þ C. ¼ ÿ1 2
4 cot 4x þ C. For the second integral, let u ¼
sin 4x then du ¼ 4 cos 4x dx or 14 du ¼ cos 4x dx.
tan 3x sec2 3x dx ¼ sec 3x tan 3x sec 3x dx.
Ð Ð
18. If
Substitution yields 14 uÿ2 du ¼ 14 ÿ1uÿ1 þ C ¼
Ð
you let u Ð¼ sec 3x, then du ¼ 3 sec 3x tan 3x dx.
Hence, 13 u du ¼ 16 u2 þ C ¼ 16 sec2 3x þ C. An ÿ 14 ðsin 4xÞÿ1 þ C ¼ ÿ 14 csc 4x þ C. Putting these
alternate method is to letÐ u ¼ tan 3x and
together we get ÿ 14 cot2 4xÿ 14 csc 4x þ C ¼
du ¼ 3 sec2 3x dx, and so 16 u du ¼ 16 u2 þ C ¼ ÿ
1 2 ÿ 14 cot2 4x þ csc 4x þ C or ÿ 14 cossin4xþ1 þ C.
6 tan 3x þ C. 4x
x csc x dx. Let u ¼ x and du ¼ 2x dx or 12 du ¼

Ð 2 2 2
26.
Ð 3 dx Ð
19. tan 3x ¼ 3 cotð3xÞdx ¼ ln j sin 3xj þ C
x dx. Then, you get 12 csc2 u du ¼ ÿ1
Ð
2 cot u þ
Ð 5 dx
¼ 5 csc2 5x dx ¼ ÿ cot 5x þ C
Ð
20. sin2 5x
C ¼ ÿ 12 cot x2 þ C.
ðsec x þ 2Þ2 dx ¼ ð sec2 x þ 4 sec x þ 4Þdx ¼
Ð Ð
21. Ð
27. tan 4x dx ¼ 4 ln j sec 4x j þ C
tan x þ 4 ln j sec x þ tan xj þ 4x þ C
x sec2 ðx2 þ 1Þ tanðx2 þ 1Þdx. Let u ¼ secðx2 þ 1Þ
Ð
28.
ðtan x þ 3Þ2 dx ¼ ð tan2 x þ 6 tan x þ 9Þdx ¼
Ð Ð
22.
then du ¼ 2x secðx2 þ 1Þ tanðx2 þ 1Þdx. Then, you
ð sec2 xÿ1þ6 tan xþ9Þdx ¼ tan xÿxþ6 ln j sec xj
Ð
get 12 u du ¼ 14 u2 þ C ¼ 14 sec2 ðx2 þ 1Þ þ C or let
Ð
þ 9x þ C ¼ tan x þ 6 ln j sec xj þ 8x þ C
u ¼ tanðx2 þ 1Þ which yields the answer 14 tan2
ðx2 þ 1Þ þ C.
Ð =2 2 Ð =2
29. Using trig identities, we get =4 1þcot x
csc2 x dx ¼ =4 41. We begin by rewriting cot u as cos u
sin u . Here, if we let
ÿ 1 2
Ð =2 ÿ 2 2
vÐ ¼ sin u, then dv ¼ cos u du, and the integral is
csc2 x þ cos x dx ¼ =4 sin x þ cos x dx cot u du ¼ dv
Ð
Ð =2 v ¼ ln jvj þ C. Back substitution
=2
¼ =4 dx ¼ xj=4 ¼ 2 ÿ 4 ¼ 4.
Ð
gives the desired result: cot u du ¼ ln j sin uj þ C.
Ð =2 cos x 42. We will follow a procedure similar to the one we
30. 0 Let u ¼ 1 þ sin x and du ¼ cos x dx.
1þsin x dx.
Ð1 =2
followed prior to Example 28.18. Begin by multi-
This leads to u du ¼ ln juj ¼ ln j1þ sin xj0 ¼
plying the integrand by csc uÿcot u
. This produces
ln j2j ÿ ln j1j ¼ ln 2 0:6931. Ð Ð ÿcsc uÿcotcscuuÿcot u
csc u du ¼ csc u csc uÿcot u du ¼
Ð =2 csc pffiffix cot pffiffix pffiffiffi
dx. Let u ¼ x and du ¼ 2p1 ffiffix. Then,
Ð csc uðcsc uÿcot uÞ Ð 2
31. =4
pffiffi
x du ¼ csccscuÿcsc u cot u
du. Let v ¼
csc uÿcot u uÿcot u
csc uÿ cot u. Then, dv ¼ ÿ csc u cot u þ csc2 u du
Ð
2 csc u cot u du ¼ ÿ2 csc u. Evaluating, we obtain
pffiffiffi =2 and we canÐ write the original integral as
ÿ2 csc xj=4 ¼ 0:4765. Ð
csc u du ¼ dv v ¼ ln jvj þ C. Back substitution
Ð =8 Ð =8
32. sec5 2x tan 2x dx ¼ 0 sec4 2x sec 2x tan 2x produces the result we wanted to show, namely
0 Ð
dx. Let u ¼ sec 2x and du ¼ 2 sec 2x tan 2x. Divid- that csc u du ¼ ln j csc u ÿ cot uj þ C.
ing by 2 and substituting gives 12 u4 1 5
Ð
du ¼ 10 u or 43. For 0 x 2, we see that sin 2x 0, so the area
=8 pffiffiffi5 5 Ð =2 =2
5 is the integral 0 sin 2x dx ¼ ÿ1
ÿ
1 5 1 5
10 sec 2xj0 ¼ 10 sec 4 ÿsec 0 ¼ 10
1
2 ÿ1 2 cos 2xj0 ¼
pffiffiffi 1 ÿ1
1
¼ 10 ð4 2 ÿ 1Þ 0:4657. ÿ 2 ðcos ÿ cos 0Þ ¼ 2 ðÿ1 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 1.
44. For 0 x 4, we see that sec x x, so the area is
33. Using a Pythagorean trigonometric substitution Ð =4 x2 =4
0 ðsec x ÿ xÞdx ¼ ln j sec x þ tan xj ÿ 2 j0 ¼
Ð =2 2 x Ð =2 1ÿsin2 x
gives the result =6 cos sin x dx ¼ =6 sin x dx ¼ pffiffiffi ð=4Þ2
Ð =2 ÿ 1 Ð =2 lnð 2 þ 1Þ ÿ 2 ÿ lnð1 þ 0Þ ÿ 0 0:5729.
sin x ÿ sin x dx ¼ =6 ðcsc x ÿ sin xÞdx ¼
h=6 1 =4
Ð
=2
ln j csc x ÿ cot xj þ cos x =6 ¼ ln j1 ÿ 0j þ 0 ÿ 45. The average value is =4 0 tan x dx ¼
pffiffiffi pffiffi 4 =4 4
pffiffiffi pffiffi
4 ln 2
ln j2 ÿ 3j ÿ 23 ¼ 0:4509. ln j sec xj0 ¼ ðln 2 ÿ ln 1Þ ¼ 0:4413.
Ð
Ð 5=12 sec2 x 46. Since vðtÞ ¼ 5 sin 2t, then sðtÞ ¼ vðtÞdt ¼
34. 0 2 tan xþ4 dx; Let u ¼ 2 tan x þ 4, and then
5 sin 2t dt ¼ ÿ5
Ð
du ¼ 2 sec2 x dx or 12 du ¼ sec2 x dx. Substituting 2 cos 2t þ C. Since sð0Þ ¼ 4, we
yields 12 1u du ¼ 12 ln juj ¼ 12 ln j2 tan x þ 4j0

Ð 5=12
¼ can solve for C. C ¼ 4 þ 52 cos 0 ¼ 4 þ 52 ¼ 13 2.
1
ln j2 tan 5
þ 4j ÿ 1
ln j4j ¼ 0:5265. Thus, we see that sðtÞ ¼ ÿ 52 cos 2t þ 13 2 .
2 12 2
1 1
x sinh x2 dx. Let u ¼ x2 and du ¼ 2x dx or 12 du ¼ ¼ 1 5
Ð Ð
35. 47. E 1ÿ0 0 5 sin 4t dt ¼ ÿ 4 cos 4tj0 ¼
x dx. Substituting we get 12 sinh u du ¼ 12 cosh uþ ÿ 54 ðÿ0:6536 ÿ 1Þ 2:067 V.
Ð
C ¼ 12 cosh x2 þ C 48. The time to complete one cycle is 377 2

sec, so the
averageð rate at which heat is produced is P ¼
Ð sinh x
36. 1þcosh x dx. Let u ¼ 1 þ cosh x and then du ¼
3=277
Ð1 1
sinh x dx. This leads to u du ¼ ln juj þ C ¼ 2
40ð6:5 sin 377tÞ2 dt ¼ 377 2
lnð1 þ cosh xÞ þ C. Absolute value signs are not 377 ÿ 0 0
Ð 2=377
needed as 1 þ cosh x is never negative. 0 1690 sin2 377t dt. Using the half-angle iden-
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
37.
Ð
3x cosh x2 sinh x2 dx. Let u ¼ sinh x2 , then du ¼ tity, sin 2 ¼ 1ÿcos
2 , we see that sin 377t
2
2=377
2x cosh x2 dx or 32 du ¼ 3x cosh x2 dx. Substituting ¼ 1ÿcos2 745t. Thus, we get 377
Ð
2 0 845ð1ÿ
Ð pffiffiffi 3=2
we get 32 u du ¼ 32 23 u3=2 þ C ¼ ðsinh x2 Þ þ C cos 754tÞdt ¼ ð377Þð845Þ Ð 2=377
ð1 ÿ cos 754tÞdt ¼
2 0
sech2 5x dx ¼ 15 tan h 5x þ C
Ð
38. ð377Þð845Þ
ðt ÿ sin 754tÞj0
2=377
¼ ð377Þð845Þ
ÿ 2
377 ÿ
2 2
sinh3 x cosh2 x dx. ÿRecall that sinh 3
Ð
39. x¼ 0Þ ¼ 845 W.
sinh x sinh2 x ¼ sinh x cosh2 x ÿ 1 , and then we

49. Here y ¼ 12 cosh 12 x
and so y0 ¼ sinh 12
x
. The length
have sinh x cosh2 x ÿ 1 cosh2 x dx ¼
Ð ÿ
of the cable is the arc length ¼
cosh4 x sinh x dx ÿ cosh2 x sinh x dx ¼
Ð Ð
Ð 18 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi Ð 18
1 5 1 3 ÿ18 1 þ sinh2 12 x x
dx ¼ ÿ18 cosh 12 dx ¼
5 cosh x ÿ 3 cosh x þ C.
x 18
12 sinh 12 jÿ18 ¼ 12 sinh 32 ÿ12 sinh ÿ3
2 ¼ 51:1027 m.
tanh 3x sech 3x dx ¼ ÿ 13 sech 3x þ C
Ð
40.
SECTION 27.4 513
50. The center of the towers is 0 so the two towers are 52. (a) The maximum will occur at the center or when
at ÿ60 and 60. y ¼ 60 cosh 60 x
; y0 ¼ sinh 60
x
. The x ¼ 0. ðÿ cosh xÞ0 ¼ ÿ sinh x ¼ 0 when x ¼ 0.
Ð 60 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Hence, yð0Þ ¼ ÿ127:7 cosh 0 þ 757:7 ¼ 630 ft.
ffi
arc length is ÿ60 1 þ sinh2 60 x
dx ¼
Ð 60 (b) 315 ÿ ðÿ315Þ ¼ 630 ft.
x x 60
ÿ60 cosh 60 dx ¼ 60 sinh 60 jÿ60 ¼ 60 sinh 1ÿ
Ð 315 ÿ x
(c) Area ¼ ÿ315 ÿ127:7 cosh 127:7 þ757:7 dx ¼
60 sinhðÿ1Þ ¼ 141:02 ft. ÿð127:7Þ2 sinh 127:7 þ 757:7xj315 2
ÿ x
ÿ315 ¼ 286;574 ft .
(d) Toÿ findthe arc length we first find y0 as y0 ¼
51. The center of the towers is at 0 and the towers are x
x ÿ sinh 127:7 . Substituting this in the arc length
at ÿ150 and 150. We are given y ¼ 80 cosh 80 and Ð 315 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ x 2
differentiating, we obtain y0 ¼ sinh 80 x

. The arc formula produces ÿ315 1 þ ÿ sinh 127:7 dx
Ð 150 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffixffi Ð 150 Ð 315 ÿ x 315
length is ÿ150 1 þ sinh2 80 x
ÿ x
dx ¼ ÿ150 cosh 80 dx ¼ ÿ315 cosh 127:7 dx ¼ 127:7 sinh 127:7 jÿ315 ¼
x 150

¼ 80 sinh 80 ÿ150 ¼ 509:397 ft. 1493:94 ft.
27.4 MORE TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
sin2 3x cos 3x dx. Let u ¼ sin 3x and du ¼ 3

Ð Ðÿ ÿ
1. ÿ 14 1 ÿ u2 Þu2 du ¼ ÿ 14 u2 ÿ u4 du ¼ ÿ 14 13 u3 ÿ
Ð
cos 3x dx. Then, 13 u2 du ¼ 19 u3 þ C ¼ 19 sin3 3x þ C.

Ð
1 5 1 5 1 3
5 u Þ þ C ¼ 20 cos 4x ÿ 12 cos 4x þ C
sin 2x cos2 2x dx. Let uÐ ¼ cos 2x and du ¼
Ð
2. cos 5x sin4 5x dx ¼ 251
sin5 5x þ C
Ð
5.
ÿ2 sin 2x dx. Then, ÿ 12 u2 du ¼ ÿ 16 u3 þ C ¼ 2
cos2 y sin5 y dy ¼ cos2 yð1 ÿ cos2 yÞ sin y dy. Let
Ð Ð
ÿ 16 cos3 2x þ C. 6.
u ¼ cos y and du ¼ ÿ sin y dy, and we get
cos x sin3 x dx ¼ 14 sin4 x þ C.
Ð
3. 2 Ðÿ
ÿ u2 ð1 ÿ u2 Þ du ¼ ÿ u2 ÿ 2u4 þ u6 du ¼
Ð
Ð 3
sin 4x cos2 4x dx ¼ sin 4xð1 ÿ cos2 4xÞ cos2 4x
Ð
4. ÿ 13 u3 þ 25 u5 ÿ 17 u7 þ C ¼ ÿ 13 cos3 y þ 25 cos5 y ÿ
dx: Let u ¼ cos 4x and du ¼ ÿ4 sin 4x dx. Then, 1 7
7 cos y þ C.
ð 2
1 ÿ cos 2x 1 þ cos 2x
ð ð
1
7. sin2 x cos4 x dx ¼ dx ¼ ð1 ÿ cos 2xÞð1 þ 2 cos 2x þ cos2 2xÞdx
2 2 8
ð
1 ÿ 2 3

¼ 1 þ cos 2x ÿ cos 2x ÿ cos 2x dx
8ð ð
1 ÿ 1
¼ 1 þ cos 2x ÿ cos3 2x ÿ cos2 2x dx
8 8
1 1 þ cos 4x
ð ð
1 1 1 ÿ
1 ÿ sin2 2x cos 2x dx ÿ

¼ x ÿ sin 2x ÿ dx
8 16 8 8 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
¼ x ÿ sin 2x þ sin 2x þ sin3 2x ÿ x þ sin 4x þ C
8 16 16 48 16 16 4
1 1 1
¼ x þ sin3 2x þ sin 4x þ C
16 48 64
1 ÿ cos 2x 4
ð ð ð ð
4 1
8. sin8 x dx ¼ sin2 x dx ¼ ð1 ÿ cos 2xÞ4 dx
ÿ
dx ¼
2 16
ð
1 ÿ
1 ÿ 4 cos 2x þ 6 cos2 2x ÿ 4 cos3 2x þ cos4 2x dx

¼
16
1 þ cos 4x 2
ð
1
1 ÿ 4 cos 2x þ 3ð1 þ cos 4xÞ ÿ 4 1 ÿ sin2 2x cos 2x þ
ÿ
¼ dx
16 2
ð
1 1 1 1
¼ 1 ÿ 4 cos 2x þ 3 þ 3 cos 4x ÿ 4 cos 2x þ 4 cos 2x sin2 2x þ þ cos 4x þ cos2 4x dx
16 4 2 4

þ
ð
1 17 7 1 1 cos 8x
¼ ÿ 8 cos 2x þ cos 4x þ 4 cos 2x sin2 2x þ dx
16 4 2 4 2
ð
1 35 7 1
¼ ÿ 8 cos 2x þ cos 4x þ 4 cos 2x sin2 2x þ cos 8x dx
16 8 2 8

1 35 7 2 3 1
¼ x ÿ 4 sin 2x þ sin 4x þ sin 2x þ sin 8x þ C
16 8 8 3 64
1 þ cos 6x 3
ð ð ð
9. 6 1 ÿ
1 þ 3 cos 6x þ 3 cos2 6x þ cos3 6x dx

cos 3x dx ¼ dx ¼
2 8
ð
1 3 ÿ 2

¼ 1 þ 3 cos 6x þ ð1 þ cos 12xÞ þ 1 ÿ sin 6x cos 6x dx
8 2
ð
1 3 3
¼ 1 þ 3 cos 6x þ þ cos 12x þ cos 6x ÿ sin2 6x cos 6x dx
8 2 2
ð
1 5 3
¼ þ 4 cos 6x þ cos 12x ÿ sin2 6x cos 6x dx
8 2 2

1 5x 2 1 1
¼ þ sin 6x þ sin 12x ÿ sin3 6x þ C
8 2 3 8 18
5x 1 1 1
¼ þ sin 6x þ sin 12x ÿ sin3 6x þ C
16 12 64 144
1 ÿ2 ÿ1
Ð cos x
dx. Let u ¼ sin x and du ¼ cos x dx, then du
Ð
10. sin3 x u3 ¼ ÿ 2 u þ C ¼ 2 sin 2 þ C.
x
ð 2
1 ÿ cos 4 1 þ cos 2
ð ð
2 4 1
1 þ cos 4 ÿ cos2 4 ÿ cos3 4 d
ÿ
11. sin 2 cos 2 d ¼ d ¼
2 2 8
ð
1 1
1 þ cos 4 ÿ ð1 þ cos 8Þ ÿ 1 ÿ sin2 4 cos 4 d
ÿ
¼
8 2
ð
1 1 1
¼ 1 þ cos 4 ÿ ÿ cos 8 ÿ cos 4 þ sin2 4 cos 4 d
8 2 2
ð
1 1 1 1 1 1
¼ ÿ cos 8 þ sin2 4 cos 4 d ¼ ÿ sin 8 þ sin3 4 þ C
8 2 2 8 2 16 12
1 1
¼ ÿ sin 8 þ sin3 4 þ C
16 128 96
ð 2
1 ÿ cos 6 1 þ cos 6
ð ð
1 ÿ
sin4 3 cos2 3d ¼ 1 ÿ 2 cos 6 þ cos2 6 ð1 þ cos 6Þd

12. d ¼
2 2 8
ð
1 ÿ
1 ÿ cos 6 ÿ cos2 6 þ cos3 6 d

¼
8
ð
1 1 ÿ 2

¼ 1 ÿ cos 6 ÿ ð1 þ cos 12Þ þ 1 ÿ sin 6 cos 6 d
8 2
ð
1 1 1
¼ ÿ cos 6 ÿ cos 12 þ cos 6 ÿ sin2 6 cos 6 d
8 2 2
ð
1 1 1 1 1
¼ 1=2 ÿ cos 12 ÿ sin2 6 cos 6 d ¼ ÿ sin 12 ÿ sin3 6 þ C
8 2 8 2 24 18
1 1
¼ ÿ sin 12 ÿ sin3 6 þ C
16 192 144
sec2 x tan2 x dx. Let u ¼ tanÐ x and then du ¼
Ð
13. csc2 xð1 þ cot2 xÞ cot x dx ¼ ð cot3 x þ cot xÞ
Ð Ð
2 2 1 3
sec x dx. Hence, we get u du ¼ 3 u þ C ¼ csc2 x dx. Let u ¼ cot x and du ¼ ÿ csc2 x dx, and
1 3
3 tan x þ C. then you have ÿ ðu3 þ uÞdu ¼ ÿ 14 u4 ÿ 12 u2 þ
Ð
Ð Ð
14. sec4 y tan3 y dy ¼ sec2 yð sec2 yÞ tan3 y dy ¼ C ¼ ÿ 14 cot4 xÿ 12 cot2 xþC2 where C2 ¼ C1 ÿ 0:25.
Ð 2 2 3
Ð 2 3
½ sec yð1 þ tan yÞ tan ydy ¼ sec y½ tan yþ Ð sin2
Ð 2 2
5 2
16. cos4 d ¼ sec tan Ð d. Let u ¼ tan and
tan ydy. Let u ¼ tan y and then du ¼ sec y dy, du ¼ sec d, then u2 du ¼ 13 u3 þ C ¼ 13 tan3
2
Ðÿ
and you have u3 þ u5 du ¼ 14 u4 þ 16 u6 þ C ¼ þ C.
1 4 1 6
4 tan y þ 6 tan y þ C.
17. We first factor the integrand and use a Pythagorean
First factor csc4 x cot x dx ¼ csc3 x
Ð Ð
15. identity: sin1=2 3 cos3 3d ¼ sin1=2 3ð1ÿ
Ð Ð
ðcsc x cot x dxÞ. Then let u ¼ csc Ð x and du ¼ sin2 3Þ cos 3 d. Then multiply and integrate,
ÿ csc x cot x dx. These produce ÿ u3 du ¼ ÿ 14 u4 þ
with the result sin1=2 3ÿsin5=2 3 cos 3 d ¼
Ðÿ
C ¼ ÿ 14 csc4 x þ C1 or csc4 x cot x dx ¼
Ð
SECTION 27.4 515
1 2 3=2
3 ÿ 13 27 sin7=2 3 þ C ¼ 29 sin3=2 3 ÿ 28. tan3 2t is not defined at 4 and so, tan3 2t is not
3 3 sin
2 7=2
3 þ C. continuous on the interval ½=6; =3. Hence, this
21 sin
integral does not exist.
The given integral csc6 2x cot2 2x dx can be writ-
Ð
18. Ð =2 4 Ð =2 ÿ 2x 2

29. sin x dx ¼ 0 1ÿcos dx by a half-angle
ten as csc4 2x cot2 2x csc2 2x dx or, using a Pytha-
Ð 0 2 Ð =2
2 identity. This expands as 14 0 ð1 ÿ 2 cos 2xþ
gorean identity, as ð1 þ cot2 2xÞ cot2 2x csc2 2x
Ð
cos2 2xÞdx which becomes, by another half-angle
dx. This expands to ð1 þ 2 cot2 2x þ cot4 2xÞ
Ð
Ð =2 ÿ
identity, 14 0 1 ÿ 2 cos 2x þ 1þcos 4x
dx or
cot2 2x csc2 2x dx or ðcot2 2x þ 2 cot4 2x þ
Ð 2
1 =2 3
Ð ÿ cos 4x

1 3x
cot6 2xÞ csc2 2x dx. Let u ¼ cot 2x and du ¼ 4 0 2 ÿ 2 cos 2x þ 2 dx ¼ 4 2 ÿ sin 2xþ
1 =2
1 3 1

ÿ2 csc2 2x dx and we rewrite the integral as 8 sin 4x 0 ¼ 8 4 ÿ sin þ 8 sin 2 ¼
Ðÿ ÿ
1 3
3
ÿ 12 u2 þ 2u4 þ u6 du ¼ ÿ 16 u3 þ 15 u5 þ 14 1 7
u þ 4 4 ÿ 0 þ 0 ¼ 16 .
ÿ1 3
C ¼ ÿ 6 cot 2x þ 15 cot5 2x þ 14 1
cot7 2x þ C. Ð =6 3 =6
Ð Ð 30. 0ÿ sec 2x tan 2x dx ¼ 12 13 sec2 2x0 ¼
19. csc x cot3 x dx ¼ ð csc2 x ÿ 1Þ csc x cot x dx ¼ 1 3 3
1 7
6 sec 3 ÿ sec 0 ¼ 6 ð8 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 6
ÿ 13 csc3 x þ csc x þ C. Ð =3
31. Using the disc method, you get 0 cos2 x dx ¼
sec t tan5 t dt ¼ sec t tan tðtan4 tÞdt ¼
Ð Ð
20. Ð =3 =3
dx ¼ 2 x þ 12 sin 2x 0 ¼ 2 3 þ

2 2
0 1þcos 2
2x
pffiffi
sec t tan tðtan2 tÞ dt ¼ sec t tan tðsec2 ÿ1tÞ dt
Ð Ð
3
4 2:3251.
¼ sec t tan tðsec4 þ2 sec2 t þ 1Þdt ¼ 15 sec5 tÿ
Ð
2 1
2 3 32. V ¼ 80 sin 120t. One period is 120 ¼ 60 . Thus,
3 sec t þ sec t þ C.
the root mean square of the voltage for one period
tan3 x sec2 x dx ¼ 14 tan4 x þ C. is
Ð
21.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 1=60
cot 2x csc4 2x dx. Let u ¼ csc 2x and then 1
ð80 sin 120tÞ2 dt ¼
Ð
22. 1=60 0
du ¼ Ð ÿ2 csc 2x cot 2x dx. Thus, we then integrate
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 1=60 ffi
ÿ 12 u3 du ¼ ÿ 18 u4 þ C ¼ ÿ 18 csc4 2x þ C1 or 80 60 0 sin2 120t dt ¼
cot 2x csc4 2x ¼ cot 2xðcot2 2x þ 1Þ csc2 2x dx
Ð Ð Ð 1=60
80 60 0 1ÿcos2240t dt ¼
¼ ðcot2 2x þ cot 2xÞ csc2 2x dx ¼ ÿ 18 cot4 2xÿ
Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
240t 1=60

1 2 1 80 60 12 t ÿ sin480 ¼
4 cot 2x þ C2 where C2 ¼ C1 ÿ 8.
0
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffi
80 60 120 ¼ 80 1=2 ¼ 80 22 ¼ 40 2
ÿ1
tan6 x sec2 x dx ¼ 17 tan7 x þ C
Ð
23.
2 56:5685 V.
tan5 x dx ¼ ð sec2 x ÿ 1Þ tan x dx ¼ ð sec4 x
Ð Ð Ð
24.
mr 2 2 2
ð
ÿ2 sec2 x þ 1Þ tan x dx ¼ sec4 x tan x dx þ
Ð
33. (a) I ¼ sin d
2 sec2 x tan x dx þ tan x dx ¼ 14 sec4 x ÿ sec2 x þ
Ð Ð 4 0
mr 2 1 2
ð
ln j sec xj þ C. An alternate method is tan5 x dx ¼
Ð
¼ ð1 ÿ cos 2Þd
tan3 xð sec2 x ÿ 1Þdx which can be written as 4 2 0
Ð
2
mr 2

tan3 x sec2 x ÿ tan xðsec2 ÿ1Þdx ¼ 14 tan4 xÿ
Ð Ð
1
1 2
¼ ÿ sin 2
2 tan x þ ln j sec xj þ C.
8 2 0
25.
Ð
cot6 x dx ¼ cot4 xð csc2 x ÿ 1Þdx ¼
Ð mr 2 mr 2
¼ ½ð2 ÿ 0Þ ÿ ð0 ÿ 0Þ ¼
Ð
cot4 x csc2 x dx ÿ cot2 xð csc2 x ÿ 1Þdx ¼
Ð 8 4
(b) Substituting r ¼ 0:1 m and m ¼ 12:4 kg into
cot4 x csc2 x dx ÿ cot2 x csc2 x dx þ cot2 x dx
Ð Ð Ð
2
I ¼ mr4 produces I ¼ ð12:4Þð0:1Þ
2
0:0974 kg m2 .
¼ ÿ 15 cot5 x þ 13 cot3 x þ ð csc2 x ÿ 1Þdx ¼
Ð
4
ð ð
ÿ 15 cot5 x þ 13 cot3 xÿcot xÿx þ C. Recall: cot2 x ¼
34. R ¼ cos3 d ¼ ð1 ÿ sin2 Þ cos d ¼
csc2 x ÿ 1. ð
2
sec6 2d ¼ sec2 2ðtan2 2 þ 1Þ d ¼ ð1 ÿ u2 Þdu ¼ u ÿ 13 u3 þ C ¼ sin ÿ 13 sin3 þ C
Ð Ð
26.
sec2 2ðtan4 2 þ 2 tan2 2 þ 1Þd ¼ 10 1
tan5 2 þ
Ð
1 3 1
3 tan 2 þ 2 tan 2 þ C
Ð =4 2 Ð =4
27. 0 tan x dx ¼ 0 ð sec2 x ÿ 1Þdx ¼ tan x ÿ
=4
xj0 ¼ 1 ÿ 4 ÿ 0 ¼ 1 ÿ 4
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 0:5
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
35. ieff ¼ ð2 sin t cos tÞ2 dt The effective current from t ¼ 0 to t ¼ 0:5 s is
0:5 ÿ 0 0 about 0.5421 A.
pffiffiffi ð 0:5 ÿ 2
¼ 8 sin t cos t dt
rffiffiffi 0
8 3 0:5
¼ sin t 0
3
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8 3
¼ sin 0:5 0:5421
3
36. The rms of the current is the same as the effective current.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð ffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
16 ÿ 2 16 2 ÿ
ð ð
1 2 2
2

irms ¼ ð4 sin t cos tÞ dt ¼ sin t cos t dt ¼ sin t 1 ÿ sin t dt
ÿ0 0 0 0
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi v ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u ð " #
16 ÿ 2 1 ÿ cos 2t 2

1 ÿ cos 2t
ð u16
4

¼ sin t ÿ sin t dt ¼ t ÿ dt
0 0 2 2
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16 1 cos 2t
ð
1 ÿ 2 cos 2t þ cos2 2t
¼ ÿ ÿ dt
0 2 2 4
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
16 1 cos 2t
ð
1 cos 2t cos2 2t
¼ ÿ ÿ ÿ þ dt
0 2 2 4 2 4
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
16 1 cos2 2t 16 1 1 ÿ cos 4t 16 1 cos 4t
ð ð ð
¼ ÿ dt ¼ ÿ dt ¼ þ dt
0 4 4 0 4 8 0 8 8
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 pffiffiffi
ð
2 1 2
¼ ½ð1 þ cos 4tÞdt ¼ t þ sin 4t ¼ ðÞ ¼ 2
0 4 0
pffiffiffi
The rms of the current from t ¼ 0 to t ¼ s is 2 A.
27.5 INTEGRALS RELATED TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
¼ 14 arcsec 4x þ C.
Ð dx ffi
¼ arcsin 2x þ C
Ð dx
1. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4ÿx2
6. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x x2 ÿ16
1
du ¼ 3 dx, so 13 du ¼
Ð dx Ð
2. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ 3x and du ¼ 3 dx so ¼ dx. 7. pdx
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ 3x, then
1ÿ9x2 3 du 3x 9x2 ÿ4
Substituting, we have 13 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 13 arcsin u þ C ¼
Ð du
ffi
1ÿu2
dx. Thus, we can rewrite the integral as
1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1 1 arcsec u þ C ¼ 1 arcsec 3x þ C.
Ð du
3 arcsin 3x þ C. 3 u u2 ÿ4 3 2 2 6 2
Let u ¼ 3x and du ¼ 3 dx so 13 du ¼ dx. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Here u ¼ 1 ÿ 25x2 and du ¼ ÿ50x dx

Ð dx
Ð x dx
3. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4ÿ9x2
. 8. 1ÿ25x2
1
Ð ÿ1=2 1
Substituting, we have 13 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ¼ 13 arcsin u2 þ C ¼ and the integral becomes ÿ 50 u du ¼ ÿ 50
Ð du
2 4ÿu pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 1=2 1 2
1
arcsin 3x
þ C. 1u þ C ¼ ÿ 25 1 ÿ 25x þ C.
3 2 Ð dx
4.
Ð 8 dx
Let u ¼ 4x and then du ¼ 4 dx so 9. . Here u ¼ 3 ÿ x and du ¼ ÿdx and so
1þ16x2 . 1þð3ÿxÞ2 Ð
du
Ð du we get ÿ 1þu 2 ¼ ÿ arctan u þ C ¼
2 du ¼ 8 dx. Thus, 2 1þu 2 ¼ 2 arctan u þ C ¼
2 arctan 4x þ C. ÿ arctan ð3 ÿ xÞ þ C.
pdx
Ð
Ð ÿx dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ 9 ÿ x2 and du ¼ ÿ2x dx so 10. ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ 2x þ 1 and du ¼ 2 dx,
5. 9ÿx2 ð2xþ1Þ ð2xþ1Þ2 ÿ4
then 2 du ¼ dx. 12 updu
1 ffi ¼ 12 12 arcsec u2 þ C ¼
Ð ÿ1=2 Ð
1 1
2 du ¼ ÿx dx. Then, 2 u du ¼ 12 21 u1=2 þ C ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u2 ÿ4
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 2xþ1
9 ÿ x2 þ C. 4 arcsec 2 þC
SECTION 27.5 517
4xÿ6 4x 6
Let u ¼ 3x and du ¼ 3 dx and so 13 du ¼
Ð Ð Ð Ð dx
11. 4x2 þ25 dx ¼ 4x2 þ25 dx ÿ 4x2 þ25 dx. In the first 23. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
25þ9x2
.
2 ffi ¼ 13 sinhÿ1 u5 þ
Ð du
integral let u ¼ 4x Ð þ 25; du ¼ 8x dx and we get dx. Substituting produces pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
25þu2
2
by substitution 2 du u ¼ 2Ðln juj ¼ 2 lnð4x þ 25Þ. C ¼ 13 sinhÿ1 3x
dx 5 þ C.
The second integral is ÿ6 4x2 þ25 ¼ ÿ6 Ð e2x 2x
1 2x 24. 25ÿe4x dx. Let u ¼ e and then du ¼ 2e2x dx.
10 arctan 5 . Putting these together we have 2 ln
ÿ1 u
Substituting, we obtain 12 25ÿu 1 1
Ð du
ð4x þ 25Þ ÿ 35 arctan 2x
2 2 ¼ 2 5 tan h 5 þ
5 þC 2x
Ð
pdx ffi ¼ arcsecðx þ 3Þ þ C. C ¼ 101
tan hÿ1 e5 þ C.
12. ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
ðxþ3Þ ðxþ3Þ ÿ1 Ð 0:5 dx 0:5
Ð 25. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ arcsin ¼ arcsin 0:5 ÿ arcsin 0 ¼
dx 0
13. Completing the square, we obtain x2 þ6xþ10 ¼ 1ÿx2 0

Ð dx
¼ arctanðx þ 3Þ þ C. 6ÿ 0 ¼ 6 0:5236
ðxþ3Þ2 þ1 Ð pffiffi3 dx
26. Let u ¼ 1 þ x2 and du ¼ 2x dx. Then, 0 pxffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
ffi
14. We begin by completingÐ the square on the expres-
1
p ffiffi
Ð 3 2x dx 1
Ð 4 du 1 Ð 4 ÿ1=2 1=2
4 1þx
sion under the radical. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffidx
þ ¼ 2 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1þx2
ffi ¼ 2 1 pffiffi ¼ 2 1 u
u
du ¼ u 1 ¼
ÿ4x2 þ4xþ15
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ÿ1¼1
Ð dx
Ð dx
2
ffi. Now let
2
ÿð4x ÿ4xþ1Þþ15þ1 16ÿð2xÿ1Þ Ð 5 dx Ð5 dx
Ð5 dx
u ¼ 2x ÿ 1 and du ¼ 2 dx and you get 27. 1 x2 ÿ4xþ13 ¼ 1 ðx2 ÿ4xþ4Þþ9 ¼ 1 32 þðxÿ2Þ2 ¼
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ¼ 12 arcsin u2 þ C ¼ 12 arcsin 2xÿ1
Ð du
2 þ C.
ðxÿ2Þ 5

¼ 13 arctan 1 ÿ arctan ÿ1
1
ÿ
2 16ÿu2 3 arctan 3 1 3 ¼
1
ÿ
2
3 4 þ 0:32175 0:36905
Ð x dx
15. 1þx4 ; Let u ¼ xÐ and then du ¼ 2x dx. Substitut-
1 du 1
ing, we obtain 2 1þu 2 ¼ 2 arctan u þ C ¼ Ð ÿ1 Ð ÿ1 dx
dx
1 2 28. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ffi ¼
2 arctan x þ C.
ÿ5 ÿ5
ÿx2 ÿ7xÿ6 25
ÿ
2 49
Ð sec2 x dx 4 ÿ x þ 7x þ 4
16. 4þtan2 x
. Let u ¼ tan x and du ¼ sec2 x dx. ð ÿ1
dx

x þ 72 ÿ1

1 ffi ¼ arcsin 5=2 ¼
Ð du u
Substituting, produces 4þu 2 ¼ 2 arctan 2 þ C ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ5 52 7 2
ÿ
ÿ5
1
ÿ tan x
2 ÿ xþ2
2 arctan 2 þ C. ÿ1
2x þ 7 ÿ3
arcsin ¼ arcsin 1 ÿ arcsin
17.
Ð sin x dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ cos x and du ¼ ÿ sin x dx. 5
ÿ5 5
1ÿcos2 x Ð du 2:2143
Substituting produces ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ¼ ÿarcsin u þ
ÿ2
1ÿu
C ¼ ÿarcsinðcos xÞ þ C ¼ ÿ 2 ÿ x þ C ¼ 29. Let u ¼ 4 tan x and du ¼ 4 sec2 x dx. Then,
x ÿ 2 þ C. Ð =6 sec2 x dx Ð =6 4 sec2 x dx Ð pffiffi
1 4 3=3 du
Ð 0 ¼1
1þ16 tan2 x pffiffi 4 0 1þð4 tan xÞ2 ¼ 4 0 1þu2 i
xÿ5 ffi dx. Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 10x þ 16; du ¼ pffiffi
18. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 3=3 1 h
x2 ÿ10xþ16 ¼ 14 arctan u0 ¼ 4 arctan 4 3 3 ÿ arctan 0 ¼
ð2x ÿ 10Þdx or 12 du ¼ ðx ÿ 5Þdx. Hence, we have pffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 4 3
0:2905
1 p 4 arctan
Ð du 1 2 1=2
2
ffiffi ¼ 2 1 u þ C ¼ x2 ÿ 10x þ 16 þ C. 3
u Ð 1 dx
Ð =4 =4 30. Let u ¼ x2 and du ¼ 2x dx 0 pxffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1þx4
ffi¼
¼ arctanðsin xÞ0 ¼ arctan sin 4 ÿ
cos x dx
ÿ
19. 0 1þsin2 x 1
Ð 1
p2x dx ffi 1
Ð 1 1 ffi 1 ÿ1 1

2 0 1þx4 ¼ 2 0 1þu2 du ¼ 2 sinh u0¼
pffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
arctanðsin 0Þ ¼ arctan 22 ÿ arctan 0 ¼ 0:6155ÿ ÿ1
1 ÿ sinhÿ1 0 0:44069
1
ÿ
2 sinh
0 ¼ 0:6155. Ð1 1 1
31. 0 1þx2 dx ¼ arctan x 0 ¼ arctan 1 ÿ arctan 0 ¼
Ð4
dx ffi¼
20. Completing the square, we have 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿx2 þ8xÿ15
Ð4 4 4 ÿ 0 ¼ 4.
dx
¼ 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi ¼ arcsinðxÿ
Ð dx
3 1ÿðx2 ÿ8xÿ16Þ 1ÿðxÿ4Þ
Ð 1=4 1 1
1=4 1
32. ÿ1=4 1ÿ4x2 dx ¼ 2 arcsin 2x ÿ1=4 ¼ 2 ½arcsinÿ
4
4Þ 3 ¼ arcsin 0 ÿ arcsinðÿ1Þ ¼ 0 ÿ ÿ
2 ¼ 2. arcsin ÿ 2 ¼ 12 6 ÿ ÿ
ÿ 1
6 ¼ 6.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ coshÿ1 x þ C.
Ð dx
21. x2 ÿ25 5
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ sinhÿ1 xÿ3

Ð dx
ÿ
22. 2 4 þ C.
ðxÿ3Þ þ16
ð1
4
33. These two graphs intersect at (0, 1) and, from 0 to 36. m¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1, ex is always larger. Using the washer method we 0 4 ÿ x2
1
ð1" 2 # x
get
1
ðex Þ2 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ 4 sinÿ1
2 0
0 x2 ÿ 1 2
ð1
1 ¼4 ÿ0 ¼ 2:0944
¼ e2x ÿ 2 dx 6 3
0 x ÿ1 ð1 2
ð1 ð1 1 4
1 Mx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx
¼ e2x dx ÿ 2
dx 2 0 4 ÿ x2
0 0x þ1 ð1
1 1 1
¼8 dx
x2

¼ e2x ÿ arctan x 0 4 ÿ
2 0 0
1 x þ 2 1

ÿ ¼ 8 ln
¼ e2 ÿ 1 ÿ ðarctan 1 ÿ arctan 0Þ

2 4 x ÿ 2 0
ÿ
¼ 2½ln 3 ÿ ln ÿ1 ¼ 2 ln 3 2:1972
¼ e2 ÿ 1 ÿ ÿ 0

2 4 ð1
2 4
¼ e ÿ1ÿ 7:5685 My ¼ x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx:
2 2 0 4 ÿ x2
Let u ¼ 4 ÿ x2 ; du ¼ ÿ2x dx so ÿ2 du ¼ 4x dx.
When x ÿ 0, then u ¼ 4 ÿ 02 ¼ 4, and when
Ð2 Ð 2 x dx
1
34. My ¼ 1 x 1þx 4 dx ¼ 1 1þx4 . Let u ¼ x2 and
x ¼ 1, then u ¼ 4 ÿ 12 ¼ 3. Substituting we get
du ¼ 2x dx or 12 du ¼ x dx. Substituting we get ð1 ð3
1
Ð du 1 ÿ1
2
u ¼ 12 tanÿ1 x2 1 ¼ du 3
2 1þu2 ¼ 2 tan ÿ2 pffiffiffi ¼ ÿ2 uÿ1=2 du ¼ ÿ2 2u1=2 4
ÿ1 0 u 4
1
2 ½tan 4 ÿ tanÿ1 1 ¼ 12 ½1:3258 ÿ 0:7854 ¼ p ffiffiffi pffiffiffi
¼ ÿ4 3 ÿ 4 ¼ 1:0718
0:2702
y¼ 4 ÿ x2 My 1:0718
35. x ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:51174
1 m 2:0944
y0 ¼ ð4 ÿ xÞÿ1=2 ðÿ2xÞ Mx 2:1972
2 y ¼ ¼ ¼ 1:0491:
x m 2:0944
¼ ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 ÿ x2 1 x
37. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 x 1 ÿ x 2 1 ÿ x2
y02 ¼
ÿ1
ð ð
4 ÿ x2
ð 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 1 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi f ðxÞ ¼ f 0 ðxÞdx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx
x2 xð 1 ÿ x2
1 þ ðy0 Þ2 ¼ 1þ dx x
ÿ1 ÿ1 4 ÿ x2 þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx
1 ÿ x2 ð
ð1 r ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 ÿ x2 þ x2
¼ dx x dx
ÿ1 4 ÿ x2 ¼ ÿsechÿ1 x þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi :
ð 1 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ÿ x2
4
¼ dx
ÿ1 4 ÿ x2 For the second integral let u ¼ 1 ÿ x2 , then du ¼
ð1
2 dx ÿ2x dx or ÿ 12 du ¼ x dx. These substitutions
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
make pxffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ¼ ÿ 12 pduffiffi ¼ ÿ 12 21 u1=2 ¼ ÿ u ¼
Ð dx Ð
ÿ1 4 ÿ x2 u
1 ffi 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1ÿx
x ÿ 1 ÿ x2 . Putting these together we get f ðxÞ ¼
¼ 2 arcsin pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ÿ1 ÿsechÿ1 x ÿ 1 ÿ x2 þ C. Since f ð1Þ ¼ 0 we
1 ÿ1 have C ¼ sechÿ1 1 þ 1 ÿ 12 ¼ sechÿ1 1. Thus,
¼ 2 arcsin ÿ arcsin
2 2
the desired equation is y ¼ ÿsechÿ1 x
h ÿi 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼2 ÿ ¼ ÿ 1 ÿ x2 þ sechÿ1 1.
6 6 3
12
Ð Ð
38. sðtÞ ¼ vðtÞdt ¼ 4t ÿ 4ÿt 2 dt ¼
ÿ1 t
2 12
ÿ
2t ÿ 2 tan h 2 þ C. Since sð0Þ ¼ 0, we have
C ¼ 0, so sðtÞ ¼ 2t2 ÿ 6 tan hÿ1 12 t .
ÿ
SECTION 27.6 519
27.6 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Ð x ffi
1. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx. This can be done with trigonometric pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
9ÿx2 x 9 ÿ x2 x 2
substitutions but it is much easier to do the follow- ¼2 1ÿ2
3 3 3
ing. Let u ¼ 9 ÿ x2 ; du ¼ ÿ2x dx so x dx ¼ ÿ 12 du. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
2

Substituting yields ÿ 12 pduffiffiu ¼ ÿ 12 21 u1=2 þ C ¼
Ð 2x 9 ÿ x 2x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1ÿ :
ÿ 9 ÿ x2 þ C. 9 9
Ð dx
2. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ arcsin x þ C. Back substitution yields
9ÿx2 3
Ð x2 " pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx. Let x ¼ 3 sin and dx ¼ 3 cos d. 81 3 ÿ1 x 2x 9 ÿ x2
9ÿx2 sin þ
Substituting produces 4 2 3 9
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! #
ð
ð3 sin Þ2 3 cos d
ð 1 2x 9 ÿ x2 2x2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 9 sin2 d þ 1ÿ
8 9 9
9 ÿ 9 sin2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
1 ÿ cos 2
ð
243 ÿ1 x 81 2x 9 ÿ x
¼9 ¼ sin þ
2 8 3 4 9
ð ð
9 9
9 2x2

¼ 1 d ÿ cos 2 d ÿ
2 2 8 72
9 9 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
9 2x2

¼ ÿ sin 2 þ C: 243 ÿ1 x 9
2 2 2 ¼ sin þ x 9 ÿ x2 ÿ
8 3 2 8 72
Since x ¼ 3 sin , we have sin ¼ 3x and ¼ sinÿ1 3x. p 81 x2

243 ÿ1 x ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
¼ sin þ x 9 ÿ x2 ÿ
Hence sin 2 ¼ 2 sin cos , which yields sin 2 ¼ 8 3 16 8
2
2 3x 9ÿx 3 ¼ 29 x 9 ÿ x2 . Thus, the final answer is pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð
9 x 1 2
5. x3 9 ÿ x2 dx. Again, this can be done using trig
2 arcsin 3 ÿ 2 x 9 ÿ x þ C. substitutions but the following method is easier.
3=2 Let u ¼ 9 ÿ x2 and du ¼ ÿ2x dx, Ðandpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi so x2ffi ¼
ð9 ÿ x2 Þ dx. Let x ¼ 3 sin and dx ¼ 3 cos d.
Ð
4.
9 ÿ u and ÿ 12 du ¼ x dx. Thus, x3 9 ÿ x2 ¼
This produces Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð x 9 ÿ x2 x dx. Now substitute
3=2
9 ÿ 9 sin2
ÿ
3 cos dÞ ð
pffiffiffi

1

ð9 ÿ uÞ u ÿ du
2
ð
3=2
¼ 9 cos2
ÿ
3 cos d
1 pffiffiffi
ð
¼ÿ 9 u ÿ u3=2 du
ð ð
1 þ cos 2 2
2
¼ 81 cos4 d ¼ 81 d 1 2 1 2 5=2
2 ¼ ÿ 9 u3=2 þ u þC
81 ÿ
ð 2 3 25
1 þ 2 cos 2 þ cos2 2 d

¼ 3=2 1 ÿ 5=2
¼ ÿ3 9 ÿ x2 þ 9 ÿ x2
ÿ
4 þC
ð 5
81 1 3=2 1 ÿ
¼ 1 þ 2 cos 2 þ ð1 þ cos 4Þ d ¼ ÿ3 9 ÿ x2
ÿ
þ 9 ÿ x2 9 ÿ x2
ÿ 3=2
þC
4 2 5
ð
81 3 1 15 ÿ 3=2
¼ þ 2 cos 2 þ cos 4 d ¼ÿ 9 ÿ x2
4 2 2 5
81 3

1
1ÿ 3=2
þ 9 ÿ x2 9 ÿ x2
ÿ
¼ þ sin 2 þ sin 4 þ C þC
4 2 8 5
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 3=2
¼ ÿ 9 ÿ x2 6 þ x2 þ C:
ÿ ÿ
ÿ1 x 2
Since ¼ sin 3, then sin ¼ 3x and cos ¼ 9ÿx 3ffi , 5
2
and we have sin 2 ¼ 2 sin cos ¼ 2 3x 9ÿx 3 ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx: Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 9; du ¼ 2x dx or x dx ¼
Ð x
2x 9ÿx2 6.
sin 4 ¼ 2 sin 2 cos 2 ¼ 2 sin cos x2 ÿ9
ÿ 9 1
Substituting yields 12 pduffiffiu ¼ 12 21 u1=2 þ C ¼
Ð
du.
1ÿ 2 sin2

2
x2 ÿ 9 þ C.
Let x ¼ 3 tan and dx ¼ 3 sec2 d. This

Ð dx ffi
Ð dx ffi
x2 ÿ9
. Let x ¼ 3 sec and then dx ¼ 3 sec 12. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ9Ð
.
sec2 d ffi 2
d
gives p3ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 3 sec
Ð Ð
tan d. Substitution into the given integral yields 9 tan2 þ9 3 sec p¼ sec d ¼
Ð 3 sec tan ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ9
ffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d ¼ 3 sec tan d ¼ sec d ¼
Ð Ð
2
9 sec ÿ9 3 tan ln j sec þ tan j þ C ¼ ln
3 þ 3x þ C ¼
ln j sec þ tan j þ C. Since sec ¼ 3x and tan ¼ ln x2 þ 9 þ x þ K where K ¼ C ÿ ln 3.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi
x2 ÿ9 x2 ÿ9

3 , the answer is ln 3 þ þ C ¼ ln 13 x þ 1
Ð dx x
13. x2 þ9 ¼ 3 arctan 3 þ C.

3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 ÿ 9 þ C ¼ ln 13 þ ln x þ x2 ÿ 9 þ C or Ð x2
14. x2 þ9 dx. Let x ¼ 3 tan and d ¼ 3 sec d.
ln xþ x2 ÿ 9 þ k where k ¼ C þ ln 13 ¼ C ÿ ln 3.
Ð x3 Substituting this into the given integral produces
8. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx. Once again we use a substitution but do
x2 ÿ9
Ð 9 tan2 Ð tan2
3 sec2 d ¼ 99 sec 2
2 3 sec d ¼
not need trigonometric functions. Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 2
Ð 9 tan þ9 Ð Ð
9; du ¼ 2x dx or 12 du ¼ x dx also u ¼ x2 ÿ 9 yields 3 tan d ¼ 3 ðsec ÿ 1Þd ¼ 3 sec2 ÿ
2 2
3 d ¼ 3 tan ÿ 3 þ C ¼ 3 3x ÿ 3 tanÿ1 3x þ C ¼
Ð
x2 ¼ u þ 9
x ÿ 3 tanÿ1 3x þ C.
x3
ð 2
1 ðu þ 9Þdu
ð ð
x x dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi Ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 ÿ 9 2 2 u
ð x ÿ 9 15. x 9 þ x2 dx. Let u ¼ 9 þ x2 and du ¼ 2x dx or
1 pffiffiffi

9 1 2
¼ u þ pffiffiffi du 2 du ¼ x dx. Thus, x ¼ u ÿ 9. Substituting pffiffiffi
these
2 u
in the given integral yields 12 ðuÿ 9Þ u du ¼
Ð
1 2 3=2 1 2
¼ u þ 9 u1=2 þ C 1
Ð ÿ 3=2
2 3 2 1 2 u ÿ 9u1=2 du ¼ 12 25 u5=2 ÿ 92 23 u3=2 þ C ¼
1ÿ 2 1 5=2
ÿ3u3=2 þC ¼ 15 uu3=2 ÿ3u3=2¼ 15 ð9 þ x2 Þ
5u
3=2
¼ x ÿ9
3 3=2 3=2 2
ð9 þ x2 Þ ÿ3ð9 þ x2 Þ ¼ x 5ÿ6 ð9 þ x2 Þ .
3=2
1=2
þ 9 x2 ÿ þ9
ÿ
þC Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
1ÿ 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 16. 1ÿx2
x2 dx. Let x ¼psin and dx ¼ cos d. Substi-
¼ x ÿ 9 x2 ÿ 9 Ð ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1ÿsin2 Ð 2
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tution yields cos d ¼ cos d ¼
sin2 sin2
þ 9 x2 ÿ 9 þ C Ð
cot2 d ¼ ðcsc2 ÿ 1Þd ¼ ÿ cot ÿ þ C;
Ð
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x
¼ sinÿ1 x; cot ¼ 1ÿx
2
¼ þ6 x2 ÿ 9 þ C
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x . The final answer is
3 2 ÿ1
ÿ 1ÿx x ÿ sin x þ C.
1=2 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
ðx2 ÿ 9Þ dx ¼
Ð
9. x2 ÿ 9 dx. Let x ¼ 3 sec , 17. 4ÿ3x2
dx. Let 3x ¼ 2 sin , so x ¼ p2ffiffi3 sin and
x4
then dx ¼ 3 sec tan d. Substituting yields
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ p2ffiffi3 cos d. Substitution produces
9 sec2 ÿ 9 3 sec tan d ¼ 9 tan2 sec
Ð
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
d ¼ 9 ðsec2 ÿ 1Þ sec d ¼ 9 ðsec3 ÿ
Ð Ð
4 ÿ 4 sin2 2
4 pffiffiffi cos d
sec Þd ¼ 9 sec2 d ÿ 9 sec d. The first inte-
Ð Ð
p2ffiffi sin 3
gral is example 20.50 and the second is a formula. 3
ð 2 cos p2ffiffi cos d
They yield 9 12 sec tan þ 12 ln j sec þ tan jÿ 3
¼ 16 4
ln j sec þ tan j ¼ 92 sec tan ÿ 92 ln jpsec ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9 sin
2
þ tan j. Since sec ¼ 3x and tan ¼ x3ÿ9, we get 4 9 cos 2
ð
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi d
ðx hÿ 9Þ1=2 dx ¼ 92 3x x3ÿ9 ÿ 92 ln i3x þ x3ÿ9 þ K
2 2
3 16 sin4
Ð 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi ð
¼ 12 x x2 ÿ 9 ÿ 9 ln x þ x2 ÿ 9 þ C where 3 3
¼ csc2 cot2 d
C ¼ K ÿ 92 ln 3. 4
pffiffiffi
Ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ3 3 1 3
10. x x2 ÿ 9 dx; Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 9; du ¼ 2x dx so ¼ cot þ C
4 3
x dx ¼ 12 du and x2 ¼ u þ 9. Substituting, we get pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!3
1
pffiffiffi 1
Ð ÿ 3=2 ÿ 3 4 ÿ 3x2
u þ 9u1=2 du ¼ 13 25 u5=2 þ
Ð
2 ðu þ 9Þ u du ¼ 2
¼ pffiffiffi þC
5=2 3=2
4 3x
9 2 3=2 6þx2
23u þ C ¼ 15 ðx2 ÿ 9Þ þ3ðx2 ÿ 9Þ ¼ 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 3=2 1 ð 4 ÿ 3x2 Þ3
ðx ÿ 9Þ þ C. ¼ÿ þC
12 x3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx. Letting u ¼ x2 þ 9 and du ¼ 2x dx, pro-
Ð x
11. 3=2
x2 þ9 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ð4 ÿ 3x2 Þ
¼ÿ þC
duces 12 pduffiffiu ¼ 12 21 u1=2 þ C ¼ x2 þ 9 þ C. 12 x3
SECTION 27.6 521
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4x2 ÿ9
18. x3 dx. Let 2x ¼ 3 sec , then x ¼ 34 sec and 1
d ¼ 6p1 ffiffi3 cos d ¼ 6p1 ffiffi3 sin þ C
Ð Ð
3 2 sec
dx ¼ 2 sec tan d. Substituting we get pffiffi
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 6p1 ffiffi3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ffi 3
þ C ¼ 6pxffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ C.
9 sec2 ÿ 9 3 x2 þ2 3x2 þ6
27
sec tan d Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sec2 2 x2 þ1
ffi
2
ð8 21. x2 dx. Let x ¼ tan and dx ¼ sec . Then
8 3 tan 3 p
¼ sec tan d ð ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
tan2 þ 1 2
ffi ð
sec
27 sec2 2 sec d ¼ sec2 d
tan 2 tan2
8 tan2 d 4 sec2 ÿ 1
ð ð
¼ ¼ d ð
sec3
ð
ð1 þ tan2 Þ sec
6 sec2 3 sec2 ¼ d ¼ d
4
ð
1

4 ÿ
ð tan2 tan2
1 ÿ cos2 d

¼ 1ÿ d ¼ ð
sec
ð
3 sec2 3 ¼ þ sec d
4
ð
4 1 ÿ cos 2
ð tan2
¼ sin2 d ¼ d ð 1 ð
3 3 2 ¼ cos2 d þ sec d
4 1 4 1 sin
2
¼ ÿ sin 2 þ C ð cos
3 2 3 4 cos
ð
2 sin 2 ¼ d þ sec d
¼ ÿ þC sin2
3 3
¼ ÿðsin Þÿ1 þ ln j sec þ tan j þ C
2 2x 2 sin cos pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ secÿ1 ÿ þC x2 þ 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3 3 3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ÿ þ ln x2 þ 1 þ x þ C
2 2x 2 4x2 ÿ 9 3 x
¼ secÿ1 ÿ þC
3 3 3pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2x 2x
Ð dx
ÿ
22. ffi dx ¼ arcsin xÿ1 2 þC
2 ÿ1 2x 4x2 ÿ 9 4ÿðxÿ1Þ 2
¼ sec ÿ þC
3 3 2x2 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
23. 4 ÿ ðx ÿ 1Þ2 dx. Here we have a ¼ 2 and
19.
Ð x3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx; u ¼ 3x; 3x ¼ 2 tan and so x ¼ 2 tan ; u ¼ x ÿ 1. Let x ÿ 1 ¼ 2 sin , then x ¼
9x2 þ4 3
2 sin þ 1 and dx ¼ 2 cos d. Substitution yields
and dx ¼ 23 sec2 d. Substituting these values in Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 ÿ 4 sin2 ð2 cos Þ d ¼ ð2 cos Þð2 cos Þ
Ð
the given integral produces
d ¼ 4 cos2 d ¼ 4 1þcos 2
Ð Ð Ð
ÿ2 3 2 d ¼ 2 ð1 þ cos 2Þ
3 tan d þ 2 þ sin 2 þ C. Thus ¼ sinÿ1 xÿ1
ð
2 2 2 and using
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sec d pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
2 3 4ÿðxÿ1Þ
ð2 tan Þ þ 4 the identity sin 2 ¼ 2 sin cos ¼ 2 2 xÿ1
2
ð 16 3 p
tan sec2 ÿ ðxÿ1Þ 4ÿðxÿ1Þ2ffi
ÿ1 xÿ1
¼ 81 d so the answer is 2 sin 2 þ 2 þC
2 sec
ffi. Let x ÿ 1 ¼ 2 tan , then dx ¼ 2 sec2
ð Ð dx
8 24.
¼ tan3 sec d 4ÿðxÿ1Þ 2
81
ð d. Substituting produces
8
tan sec2 ÿ 1 sec d
ÿ
¼
2 sec2 d 2 sec2 d
ð ð ð
81
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ¼ sec d
8 ÿ 4 þ 4 tan2 2 sec
tan sec3 ÿ tan sec d

¼
81 ¼ ln sec þ tan j þ C

8 1 3 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ sec ÿ sec þ C 4 þ ðx ÿ 1Þ
2
81 3 ¼
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!3 2
3
8 41 9x2 þ 4 9x2 þ 4 5
¼ ÿ þC x ÿ 1
81 3 2 2 þ þC
2
1 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ ð9x2 þ 4Þ3 ÿ 9x2 þ 4 þ C
243 81
Ð dx 1
Ð dx pffiffiffi
20. ¼ 33=2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 . Let x ¼ 2 tan and
ð3x2 þ6Þ3=2 x 2 þ2
pffiffiffi 2
dx ¼ 2 sec . Substituting we get ÿ 3p1 ffiffi3
Ð pffiffi2 sec2 Ð pffiffi 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3ffi d ¼ p1 ffiffi pffiffi2 sec 3 d ¼ p1 ffiffi
2
ð2 tan þ2Þ 3 3 ð 2 sec Þ 3 3
Ð dx
25. 2
ffi dx. Let x ÿ 1 ¼ 2 sec and dx ¼ 2 sec ð ð
ðxÿ1Þ ÿ4
¼ 4 sec3 d ÿ 4 sec d
tan d. Then, you get

ð
sec tan d
ð
2 sec tan d 1 1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ¼ 4 sec tan þ ln j sec þ tan j
2 2 tan 2 2
ð2 sec Þ ÿ 4
ð ÿ4 ln j sec þ tan j þ C
¼ sec d
1
¼ ln j sec þ tan j þ C ¼ 4 sec tan
2

x ÿ 1 1

¼ ln ÿ ln j sec þ tan j þ C
2 2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðx ÿ 1Þ2 ÿ 4
xÿ1 x2 ÿ 2x ÿ 3
þ þC ¼2
2 2 2
x ÿ 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

1
x2 ÿ 2x ÿ 3
ÿ 2 ln þ þC

¼ ln x ÿ 1 2 2
2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ ðx ÿ 1Þ2 ÿ 4 þ C ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þ x2 ÿ 2x ÿ 3
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

ÿ 2 ln x ÿ 1 þ x2 ÿ 2x ÿ 3 þ K

¼ ln x ÿ 1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where K ¼ C þ ln 2.
þ ðx ÿ 1Þ2 ÿ 4 þ K
Ð dx
Ð dx dx
Ð
28. ¼ ¼ 3=2 .
where K ¼ C ÿ ln 2. ðx2 ÿ2xþ10Þ3=2 ½ðx2 ÿ2xþ1Þþ93=2
½ðxÿ1Þ2 þ9
26. Completing the square gives x2 ÿ 2x þ 5 ¼ x2 ÿ Here u ¼ x ÿ 1 and a ¼ 3. Let x ÿ 1 ¼ 3 tan and
2x þ 1 þ 4 ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þ2 þ 4. Thus, the given dx ¼ 3 sec2 d. Then,
Ð 3 sec2 d
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3=2 ¼
Ð½
ð3 tan Þ2 þ9
integral can be written as x2 ÿ 2x þ 5 dx ¼ Ð 3 sec2 d Ð d 1 1 1
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 27 sec2 ¼ 9 sec ¼ 9 cos ¼ 9 sin þ C ¼ 9
ðx ÿ 1Þ þ 4 dx. If we let x ÿ 1 ¼ 2 tan then
xÿ1
dx ¼ 2 sec2 d. Substitution yields
x2 ÿ2xþ10
þ C.
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð2 tan Þ2 þ 4ð2 sec2 Þ d ¼ ð2 sec Þ
Ð
Ð dx
Ð dx
29. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðxÿ3Þ x2 ÿ6xþ25
¼ 2
. Here u ¼
ðxÿ3Þ ðxÿ3Þ þ16

ð2 sec2 Þ d ¼ 4 sec3 d ¼ 4 12 sec tan þ
Ð
2 x ÿ 3 and a ¼ 4. Let x ÿ 3 ¼ 4 tan , so dx ¼
1
2 ln j sec þ tan j þ C ¼ 2 x ÿ2xþ5
2 xÿ12 þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p 4 sec2 d. Then, 4psec 2
d
Ð
2
x ÿ2xþ5

xÿ1 1
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
2 ln
2 þ 2 þ C ¼ 2 x ÿ 2x þ 5ðxÿ1Þ 4 tan ð4 tan Þ2 þ16
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 4 sec2 d 1 sec
Ð 1
Ð 1 1
Ð
4 tan 4 sec ¼ 4 tan d ¼ 4 sin ¼ 4 csc d ¼

þ2 ln x2 ÿ 2x þ 5 þ x ÿ 1 þ K where K ¼
C ÿ ln 2. x2 ÿ6xþ25 ÿ 4 þ
1 1

4 ln j csc ÿ cot j þ C ¼ 4 ln xÿ3 xÿ3
27. Completing the square produces xÐ 2p ÿ2x ÿ 3 ¼ x2 ÿ 2
C ¼ 14 ln x ÿ6xþ25 ÿ4

2
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi xÿ3 þ C.
2xþ1 ÿ4 ¼ ðx ÿ 1Þ ÿ 4. Thus 2
x ÿ 2x ÿ 3 dx
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðx ÿ 1Þ2 ÿ 4 dx. Let x ÿ 1 ¼ 2 sec , then Let u ¼ x2 ÿ 6x þ 25, and then
Ð xÿ3
¼ 30. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx.
x2 ÿ6xþ25
dx ¼ 2 sec tan d. Substitution gives du ¼ ð2x ÿ 6Þdx or 12 du ¼ ðx ÿ 3Þdx. Substitution
yields 12 pduffiffiu ¼ 12 21 u1=2 ¼ u1=2 þ C ¼
ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð
ð2 sec Þ2 ÿ 4ð2 sec tan Þ d pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð x2 ÿ 6x þ 25 þ C.
¼ 2 tan 2 sec tan d 31. Using the trigonometric substitution x ¼ 3 sin ,
ð produces 9 ÿ x2 ¼ 3 cos and dx ¼ 3 cos d.
¼ 4 tan2 sec d
ð
¼ 4 sec2 ÿ 1 sec d
ÿ
SECTION 27.6 523
Let x ¼ 2 tan ; dx ¼ 2 sec2 ; ¼ tanÿ1 2 , and

ÿ
Substituting these values, we obtain 34.
ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi ð x¼3 then x2 þ 4 ¼ 2 sec . Substituting produces
9ÿx 3 cos
dx ¼ 3 cos d ð4 ð x¼4
1 x 2
x¼1 ð3 sin Þ
2 dx 2 sec2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 4
d
4 x2 þ 4
x¼1 ð2 tan Þ 2 sec
ð x¼3
1x
¼ cot2 d ð x¼4
x¼1 1 sec
¼ d
ð x¼3
ÿ 2 16 x¼1 tan4
¼ csc ÿ 1 d 1
ð x¼4
cos3
x¼1 ¼ d
¼ ½ÿ cot ÿ x¼1 x¼3 16 x¼1 sin4
ð x¼4
" pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
x 3 ¼ cot3 csc d
#
9 ÿ x2 16 x¼1
¼ ÿ ÿ arcsin
x 3 1 x¼4 2
ð
1
¼ cot ðcot csc Þ d
¼ ÿ0 ÿ 16 x¼1
2 1
ð x¼4
ÿ 2
ÿ ðÿ2:82843 ÿ 0:33984Þ ¼ csc ÿ 1
16 x¼1
1:59747 ðcot csc Þ d
x¼4

1 1
32. Let x ¼ 8 sin , so ¼ arcsin pxffiffi8 ; dx ¼ 8 cos ¼ ÿ csc3 þ csc
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi 16 3 x¼1
d and 8 ÿ x2 ¼ 8 cos . Substituting in the
csc csc3
x¼4
given integral produces ¼ ÿ
16 48 x¼1
ð2 ð x¼2 pffiffiffi "pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dx 8 cos d 3=2 4
#
¼ pffiffiffi x2 þ 4 ðx2 þ 4Þ
2
1 ð8 ÿ x Þ
3=2
x¼1 ð 8 cos Þ
3 ¼ ÿ
16x 48x3
ð x¼2 "pffiffiffiffiffi 1
d #
¼ pffiffiffi 20 ð20Þ3=2
x¼1 ð 8 cos Þ2 ¼ ÿ
ð x¼2 64 3072
1 "pffiffiffi
¼ sec2 d
#
8 x¼1 5 ð5Þ3=2
ÿ ÿ
x¼2 16 48
1
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
¼ tan
8 2 5 40 5 5 5 5
x¼1 ¼ ÿ ÿ þ
1 x 2
64pffiffiffi 3072 16 48
¼ p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi 23 5
8 8 ÿ x2 1 ¼ 0:1339
384
1 2 1 1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ ÿ pffiffiffi ¼ ÿ pffiffiffi
8 2 7 8 8 7 35. Let x ¼ 6 sin ; dx ¼ 6 cosÿ d; 36 ÿ x2 ¼
0:0778 6 cos , and ¼ arcsin 6 . Thus, when x ¼
0; ¼ 0 and when x ¼ 6; ¼ 2. Then
Let x ¼ 2 sec ; ¼ sec1ÿ 2 , and dx ¼
ÿ
33. ð 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð =2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 36 ÿ x2 dx ¼ ð6 sin Þ2
2 sec tan d so that x2 ÿ 4 ¼ 2 tan . Then 0 0
ð8
dx
ð x¼8
2 sec tan d xð6 cos Þð6 cos Þ d
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ð =2
4x x ÿ42 x¼4 2 sec 2 tan
x¼8 ¼ 1296 sin2 cos2 d
1 x¼8 0
ð
1
¼ d ¼ ð =2
2 x¼4 2 x¼4 ¼ 324 sin2 2d
8 0
1 x

¼ secÿ1 ð =2
2 2 4 ¼ 162 ð1 ÿ cos 2Þ d
1ÿ 0
¼ secÿ1 4 ÿ secÿ1 2

=2
2 1
¼ 162 ÿ sin 2
0:1355 2 0
¼ 81 254:4690
36. Let x ¼ 3 sin ; dx ¼ 3 cos , and ¼ arcsin 3 .

ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi 10 101 pþlnð 101 þ10Þÿlnð 101 ÿ10Þ ¼ 5 101
Then, when x ¼ 0; ¼ 0 and when x ¼ 1:5 3; ffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiþ10 51:7485.
þ 14 ln p101
¼ 3. Substituting produces 101ÿ10
Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 1:5pffiffi3 2 39. The area described is 0 9 þ x2 dx. Let x ¼ 3 tan
ð3 sin Þ2
ð =3
x dx Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 3 cos d
ffi
3 cos and dx ¼ 3 sec2 d. Then, 9 þ 9 tan2
0 9 ÿ x2 0
ð3 sec2 Þ d ¼ ð3 sec Þð3 sec2 Þ d ¼ 9
Ð R
ð =3
¼9 sin2 d

sec3 d ¼ 9 12 sec tan þ 12 ln j sec þ tan j ¼
0
ð =3 hpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i hpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i4
9þx2 x 9þx2
9 x

9 5 4
9 þ ln þ 3 or, we get, 2 3 3 þ
¼ ð1 ÿ cos 2Þ d 2 3 3 3
2 0 0
=3 ln j 53 þ 43 j ÿ 33 03 ÿ ln j 33 j ¼ 92 20 9 þ ln j3jÿ
9 1
ÿ sin 2
¼ 0 ÿ 0 ¼ 5 þ 92 ln 3 or 5 þ ln 39=2 9:9438.
2 2
pffiffiffi 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
9 1 3 40. Since ðxÞ ¼ 108 ÿ 3x2 , then the mass is m ¼
¼ ÿ Ð 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi Ð 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 3 2 2 108 ÿ 3x2 dx ¼ 3 0 36 ÿ x2 dx. Let x ¼
pffiffiffi 0
3 9 3
¼ ÿ 2:76383 6 sin and dx ¼ 6 cos d. Substituting these into
2 8 pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the original integral gives 3 36 ÿ 36 sin2
x3
Ð 3 x2 dx pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffi
37. The area under pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16ÿx2
from 0 to 3 is 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16ÿx2
. Let 6 cos d ¼ 3 ð6 cos Þð6 cos Þ d ¼ 36 3
pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffi
cos2 d ¼ 36 3 1þcos 2
Ð
x ¼ 4 sin , then dx ¼ 4 cos d. Substituting gives 2 d ¼ 18 3½ þ
p pffiffiffi
¼ 18 3½ þ sin cos ¼ 18 3 sinÿ1 6x
1
ffiffi
ffi
ð4 sin Þ3 ð4 cos Þ d 2 sin 2
ð
2 6
þ 6x 36ÿx
6 0 ¼ 18 3 2 þ 0 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 ¼ 9 3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16 ÿ ð4 sin Þ2 48:9726.
64 sin3 4 cos
ð
2
x2
¼ 41. To find the desired area we first solve 25 þ y4 ¼ 1
ð 4 cos 2
for y : y4 ¼ 1 ÿ 25
x 2
y2 ¼ 4x 2
or y ¼ 100ÿ4x 2 2
qso ffi 4 ÿp25
ð
25
¼ 64 sin3 d ¼ 64 1 ÿ cos2 sin d
ÿ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
and we get y ¼ 100ÿ4x 25 ¼ 25 25 ÿ x2 . We also
ÿ1=2 ÿ1=2

1 need y0 ¼ 25 ð25 ÿ x2 Þ 12 2x ¼ 25 xð25ÿx2 Þ ¼
¼ 64 ÿ cos þ cos3
3 2x 02 4x 2
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi33 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5 25ÿx2
. Thus, y ¼ 25ð25ÿx2 Þ and so
3
1 16 ÿ x2 16 ÿ x2 5 ð5
¼ 644 ÿ S¼
2y 1 þ y02 dx
3 4 4
0 ÿ5
1 pffiffiffi3 pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffisffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð5 ffi
2 4x 2
¼ 7 ÿ 16 7 ÿ 43 þ 16 4 ¼ 2 25 ÿ x2 1þ dx
3 3 ÿ5 5 25ð25 ÿ x2 Þ
¼ ð7 7 ÿ 48 7 ÿ 64 þ 192Þ
s ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 625 ÿ 21x2
ð5
3 ¼ 2 25 ÿ x dx
1 pffiffiffi 5 25ð25 ÿ x2 Þ
¼ ð128 ÿ 41 7Þ 6:5080654 ÿ5
3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 1 625 ÿ 21x2
ð5
¼ 2 25 ÿ x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx
38. y ¼ 10x ÿ x2 is above the x-axis between 0 and 10 ÿ5 5 5 25 ÿ x2
and y0 ¼ 10 ÿ 2x. The arc length is 4
ð 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 10 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 10 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 625 ÿ 21x2 dx:
0 1 þ ð10 ÿ 2xÞ2 dx ¼ 0 1 þ ð2x ÿ 10Þ2 dx. 25 ÿ5
Let u ¼ 2x ÿ 10 ¼ tan ; x ÿ 5 ¼ 12 tan so dx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 2 If you let 21x ¼ 25 sin , then dx ¼ p25ffiffiffi 21
ffi cos d:
1 2
2 sec d. Thus, 1 þ tan2 2 sec d ¼
1 2 1
sec 2 sec d ¼ 2 sec3 d. As in Example
Ð Ð

28.50, this is 12 12 sec tan þ 12 ln j sec þ tan j ¼
hpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
ffi
4 1 þ ð2x ÿ 10Þ2 ð2x ÿ 10Þ þ
ln j 1 þ ð2x ÿ 10Þ2 þ 2x ÿ 1010
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
0 ¼ 4 10 101 þ
SECTION 27.6 525
Substitution gives from t ¼ 0:5 to ti¼ 1, we have i ¼ 19

hSo ÿp ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 1
ln 1 þ t2 þ t ÿ 1þt 0:1829 A
ð
4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 25 t
625 ÿ 625 sin2 pffiffiffiffiffi cos d 0:5
25 21
ð 44. Since the tank is a cylinder of height 10 ft, the
4 25
¼ 25 cos pffiffiffiffiffi cos d volume will be V ¼ 10B where B is the area of
25 21 the cross-section of oil in the tank. For a depth
100 1 þ cos 2
ð ð
100 2 of 2:5 ft, we integrate with respect to t from ÿ3
¼ cos d ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi d Ð ÿ0:5 pffiffiffi
25 21 2 Ð ÿ0:5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
to ÿ0:5:B ¼ 2 ÿ3 x dy ¼ 2 ÿ3 2 9 ÿ y2 dy
50 1 50 Ð ÿ0:5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi þ sin 2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi ½ þ sin cos ¼ 4 ÿ3 9 ÿ y2 dy. Let y ¼ 3 sin and dy ¼
21 2 21
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 3 cos . Then the integral becomes
50 21 x 21 x
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi sinÿ1 þ ð ÿ0:5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
21 25 25
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi#5 B¼4 9 ÿ y2 dy
625 ÿ 21x2 ÿ3
ð y¼ÿ0:5
25 ¼4 ð3 cos Þð3 cos Þd
pffiffiffiffiffiÿ5 y¼ÿ3
50 ÿ1 21 ð y¼ÿ0:5
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi sin
21 5 ¼ 36 cos2 d
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi# y¼ÿ3
21 5 625 ÿ 21 25 ð y¼ÿ0:5
þ ð2Þ
625 ¼ 18 ð1 þ cos 2Þd
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi y¼ÿ3
100 21 21 50
1
y¼ÿ0:5
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi sinÿ1 þ ¼ 18 þ sin 2
21 5 625 2
pffiffiffiffiffi y¼ÿ3
100 50 100 ÿ1 21
¼ þ pffiffiffiffiffi sin ¼ 18½ þ sin cos y¼ÿ0:5
y¼ÿ3
625 21 5
pffiffiffiffiffi
100 21 Substituting
p sin ¼ 3y ; ¼ arcsin 3y, and cos ¼
¼ 8 þ pffiffiffiffiffi sinÿ1 104:6073:
9ÿy 2
21 5 3 produces
y pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi!ÿ0:5
42. Charge is the integral of the current. As a result, we y 9 ÿ y2
Ð 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi B ¼ 18 arcsin þ 18
3 3 3

have 0 t t þ 2 dt. Let u ¼ t þ 2 with du ¼ dt and
ÿ3
Ð pffiffiffi
t ¼ u ÿ 2. Substituting we get ðu ÿ 2Þ u ¼ y pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiÿ0:5
2
¼ 18 arcsin þ 2y 9 ÿ y ÿ3
u ÿ 2u1=2 du ¼ 25 u5=2 ÿ 43 u3=2 ¼ 25 ðt þ 2Þ5=2 ÿ 3
Ð 3=2

1 ÿ0:5
ðt þ 2Þ3=2 ¼ 2 ð3Þ5=2 ÿ 4 ð3Þ3=2 ÿ 2 ð2Þ5=2 þ
4
3 0 5 3 5 ¼ 18 arcsin þ 2ðÿ0:5Þ 9 ÿ ðÿ0:5Þ2
4 3=2
3
3 ð2Þ 0:8157:
ÿ3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 18 arcsin þ 2ðÿ3Þ 9 ÿ ðÿ3Þ2
43. Let u ¼ t ¼ tan and du ¼ dt ¼ sec2 d. Then 3
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ðÿ3:01407 ÿ 2:95804Þ ÿ ðÿ9 þ 0Þ
t2 þ 1 tan2 þ 1 2
dt ¼ sec d ¼ 9 ÿ 5:97211 22:30223
9t2 9 tan2
1 sec3 Thus, the volume of oil in the tank is 10B ¼
ð ð
1
¼ d ¼ csc2 sec d 223:022 ft3 .
9 tan2 9
ð
1 ÿ
1 þ cot2 sec d

¼
9
ð
1 cos
¼ sec þ 2 d
9 sin
1 h i
¼ lnj sec þ tan j ÿ ðsin Þÿ1
9"
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
#
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
1 þ t2
¼ ln 1þt þt ÿ
9 t
27.7 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

3
x sinÿ1 x2 dx ¼ 12 x2 sinÿ1 x2 ÿ
Ð Ð Ð x ffi
1. x ln x dx. Completing the table, we get Hence, pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1ÿx2
dx.
4
u ¼ lnx v ¼ 12 x2 For the second integral let w ¼ 1 ÿ x ; dw ¼
ÿ4x3 dx or 14 dw ¼ ÿx3 dx. Substituting, we get
du ¼ 1x dx dv ¼ x dx 1 2 ÿ1 2
x ÿ
Ð x3 1 2 ÿ1 2
x ÿ 14 pdwffiffiwffi ¼ 12
Ð
2 x sin 1ÿx2 dx ¼ 2 x sin
x2 sinÿ1 x2 ÿ 14 wÿ1=2 dw ¼ 12 x2 sinÿ1 x2 þ 12 w1=2 þ
Ð Ð
Thus, using the table, we obtain x ln x dx ¼
4 1=2
1 2
C ¼ 12 x2 sinÿ1 x2 þ
Ð1 2 1 1 2 1
Ð
1
2 x ln x ÿ 2 x x dx ¼ 2 x ln x ÿ 2 x dx ¼ 2 ð1 ÿ x Þ þ C. The final
1 2
2x ln x ÿ 1 2
4x þ C or 1 2
2 x ðln x ÿ 1
2Þ þ C. answer is 2 x sin ix þ 2 ð1 ÿ x4 Þ1=2
1 2 ÿ1 2 1
þC ¼
h
ÿ1 2
1 2
2 x sin x þ 1 ÿ x4 þ C.
tanÿ1 x dx
Ð
2.
u ¼ tanÿ1 x
Ð
v¼x 8. x2 sin x dx
1
du ¼ 1þx 2 dx dv ¼ dx u ¼ x2 v ¼ ÿ cos x
du ¼ 2x dx dv ¼ sin x dx
Thus, tan x dx ¼ x tanÿ1 x ÿ
ÿ1 ÿ1
Ð Ð x dx
1þx2 ¼ x tan xÿ
1 2
2 lnð1 þ x Þ þ C.
Ð 2
From the Ð table, we see that x sin x dx ¼
2
Ð ÿx cos xþ 2x cos x dx. We now use a second table.
3. x sin 2x dx
u ¼ 2x v ¼ sin x
u¼x v ¼ ÿ 12 cos 2x
du ¼ 2 dx dv ¼ cos x dx
du ¼ dx dv ¼ sin 2x dx
Hence, Ðÿx2 cos xþ 2x cos x dx ¼ ÿx2 cos x þ 2x
Ð
Ð
Using the table, we see that x sin 2x dx ¼ sin x ÿ 2 sin x dx ¼ ÿx2 cos x þ 2x sin x ÿ 2 cos x
ÿ 12 x cos 2x ÿ ÿ 12 cos 2x dx ¼ ÿ 12 x cos 2x þ
Ð
þ C ¼ 2x sin x ÿ ðx2 þ 2Þ cos x þ C.
1
4 sin 2x þ C.
Ð 3 2x
9. x e dx
Ð 5
4. x ln x dx u ¼ x3 v ¼ 12 e2x
1 6
u ¼ lnx v¼ 6x du ¼ 3x2 dx dv ¼ e2x dx
du ¼ 1x dx dv ¼ x5 dx So, x e dx ¼ 12 x3 e2x ÿ 32 x2 e2x dx. Using a sec-
Ð 3 2x Ð
Thus, we have x5 ln x dx ¼ 16 x6 ln x ÿ 16 x5 dx ¼
Ð Ð ond table produces
1 6 1 6 1 6
1

6 x ln x ÿ 36 x þ C ¼ 6 x ln x ÿ 6 þ C. u ¼ x2 v ¼ 12 e2x
Ð 2 du ¼ 2x dx dv ¼ e2x dx
5. x ln x dx
u ¼ ln x v ¼ 13 x3 Combined with the Ðresult from the first table, this
produces 12 x3 e2x ÿ 32 x2 e2x dx ¼ 12 x3 e2x ÿ
du ¼ 1x dx du ¼ x2 dx

3 1 2 2x
Ð 2x
2 2 x e ÿ xe dx . A third table produces
Thus, from the table, we see that x2 ln x dx ¼

Ð
u¼x v ¼ 12 e2x
1 3
Ð1 3 1 1 3 1 3
3 x ln x ÿ 3 x x dx ¼ 3 x ln x ÿ 9 x þ C. du ¼ dx dv ¼ e2x dx
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6. x 1 þ x dx. Let u ¼ 1 þ x, then du ¼ dx and When combined with the previous result, this yields
xÐ ¼ u ÿ 1. pffiffiffiWe can
Ð ÿ rewrite the
given integral as 1 3 2x
3 1 2 2x
Ð
2x 1 3 2x 3 2 2x
2 x e ÿ 2 2 x e ÿ xe dx ¼ 2 x e ÿ 4 x e þ
ðu ÿ 1Þ u du ¼ u3=2 ÿu1=2 du ¼ 25 u5=2 ÿ 23 u3=2 þ 3 2x
Ð 1 2x 1 3 2x 3 2 2x 3 2x
C ¼ 25 ð1 þ xÞ5=2 ÿ 23 ð1 þ xÞ3=2 þ C ¼ 25 ð1 þ xÞð1 þ 4 xe ÿ 2 e dx ¼ 2 x e ÿ 4 x e þ 4 xe ÿ
1 2x
ÿ
2x 1 3 3 2 3 1

xÞ3=2 ÿ 23 ð1þ xÞ3=2 þ C ¼ 15 ð3x ÿ 2Þð1 þ xÞ3=2 þ C. 4e þ C ¼ e 2x ÿ 4x þ 4x ÿ 4 þ C
2
x tanÿ1 x dx
Ð
7.
Ð
x sinÿ1 x2 dx. 10.
u ¼ sinÿ1 x2 v ¼ 12 x2 u ¼ tanÿ1 x v ¼ 12 x2
1
2x ffi
du ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx dv ¼ x dx du ¼ 1þx 2 dx dv ¼ x dx
1ÿx2
SECTION 27.7 527
x tanÿ1 x dx ¼ 12 x2 tanÿ1 x ÿ 12 x2 1þx 1

e4x sin 2x dx
Ð Ð Ð
2 dx. Now in 14.
the second integral let x ¼ tan and dx ¼ sec d.
Ð tan2 u ¼ e4x v ¼ ÿ 12 cos 2x
Then, we have ÿ 12 x2 1þx 1 1
Ð
2 dx ¼ ÿ 2 1þtan2

sec2 d ¼ ÿ 12 sec
Ð tan2 2 1
Ð
tan2 du ¼ 4e4x dv ¼ sin 2x dx
2 sec d ¼ ÿ 2
d ¼ ÿ 12 ðsec2 ÿ 1Þd ¼ 12 ð1 ÿ sec2 Þd ¼

Ð Ð Ð 4x
This
Ð 4x produces e sin 2x dx ¼ ÿ 12 e4x cos 2x þ
1 1 1 ÿ1
2 ÿ 2 tan þ C ¼ 2 tan x ÿ 12 x þ C. Thus, the 2 e cos 2x. But, we need to use integration by
final answer is 12 x2 tanÿ1 x þ 12 tanÿ1 x ÿ 12 x þ C ¼ parts a second time. Here we get the table
1 ÿ1
2 tan xðx2 þ 1Þ ÿ 12 x þ C. u ¼ 2e4x v ¼ 12 sin 2x
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
11. x 4x þ 1 dx. Let u ¼ 4x þ 1 and du ¼ 4 dx. So, du ¼ 8e4x dv ¼ cos 2x dx
uÿ1
¼ x and 1 du ¼ dx. Thus, the given integral is
Ð 4uÿ1 pffiffiffi 1 4 Thus, we have ÿ 12 e4x cos 2x þ 2 e4x cos 2x ¼
Ð
1
Ð 3=2
4 u 4 dx ¼ 16 u ÿ u1=2 du ¼ 16 1 2 5=2
5u ÿ
ÿ 12 e4x cos 2x þ e4x sin 2x ÿ 4 e4x sin 2x. So,
Ð
h i
5=2 2
2 3=2
þC ¼ 16 1 2
5 ð4xþ1Þ ÿ 3 ð4x þ 1Þ3=2 þ C ¼ 5 e4x sin 2x dx ¼ e4x sin 2x ÿ 12 e4x cos 2x þ C or
Ð
3u
Ð 4x 1 4x
e sin 2x dx ¼ 10 e ½2 sin 2x ÿ cos 2x þ C.
h i
3=2 2
1 2
16 5 ð4x þ 1Þð4x þ 1Þ ÿ 3 ð4x þ 1Þ3=2 þ C ¼
hÿ i Ð x
1 8x 4
3=2
1 24xÿ4 15. e cos x dx
16 5 ÿ 15 ð4x þ 1Þ þ C ¼ 16 15
ð4x þ 1Þ3=2 þ C ¼ 60
1
ð6x ÿ 1Þð4xþ1Þ3=2 þ C. u ¼ ex v ¼ sin x
du ¼ ex dx dv ¼ cos x dx
Ð 2
12. x cos 3x dx
This results in ex cos x dx ¼ ex sin x ÿ ex sin x
Ð Ð
u ¼ x2 v ¼ 13 sin 3x dx. Using integration by parts again produces

du ¼ 2x dx dv ¼ cos 3x dx u ¼ ex v ¼ ÿ cos x
du ¼ ÿex dx dv ¼ sin x dx
Using the Ðtable, we see that x2 cos 3x dx ¼
Ð
1 2
3x sin 3x ÿ 23 x sin 3x. We again use integration Combining thisÐ with the previous result
by parts to determine the second integral. ex sin x ÿ ex sin x dx x x
Ðyields
x
Ð ¼x e sin x þ e x cos x ÿ
e cos x dx. Hence 2 e cos x dx ¼ e sin x þ
u ¼ 23 x v ¼ ÿ 13 cos 3x
ex cos x or ex cos x dx ¼ 12 ex ðsin x þ cos xÞ þ C.
Ð
du ¼ 23 dx dv ¼ sin 3x dx Ð 4 2x
16. x e dx
Thus, 13 x2 sin 3xÿ 23 x sin 3x ¼ 13 x2 sin 3x þ 29 x cos
Ð
u ¼ x4 v ¼ 12 e2x
3x þ ÿ 29 cos 3x dx ¼ 13 x2 sin 3x þ 29 x cos 3x ÿ 27 2
Ð
du ¼ 4x3 dx dv ¼ e2x dx
sin 3x þ C or 19 ½2x cos 3x þ ð3x2 ÿ 23Þ sin 3x þ C.
Thus, x e dx ¼ x4 12 e2x ÿ 2x3 e2x . From Exer-
Ð 4 2x Ð
Ð 2 x=4
13. x e dx
cise #9, we know that
u ¼ x2 v ¼ 4ex=4 ð
1 3 3 3

du ¼ 2x dx dv ¼ ex=4 dx x3 e2x dx ¼ e2x x3 ÿ x2 þ x ÿ þC
2 4 4 8
Thus, x e dx ¼ 4x2 ex=4 ÿ 8xex=4 . Using inte-
Ð 2 x=4 Ð
Using this result, we have
gration by parts a second time, we get the follow- ð
ing table: x4 e2x dx
u ¼ 8x v ¼ 4ex=4 1
ð
du ¼ 8 dx dv ¼ ex=4 dx ¼ x4 e2x ÿ 2 x3 e2x
2
Hence, we get 4x2 ex=4 ÿ 8xex=4 ¼ 4x2 ex=4 ÿ 4 1 2x
Ð
¼x e
32xex=4 þ 32ex=4 dx ¼ 4x2 ex=4 ÿ 32xex=4 þ 2
Ð

2x 1 3 3 2 3 3
128ex=4 þ C ¼ ex=4 ð4x2 ÿ 32x þ 128Þ þ C. ÿ2 e x ÿ x þ xÿ þC
2 4 4 8

1 3 3 3
¼ e2x x4 ÿ x3 þ x2 ÿ x þ þC
2 2 2 4
x2
Rewrite the given integral as x3 cos x2 dx ¼ Hence, Ð eÿx sin x þ sin xeÿx dx ¼ eÿx sinÐ x ÿ eÿx
Ð Ð Ð
17. 2
2x cos x2 dx, and then use integration by parts. cos x ÿ eÿx cos x dx which produces 2 eÿxÐ cos
2 x dx ¼ eÿx sin x ÿ eÿx cos x and means that eÿx
u ¼ x2 v ¼ sin x2 cos x ¼ 12 eÿx ðsin x ÿ cos xÞ þ C.
du ¼ x dx dv ¼ 2x cos x2 dx Ð x
22. x4 dx
x2
sin x2 ÿ x sin x2 ¼
Ð
So the integral equals x
x2 2 1 2
2 u¼x v ¼ ln4 4
2 sin x þ 2 cos x þ C
Ð 2 ÿx du ¼ dx dv ¼ 4x dx
18. x e dx Ð x x4x
Thus, x4 dx ¼ x ln14 4x ÿ ln4 4 dx ¼ ln 1
Ð x
4 ÿ ln 4
u ¼ x2 v ¼ ÿeÿx 1 x 4x
ÿ 1

ln 4 4 þ C ¼ ln 4 x ÿ ln 4 þ C.
du ¼ 2x dx dv ¼ eÿx dx
Ð
23. x cos 4x dx
Hence x2 eÿx dx ¼ ÿx2 eÿx þ 2xeÿx dx. Integrat-
Ð Ð
ing by parts again, u¼x v ¼ 14 sin 4x
u ¼ 2x v ¼ ÿeÿx du ¼ dx dv ¼ cos 4x dx
du ¼ 2 dx dv ¼ eÿx dx Hence, x cos 4x dx ¼ 4x sin 4x ÿ 14 sin 4x dx ¼
Ð Ð
x 1
Thus, ÿx2 eÿx ÿ 2xeÿx þ 2eÿx dx ¼ ÿx2 eÿx ÿ 4 sin 4x þ 16 cos 4x þ C.
Ð
2xeÿx ÿ 2eÿx þ C ¼ ÿeÿx ðx2 þ 2x þ 2Þ þ C.

Ð 4x
24. e cos 2x dx
Ð 3 ÿx
19. x e dx
u ¼ e4x v ¼ 12 sin 2x
3 ÿx
u¼x v ¼ ÿe
du ¼ 4e4x dv ¼ cos 2x dx
du ¼ 3x2 dx dv ¼ eÿx dx Ð 4x 1 4x
Thus, we obtain x3 eÿx dx ¼ ÿx3 eÿx þ 3x2 eÿx .
Ð Ð Ð 4x means e cos 2x dx ¼ 2 e sin 2xÿ
Which
2e sin 2x dx. Using integration by parts a sec-
Using integration by parts a second time, we ond time, we get
have the following table.
u ¼ 2e4x v ¼ ÿ 12 cos 2x
u ¼ 3x2 v ¼ ÿeÿx
du ¼ 6x dx dv ¼ eÿx dx du ¼ 8e4x dv ¼ sin 2x dx
CombinedÐ with the earlier result, this produces Combined with the earlier results, we get
1 4x
sin 2x ÿ 2e4x sin 2x dx ¼ 12 e4x sin 2x þ e4x
Ð
ÿx3 eÿx þ 3x2 eÿx ¼ ÿx3 eÿx ÿ 3x2 eÿx þ 6xeÿx . 2e
Ð
cos 2x ÿ 4 e4x cos 2x dx. This leads to 5 e4x cos

Ð Ð
We now use integration by parts a third time.
u ¼ 6x v ¼ ÿeÿx 2x dx ¼ 12 e4x sin 2x þ e4x cos 2x and so, the desired
result is e4x cos 2x dx ¼ 10 1 4x
Ð
du ¼ 6 dx dv ¼ eÿx dx e ðsin 2x þ 2 cos 2xÞ
þ C.
Hence, ÿx3 eÿx ÿ 3x 2 ÿx
e þ 6xeÿx ¼ ÿx3 eÿx ÿ
Ð
Ð =2
3x2 eÿx ÿ 6xeÿx þ 6eÿx ¼ ÿx3 eÿx ÿ 3x2 eÿx ÿ 25. Using the disc method, we see that V ¼ 0
Ð
Ð =2 =2
6xeÿx ÿ6eÿx þ C ¼ ÿeÿx ðx3 þ 3x2 þ 6x þ 6Þ þ C

cos2x dx ¼ 0 1þcos 2x
¼ 12 x þ 14 sin 2x 0 ¼
ÿ 2 2
20.
Ð 2
sin x dx ¼ 1ÿcos
Ð 2x
dx ¼ 12 x ÿ 14 sin 2x þ C or 4 þ 0ÿ 0ÿ0 ¼ 4.
2
1 1
¼ 2 x ÿ 2 sin x cos x þ C. 26. To find this volume, the disc method will lead to an
integral we haven’t worked yet,Ð =2hence we use the
Ð ÿx
21. e cos x dx
shell method, with V ¼ 2 0 x cos x dx. This
u ¼ eÿx v ¼ sin x requires integration by parts, with the following
du ¼ ÿeÿx dx dv ¼ cos x dx table:
Thus, e cos x dx ¼ eÿx sin x þ sin xeÿx dx.
Ð ÿx Ð
u¼x v ¼ sin x
Applying integration by parts again, we have the du ¼ dx dv ¼ cos x dx
following table. Ð =2
Hence, V ¼ 2 0 x cos x dx ¼ 2½x sin xÿ
u ¼ eÿx v ¼ ÿ cos x Ð =2
sin x dx ¼ 2½x sin x þ cos x0 ¼ 2 2 þ

du ¼ ÿeÿx dx dv ¼ sin x dx
0 ÿ 0 ÿ 1 ¼ 2 ÿ 2 ¼ 3:5864.
SECTION 27.7 529
Ð 2 x
27. Charge
Ð is the integral of current. Hence we must With the result that x e dx ¼ x2 ex ÿ 2xex þ
find 4t sin 2t dt. Use the following integration Ð2
2e dx ¼ x2 ex ÿ2xex þ2ex . Thus, m ¼ ÿ1 x2 ex dx ¼
Ð x
by parts table. 2 2
½x2 ex ÿ 2xex þ 2ex ÿ1 ¼ ½ex ðx2 ÿ 2x þ 2Þÿ1 ¼
u ¼ 4t v ¼ ÿ 12 cos 2t
12:9378. Using the above result, we see that x ¼
du ¼ 4 dt dv ¼ sin 2t dt My 20:6642
and y ¼ Mmx ¼ 102:0163
m ¼ 12:9387 ¼ 1:5971 12:9387 ¼ 7:8846.
Ð Ð
Thus, 4t sin 2t dt ¼ ÿ2t cos 2t þ 2 cos 2t dt ¼ sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ÿ2t cos 2t þ sin 2t. Evaluated from 0 to 4 we have 1 1 hpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð i2
30. ÿ1
cos x dx
½ÿ8 cos 8 þ sin 8 ¼ 2:1534 C. 1 0 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð6
28. The total mass is given by m ¼ 0 xeÿx dx. Use the ð1
following integration by parts table. ¼ cosÿ1 x dx
0
u¼x v ¼ ÿeÿx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

¼ x cosÿ1 x ÿ 1 ÿ x2 0
du ¼ dx dv ¼ eÿx dx
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

Hence m ¼
Ð6 ÿx
dx ¼ ÿxeÿx þ eÿx dx ¼
Ð ¼ 10ÿ 0ÿ01þ 1
0 xe pffiffiffi
½ÿxeÿx ÿ eÿx 60 ¼ ÿ6xÿ6 ÿ eÿ6 þ 0 þ e0 ¼ ¼ 1¼1
0:9826 kg.
Ð2 Ð2 31. ÐWork is the integral of force so we get W ¼
29. My ¼ ÿ1 x x2 ex dx ¼ ÿ1 x3 ex dx. From Exercise #9, x3 cos x dx. Using integration by parts, we have
ÿ
we have x e dx ¼ e2x 12 x3 ÿ 34 x2 þ 34 x ÿ 38 þ C.
Ð 3 2x
u ¼ x3 v ¼ sin x
Hence, we see that
ð2 du ¼ 3x2 dx dv ¼ cos x dx
2
x x2 ex dx ¼ ex x3 ÿ 3x2 þ 6x ÿ 6 ÿ1

My ¼ Thus, x cos x dx ¼ x3 sin x ÿ 3x2 sin x dx.
Ð 3 Ð
ÿ1
Using integration by parts again yields
¼ 14:7781 þ 5:8861 ¼ 20:6642
Ð2 2 Ð2 u ¼ ÿ3x2 v ¼ ÿ cos x
Mx ¼ 12 ÿ1 ðx2 ex Þ dx ¼ 12 ÿ1 x4 e2x dx. From Exer-
du ¼ ÿ6x dx dv ¼ sin x dx
cise #16, we know Ð 3
ð Hence,
Ð x cos x dx ¼ x3 sin x þ 3x2 cos xÿ
x4 e2x dx 6x cos x. We need integration by parts one more
time.
1 3 3 3
¼ e2x x4 ÿ x3 þ x2 ÿ x þ þC u ¼ ÿ6x v ¼ sin x
2 2 2 4
du ¼ ÿ6 dx dv ¼ cos x dx
Thus, ð
x3 cos x dx
1 2 ÿ 2 x 2 1 2 4 2x
ð ð
Mx ¼ x e dx ¼ x e dx ¼ x3 sin x þ 3x2 cos x ÿ 6x sin x
2 ÿ1 2 ÿ1 ð
1 2
¼ e2x 2x4 ÿ 4x2 þ 6x2 ÿ 6x þ 3 ÿ1 þ 6 sin x dx
8
15 21 ¼ x3 sin x þ 3x2 cos x ÿ 6x sin x þ 6 cos xj0
=2
¼ e4 ÿ eÿ2 ¼ 102:0163
8 8 3
Ð2 ¼ þ0 ÿ 6 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 þ 0 ÿ 0 ÿ 6
The mass is m ¼ ÿ1 x2 ex dx. Once again, we need 2 2
3
to use integration by parts. ¼ ÿ3 þ 6 0:4510
2
u ¼ x2 v ¼ ex
du ¼ 2x dx dv ¼ ex dx 32. Since v is always positive we need only integrate
vðtÞ from 0 to 1. Expanding, we obtain t5 ð1ÿ
Ð
So, x2 ex dx ¼ x2 ex ÿ 2xex dx. A second applica-
Ð Ð
1=2
t2 Þ1=2 dt ¼ t3 t2 ð1 ÿ t3 Þ dt. Let u ¼ 1 ÿ t3 ,
Ð
tion of integration by parts produces
then t ¼ 1 ÿ u and du ¼ ÿ3t2 dt or ÿ 13 du ¼
3
u ¼ 2x v ¼ ex 1
t2 dt. Substituting we have ð1 ÿ uÞu2 ðÿ 13Þdu ¼
Ð
du ¼ 2 dx dv ¼ ex dx ÿ
ÿ 13 u1=2 ÿ u3=2 du ¼ ÿ 13 23 u3=2 ÿ 25 u5=2 ¼
Ð
1
ÿ 29 u3=2 þ 15
2 5=2
u ¼ ÿ 29 ð1 ÿ t3 Þ þ 15
2
ð1 ÿ t 3 Þ 0 ¼ ðR
2 2 10ÿ6 4 F ¼ 2 r P0 eÿkr dr
9 ÿ 15 ¼ 45 ¼ 45. 0
ðR
33. As in example 28.54 set up the coordinate axis so 1 R P0 ÿkr
¼ ÿ2 P0 reÿkr 0 þ 2 e dr
that (0, 0) is at the center of the road between the k 0 k
R
towers. Since it is a parabola the equation of the

1 P0
main cable fits the form y ¼ 4px2 and contains ¼ 2 P0 reÿkr ÿ 2 2 dÿkr
k k 0
the point (500, 200). Thus, 200 ¼ 4p ð500Þ or
p ¼ 100002
. The equation of the cable is thus ÿ2P0 RkeÿkR ÿ 2P0 eÿkR 2P0
¼ þ 2
k2 k
y ¼ 1250 x2 . Differentiating we get y0 ¼ 625
1 1
x. The ÿkR
Ð 500 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e 2ðkR þ 1ÞP0 2P0
length of the cable is ÿ500 1 þ 625 dx. Evalu-
ÿ x 2 ¼ÿ þ 2
k2 k
Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ x 2 ÐR 2 ÐR
ate this integral as follows: 1 þ 625 ¼ (b) T ¼ 2 0 r PðrÞdr ¼ 2 0 r 2
p R
P eÿkr dr ¼ 2P0 0 r 2 eÿkr dr. Integrating
Ð
Ð R0 2 ÿkr
1
Ð ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
6252 þ x2 . Let x ¼ 625 tan and dx ¼ 625
625
2 1
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 r e dr we will use integration by parts
sec d. This leads to 625 6252 þ252 tan2
twice. The first time produces
625 sec d ¼ 625 625 sec 625 sec2 d ¼
1
Ð
625 sec3 d. Using Example 28.50, u ¼ r2 v ¼ ÿ 1k eÿkr

Ð
we get
hpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
625 625 625þx2
2 ½ sec tan þ ln j sec þ tan j ¼ 2 625 þ du ¼ 2r dr dv ¼ eÿkr dr
x
625þx2
i500
x
625 þ ln þ 625 ¼ 625ð1:02445 þ
2
and we get r 2 eÿkr dr ¼ ÿ rk eÿkr þ 2k reÿkr dr.
625
Ð Ð
ÿ500
lnð2:08062Þ ¼ 625ð1:02445 þ 0:73267Þ. Thus, the The second time we use integration by parts, we
length of the main cable is 625ð1:75712Þ ¼ 1098 ft. have
(a) rðtÞ ¼ r0 ðtÞdt ¼ 3t2 eÿt dt. Integrating by
Ð Ð
34. u ¼ 2k r v ¼ ÿ 1k eÿkr
parts, we use the following
du ¼ 2k dr dv ¼ eÿkr dr
u ¼ 3t2 v ¼ ÿeÿt
du ¼ 6t dt dv ¼ et dt and we get
and so, rðtÞ r 0 ðtÞdt ¼ ÿ3t2 eÿt þ 6teÿt dt. In- r2
Ð Ð ð ð
2r 2
r 2 eÿkr dr ¼ ÿ eÿkr ÿ 2 þ 2 eÿkr dr
tegrating by parts a second time, we use the fol- k k k
lowing table r2 2r 2
¼ ÿ eÿkr ÿ 2 ÿ 3 eÿkr þ C
u ¼ 6t v ¼ ÿeÿt k k k
du ¼ 6 dt dv ¼ eÿt dt Putting the constant multiples and the limits of
integration back in, the result is
and we get rðtÞ r 0 ðtÞdt ¼ ÿ3t2 eÿt þ 6teÿt dt ¼
Ð Ð
ðR
ÿ3t2 eÿt ÿ 6teÿt þ 6 dt ¼ ÿ3t2 eÿt ÿ 6teÿt ÿ
Ð
T ¼ 2 r 2 PðrÞdr
6eÿt þ C. Since rð0Þ ¼ 0, we have rð0Þ ¼ 0
ÿ3ð0Þ2 eÿ0 ÿ 6ð0Þeÿ0 ÿ 6eÿ0 þ C ¼ ÿ6 þ C ¼ 0
2 R
r 2r 2
¼ 2 ÿ eÿkr ÿ 2 ÿ 3 eÿkr
and so, C ¼ 6. Hence, rðtÞ ¼ ÿ3t2 eÿt ÿ 6teÿt ÿ k k k 0
6eÿt þ 6.
1 ÿkr ÿ 2 2 R

(b) The total reaction to the drug for the first 8 ¼ ÿ2 3 e k r þ 2kr þ 2
k
hours is rð8Þ ¼ ÿ3ð8Þ2 eÿ8 ÿ 6ð8Þeÿ8 ÿ 6eÿ8 þ 6 ¼ 0

11:9. 1 ÿkR ÿ 2 2
¼ ÿ2 3 e k R þ 2kR þ 2
ÐR ÐR k
35. (a) F ¼ 2 0 r PðrÞdr ¼ 2 0 P0 eÿkr dr. Inte-
1
þ 2 3 eÿ0 k2 02 þ 2k 0 þ 2
ÿ
grating by parts, we have
k
u ¼ Po r v ¼ ÿ 1k eÿkr

1
¼ ÿ2 3 eÿkR k2 R2 þ 2kR þ 2
ÿ
du ¼ P0 dr dv ¼ eÿkr dr k

1
and so, þ 4 3
k
SECTION 27.7 531
36. (a) Integrating by parts, we obtain (c) The total production in the second year of
ÿ0:1 t operation is Pð24Þ ÿ Pð12Þ ¼ ÿ100ð24Þeÿ0:1ð24Þ ÿ
u ¼ 10t v ¼ ÿ10e
1000eÿ0:1ð24Þ þ1000ÿ337:373 691:559ÿ337:373
du ¼ 10 dt dv ¼ eÿ0:1 t dt ¼ 354:186 thousands of barrels.
and so, Ð 6 lnðtþ2Þ
C ¼ 0 40ðtþ2Þ 20 6 lnðtþ2Þ
Ð
37. 2 dt ¼ 3 0 dt. To determine
ð ð ðtþ2Þ2
10teÿ0:1t dt ¼ ÿ100eÿ0:1t þ 100 eÿ0:1t dt the integral, we use integration by parts
¼ ÿ100teÿ0:1t ÿ 1000eÿ0:1t þ C u ¼ lnðt þ 2Þ v ¼ ÿðt þ 2Þÿ1

1
du ¼ tþ2 dt dv ¼ ðt þ 2Þÿ2 dt
PðtÞ ¼ ÿ100teÿ0:1t
ÿ 1000eÿ0:1t þ 1000 lnðtþ2Þ
¼ ÿ lnðtþ2Þ 1
dt ¼ ÿ lnðtþ2Þ
Ð Ð
and so, ðtþ2Þ2
dt tþ2 ðtþ2Þ2 tþ2
1
Notice the Pð0Þ ¼ 0 implies that C ¼ 1000. ÿ tþ2 . Combining the pieces, we get C ¼ ÿ 20 3
i6
(b) Pð12Þ ¼ ÿ100ð12Þeÿ0:1ð12Þ ÿ 1000eÿ0:1ð12Þ þ
h
lnðtþ2Þþ1
20 ln 8þ1 ln 2þ1

tþ2 ¼ÿ3 8 ÿ 2 3:0776 ppm
1000 ¼ ÿ120eÿ1:2 ÿ 1000eÿ1:2 þ 1000 337:373 0
thousands of barrels
Ð
38. As in Example 28.49, for ekt sin !t dt, we use integration by parts
u ¼ ekt v ¼ ÿ !1 cos !t
du ¼ kekt dt dv ¼ sin !t dt
and so, e sin !t dt ¼ ÿ !1 ekt cos !t þ !1 kekt cos !t dt. Using integration by parts a second time produces
Ð kt Ð
u ¼ kekt v ¼ ÿ !12 sin !t

du ¼ k2 ekt dt dv ¼ !1 cos !t dt
and so,
ð ð
1 1
ekt sin !t dt ¼ ÿ ekt cos !t þ kekt cos !t dt
! !
k2
ð
1 1
¼ ÿ ekt cos !t þ k 2 ekt sin ! ÿ 2 ekt sin !t
! ! !
ð 2 ð
k 1 1
ekt sin !t dt þ 2 ekt sin !t ¼ ÿ ekt cos !t þ k 2 ekt sin !
! ! !
k2
ð
1 1
1þ 2 ekt sin !t dt ¼ ÿ ekt cos !t þ k 2 ekt sin !
! ! !
2
! þ k2
ð
1 1
ekt sin !t dt ¼ ÿ ekt cos !t þ k 2 ekt sin !
!2 ! !
and so,
!2
ð
1 kt 1 kt
ekt sin !t dt ¼ ÿ e cos !t þ k e sin !
!2 þ k 2 ! !2
ÿ!ekt cos !t þ kekt sin !
¼
!2 þ k 2
kt

kekt sinð!tÞ
As a result, we see that iðtÞ ¼ VL ekt sin !t dt ¼ VL ÿ !ek2cosð!tÞ
Ð
þ!2 þ k2 þ!2 þ C.
39. (a) As in Example 27.54, we put the origin at the roadbed midway between the towers. This means that the vertex
of the parabolas that describe the cables is at the ð0; 11:86Þ and the cables are attached to the towers at the points
ðÿ1650; 312:34Þ and ð1650; 312:34Þ. By placing the vertex at the midpoint of the roadbed, we know that this
parabola is of the form 4pðy ÿ 11:86Þ ¼ x2 . Since ð1650; 312:34Þ is a point on this parabola, we see that
4pð312:34 ÿ 11:86Þ ¼ 4pð300:48Þ ¼ 1201:92p ¼ 16502 and so p 2265:1258. The parabola for the cables has
x2
the equation 4ð2265:1258Þðy ÿ 11:86Þ ¼ 9060:5032ðy ÿ 11:86Þ ¼ x2 or y ¼ þ 11:86. For the arc length we
2x x 9060:5032
0
need the derivative of y, which is y ¼ ¼ . The length of the cable is
9060:5032 4530:2516
ð 1650 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ffi
x
L¼ 1þ dx
ÿ1650 4530:2516
ð 1650 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
¼ 4530:25162 þ x2 dx
4530:2516 ÿ1650
Using the trigonometric substitution of x ¼ 4530:2516 tan , then dx ¼ 4530:2516 sec2 d and the indefinite integral
becomes
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
L¼ 4530:25162 þ x2 dx
4530:2516
ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
¼ 4530:25162 þ ð4530:2516 tan Þ2 ð4530:2516 sec2 Þ d
4530:2516
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 4530:2516 1 þ tan2 sec2 d
ð
¼ 4530:2516 sec3 d
Since
ð
1 1
sec3 d ¼ sec tan þ ln j sec þ tan j þ C
2 2
we have
4530:2516
L¼ ½sec tan þ ln j sec þ tan j þ C
2
¼ 2265:1258½sec tan þ ln j sec þ tan j þ C
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x 4530:25162 þ x2
Since tan ¼ , we see that sec ¼ and so
4530:2516 4530:2516
"pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi #1650
4530:25162 þ x2 x 4530:25162 þ x2 x
L ¼ 2265:1258 þ ln þ

4530:2516 4530:2516 4530:2516 4530:2516

ÿ1650
3371:573066
Thus, the length of one of the cables that hold up the center span is about 3371.56 m and the total length of the four
cables is about 13 486.24 m.
(b) For this parabola, place the origin at the anchor block so it has an equation of the type 4py ¼ x2 . Since the cable is
fasten to the top of the tower at ð960; 322:5Þ we see that 4pð322:5Þ ¼ 9602 and p 714:4186. Thus,
1
y ¼ 4714:4186 x2 ¼ 2857:6744
1
x2 and y0 ¼ 1428:8372
1
x. The length of one of these cables is
2ffi
x
L 1þ dx
0 1428:8372
Using the procedures in (a) you should find that L 1027:9863 and the total length of the four cables from the top of
the tower on the Sicily side of the bridge to the anchor block is about 4111.95 m.
(c) As in (b), place the origin at the anchor block so it has an equation of the type 4py ¼ x2 . Since the cable is fasten to
1
the top of the tower at ð810; 258Þ we see that 4pð258Þ ¼ 8102 and p 635:7558. Thus, y ¼ 2543:0232 x2 and
y0 ¼ 1217:5116
1
x. The length of one cable is
2ffi
x
L¼ 1þ dx
0 1217:5116
866:304592
SECTION 27.7 533
The total length of the four cables from the top of the tower on the Calabria side of the bridge to the anchor block is
about 3465.22 m.
(d) The total length of the four cables from the anchor block on the Sicily side to the anchor block on the Calabria side
is 13 486:24 þ 4111:95 þ 3465:22 ¼ 21 063:41 m. We can think of this as a cylinder with a length of 21 063:41 m and a
diameter of 1:24 m or a radius of 0:62 m. The volume of a cylinder is V ¼ r 2 h and for these cables we have
V ¼ ð0:62Þ2 ð21 063:41Þ 25 436:77 m3 .
m
40. We are given vðtÞ ¼ v e þ ln ÿ gt with g ¼ 9:81 m=s; m ¼ 30 000 kg, v e ¼ 2 600 m=s, and k ¼ 170 m=s.
m ÿ kt
30 000
Thus vðtÞ ¼ 2600 þ ln ÿ 9:81t.
30 000 ÿ 170t
30 000
(a) The velocity after 1 minute is Vð1Þ ¼ 2 600 þ ln ÿ 9:81 2590:20 m/s 5794:11 mph.
30 000 ÿ 170

30 000
(b) The velocity after 2 minutes is Vð2Þ ¼ 2 600 þ ln ÿ 9:81 2 2580:39 m/s 5771:74
30 000 ÿ 170 2
mph.
(c) The height, h, of the rocket is
ð ð
m
h ¼ vðtÞ dt ¼ v e þ ln ÿ gt dt
m ÿ kt
ð
30 000
¼ 2 600 þ ln ÿ 9:81t dt
30 000 ÿ 170t
ð
30 000
¼ 2 600t þ ln dt ÿ 4:905t2 þ C
30 000 ÿ 170t
ð ð
30 000 3 000
To determine ln dt ¼ ln dt, first use the properties of logarithms to rewrite
30 000 ÿ 170t 3 000 ÿ 17t

3 000
ln as lnð3 000Þ ÿ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ. Then,
3 000 ÿ 17t ð ð
3 000
ln dt ¼ ½lnð3 000Þ ÿ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ dt
3 000 ÿ 17t
ð
¼ t lnð3 000Þ ÿ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ dt
Ð
In ExampleÐ27.51 we saw that ln x dx ¼ x ln x ÿ x þ C. If we let u ¼ 3 000 ÿ 17t then du ¼ ÿ17. This allows us
to think of lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ dt ¼ ÿ1
17 ln u du and so
ÿ1
ð
lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ dt ¼ ½ð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ ÿ ð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ þ C
17

17t ÿ 3 000 3 000 ÿ 17t
¼ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ þ þC
17 17

17t ÿ 3 000 3 000
¼ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ þ ÿtþC
17 17
Combining all these results we get
ð ð
3 000 30 000
ln dt ¼ 2 600t þ ln dt ÿ 4:905t2 þ C
3 000 ÿ 17t 30 000 ÿ 170t

17t ÿ 3 000 3 000
¼ 2 600t þ t lnð3 000Þ ÿ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ þ ÿ t ÿ 4:905t2 þ C
17 17

3 000 ÿ 17t 3 000 2
¼ lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ ÿ þ 2 601t ÿ 4:905t þ t lnð3 000Þ þ C
17 17
ÿ
Thus, the height, h, of the rocket is hðtÞ ¼ 3 000ÿ17t
17 lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ ÿ 3 17
000
þ 2 601t ÿ 4:905t2 þ t lnð3 000Þ þ C.

3 000
At t ¼ 0 the rocket has an altitude of zero. That is, hð0Þ ¼ 0 which means C ¼ ð1ÿ ln ð3 000ÞÞ. Thus,
17

ÿ 3 000
hðtÞ ¼ 3 000ÿ17t
17 lnð3 000 ÿ 17tÞ ÿ 3 17
000
þ 2 601t ÿ 4:905t2 þ t lnð30 000Þ þ ð1 ÿ ln ð3 000ÞÞ where t is
17
in seconds and h meters. The height is after 2 minutes ¼ 120 seconds isð120Þ 241 423:66 m 150:01 miles.
27.8 USING INTEGRATION TABLES
ð1 þ tan 3xÞ2 dx ¼ ð1 þ 2 tan 3x þ tan2 3xÞdx by

Ð Ð
1. 1 u
ÿ
By formula #31, we have 27 2u2 ÿ 72 Þ
8 ð
formulas #12 and #58 we get x þ 2 13 ln j sec 3xjþ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
2 2 7 1
1 2 1
u ÿ7 ÿ 8p ln ju þ u2 ÿ 72 j þ C ¼ 27
3 ðtan 3x ÿ 3xÞ þ C ¼ x þ 3 ln j sec 3xj þ 3 tan 3x ÿ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3x 2 2 2401
x þ C ¼ 13 ð2 ln j sec 3xj þ tan 3xÞ þ C ð18 ÿ 49Þ 9x ÿ 49 ÿ 8 ln j3x þ
p8ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16þ25x2
ffi 9x2 ÿ 49j þ C.
2. x dx. Let u ¼ 5x; du ¼ 5 dx, so x ¼ u5 and
du
dx ¼ 5 . Let a ¼ 4 and use formula #32. cos3 x dx. By formula #65 this is 13 cos2 x sin x þ
Ð
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9.
42 þ u2 1 du ¼ Ð 42 þu2 du ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
¼ 1 cos2 x sin x þ 23 sin x þ C ¼ 13
Ð
4 u 2 þ 42 ÿ 3ÿ cos x dx 3
5 u
5pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
p pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi 1ÿsin x sin x þ 23 sin x þ C ¼ sin x ÿ 13 sin3 xþ
2
2 2 2þ16
4 lnj 4þ uu þ4 þC ¼ 26x2 þ16 ÿ4 ln 4þ 25x
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ C. Alternate solution: cos3 x dx ¼ 1 ÿ sin2 x
Ð Ðÿ
5x
C. Ð Ð 2
cos x dx ¼ cos x dx ÿ sin x cos x dx ¼ sin x
ÿ 13 sin3 x þ C.
Ð dx Ð dx
3. xð4xÿ3Þ ¼ xðÿ3þ4xÞ Let u ¼ x; a ¼ ÿ3, and du ¼
dx. By formula #48 this is 1a ln j aþbu u
jþC ¼ sin 5x sin 2x dx. By formula #70 this is sin63x ÿ
Ð
10.
ÿ1 x
3 ln 4xÿ3 þ C. sin 7x
þC
14
Ð 5x Ð x
4. dx ¼ 5 3þ7x dx. Using formula #46 we obtain
sin6 3x dx. Let u ¼ 3x, then du ¼ 3 dx or
Ð
ÿ3þ7x 11.
5 712 ð3 þ 7x ÿ 3 ln j3 þ 7xjÞ þ C ¼ 49
5
ð3 þ 1
¼ dx. Substituting we get 13 sin6 u du. By for-
Ð
3 du
mula #64 this is 13 ÿ 16 sin5 u cos u þ 56 sin4 u du .

7x ÿ 3 ln j3 þ 7xjÞ þ C.
Ð
5.
Ð x2 dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ x3 and du ¼ 3x2 dx or Using formula #64 once more, you obtain
x6 16þx6 1 5 ÿ 1 3
1 5
u þ 34 sin2
Ð
1 1 3 ÿ 6 sin u cos u þ 6 ÿ 4 sin u cos
2
Ð du
3 du ¼ 3x dx. Substituting yields 3 u2 42 þu2 . By
u duÞ. By formula #56 we get 13 ÿ 16 sin5 u cos uþ

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16þu2 16þx6
formula #39 this is 13 ÿ 16u þC ¼ 13 ÿ 16x þ 5
ÿ 1 3
3 1 1

6 ÿ 4 sin u cos u þ 4 2 u ÿ 2 sin u cos u þ C ¼
3
16þx6
C ¼ ÿ 48x3 þ C. ÿ 181
sin5 u cos u ÿ 725
sin3 u cos u ÿ 485
sin u cos u þ
5 1 5 5 3
48 u þ C ¼ ÿ 18 sin 3x cos 3x ÿ 72 sin 3x cos 3x ÿ
3=2
ð25 ÿ 4x2 Þ dx. Let u ¼ 2x and then du ¼ 2x; or 5 5
Ð
6. 48 sin 3x cos 3x þ 48 x þ C.
1 1 2 3=2
Ð
2 du ¼ dx. Substitution yields 2 ð25 ÿ u Þ . By Ð ÿ6x eÿ6x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 12. e sin 10x dx: By formula #87 we have 36þ100
1 u 2 2
formula #28 we get 2 8 ð2u ÿ 5 5 Þ 25 ÿ u2 þ ðÿ6 sin 10xÿ10 cos 10xÞþC ¼ 136 1 ÿ6x
e ðÿ6 sin 10x
354 ÿ1 u 1 2x 2 2
8 sin 5Þ þ C ¼ 2 8 ð8x ÿ 125Þ 25 ÿ 4x þ ÿ10 cos 10xÞ þ C.
ÿ1 2x
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
1875 x 2 2
8 sin 5 Þ þ C ¼ 8 ð8x ÿ 125Þ 25 ÿ 4x þ
Ð 10x
13. e cos 6x dx: By formula #88 we have this is
1875 ÿ1 2x
16 sin þ C. e10x 1 10x
102 þ62 ð10 cos 6x þ 6 sin 6xÞ þC ¼ 136 e ð10 cos 6x
5
Ð 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ 6 sin 6xÞ þ C.
x ffi
9ÿx2
dx. By formula #25 this is ÿ 2x 9 ÿ x2 þ
Ð 2 ÿ1 1
9 ÿ1 x 14. x tan x dx. By formula #83 we get 2þ1
2 sin 3þ C. h i h i
2þ1 ÿ1 x2 þ1 1 3 ÿ1 x3
Ð Ð
Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x tan x ÿ 1þx2 ¼ 3 x tan x ÿ 1þx2 .
8. x 9x2 ÿ 49 dx Let u ¼ 3x and du ¼ 3 dx or
x ¼ 13 u and x2 ¼ 19 u2 and 13 du ¼ dx. Substitution Now for the second integral let u ¼ 1 þ x with
Ð 1 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2x dxÐ and x2 ¼Ðu ÿ 1. ÐSubstituting we have
yields 1
u2 ÿ 72 3 du ¼ 27 u u2 ÿ 72 du. Ð x¼
du
9u
3
uÿ1 ÿ1
1þx2 dx ¼ u du ¼ 1duÿ u du ¼ u ÿ ln u þ
SECTION 27.8 535
3 ÿ
C ¼ 1 þ x2 ÿ lnð1 þ x2 Þ þ C. Putting it all together 1
ÿu cos uþ3 u2 sin uÿ2 u sin u du . Finally,
Ð
16
we get 13 ð x3 tanÿ1 x ÿ x2 þ lnð1þ x2 ÞÞ þ C. using formula #75 one more time produces the
1

½ÿu3 cos uþ3u2 sin uþ6u cos uÿ 6 cos u
Ð
Ð 7 ÿ result 16
15. x ln x dx. By formula #90 we obtain x8 18 ln x ÿ 1
1 or 16 ½ÿu3 cos uþ3u2 sin uþ6u cos u ÿ 6 sin u þ C.
64Þ þ C
Back substituting for u produces x3 sin 2x dx ¼
Ð
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
7ÿ9x2 1 3 2
16. x dx. Let u ¼ 3x and du ¼ 3 dx, then 16 ½ÿ8x cos 2x þ12x sin 2x þ12x cos 2xÿ6 sin 2x
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ C ¼ ÿ 2 x cos 2x þ 34 x2 sin 2x þ 34 x cos 2x ÿ
1 3
ffi
7ÿu2
x ¼ 13 du and we have u du. Using formula
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3
#23 and replacing u with 3x we get 7 ÿ 9x2 ÿ 8 sin 2xþ C.
pffiffiffi 7þ 7ÿ9x2
p ffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
7 ln þ C. tan2 2xÿ9
3x 24. cos2 2x dx. Let u ¼ tan 2x, then du ¼
Ð
arcsin 4x dx. Letting u ¼ 2 sec2 2x dx or 12 du ¼ sec2 2x dx ¼ cos12 2x dx. Substi-
17. Ð 4x and du ¼ 4 dx and Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
then substituting we get 14 arcsin u du. By formula tuting we get 12 u2 ÿ 32 du. Using formula #30,
h pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i
#78, arcsin 4x dx ¼ 14 ð4x sinÿ1 4xþ 1ÿð4xÞ2 þ we obtain 12 u2 u2 ÿ 32 ÿ 32 ln ju þ u2 ÿ 32 j þ
R pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
C ¼ 14 4x sinÿ1 4x þ 1 ÿ 16x2 þ C.

C. Back substituting for u, we get
h pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i
Ð dx
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 1 tan 2x
2 2 tan 2 2xÿ9 ÿ 9 ln j tan 2x þ
2 tan2 2x ÿ 9j
18. . Let u ¼3x, then du 3 dx and substi-
ð4ÿ3x2 Þ3=2
þ C.
tuting produces p1ffiffi3 2 du2 3=2 . By formula #29 this
Ð
ð2 ÿu Þ 1 2:5 2 5t
Ð
h i h pffiffi i 25. V ¼ 2:5 0 t e dt. Using integration form #85 pro-
3x
is p1ffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u ffi
3 4 4ÿu 2
þC ¼ p1ffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3 4 4ÿ3x2
x
þC ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
þC.
4 4ÿ3x duces
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 e5t ÿ 2 2:5
ffi
9þx2 V¼ 25t ÿ 10t þ 2
19. x dx. By formula #32 this is 9 þ x2 ÿ
3þ 9þx2 ffi 2:5 125 0
3 ln x þ C. 1
¼ ð286047:5315Þ 114419:0126
20.
Ð sin x
e sin x cos x dx. Let u ¼Ð sin x, then du ¼ 2:5
1 n 0:25t
Ð
cos x dx. Substituting we get ueu du. By formula 26. (a) R ¼ 2 0 te dt. By integration form #84,
#84 this is 11 ð1u ÿ 1Þeu þ C ¼ ðsin xÿ1Þesin x þ C. 1
ðn
RðnÞ ¼ te0:25 tdt
2 0
Ð 3 2x
21. x e dx. By formula #86 we get 12 x3 e2x ÿ
3
Ð 2 2x 1 3 2x 1 0:25t n
2 x e dx. Repeating this process, we get 2 x e ¼ 4te ÿ 16e0:25t 0
3 1 2 2x 3 2
Ð 2x 1 3 2x 3 2 2x
2
ÿ 2 2 x e þ 2 2 xe dx or 2 x e ÿ 4 x e þ 1
ðn ÿ 4Þ4e0:25t þ 16

3
Ð 2x 1 3 2x ¼
2 xe dx. Repeating again produces 2 x e ÿ 2
3 2 2x 3 2x 31
Ð 2x 1 3 2x 3 2 2x 2
4 x e þ 4 xe ÿ 2 2 e dx ¼ 2 x e ÿ 4 x e þ ¼ ðn ÿ 4Þe0:25t þ 4 revolutions

3 2x 3 2x
4 xe ÿ 8 e þ C ¼ 18 e2x ð4x3 ÿ 6x2 þ 6x ÿ 3Þ þ C.
(b) Rð10Þ ¼ 2 ð10 ÿ 4Þe0:25t þ 4 ¼ 2 6e0:25t þ
x4 ln 2x dx. Let u ¼ 2x then u4 ¼ 16x4 or x4 ¼
Ð
22. 4 49:08 revolutions
1 4
16 u and du ¼ 2 dx or dx ¼ 12 du. Substituting we Ð
W ¼ F dx ¼ 0 49ÿ9x
Ð2 1 1
3xþ7 2
27. 2 dx ¼ 27 ln 3xÿ7 0 by inte-

1
Ð 4
geth 32 u ln u du. By formula #90 this is gration form #19. This evaluates as 14 1
ðln 13ÿ
1
ÿ
5 ln u 1
1 5 ÿln 2x 1
1
32 u 5 ÿ 52 þ C ¼ 32 ð2xÞ 5 ÿ 25 þ ln 1Þ ¼ 14 ln 13 0:1832 N m.
ÿ
C ¼ 15 x5 ln 2x ÿ 15 þ C.
V ¼ C1 I dt ¼ 0:02 1
Ð Ð dt t
Ð 3 28. t2 þ t ¼ 50 ln j 1þ t j þ C by
23. x sin 2x dx. Let u ¼ 2x, then u3 ¼ 8x3 or integration form #48. When t ¼ 1; V ¼ 50 lnð12Þ þ
x3 ¼ 18 u3 , and also, du ¼ 2dx or dx ¼ 12 du. Substi- C ¼ 0, and so C ¼ 0 ÿ 50 lnð12Þ ¼ 50 ln 2. Hence,
1
Ð 3
tution produces 16 u sin u du. By formula #75 this
V ¼ 50 ln j 1þt t jþ50 ln 2 ¼ 50:0 lnðtÞÿ50:0 lnðt þ
1

ÿu3 cos u þ 3 u2 cos u du . Now using for-
Ð
is 16 1Þ þ 50 ln 2.
mula #76, on the integral in this result, we obtain
CHAPTER
R 27 REVIEW
xe3x dx. Using integration by parts with the table sin3 2x cos 2x dx. Let u ¼ sin 2x and then du ¼
Ð Ð
1. 10.
2 cos 2x dx. Substitution produces 12 u3 du ¼ 12
Ð
u¼x v ¼ 13 e3x 4
1 4 1
4 u þ C ¼ 8 sin 2x þ C.
du ¼ dx dv ¼ e3x dx Ð 5
sin 3x cos2 3x dx ¼ sin 3x sin4 3x cos2 3x dx ¼
Ð ÿ
Ð 3x 11.
xe dx ¼ 13 xe3x ÿ 13 e3x dx ¼ 13 xe3x ÿ
Ð
We have 2
sin 3xð1 ÿ cos2 3xÞ cos2 3x dx. This expands as
Ð
1 3x 1 3x
9 e þ C ¼ 9 e ð3x ÿ 1Þ þ C. Ðÿ 2
cos 3xÿ2 cos4 3x þ cos6 3x sin 3x dx. Let u ¼
Ð 3x Ð
2. sin cos2 x dx ¼ sin xð1 ÿ cos2 xÞ cos2 x dx ¼ cos 3x and du ¼ ÿ3 sin 3x dx or ÿ 13 du ¼ sin 3x dx.
sin xð cos2 xÿcos4 Þdx ¼ ÿ 13 cos3 xþ 15 cos5 x þ C.
Ð Ðÿ
Substituting we get ÿ 13 u2 ÿ 2u4 þ u6 du ¼ ÿ 13
Ð x 1 3 2 5 1 7 1 3 2 5
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx. Let x ¼ 5 sin , then dx ¼ 5 cos d.
3. 25ÿx2 3 u ÿ 5 u þ 7 u þ C ¼ ÿ 9 cos 3x þ 15 cos 3xÿ
1 7
Ð 5 sin
Thus, substitution produces pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 cos d 21 cos 3x þ C.
Ð 5 sin 5 cos d Ð 25ÿ5 sin2
¼ 5 cos ¼ 5 sin d ¼ ÿ5 cos þ C ¼ 5 12.
Ð dx
Ð
¼ ðxþ2Þdx2 þ16. Let u ¼ x þ 2, a ¼ 4, and
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 þ4xþ20
25ÿx2
þ C ¼ ÿ 25 ÿ x2 þ C. Alternate solution: ÿ1 u
1
ÿ
du ¼ dx. Substituting, we get u2 du
Ð
5 þ 42 ¼ 4 tan 4 þ
Let u ¼ 25 ÿ x2 , then du ¼ ÿ2x dx or ÿ 12 du ¼
C ¼ 14 tanÿ1 xþ2
ÿ
4 þ C.
x dx. Substituting, we obtain
7
Ð dx
3=2 . Let 2x ¼ 7 tan , or x ¼ 2 tan and then
ð ð
1 du 1 ÿ1=2 1 2 13.
ÿ pffiffiffi ¼ ÿ u du ¼ ÿ u1=2 þ C 2
ð4x þ49Þ
2 u 2 2 1 dx ¼ 72 sec2 d. Substituting yields
¼ ÿ 25 ÿ x2 þ C 7
Ð sec2 d 7
Ð sec2 d 1
Ð 1
2 ðð7 tan Þ2 þ49Þ3=2 ¼ 2 73 sec3 ¼ 98 sec d ¼
Ð 1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2x
x3 25 ÿ x2 dx. Let u ¼ 25 ÿ x2 or x2 ¼ 25 ÿ u, 98 cos d ¼ 98 sin þ C ¼ 98 4x2 þ49 þ C ¼
Ð
4.
x
and du ¼ ÿ2x dx or ÿ 12 du ¼ x dx. Substituting pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
49 4x2 þ49
þ C.
pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffi
we get ÿ 12 ð25 ÿ uÞ u du ¼ ÿ 12 25 u du þ
Ð
Ð
14. x3 ln x dx. Using integration by parts with the
1
Ð 3=2
2 u du ¼ ÿ 25 2 3=2
2 3u þ 12 25 u5=2 þ C ¼ ÿ 25
3 ð25ÿ table
5=2 3=2
x2 Þ3=2 þ 15 ð25 ÿ x2 Þ þ C ¼ ÿ 25 3 ð25 ÿ x Þ
2
þ
u ¼ ln x v ¼ 14 x4
2 3=2 2
1 2
ÿ 25 x
5 ð25 ÿ x Þð25 ÿ x Þ þC ¼ 5 ÿ 3 ÿ 5 ð25 ÿ
du ¼ 1x dx dv ¼ x3 dx
x2 Þ3=2 þ C ¼ ÿ 15 x2 ÿ 10
ÿ 2
3 ð25 ÿ x Þ þ C.
We obtain x3 ln x dx ¼ 1 4
Ð Ð1 3
ÿ 4 x ln x1 ÿ 4 x dx ¼
Ð 4
5. sin 2x cos 2x dx. Let u ¼ sin 2x then du ¼ 1 4 1 4 4 1
4x ln x ÿ 16 x þ C ¼ x 4 ln x ÿ 16 þ C.
2 cos 2x dx or 12 du ¼ cos 2x dx. Substitution pro-
duces 12 u4 du ¼ 12 15 u5 þ C ¼ 10 1
sin5 2x þ C.
Ð Ð 2 x3
15. x e dx. Let u ¼ x3 and du ¼ 3x2 dx or 13 du ¼
x dx. Substituting, we get 13 eu du ¼ 13 eu þ C ¼
2
Ð
2ðex ÿ eÿx Þdx ¼ 2 ex dx ÿ 2 eÿx dx ¼ 2ex þ
Ð Ð Ð
6. 1 x3
3 e þ C.
2eÿx þ C.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let 2x ¼ 7 tan or x ¼ 7 tan and then
Ð dx
Ð dx 1 16.
7. 9xþ5. Let u ¼ 9x þ 5 and du ¼ 9 dx or 9 du ¼ dx.
4x2 þ49 2
1 du
Ð 1 1 dx ¼ 72 sec2 d. Substituting, we get
Then 9 u ¼ 9 ln juj ¼ 9 ln j9x þ 5j þ C. Ð sec2 d Ð 2 d 1 Ð
7 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ¼ 12 secsec
Ð sin2 8x Ð 1ÿcos2 8x 2 40 tan2 þ49 ¼ 2 sec d ¼
tan2 8x dx ¼ cos pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð
8. 2 8x dx ¼ cos2 8x dx ¼ 4x2 þ49 þ 2x þ K ¼
1 1

Ð 1 Ð 1 2 ln j sec þ tan j þ K ¼ 2 ln 7 7
cos2 8x dx ÿ 1 dx ¼ 8 tan 8x ÿ x þ C. 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
2
2 ln j 4x þ 49 þ 2xj ÿ 2 ln 7 þ K ¼
Ð p
9. sinð7x þ 2Þdx. Let u ¼ 7x þ 2 and du ¼ 7 dx or 1
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi 1
2
2 ln j 4x þ 49 þ 2xj þ C where C ¼ K ÿ 2 ln 7.
1 1
Ð
7 du ¼ dx. Then, substitution produces 7 sin u du ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ 4x2 þ 49 and du ¼ 8x dx or
Ð x dx
1
17.
7 ðÿ cos uÞ þ C ¼ ÿ 17 cosð7x þ 2Þ þ C. 4x2 þ49
1
¼ x dx. Substituting we get 18 pduffiffiu ¼
Ð
8 du
1
Ð ÿ1 1 2 1=2
8 u du ¼ 8 1 u
2 þ C ¼ 14 4x2 þ 49 þ C.
cot 5x csc4 5x dx ¼ cot 5x csc 5x csc3 5x dx. Let

Ð Ð
18. integration by parts with
u ¼ csc 5x and Ðdu ¼ ÿ5 cot 5x csc 5x dx. Substitut-
ing we get ÿ 15 u3 du ¼ ÿ 15 14 u4 þ C ¼ u¼x v ¼ ÿ cos x
ÿ 20 1
csc4 5x þ C or ÿ 20 1
sinÿ4 5x þ C. du ¼ dx dv ¼ sin x dx
Ð Ð
Ð sec 4x tan 4x Then, x sin x dx ¼ ÿx cos xþ cos x dx ¼ ÿx cos xþ
19. 9þ2 sec 4x dx. Let u ¼ 9 þ 2 sec 4x and Ðdu ¼
sin x þ C. For the second integral by parts
8 sec 4x tan 4x dx. Substituting we get 18 du u ¼
1 1
8 ln juj þ C ¼ 8 ln j9 þ 2 sec 4xj þ C. u¼x v ¼ 13 cos3 x
du ¼ dx dv ¼ ÿ cos2 x sin x dx
Ð 6 3x
20. sin 2 dx. We begin by rewriting this as a cubic
expression, then using a half-angle trig identity,
Thus, xðÿ cos2 x sin xÞdx ¼ 3x cos3 xÿ 13 cos3 x dx ¼
Ð Ð
and finally expanding the rewritten expression.
1ÿsin2 x cos x dx ¼ 3x cos3 xÿ 13 sin x þ
x 3 1
Rÿ
ð 3 cos xÿ 3
3x
sin6 dx 1 3
x þ C. Putting these together we have
2 9 sin
x sin3 x dx ¼ ÿx cos xþsin x ÿð3x cos3 x ÿ 13 sin x þ
Ð
3x 3
ð
¼ sin2 dx 1 3x x 3 1
2 9 sin ÞþC ¼ ÿx cos x þ sin x ÿ 3 cos x þ 3 sin x ÿ
1 ÿ cos 3x 3
ð
1 3 x 3 4
¼ dx 9 sin x þ C ¼ ÿx cos x þ 3 cos x þ 3 sin x ÿ
2 1 3x
ð 9 sin þ C.
1 ÿ
1 ÿ 3 cos 3x þ 3 cos2 3x ÿ cos3 3x dx

¼ 27.
Ð
ecos x sin x dx ¼ ÿecos x þ C
8
1 1
x4 eÿx dx. We use integration by parts with
Ð
¼ x ÿ sin 3x 28.
8 ð8 ð
3 1 u ¼ x4 v ¼ ÿeÿx
þ cos2 3x ÿ cos3 3x dx
8 8 3
Ðÿ
Now ¼ 38 cos2 3x dx ¼ 38 1þcos 6x
Ð
dx ¼
Hence, x e dx ¼ x4 ðÿeÿx Þ þ 4x3 eÿx dx.
Ð 4 ÿx Ð
2
3 3 3 3
Ð
16 ð1 þ cos 6xÞdx ¼ 16 x þ 96 sin 6x ¼ 16 xþ Using integration by parts a second time produces
1 1 3 1
Ð Ð
32 sin 6x. And also, ÿ 8 cos 3x dx ¼ ÿ 8 ð1ÿ u ¼ 4x3 v ¼ ÿeÿx
sin2 3xÞ cos 3x dx ¼ ÿ 18 13 sin 3x þ 18 19 sin3 3x þ C. du ¼ 12x2 dx dv ¼ eÿx dx
1
Putting this all together we get 8x ÿ 18 sin 3x þ 4
ðÿeÿx Þþ 4x3 eÿx dx ¼ ÿx4 eÿx ÿ 4x3 eÿx þ
Ð
3 1 1 1 3 5 ÐThus, 2x ÿx
16 x þ 32 sin 6x ÿ 24 sin 3x þ 72 sin 3x þ C ¼ 16 xÿ 12 x e . Using integration by parts a third
5 1 1 3 time, we have
24 sin 3x þ 32 sin 6x þ 72 sin 3x þ C.
Ð ½lnð2xþ1Þ5 u ¼ 12x2 v ¼ ÿeÿx
21. 2xþ1 dx. Let u ¼ lnð2x þ 1Þ and then du ¼
2dx 1
Ð 5 1 6
2xþ1 Substituting yields 2 u du ¼ 12 u þ C
. ¼
1 6 This produces ÿx4 eÿx ÿ 4x3 eÿx ÿ 12x2 eÿx ÿ
12 ½lnð2x þ 1Þ þ C.
24xe þ 24xeÿx dx. Finally, using integration by
ÿx
Ð
arctan 7x 7dx parts a fourth time, we obtain
Ð
22. 1þ49x2 dx. Let u ¼ arctan 7x and du ¼ 1þ49x 2.
1 1 1 2
Ð
Substitution produces 7 u du ¼ 7 2 u þ C ¼ u ¼ 24x v ¼ ÿeÿx
1 2
14 ðarctan 7xÞ þ C. du ¼ 24 dx dv ¼ eÿx dx
Ð x2 ÿx 3 ÿx 2 ÿx
23. 3 2
x3 þ4 dx. Let u ¼ x þ 4 and du ¼ 3x dx or
ÿx 4
Ð ÿÿxe ÿ 4x4 eÿx ÿ 12x e ÿ 24xeÿx þ
1 2 1 du
Ð 24e dx ¼ ÿx e ÿ4x3 eÿx ÿ12x2 eÿx ÿ 24xeÿx ÿ
3 du ¼ x dx. Now substituting we get 3 u ¼
24eÿx þC ¼ eÿx ðÿx4 ÿ4x3 ÿ12x2 ÿ 24x ÿ 24Þ þ C.
1
3 ln juj þ C ¼ 13 ln jx3 þ 4j þ C. Ð cos x
29. sin2 xþ9
dx. Let u ¼ sin x and du ¼ cos x dx.
4
4x3 ex dx.ÐLet u ¼ x4 and du ¼ 4x3 dx. Substitut-
Ð
24. Substituting we get u2duþ9 ¼ 13 tanÿ1 u3 þ C ¼
Ð
4
ing yields eu du ¼ eu þ C ¼ ex þ C. 1 ÿ1 sin x
ÿ
þ C.
Ð 3 tan 3
25. tan 5x dx ¼ 5 ln j sec 5x j þ C or ÿ5 ln j cos 5x j þ C. Ð ex x x
30. dx þ16 dx. Let uÐ ¼ e þ 16 and du ¼ e dx. Sub-
x sin3 x dx ¼ xð1ÿcos2 xÞ sin x dx ¼ x sin x dx ÿ
R Ð R
26. stituting yields u ¼ ln juj þ C ¼ ln jex þ 16j þ
du
x cos2 x sin x dx. For the first integral we use

Ð
C ¼ lnðex þ 16Þ þ C.
Ðe 2
Let u ¼ x2 and du ¼ 2x dx. Then 1 x3 ln x2 dx ¼ x5 ex dx. Using integration by parts, we have the
Ð
31. 37.
1 e 2 2 following table.
Ð
2 1 x ln x 2x dx and by integration formula #90,
e 2
1 e 2 1 ÿ 2 ln x2 1 u ¼ x4 v ¼ 12 ex
ð
x ln x2 2x dx ¼ x2 ÿ
2 1 2 2 4 1 du ¼ 4x3 dx dv ¼ xex dx
2
4
2
e ln e 1 Ð 5 x2 2 2
x e dx ¼ 12 ex x4 ÿ 2 x3 ex dx.
Ð
¼ ÿ This produces
2 2 4
Using integration by parts again with u ¼ ÿ2x2
1 1 2
and dv ¼ xex dx, we get v ¼ 12 ex and du ¼
2
ÿ 0ÿ
2 4 2 2 2 2
ÿ4x dx. Thus, 12 ex x4 ÿ 2 x3 ex dx ¼ 12 ex x4 ÿ ex
Ð
e4

1 1 Ð 2 2
1 x 4 2 2
¼ 1ÿ þ x2 þ x x 2
2 xe ¼ 2 e x ÿ ex2 x þ e þ C ¼
x
2 4 8
x2 x4 2
e 2 ÿ x ÿ 1 þ C ¼ 2 ðx ÿ 2x2 þ 2Þ þ C.
e 4
3e4 1
¼ þ 20:5993
8 8 38.
Ð e3x
dx. Let u ¼ e3x ÿ 1 and du ¼ 3e3x dx so
ðe3x ÿ1Þ2
1
3 du ¼ e3x dx. Substituting we get
Ð 8x
32. e cos 2x dx. Use integration by parts with u ¼
e8x and dv ¼ cos 2x dx. Then v ¼ 12 sin 2x and 1 du
ð
1 1
¼ ÿ uÿ1 þ C ¼ ÿ ðe3x ÿ 1Þÿ1 þ C
du ¼ 8e8x dx. This produces e8x cos 2x dx ¼
Ð
3 u2 3 3
1 8x
4e8x sin 2x dx. Use integration by
Ð
2 e sin 2x ÿ ðarctan 2xÞ4 2
Ð
parts again, with 39. dx. Let u ¼ arctan 2x, then du ¼ 1þ4x
1þ4x2 2 dx
1 1 5
Ð 4
and substituting gives 2 u du ¼ 10 u þ C ¼
u ¼ 2e8x v ¼ ÿ cos 2x
1 5
du ¼ 16e8x dx dv ¼ 2 sin 2x dx 10 ðarctan 2xÞ þ C.
sec2 5x dx
Ð
Thus we have e8x cos 2x dx ¼ 12 e8x sin 2x ÿ 40. 2 tan 5xþ9.Let u ¼ 2 tan 5x þ 9, and then du ¼
Ð
2 1
10 sec 5x dx or 10 du ¼ sec2 5x dx. Substituting
Ð 8x
4e sin 2x ¼ 12 e8x sin 2x þ 2e8x cos 2x ÿ 16
Ð 8x
e cos 2x. Adding 16 e8x cos 2x to both sides of
Ð we get
this last equation, we obtain 17 e8x cos 2x dx ¼
Ð ð
1 du 1
1 8x 8x
¼ ln juj þ C
2 e sin 2xþ2e cos 2x, and, dividing by 17 pro- 10 u 10
duces the desired integral
Ð 8x
e cos 2x dx ¼ 1
¼ ln j2 tan 5x þ 9j þ C
1 8x 2 8x 1 8x 10
34 e sin 2x þ 17 e cos 2x þ C ¼ 34 e ðsin 2x þ
4 cos 2xÞ þ C. Ð ln 49 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð ln 49 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
9þex ex=2
41. Rewrite 0 9 þ ex dx ¼ 2 0 ex=2 2 dx. Let
2
u ¼ ex=2 ; du ¼ 12 ex=2 dx, and a ¼ 3 and this fits inte-
Ð 1=3
sin 4x cos5 4x dx ¼ sin1=3 4xðcos2 4xÞ
Ð
33.
2 gration formula #32. Remember that ln 49 ¼
cos 4x dx ¼ sin 4x 1 ÿ sin2 4x cos 4x dx ¼
Ð 1=3 ÿ
Ð ÿ 1=3 ln 72 ¼ 2 ln 7, and so, evaluating ex=2 when x ¼
sin 4x ÿ 2 sin7=3 4x þ sin13=3 4x cos 4x dx ¼

4=3 ln 49 produces eðln 49Þ=2 ¼ eð2 ln 7Þ=2 ¼ eln 7 ¼ 7.

sin10=3 4x þ 16 sin16=3 4x þ
ÿ
1 3 1 3

4 4 sin 4x ÿ 2 10
ð ln 49
sin4=3 4x 20 ÿ 16 sin2 4x þ 5 sin4 4x þ C.
3
ÿ
C ¼ 320 9 þ ex dx
Ð sin3 x dx Ð sin3 x dx 0
3
Ð Ð
34. cos4 x ¼ cos3 x cos x ¼ tan x sec x dx ¼ tan x

¼2 9 þ ex =2:
ð sec2 x ÿ 1Þ sec x dx ¼ sec2 x ðtan x sec x dxÞ ÿ
Ð
3 þ 9 þ ex=2 ln 49

tan x sec x dx ¼ 13 sec3 x ÿ sec x þ C.
Ð
ÿ 3 ln
ex=2
0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Let u ¼ 2 sin x and du ¼ 2 cos x dx or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð cos x dx
35.

3 þ 9 þ 7

16ÿ4 sin2 x
1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð du ¼ 2 9 þ 7 ÿ 3 ln
2 du ¼ cos x dx. Substituting we get 2 7
42 ÿu2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 12 sin u4 þC ¼ 12 sinÿ1 2 sin ÿ1 sin x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

3 þ 9 þ 1
ÿ x
1
ÿ
þC ¼ sin 2 þC.
4 2 ÿ 9 þ 1 ÿ 3 ln
Ð e5x 1
36. 4ÿe5x
dx. Let u ¼ 4 ÿ e5x and du ¼ ÿ5e5x dx or ¼ 2½4 ÿ 3 ln j1j
ÿ 5 du ¼ e5x dx. Substituting we get ÿ 15 du
1
Ð hpffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffii
u ¼

ÿ 2 10 ÿ 3 ln 3 þ 10
ÿ ln juj þ C ¼ ÿ 15 ln j4 ÿ e5x j þ C. pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 8 ÿ 2 10 þ 6 ln 3 þ 10 12:5861
CHAPTER 27 TEST 539
42. Using integration by parts, with Then, we obtain

ÿ ð3 3
u ¼ arcsin 2x v¼x x dx
1 ffi 0 9 þ x2
du ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4ÿx2
dx dv ¼ dx ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ x2 9 þ x2 30 ÿ 2x 9 þ x2 dx
Then, we obtain 0
ð1 x 2
arcsin dx ¼ x2 9 þ x2 ÿ ð9 þ x2 Þ3=2
2 3 0
0
x ð x pffiffiffiffiffi 2 2
¼ x arcsin ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ 9 18 ÿ ð18Þ ÿ 0 þ ð9Þ3=2
3=2
2 4 ÿ x2 3 3
x 1 ð 2x pffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffi3 2
¼ x arcsin þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ 27 2 ÿ 3 2 þ ð27Þ
2 2 4 ÿ x2 pffiffiffi 3 pffiffiffi 3
h x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii1 ¼ 27 2 ÿ 36 2 þ 18
¼ x arcsin þ 4 ÿ x2 pffiffiffi
¼ 18 ÿ 9 2 5:2721
2 0
1 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ð =2
¼ arcsin þ 3 ÿ arcsin 0 ÿ 4
2 44. sin3 x cos3 x dx
pffiffiffi 0
¼ þ 3 ÿ 2 0:2556 ð =2
6 ¼ sin3 xð1 ÿ sin2 xÞ cos x dx
0
ð =2
43. Using integration by parts, with
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ðsin3 x ÿ sin5 xÞ cos x dx
u ¼ x2 v ¼ 9 þ x2
0
=2
1 4 1
du ¼ 2x dx x ffi
dv ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ sin x ÿ sin6 x
9þx2 4 6 0
1 1 1
¼ ÿ ¼ 0:0833
4 6 12
CHAPTER
ER 27 TEST
Ð x dx
1. Let u ¼ 9 ÿ ex , then du ¼ ÿex dx and peffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 9ÿex
ffi¼ 5. Use integration by parts with u ¼ x and dv ¼ e4x dx.
Then du ¼ dx and v ¼ 14 e4x and so xe4x dx ¼ uvÿ
Ð
ÿ uÿ1=2 du ¼ ÿ2u1=2 þ C ¼ ÿ2 9 ÿ ex þ C
Ð
v du ¼ 14 xe4x ÿ 14 e4x dx ¼ 14 xe4x ÿ 16

1 4x
Ð Ð
Ð Ð sin2 4x e þC ¼
2. tan2 4x cos2 4x dx ¼ cos 4
2 4x cos 4x dx ¼ 1 4x
Ð 2 16 e ð4x ÿ 1Þ þ C.
sin 4x cos 4x dx ¼ sin 4xð1 ÿ sin2 4xÞdx ¼
2 2
Ð
6. Let u ¼ tan x and then du ¼ sec2x dx ¼ cos12 x dx and

Ð 2
sin 4x dx ÿ sin4 4x dx ¼ 1ÿcos 8x
Ð Ð
2 dx ÿ Ð etan x tan x
Ð u u
cos2 x dx ¼ e du ¼ e þ C ¼ e þ C.
Ð ÿ1ÿcos 8x2 1 1 1
Ð
2 dx ¼ 2 x ÿ 16 sin 8x ÿ 4 ð1 ÿ 2 cos 8x þ
cos2 8xÞdx ¼ 12 x ÿ 10 1
sin 8x ÿ 14 x þ 16
1
sin 8x ÿ 7. Using the disk method, we have V ¼
Ð 1 pffiffiffi x 2 Ð 1 2x 2x 1
0 ð xe Þ dx ¼ 0 xe dx ¼ 4 e ð2x ÿ 1Þ0 ¼
1
Ð ÿ1þcos 16x 1 1 1
4 2 dx ¼ 4 x ÿ 8 x ÿ 128 sin 16x þC ¼
2
1 1 4 ðe þ 1Þ.
8 x ÿ 128 sin 16x þ C.
8. The arc length L uses ðy0 Þ2 ¼ ð2xÞ2 and so, L ¼
5 dx
¼ 5 tanÿ1 x þ C
Ð
3. x2 þ1 Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 1 þ ð2xÞ2 dx ¼ 0 1 þ 4x2 dx. From Formula
4. Let u ¼ x2 þ 1, then du ¼ 2x dx and so
Ð 4x dx
¼ Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðx2 þ1Þ3 30 in Appendix C, we see that L 0 1þ4x2 dx ¼
2 uÿ3 du ¼ ÿuÿ2 þ C ¼ ðx2ÿ1
Ð
þ C. p p pffiffiffiffiffi
1 þ 4x2 þ 12 ln 2x þ 1 þ 4x2 20 ¼ 2 17 þ
2x
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ1Þ2 2
1
pffiffiffiffiffi
2 ln j4 þ 17j 9:2936.
CHAPTER
28
Parametric Equations and Polar
Coordinates
28.1 DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

dy
1. x ¼ t2 þ t; y ¼ t þ 1. Thus, dx
dt dt ¼ 1,
¼ 2t þ 1 and 6. Since x ¼ 4t þ 1 and y ¼ 9t2 , the first derivative
1dy dy d dy
¼ dy=dt 18t 9
ÿ
which means that ¼ 2tþ1. Next, dt dt ¼
dx is dx dx=dt ¼ 4 ¼ 2 t. Critical value at t ¼ 0.
d ÿ1 ÿ2 d2 y ÿ2
dt ð2t þ 1Þ ¼ ð2tþ1Þ2 and we get dx2 ¼ . Criti- d dy
ÿ 18
ð2tþ1Þ3 d2 y 4
The second derivative is ¼ dt dxdx ¼ þ 18 9
16 ¼ 8.
cal values occur when dx dy ¼ 0 or is undefined. The dx2
dt
4
dy 1
derivative dx is undefined at t ¼ ÿ 2. The There are no inflection points. Since the second
second derivative is also undefined. ÿThereare no
extrema. Inflection point at t ¼ ÿ 12 : ÿ 14 ; 12 . derivative is positive the critical value yields a mini-
mum. Minimum at t ¼ 0 : ð1; 0Þ.
2. Here x ¼ t þ 3 and y ¼ t2 þ t and so the first
dy=dt 7. Here x ¼ 3 þ 4 cos t and y ¼ ÿ1 þ cos t which
derivative is dy
dx ¼ dx=dt ¼
2tþ1
1ÿ ¼ 2t þ 1 and the dy=dt
d dy means that the first derivative is dy
dx ¼ dx=dt ¼
d2 y
second derivative is ¼ dt dxdx ¼ 21 ¼ 2. Critical ÿ sin t 1 d2 y
ÿ4 sin t ¼ 4. The second derivative is ¼ 0 since
dx2
dt dx2
dy
value at t ¼ ÿ 12.
Since the second derivative is posi- dx is a constant. This is segment where the point
tive, this is a minimum. Thereÿ are no inflection ðx; yÞ moves between a minimum when t is an odd
points. Minimum at t ¼ ÿ 12 : 52 ; ÿ 14 multiple of giving ðÿ1; ÿ2Þ, and a maximum
3. Here x ¼ t2 ÿ 6t þ 12 and y ¼ t þ 4, and so, dy
¼ when t is an even multiple of giving (7, 0).
dx
dy=dt 1
dx=dt ¼ 2tÿ6. Critical value at t ¼ 3. The second 8. Here x ¼ 3 þ 4 cos t and y ¼ 1 ÿ sin t, which means
d dy
ÿ ÿ2 dy=dt
2
d y ð2tÿ6Þ2 ÿ2 that the first derivative is dy ÿ cos t 1
dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ ÿ4 sin t ¼ 4 cot t.
derivative is dx2 ¼ dt dxdx ¼ 2tÿ6 ¼ ð2tÿ6Þ 3 . Inflection
d dy
ÿ csc2 t
1
ÿ
dt 2
point at t ¼ 3 : ð3; 7Þ. No extrema. The second derivative is ddxy2 ¼ dt dtdx ¼ 4 ¼

dt
ÿ4 sin t
4. Since x ¼ t2 þ 6t þ 12 and y ¼ t þ 4, the first deri- 1
16 csc
3
t. The critical values occur when cos t ¼ 0, or
dy=dt
vative is dy 1
dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ 2tþ6. Critical value
ÿ at t ¼ ÿ3. when t ¼ 2 þ 2k yields a minimum (3, 0), as
d dy ÿ2 d2 y ÿ
The second derivative is d2 y
¼ dt dx
¼ ð2tþ6Þ2
¼ dx2 > 0. The values of t ¼ 2 þ 2k yield a maxi-
dx2 dx 2tþ6 2
dt mum at (3, 2) since ddxy2 < 0. Inflection points occur
ÿ2
ð2tþ6Þ3
. Inflection point at t ¼ ÿ3 : ð3; 1Þ when sin t ¼ 0 or at multiples of : t ¼ 0 þ 2k
yields (7, 1); t ¼ þ 2k yields ðÿ1; 1Þ. (Note:
5. Here x ¼ t2 þ t and y ¼ t2 ÿ t which means that
dy=dt
This curve is an ellipse with major axis between
the first derivative is dy 2tÿ1
dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ 2tþ1. Critical values ðÿ1; 1Þ and (7, 1) and minor axis between (3, 0),
d2 y and (3, 2).)
are at t ¼ 12 ; ÿ 12. The second derivative is dx2 ¼
d dy
ÿ ð2tþ1Þ2ÿð2tÿ1Þ2
dt dx ð2tþ1Þ2
¼ 2t þ 1 ¼ ð2tþ1Þ4 9. Since x ¼ 2 þ sin t and y ¼ ÿ1 þ cos t, the first
dx 3 . Inflection point at t ¼
dy=dt
dt derivative is dy ÿ sin t
dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ cos t ¼ ÿ tan t. The second
ÿ 12 :
ÿ 1 3
ÿ 4 ; 4 . Minimum at t ¼ 12 : 34 ; ÿ 14 . It is a
ÿ
d dy
ÿ
d2 y 2
minimum since the second derivative is positive. derivative is dx2 ¼ dt dxdx ¼ ÿcos
sec t 3
t ¼ ÿ sec t. Criti-
dt
cal values occur when sin t ¼ 0. At t ¼ 2k, the
540
SECTION 28.1 541
second derivative is negative so maximum (2, 0). At eþ1 or e2 yÿ ðe2 ÿ 1Þx ¼ ÿe2 þ 2e þ 1 or about
t ¼ þ 2k, y00 is positive so we have a minimum 7:389y ÿ 6:389x ¼ ÿ 0:9525. Normal: e2 þ1
ð2; ÿ2Þ. Inflection points are at t ¼ 2 þ 2k and y ÿ e ¼
e2 1ÿe4
ÿ 2 þ 2k. These are ð3; ÿ1Þ and ð1; ÿ1Þ. (Note: 1ÿe2 ½ x ÿ ðe þ 1Þ or ð1 ÿ e2 Þy ÿ e ¼ e2 xÿe3
ÿ1
this is a circle with vertical diameter between (2, ÿe , or ð1 ÿ e2 Þy ÿ e2 x ¼ ÿe þ e ÿ 2e3, or
2 2
0) and ð2; ÿ2Þ and horizontal diameter between ðe2 ÿ 1Þy þ e2 x ¼ e2 ÿ eÿ1 þ 2e3 . This is about
ð3; ÿ1Þ and ð1; ÿ1Þ). 6:389y þ 7:389x ¼ 47:192.
dy
10. Since x ¼ ÿ2 þ 4et and y ¼ 3 þ 2eÿt , the first 17. x ¼ t þ 3; y ¼ t2 ÿ 4t. The derivative is dx ¼
dy=dt ÿ2eÿt dy=dt
derivative is dy=dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ 4et ¼ ÿ 12 eÿ2t or dx=dt¼ 2tÿ4
Horizontal tangent when 2t ÿ 4 ¼ 0
2 .
d dy
ÿ
ÿ1 d2 y dt dx ÿ2t or t ¼ 2 : ð5; ÿ4Þ. Vertical tangents: none.
2e2t . The second derivative is dx2 ¼ dx
¼ e4et ¼ 2
dt 18. x ¼ t ÿ 4; y ¼ ðt2 þ tÞ . The derivative is dy dt ¼
1 t
Since e 6¼ 0 there are no extrema or inflection
4e3t . 2ðt2 þ tÞð2t þ 1Þ ¼ 2tðt þ 1Þð2t þ 1Þ. Horizontal
points. tangents are at t ¼ 0: ðÿ4; 0Þ; t ¼ ÿ1 : ðÿ5; 0Þ,
ÿ
and t ¼ ÿ 12 : ÿ4 12 ; 16
1
. Since dx
dt ¼ 1 is never
11. Here x ¼ 2t ÿ 1 and y ¼ 4t2 ÿ 2t and the first
dy dy=dt 0 there are no vertical tangents.
derivative is dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ 8tÿ2
2 . At t ¼ 1, the slope
dy 8ÿ2 19. x ¼ 3 cos t; y ¼ 5 sin t. To find any horizontal tan-
is m ¼ ¼ dx 2 ¼ 3
and the desired point is
gents, we have dy dt ¼ 5 cos t and 5 cos t ¼ 0, when
ðx; yÞ ¼ ð1; 2Þ. Thus, the equation of the tangent
is y ÿ 2 ¼ 3ðx ÿ 1Þ ) y ¼ 3x ÿ 1 and the equa- t ¼ 2 þ 2k : ð0; 5Þ and t ¼ ÿ 2 þ 2k : ð0; ÿ5Þ.
tion of the normal line is ðy ÿ 2Þ ¼ ÿ 13 ðx ÿ 1Þ To find vertical tangents, we take dx dt ¼ ÿ3 sin t;
) y ¼ ÿ 13 x þ 2 13 or 3y þ x ¼ 7. ÿ3 sin t ¼ 0 when t ¼ 2k : ð3; 0Þ and t ¼ þ
2k : ðÿ3; 0Þ.
12. x ¼ t ÿ 4; y ¼ t3 þ 2t2 ÿ 5t ÿ 2; t ¼ 1. The
desired point is ðx; yÞ ¼ ðÿ3; ÿ4Þ. The derivative 20. x ¼ t2 þ 1; y ¼ cos t. To find horizontal tangents,
is ÿ dy
dx ¼
3t2 þ4tÿ5
1 and when t ¼ 1, the slope is we take dy dt and set it equal to 0, with the result
m ¼ 2. The requested equations of the lines are: that dy
dt ¼ ÿ sin t ¼ 0 when t ¼ 2k; k 6¼ 0; ð42 þ
Tangent: y þ 4 ¼ 2ðx þ 3Þ or y ¼ 2x þ 2; Normal: 1; 1Þ; ð162 þ 1; 1Þ, etc. or t ¼ þ 2k : ð2 þ 1;
y þ 4 ¼ ÿ 12 ðx þ 3Þ or 2y þ x ¼ ÿ11. ÿ1Þ, ð92 ; ÿ1Þ, etc. To find the vertical tangents,
dy=dt ÿ sin t
we use dxdt ¼ 2t ¼ 0 when t ¼ 0 : dx=dt ¼ 2t . Since
13. x ¼ t3 ; y ¼ t2 ; t ¼ ÿ3. Thus, ðx; yÞ ¼ ðÿ27; 9Þ.
The derivative is dy 2t 2 limt!0 ÿ 2t
sin t
¼ ÿ 12 there are no vertical tangents.
dx ¼ 3t2 ¼ 3t; at t ¼ ÿ3; m ¼
2 2
ÿ 9. Tangent: y ÿ 9 ¼ ÿ 9 ðxþ27Þ or 9yþ2x ¼ 27; sx ðtÞ ¼ 3780t cos 4 4 2
21. 15 ; sy ðtÞ ¼ 3780t sin 15 ÿ 16t .
Normal: y ÿ 9 ¼ 92 ðx þ 27Þ or 2y ÿ 9x ¼ 261.
(a) sx ð5Þ ¼ 3780 5 cos 4
15 12; 646:57 ft;
14. x ¼ 2 cost; y ¼ 3 sin t; t ¼ 4, and so ðx; yÞ ¼ sy ð5Þ ¼ 3780 5 sin 4 2
pffiffiffi 3pffiffi2 15 ÿ 16 5
2; 2 . The derivative is dy 3 cos t 3
dx ¼ ÿ2 sin t ¼ ÿ 2 tan t 13; 645:44 ft:
and so, at 4, the slope is m ¼ ÿ 32. Tangent: (b) v x ð5Þ ¼ 3780 cos 4
pffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 15 ¼ 2529:31 ft=sec; and
y ÿ 3 2 2 ¼ ÿ 32 ðx ÿ 2Þ or 2y þ 3x ¼ 6 2; Nor- v y ð5Þ ¼ 3780 sin 4
pffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffi 15 ÿ 32 5 ¼ 2649:09 ft=sec
mal: y ÿ 3 2 2 ¼ 23 ðx ÿ 2Þ or 3y ÿ 2x ¼ 5 2 2. (c) ax ðtÞ ¼ 0;

15. x ¼ 2 þ cos t; y ¼ 2 sin t; t ¼ 2; ðx; yÞ ¼ ð2; 2Þ. ay ðtÞ ¼ ÿ32 ft=sec2
dy 2 cos t
Thus, ¼ ¼ ÿ2 cot t. At t ¼ ¼ 0 which 2;m
dx ÿ sin t 22. sx ðtÞ ¼ 1250t cos 3 3
11 ; sy ðtÞ ¼ 1250t sin 11 ÿ 4:9t
2
means that the desired lines are Tangent: y ¼ 2
and Normal: x ¼ 2. (a) sx ð8Þ ¼ 1250 8 cos 3
11 ¼ 6548:61 m and
sy ð8Þ ¼ 1250 8 sin 3 2
11 ÿ 4:98 ¼ 7243:90 m
16. x ¼ et þ 1; y ¼ et þ eÿt ; t ¼ 1, so ðx; yÞ ¼ ðe þ 1;
(b) v x ðtÞ ¼ dsdtx ðtÞ ¼ 1250 cos 3
dy t ÿt
e þ 1eÞ and the derivative is dx ¼ e ÿe
et . At t ¼ 11 , so v x ð8Þ ¼ 1250
ÿ1 2 dsy ðtÞ
1, we determine that m ¼ eÿee ¼ e eÿ1
2 . Tangent: cos 3
11 818:58 m/s, and v y ðtÞ ¼
3
dt ¼ 1250 sin 11
2 2
e þ1 e ÿ1
y ¼ ¼ e2 ðx ÿ ðe þ 1ÞÞ. Multiplying by ÿ9:8t, so v y ð8Þ ¼ 1250 sin 3
e 11 ÿ 9:8 8 866:29 m/s
2 2 3 2 3 2
e , we obtain e y ÿ e ÿ e ¼ ðe ÿ1Þx ÿ e ÿ e þ
542 CHAPTER 28 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES
(c) ax ðtÞ ¼ 0, so ax ð8Þ ¼ 0, and ay ðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8, so values of ax and ay , produces a magnitude of
ay ð8Þ ¼ ÿ9:8 m/s 2 5:3762 þ ðÿ2:846Þ2 6:083 km/s2 and a di-
rection of ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ2:846
ÿ
5:3762 ÿ27:9 .
23. (a) When t ¼ 3:0, then x ¼ p100 ffi ¼ p100
32 þ1
ffiffiffiffi ¼
10
pffiffiffiffiffi 100ð3Þ 300
p ffiffiffiffiffi 24. (a) v x ¼ dx=dt ¼ V cosðÞ ¼ 44 cosðÞ ft/s and v y
10 10 and y ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ p ¼ 30 10. Using
¼ dy=dt ¼ V sinðÞ ÿ gt ¼ 44 sinðÞ ÿ 32:0t
ffi ffiffiffi
ffi
pffiffift/s
32 þ1 10
these two values of x and y, produces magnitude (b) When ¼ 30 , v x ¼ 44 cos 30 ¼ 44 23 ¼
pffiffiffiffiffi2 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qÿffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
¼ x2 þ y2 ¼ 10 10 þ 30 10 ¼ 22 3 38:1 ft/s and v y ¼ 44 sin 30 ÿ 32ð1Þ ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1000 þ 9000 ¼ 10;000 ¼ 100 km ÿ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
22 q 32 ¼ ÿ10 ft/s. As ffi apresult, the magnitude
pffiffiffiffi ÿ pffiffiffi2 2
The direction is ¼ tanÿ1 yx ¼ tanÿ1 30 p10 is 22 3 þðÿ10Þ ¼ 1552 39:4 ft/s and
ÿ
ffiffiffiffi
10 10
ÿ1
¼ tan 3 ¼ 71:6 the direction is ¼ tanÿ1 22 ÿ10
pffiffi ÿ14:7 .
3 pffiffiffi
(b) The horizontal component of this electron’s
2 ÿ3=2 When ¼ 45 ; v x ¼ 44 cos 45 ¼ 22 2
velocity is v x ¼ dx dt ¼ 100ðt þ 1Þ ðÿ 12Þð2tÞ ¼ pffiffiffi
ÿ100t 31:11 ft/s and v y ¼ 44 sin 45 ÿ 32 ¼ 22 2 ÿ
3=2 . The vertical component of this electron’s
2
ðt þ1Þ 32 ÿ0:89 ft/s. As a result, the magnitude is
velocity is
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
v 2x þ v 2y 31:1 ft/s and the direction is ¼
dy
tanÿ1 ÿ0:89
ÿ
vy ¼ 31:11 ÿ1:6 .
dt
1=2 ÿ1=2 When ¼ 50 ; v x ¼ 44 cos 50 28:3 ft/s and
100ðt2 þ 1Þ ÿ 12 ðt2 þ 1Þ ð2tÞð100tÞ
¼ v y ¼ 44 sin 50 ÿ 32 1:71 ft/s. As a result, the
t2 þ 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
magnitude is v 2x þ v 2y 28:28 ft/s and the direc-
100ðt2 þ 1Þ ÿ 100t2 100
¼ ¼
tion is ¼ tanÿ1 28:28 ¼ 3:46 3:5 .
ÿ 1:71
ðt2 þ 1Þ3=2 ðt2 þ 1Þ3=2
ÿ100ð3Þ 25. (a) The horizontal component of this spacecraft’s
(c) When t ¼ 3:0, then v x ¼ ¼ ÿ300
ð32 þ1Þ3=2 ð10Þ3=2 ÿ1 4 ÿ1=2
100 100 velocity is v x ¼ dxdt ¼ 10 2 ðt þ 1Þ 4t3 ¼
ÿ9:487 and v y ¼ ¼ 3:162. Using
ð32 þ1Þ3=2 ð10Þ3=2 20t 3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. The vertical component of this space-
these two values of v x and v y , produces a t4 þ1
pffi
craft’s velocity is v y ¼ dy
ÿ3 1=2
magnitude of dt ¼ 2 40t ¼ 60 t.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (b) The magnitude of thisr spacecraft’s velocity at
ðÿ9:487Þ2 þ ð3:162Þ2 ¼ 10:0 km=s qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ÿ pffi ffi
3 2
time t is v 2x þ v 2y ¼ p20t
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ 60 t ¼
t4 þ1
and the direction is ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ9:487 ¼ ÿ18:4 .
ÿ 3:162 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6
20 t4tþ1 þ 9t m/s and the direction is
(d) The horizontal component of this electron’s 0 1
acceleration is pffi
vy 60 t C
¼ tanÿ1 ¼ tanÿ1 B
B
3=2 ÿ 1=2
ÿ100ðt2 þ 1Þ þ100t 32 ðt2 þ 1Þ ð2tÞ
C
ax ¼ vx @ 20t3 A
ðt 2 þ 1 Þ 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
t4 þ 1
pffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ100ðt þ 1Þ þ 300t2 200t2 ÿ 100
2
ÿ1 60 t t4 þ1 ÿ1 3 t4 þ1
¼ ¼ ¼ tan 20t 3 ¼ tan t5=2
:
ðt2 þ 1Þ5=2 ðt2 þ 1Þ5=2
(c) When t ¼ 5:0 s, the magnitude is 20
The vertical component of this electron’s accelera- qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ5=2 56
ð2tÞ ¼ ÿ300t 54 þ1 þ 9ð5Þ 167:28 m/s and direction is ¼
ÿ
tion is ay ¼ 100 ÿ 32 ðt2 þ 1Þ 2 5=2 .
ðt þ1Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4
200ð32 Þÿ100 tanÿ1 3 555=2þ1 53:3 .
(e) When t ¼ 3:0, then ax ¼ 5:376
ð32 þ1Þ5=2
ÿ300ð3Þ
and ay ¼ ÿ 2:846. Using these two
ð32 þ1Þ5=2
SECTION 28.1 543
26. (a) The horizontal component of this spacecraft’s acceleration is

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1=2
60t2 t4 þ 1 ÿ 12 ðt4 þ 1Þ ð4t3 Þð20t3 Þ
ax ¼ 4
t þ1
60t2 ðt4 þ 1Þ ÿ 40t6 20t6 þ 60t2
¼ ¼
ðt4 þ 1Þ3=2 ðt4 þ 1Þ3=2
20t2 ðt4 þ 3Þ
¼ ft=s2
ðt4 þ 1Þ3=2
tÿ1=2 ¼ p
ÿ1 30ffi
The vertical component of this spacecraft’s acceleration is ay ¼ 60 2 t
.
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
r ffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3=2

2
ÿ1 3ðt þ1Þ
4
400t4 ðt4 þ3Þ2

20t2 ðt4 þ3Þ
(b) magnitude: þ 900þ 900
t ¼m=s 2
, direction:
ðt4 þ1Þ3
¼ tan ,
ðt4 þ1Þ3=2 t 5=2 4
2t ðt þ3Þ
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffi
ð400Þ54 ð54 þ3Þ2 ÿ1 939 626 5
(c) When t ¼ 5:0 s, the magnitude is ð54 þ1Þ3
þ 900 2
5 24:1 m/s , direction: ¼ tan 78500
tanÿ1 ð0:669219Þ 33:8
27. (a) The horizontal and vertical velocities are horizontal component of a thrown object is
found by taking the derivatives of the horizontal sx ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 12 ax0 t2 þ v x0 t þ sx0 and the vertical
and vertical position components with respect to component of a thrown object is sy ðtÞ ¼
time. Since the horizontal component is x ¼ ÿ 12 ay0 t2 þ v y0 t þ sy0 . The horizontal component
aðt ÿ sin tÞ the horizontal velocity is v x ðtÞ ¼ is sx ðtÞ ¼ v x0 t ¼ 140t ft and the vertical compo-
að1 ÿ cos tÞ ft/s. The vertical component is given nent is sy ðtÞ ¼ v x0 t ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 7:5 ft or
as y ¼ að1 ÿ cos tÞ so the vertical velocity is
(
x ¼ 140 t
v y ðtÞ ¼ a sin t ft/s. Finally, since a ¼ 0:9 ft we
have v x ðtÞ ¼ 0:9ð1 ÿ cos tÞ ft/s and v y ðtÞ ¼ 0:9 y ¼ ÿ16 t2 þ 7:5
sin t ft/s. (b) Taking the derivative ( of the answer to (a) we
(b) The path of the nail is shown with ‘‘normal v x ¼ 140
thickness’’ while the graph of the velocity is in get the following:
v y ¼ ÿ32 t
‘‘thick’’ mode.
(c) From the position function x ¼ 140t we see
that when the ball has traveled 58 ft then 58 ¼
58
100t and so we see that it takes about 140
0:41 sec for the ball to reach the plate V ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
58 2
1402 þ ÿ32 140
ÿ
140:63 ft/s 95:9 mph.
29. (a) We establish a coordinate system with the ori-
gin directly under where the ball is released. That
(c) The acceleration components are ax ðtÞ ¼ means that the ball is released at the point ð0; 7:5Þ
0:9 sin t ft/s2 and ay ðtÞ ¼ 0:9 cos t ft/s2 . The so sx0 ¼ 0 and sy0 ¼ 7:5. Since the ball is thrown
magnitude of the acceleration is A ¼ horizontally, its initial horizontal velocity is
v x0 ¼ 100 ft/s and its vertical velocity is v y0 ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðax ðtÞÞ2 þðay ðtÞÞ2 ¼ ð0:9 sin tÞ2 þ ð0:9 cos tÞ2 0 ft/s. The only acceleration is due to gravity and
¼ 2
0:9 ft/s . The direction
has to satisfy tan ¼ so ax0 ¼ 0 ft/s2 and ay0 ¼ ÿ32 ft/s2 . The horizon-
ay ðtÞ 0:9 cos t ÿ1
tal component of a thrown object is sx ðtÞ ¼
a ðtÞ ¼ 0:9 sin t ¼ cot t. Thus, ¼ tan ðcot tÞ. ÿ 12 ax0 t2 þ v x0 t þ sx0 and the vertical component

x
of a thrown object is sy ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 12 ay0 t2 þ v y0 t þ
28. (a) We will establish a coordinate system with the sy0 . The horizontal component is sx ðtÞ ¼ v x0 t ¼
orgin that is directly under where the ball is 100t ft and the vertical component is sy ðtÞ ¼
released. That means that the ball is released at (
the point (0,7.5) so sx0 ¼ 0 and sy0 ¼ 7:5. Since x ¼ 100t
v x0 t ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 7:5 ft or
the ball is thrown horizontally, its initial horizontal y ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 7:5
velocity is v x0 ¼ 140 ft/s and its vertical velocity is (b) Taking the derivative of the answer to (a) we
v y0 ¼ 0 ft/s. The only acceleration is due to gravity (
and so ax0 ¼ 0 ft/s2 and ay0 ¼ ÿ32 ft/s2 . The v x ¼ 100
get the following:
v y ¼ ÿ32t
58
(c) It takes about ¼ 0:58 sec for the ball to
100 (b) The equations for the velocity of the package
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
are
reach the plate V ¼ 1002 þ ðÿ32 0:58Þ2 (
101:71 ft/s 69:3 mph. v x ¼ 176
v y ¼ ÿ32t
30. (a) Since gravity, and height are given in feet, we
first change 120.0 mph to 176 fps. The equations The equations for the velocity of the plane are
for the position of the package are (
( v x ¼ 176
x ¼ 176t
vy ¼ 0
y ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 1500
(c) Solving y ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 1500 ¼ 0, we see that the
The equations for the position of the plane are package reaches the ground at about t ¼ 9:7 sec.
( (d) The magnitude of the package when it hits the
x ¼ 176t qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
y ¼ 1500 ground the ground is V ¼ 1762 þ ðÿ32 9:7Þ2
356:83 ft/sec 243:3 mph.
28.2 DERIVATIVES OF VECTORS
1. (a) 3. (a)
(b) We have x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ t2 þ t, so f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 2t þ 1

(b) We have x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ cos t, so f 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ sin t and
and y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ t þ 1, so g0 ðtÞ ¼ 1. Thus, vðtÞ ¼
y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ 2 þ sin 3t, so g0 ðtÞ ¼ 3 cos 3t. Thus, vðtÞ
ðt þ 1Þi þ j
¼ ðÿ sin tÞi þ ð3 cos 3tÞj
(c) When t ¼ 1, we have vð1Þ ¼ ð1 þ 1Þi þ j ¼ ÿ2 ÿ ÿ2
(c) When t ¼ 2 3 , pweffiffi have v 3 ¼ ÿ sin 3 i þ
2i þ j. Its magnitude at this time is jvj ¼ 3
ð3 cosð2ÞÞj ¼ ÿ 2 i þ 3j. Its magnitude at this
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
22 þ 12 ¼ 5 2:236. Its direction is ¼ r ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffi2
ffi
tanÿ1 12 26:5 . ÿ 23 þð3Þ2 ¼ 9:75 3:123.
ÿ
time is jvj ¼

2. (a) Its direction is Ref ¼ tanÿ1 pffiffi33=2 ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ p6ffiffi3

73:9 . Since f 0 2 0 2
ÿ ÿ
3 < 0 and g 3 > 0, we see that
the direction is 180 ÿ Ref ¼ 106:1 .
4. (a)
(b) We have x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ t, so f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 1

and y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ 4t ÿ 3t2 , so g0 ðtÞ ¼ 4 ÿ 6t. Thus,
vðtÞ ¼ ð3t2 ÿ 1Þi þ ð4 ÿ 6tÞj
(c) When t ¼ 1, we have vð1Þ ¼ ð3 12 ÿ 1Þi þ
ð4 ÿ 6 1Þj ¼ 2i ÿ 2j. Its magnitude at this time is
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi (b) We have x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ cos2 t, so f 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ2 cos t
jvj ¼ 22 þ ðÿ2Þ2 ¼ 8 ¼ 2 2 2:828. Its sin t and y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ sin2 ð2tÞ ÿ cos t, so g0 ðtÞ ¼
direction is ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ2 ÿ1 4 sinð2tÞ cosð2tÞ þ sin t. Thus, vðtÞ ¼ ðÿ2 cos tÞ
ÿ
2 ¼ tan ðÿ1Þ ÿ45 .
SECTION 28.2 545
ðsin tÞiþ ½4 sinð2tÞ cosð2tÞ þ sin t j 6 12 ðÿ1Þ ð10 ÿ tÞÿ1=2 ¼ ÿ3ð10 ÿ tÞÿ1=2 ¼ pÿ3
ÿ
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi.
10ÿt
(c) When t ¼ 3 4 , we have 4 ÿ3
Thus, vðtÞ ¼ t i þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi j
10ÿt
3 3 3 (c) When t ¼ 1, we have
v ¼ ÿ2 cos sin i
4 4 4
4 ÿ3
3 3 3 vðÞ ¼ i þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi j
þ 4 cos sin þ sin j 1 10 ÿ 1
2 2 4
pffiffiffipffiffiffi pffiffiffi ÿ3
¼ 4i þ j

2 2 2
¼ ÿ2 cos i þ 4ðÿ1Þð0Þ þ j 3
2 2 2 ¼ 4i ÿ j
pffiffiffi
2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼iþ j Its magnitude at this time is jvð1Þj ¼ ð4Þ2 þ 12 ¼
2
pffiffiffiffiffi
17 4:123. Its direction is ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ1
ÿ
4
ÿ
Its magnitude at this time is jv 3 4 j¼
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffi2 ffi
p ffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ÿ14:04 .
12 þ 22 ¼ 1:5 1:225. Its direction is
7. Since x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ 0:4t5=2 , we have f 0 ðtÞ ¼ t3=2 and
pffiffi
Ref ¼ tanÿ1 22 ¼ 35:3 . f 00 ðtÞ ¼ 1:5t1=2 . Also, since y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ ðtÿ3Þ
0:5
2 ¼ 0:5
ðt ÿ 3Þÿ2 , then g0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿðt ÿ 3Þÿ3 and g00 ðtÞ ¼

5. (a)
3ðt ÿ 3Þÿ4 .
The velocity vector is vðtÞ ¼ t3=2 i ÿ ðt ÿ 3Þÿ3 j in
ft/s and the acceleration vector is aðtÞ ¼ 1:5t1=2 i þ
3ðt ÿ 3Þÿ4 j in ft/s2 .
When t ¼ 4, the velocity vector is vð4Þ ¼ 43=2 iÿ
ð4 ÿ 3Þÿ3 j ¼ 8i ÿ j. Its magnitude is jvð4Þj ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
82 þ ðÿ1Þ2 ¼ 65 8:062 ft/s. Its direction is
¼ tanÿ1 ÿ1
ÿ
(b) We have x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ esin t , so f 0 ðtÞ ¼ ðcos tÞesin t 64 ÿ0:895 .
At the same time, t ¼ 4, the acceleration vector
and y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ ÿecos t , so g0 ðtÞ ÿ¼ ÿðÿ sin tÞe
cos t
¼
ðsin tÞecos t . Thus, vðtÞ ¼ ðcos tÞ esin t i þ ðsin tÞ is að4Þ ¼ 1:5ð41=2 Þi þ 3ð4ÿ3Þÿ4 j ¼ 3i þ3j with mag-
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
ðecos t Þ j nitude 18 ¼ 3 2 4:243 ft/s2 and direction 45 .
(c) When t ¼ , we have 8. Since x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ 3t25þ1 ¼ 5ð3t2 þ 1Þÿ1 , we have f 0 ðtÞ
vðÞ ¼ ðcos Þ esin i þ ðsin Þðecos Þj ¼ ÿ5ð3t2 þ 1Þÿ2 ð6tÞ ¼ ÿ30tð3t2 þ 1Þÿ2 and f 00 ðtÞ
ÿ
¼ ðÿ1Þ e0 i þ ð0Þ eÿ1 j ¼ ÿ30ð3t2 þ 1Þÿ2 þ ÿ30tðÿ2Þð3t2 þ 1Þÿ3

ÿ ÿ
ð6tÞ ¼
¼ ÿi þ 0j ¼ ÿi ÿ30ð3t2 þ 1Þÿ2 þ 360tð3t2 þ 1Þÿ3 ¼ ÿ30ð3t2 þ
Its magnitude at this time is jvðÞj ¼ 1Þÿ3 ð1 ÿ 3t2 Þ. We also have y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ t2 ÿ t, and
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi so, g0 ðtÞ ¼ 2t ÿ 1 and g00 ðtÞ ¼ 2.
ðÿ1Þ2 þ 02 ¼ 1. Its direction is Ref ¼ tanÿ1 0 ¼ The velocity vector is vðtÞ ¼ ÿ30tð3t2 þ 1Þÿ2 i þ
0 . Since, f 0 ðtÞ < 0, the direction is 180 þ Ref ¼

ð2t ÿ 1Þj in ft/s and the acceleration vector is
180 þ 0 ¼ 180 . aðtÞ ¼ ÿ30ð3t2 þ 1Þÿ3 ð1 ÿ 3t2 Þi þ 2j in ft/s2 .
6. (a) When t ¼ 0, the velocity vector is vð0Þ ¼ ÿj with
magnitude jvð0Þj ¼ 1 ft/s and direction ¼ ÿ90
¼ 270 .
At the same time, when t ¼ 0, the acceleration vec-
ffi
tor is að0Þ ¼ ÿ30i þ 2j with magnitude 904
2
30:067 ft/s and direction about 176:2 .
9. Since x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ sin t, then f 0 ðtÞ ¼ cos t and f 00 ðtÞ ¼
ÿ sin t. Also since y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ 12 ln t2 , we have
g0 ðtÞ ¼ 1t and g00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ t12 .
(b) We have x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ 4 ln t, so f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 4t and

y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ 6 10 ÿ t ¼ 6ð10 ÿ tÞ1=2 , so g0 ðtÞ ¼
ÿ
The velocity vector is the acceleration vector is a ÿ 3 4
2 ¼ i ÿ 92 j i ÿ
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 4 2ffi
1 0:045j with magnitude 12 þ 92
vðtÞ ¼ ðcos tÞi þ j
t
1:010 m/s2 and direction ÿ2:58 .
in m/s and the acceleration vector is On the other hand, when t ¼ , we have vðÞ ¼
ÿi þ 1 j which has magnitude jvðÞj ¼
1
aðtÞ ¼ ÿðsin tÞi ÿ 2 2 j qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
t 1 þ ð1=Þ2 1:049 m/s with direction about
in m/s2 . 197:7 . At the same time, the acceleration vector
is aðÞ ¼ ÿ 12 j ÿ0:101j with magnitude 12
ÿ 3
When t ¼ ÿ 32 , the velocity vector is v ÿ 2 ¼
2
ÿ 3
ÿ
j with magnitude v ÿ 3

¼ 2 0:212 m/s 0:101 m/s2 and direction about ÿ90 ¼ 270 .
2 3
and direction ¼ ÿ90 ¼ 270 . At the same time,
10. Since x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ cos2 t, then f 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ2 cos t sin t and f 00 ðtÞ ¼ 2 sin2 t ÿ 2 cos2 t ¼ ÿ2 cosð2tÞ. Likewise, we have
y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ sin t þ cos t, so g0 ðtÞ ¼ cos t ÿ sin t and g00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ sin t ÿ cos t.
The velocity vector is
vðtÞ ¼ ÿ2ðcos t sin tÞi þ ðcos t ÿ sin tÞj
in m/s and the acceleration vector is
aðtÞ ¼ ÿ2 cosð2tÞi ÿ ðsin t þ cos tÞj
in m/s2 .
When t ¼ 2, the velocity vector is

v ¼ ÿ2 cos sin i þ cos ÿ sin j
2 2 2 2 2
¼ ÿ2ð0Þð1Þi þ ð0 ÿ 1Þj
¼ ÿj
ÿ
with magnitude v 2 ¼ 1 m/s and direction ¼ ÿ90 ¼ 270 . At the same time, the acceleration vector is

a ¼ ÿ2 cosðÞi ÿ sin þ cos j
2 2 2
¼ 2i ÿ ð1 þ 0Þj
¼ 2i ÿ j
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
with magnitude 22 þ 12 ¼ 5 2:236 m/s2 and direction about ÿ26:6 ¼ 333:4 .
On the other hand, when t ¼ 3 4 , the velocity vector is

3 3 3 3 3
v ¼ ÿ2 cos sin i þ cos ÿ sin j
4 4 4 4 4
pffiffiffipffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2 2 2 2
¼ ÿ2 ÿ iþ ÿ ÿ j
2 2 2 2
pffiffiffi
¼ i ÿ 2j i ÿ 1:414j
ÿ3 pffiffiffi
which has magnitude v 4 ¼ 3 1:732 m/s with direction about ÿ54:7 . At the same time, the acceleration
vector is

3 3 3 3
a ¼ ÿ2 cos i ÿ sin þ cos j
4 2 4 4
2 2
¼ ÿ2ð0Þi ÿ ÿ j
2 2
¼ 0i ÿ 0j ¼ 0
with magnitude 0 m/s2 and direction 0 .
SECTION 28.2 547
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
11. Remember, the speed is the magnitude of the velo- the speed is 4002 þ 335:412 522:0. The direc-
city vector. We first need to determine the velocity tion is ¼ tanÿ1 335:41 39:98 . Thus, the speed
ÿ
400
vector in terms of t and then find its magnitude and
of the spacecraft 20.0 s after launch is about 522.0
direction at the given values of t, pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
m/s with direction about 40 .
Here we are given x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ 10ð 1 þ t4 þ 1Þ ¼
At t ¼ 100:0 s, we see that vð100:0Þ ¼ 20ð1003 Þ
10ð1 þ t4 Þ1=2 þ 10, so f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 20t3 ð1 þ t4 Þÿ1=2 and
y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ 50t3=2 , so g0 ðtÞ ¼ 75t1=2 . Thus, the ð1 þ 1004 Þÿ1=2 i þ 75ð1001=2 Þj 2000i þ 750j.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
velocity vector is given by Thus, the speed is 20002 þ 7502 2136:0 and
the direction is ¼ tanÿ1 2000 20:56 . Thus,
ÿ 750
vðtÞ ¼ 20t3 ð1 þ t4 Þÿ1=2 i þ 75t1=2 j
the speed of the spacecraft 100.0 s after launch is
At t ¼ 20:0 s, we see that vð20:0Þ ¼ 20ð203 Þð1þ about 2136.0 m/s with direction about 20:56 .
204 Þÿ1=2 i þ 75ð201=2 Þj 400i þ 335:41j. Thus,
12. (a) The horizontal position of the balloon at any time t is given by x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ 0:8t2 þ 0:9 sin2 t and so,
f 0 ðtÞ ¼ 1:6t þ 1:8 sin t cos t. The vertical position of the balloon is y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ 360t ÿ 9t2 and g0 ðtÞ ¼
360 ÿ 18t. Thus, the velocity of the balloon is given by the vector vðtÞ ¼ ð1:6tþ 1:8 sin t cos tÞi þ ð360 ÿ 18tÞj.
(b) Since 90 s ¼ 1:5 min, the position is given by x ¼ f ð1:5Þ ¼ 0:8ð1:5Þ2 þ 0:9 sin2 ð1:5Þ ¼ 2:70 and
y ¼ 360ð1:5Þ ÿ 9ð1:5Þ2 ¼ 519:75. Thus, the balloon has moved 2.7 ft to the east and risen 519.75 ft. At this
time the velocity vector is
vð1:5Þ ¼ ð1:6ð1:5Þ þ 1:8 sinð1:5Þ cosð1:5ÞÞi þ ð360 ÿ 18ð1:5ÞÞj
2:527i þ 333j
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
jvð1:5Þj ¼ 2:527 þ 333 333 ft/min with direction 89:6 . speed, and direction of the balloon.
2 2
13. (a) We are given x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ 220ðt ÿ 0:025t2 þ eÿt ÿ 1Þ and y ¼ÿ gðtÞ ¼ 32ð1610ÿ 40tÿ 1600eÿt=40 Þ. Differen-
tiating, we obtain f 0 tðtÞ ¼ 220ð1 ÿ 0:05t ÿ eÿt Þ and g0 ðtÞ ¼ 32 ÿ40 þ 40eÿt=40 . Thus, the velocity vector is
given by

vðtÞ ¼ 220ð1 ÿ 0:05t ÿ eÿt Þi þ 32 ÿ40 þ 40eÿt=40 j
(b) At t ¼ 3 s, we see that

vð3Þ ¼ 220 1 ÿ 0:05ð3Þ ÿ eÿ3 i þ 32 ÿ40 þ 40eÿ3=40 j
ÿ
¼ 176i ÿ 92:5j
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Thus,ÿ at this
time, the water is falling at a speed of 1762 þ ðÿ92:5Þ2 198:8 ft/s. The direction is
tanÿ1 ÿ92:5
176 ÿ27:7 .
ÿ1=2 ÿ1=2
14. (a) We are given x ¼ f ðtÞ ¼ p100
t2 þ1
¼ 100ðt2 þ 1Þ and y ¼ gðtÞ ¼ p100t
t2 þ1
¼ 100tðt2 þ 1Þ . Differentiating
0 2 ÿ3=2 0 2 ÿ1=2 2 2 ÿ3=2 2 ÿ3=2
produces f ðtÞ ¼ ÿ100tðt þ 1Þ and g ðtÞ ¼ 100ðt þ 1Þ ÿ100 t ðt þ 1Þ ¼ 100ðt þ 1Þ . Thus,
the velocity vector of this electron is
ÿ3=2 ÿ3=2
vðtÞ ¼ ÿ100t t2 þ 1 i þ 100 t2 þ 1
ÿ ÿ
j
(b) When t ¼ 3:0, then
ÿ3=2 ÿ3=2
vð3:0Þ ¼ ÿ100ð3:0Þ 32 þ 1 i þ 100 32 þ 1
ÿ ÿ
j
¼ ÿ9:487i þ 3:162j
Thus, the velocity has a magnitude of ðÿ9:487Þ2 þ 3:1622 ¼ 10:0 km/s and the direction is ¼

3:162
tanÿ1 ÿ18:4 .
ÿ9:487
300 t2 ÿ5=2
(c) Differentiating f 0 produces f 00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 100
¼ ð t 2 þ 1Þ ð200 t2 ÿ 100Þ. Similarly, differentiating
ðt2 þ1Þ5=2 ðt2 þ1Þ3=2
g0 yields g00 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ300tðt2 þ 1Þÿ5=2 . Thus, the acceleration vector of this electron is
ÿ5=2 ÿ
aðtÞ ¼ t2 þ 1 200 t2 ÿ 100 i þ ÿ300tðt2 þ 1Þÿ5=2 j
ÿ
(d) When t ¼ 3:0, we have the acceleration vector

ÿ5=2 ÿ
aðt3:0Þ ¼ 32 þ 1 200 32 ÿ 100 i þ ÿ300ð3Þð32 þ 1Þÿ5=2 j
ÿ
¼ 5:376i ÿ 2:846j
Thus, theÿ acceleration has a magnitude of 5:3762 þ ðÿ2:846Þ2 6:083 km/s2 and a direction of
¼ tanÿ1 ÿ2:846

5:376 2 ÿ27:9 .
28.3 DIFFERENTIATION IN POLAR COORDINATES

ÿpffiffiffi
1. Since r ¼ 3 sin , then r 0 ¼ 3 cos which leads 2; 4 , we find m ¼ ÿ cot 2 4 ¼ ÿ cot 2 ¼
ÿ
to dy r0 sin þr cos 3 cos sin þ3 sin cos pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffi
dx ¼ r0 cos ÿr sin ¼ 3 cos cos ÿ3 sin sin ¼ 0. Thus, x ¼ r cos ¼ 2 cos 4 ¼ 2 22 ¼ 1,
2 cos sin
pffiffiffi
cos2 ÿsin2
sin 2
¼ cos 2 ¼ tan 2 and y ¼ r sin ¼ 2 sin 4 ¼ 1. Tangent: y ¼ 1,
dy Normal: x ¼ 1
2. Since r ¼ ÿ2 cos , then r 0 ¼ 2 sin and so dx ¼
r0 sin þr cos
¼ 2 sin sin ÿ2 cos cos
¼ 11.
r ¼ 5 sin 3; p5ffiffi2 ; 12 ; r 0 ¼ 15 cos 3; dy
dx ¼
r0 cos ÿr sin 2 sin cos þ2 cos sin
15 cos 3 sin þ 5 sin 3 cos
sin2 ÿcos2
¼ ÿsin
cos 2 15 cos 3 cos ÿ 5 sin 3 sin . When ¼ 12, then m ¼
2 sin cos 2 ¼ ÿ cot 2
dy p5ffiffi
3. Since r ¼ 1 þ cos , then r 0 ¼ ÿ sin and we have dx 0:660254 0:6603. Thus, x ¼ 2 cos 12 ¼

dy r 0 sin þr cos ÿ sin sin þð1þcos Þ cos 3:4151 and y ¼ p5ffiffi2 sin 12 ¼ 0:9151. Tangent: y ¼
dx ¼ r 0 cos ÿr sin ¼ ÿ sin cos ÿð1þcos Þ sin ¼
2
ÿ sin þcos þcos 2 ÿ0:9151 ¼ 0:6603ðxÿ3:4151Þ. Normal: yÿ 0:9151
ÿ2 sin cos ÿsin ¼ ÿcossinþcos 2 cos 2þcos
2ÿsin ¼ ÿ sin 2þsin . ¼ ÿ1:5146ðx ÿ 3:4151Þ
4. Since r ¼ cos 3, then r 0 ¼ ÿ3 sin 3 and we have ÿ
r ¼ 2 ÿ 3 sin ; 12 ; 5
0 dy
dy 0
sin þr cos ÿ3 sin 3 sin þcos 3 cos
12. 6 ; r ¼ ÿ3 cos ; dx ¼
dx¼ rr0 cos ÿr sin ¼ ÿ3 sin 3 cos ÿcos 3 sin ¼ ÿ3 cos sin þð2ÿ3 sin Þ cos 5
3 sin 3 sin ÿcos 3 cos ÿ3 cos cos ÿð2ÿ3 sin Þ sin . At ¼ 6 , we find that
3 sin 3 cos þcos 3 sin .
pffiffi pffiffi
ÿ3 ÿ 23 12 þ 2 ÿ 3 12 ÿ2 3
ÿ
5. We are given r ¼ 1 þ cos 3, and so r 0 ¼ ÿ3 sin 3, dy
m ¼ dx ¼ pffiffi pffiffi ¼
ÿ3 ÿ2 3 ÿ2 3 ÿ 2 ÿ 3 12 12
ÿ
ÿ3 sin 3 sin þð1þcos 3Þ cos
which leads to dy dx ¼ ÿ3 sin 3 cos ÿð1þcos 3Þ sin ¼
pffiffi pffiffi
3 2 ÿ 3 pffiffi pffiffi
4 þ 4
3 sin 3 sin ÿcos 3 cos ÿcos
3 sin 3 cos þcos 3 sin þsin . ÿ9 1
¼ 2ÿ103 ¼ ÿ5 3 ÿ0:3464. Thus, we get
4 ÿ4 pffiffi pffiffi
6. Since r ¼ csc ; we have r 0 ¼ ÿ csc cot , and x ¼ r cos ¼ 12 ÿ2 3 ¼ ÿ4 3 and y ¼ r sin ¼
so the desired derivative is dy dx ¼
1 1
2 ¼ 1. As a result, Tangent: y ÿ 14 ¼
2p ffiffi 4 pffiffi
ÿ csc cot sin þcsc cos
¼ ÿ cot þcot
¼0 ÿ 3
pffiffi pffiffiffi
ÿ csc cot cos ÿcsc sin ÿ cot2 ÿ1
5 x þ 43 ¼ 4y þ 53 x ¼ 25, or 20y þ 3x ¼ 2
7. Here r ¼ tan , which means that r 0 ¼ sec2 , and or about 20y þ 1:732x ¼ 2, or y ¼ ÿ0:25 ¼
sec2 sin þtan cos
so the desired derivative is dy
dx ¼ sec2 cos ÿtan sin
2
ÿ0:3464ðx þ 1:4330Þ. Normal: y ÿ 14 ¼ p5ffiffi3 ð x þ
sec þtan cos cos pffiffi
¼ tansec ¼ tan þtan cos
1ÿsin2

¼ 3 20ffiffi 20ffiffi
ÿtan 2
sin cos 5 Þ or 4y ÿ 1 ¼ 3 x þ 5 or 4y ÿ 3 x ¼ 6, or
p p

tan 1þcos
cos2 ¼ tan ðsec2 þ 1Þ. y ÿ 0:24 ¼ 2:8858ðxþ0:433Þ, or 4yÿ11:547x ¼ 6.
dy
8. r ¼ e ; r 0 ¼ e ; ¼ ee sin þe cos
¼ sin þcos
13. We are given r ¼ 6 sin2 and 4:5; 2
ÿ
dx cos ÿe sin cos ÿsin 3 , and so
r ¼ sin ; r 0 ¼ cos ; dy
cos sin þsin cos
¼ cos r 0 ¼ 12 sin cos which leads to the derivative
9. cos ÿsin sin ¼
dx 2 2
dy sin cos sin þ6 sin cos cos
2 sin cos
¼ cos 2 ¼ tan 2. At the point 1; 2 , ¼ 12 ¼ sin 32sin
sin 2
ÿ
cos2 ÿsin2
dx 12 sin cos cos ÿ6 sin2 sin ð cos2 ÿsin2 Þ
pffiffi
m ¼ tan 2 2 ¼ tan ¼ 0. Thus, x ¼ r cos ¼
3 23 ÿ1
1 cos 2 ¼ 0 and y ¼ r sin ¼ 1 sin 2 ¼ 1. Tangent: 3 sin cos 2
¼ 2 cos2 ÿsin2 . At ¼ 3 we get m ¼ 2
y ¼ 1; Normal: x ¼ 0 pffiffi 2 14 ÿ 34
ÿ3 3 pffiffiffi
ÿpffiffiffi 0
¼ 4 1 ¼ 3 3 5:1962. At 4:5; 2
ÿ
10. r ¼ 2 cos ; 2; 4 ; r ¼ ÿ2 sin ; dydx ¼ 3 , we find
ÿ4
2 2
ÿ2 sin sin þ2 cos cos ÿcos
ÿ2 sin cos ÿ2 cos sin ¼ sin
2 sin cos ¼ ÿ cot 2. At
SECTION 28.3 549
pffiffi
ÿ9 9 3
expands toÿ 2ð2 sin cos Þ sin ÿ 1ÿ2 sin2 cos
ÿ
that x ¼ 4:5 cos 2 3 ¼ 4 and y ¼ 4:5 sin 3 ¼ 4 .
2
pffiffi pffiffiffiÿ pffiffiffi ¼ 0; cos 4 sin2 ÿ 1 þ 2 sin2 Þ ¼ 0. Which sim-
Tangent: y ÿ 9 4 3 ¼ 3 3 x þ 94 or 4yÿ 9 3 ¼

plifies to cos 6 sin2 ÿ 1 ¼ 0. pHence
ÿ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi either
12 3x þ 27 3 or 4y ÿ 12 3x ¼ 36 3 or y ÿ 3 ffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffi cos ¼ 0 or sin2 ¼ 16 or sin ¼ 66. This gives
3x ¼ 9 3. Normal: y ÿ 9 4 3 ¼ 3ÿ1
ÿ
pffiffi x þ 9 , or
3 4 critical values of ¼ 2 ; 3 2 and ¼ 0:4205;
4y ÿ 9 3 ¼ 3ÿ4 pffiffi x ÿ p
3
9 ffiffi
3 3
, or 4y þ 3p4 ffiffi3 x ¼ 8 3, or 2:7211; 3:5621, and 5.8627.
y þ 3p1 ffiffi3 x ¼ 2 3, or 9y þ 3x ¼ 18 3. Set the denominator to 0 and solve 2 sin 2
ÿ 0
cos þ cos 2 sin ¼ 0. Using an expansion iden-
14. r ¼ 2 þ 3 sec ; ÿ4; 2 3 , and so r ¼ 3 sec tan , tity for 2 sin cos , we get 4 sin cos cos þ
which leads to
sec tan sin þð2þ3 sec Þ cos ð2 cos2 ÿ 1Þ sin ¼ 0. Factoring, we get sin
dy
¼ 33 sec tan cos ÿð2þ3 sec Þ sin ¼
dx ½4 cos2 þ 2 cos2 ÿ 1 ¼pffiffi0, so sin ¼ 0 or
3 tan2 þ2 cos þ3 þ2 cos þ3 2
¼ 3 tan ÿ2
3 tan ÿ2 sin ÿ3 tan sin . So, ¼ 2
3, cos2 ¼ 16 or cos ¼ 66. This gives criti-
pffiffiffi 2 ÿÿ1 cal values of 0, ; 1:1503; 1:9913; 4:2918, and
3ðÿ 3Þ þ 2 2 þ 3 9ÿ1þ3
yields m ¼ pffiffi ¼ ÿpffiffi3 ¼ ÿ11
pffiffi
3
5.1329.
ÿ2 23 The graph of r ¼ 3 cos 2 is a four leaf rose.
p
¼ ÿ11 The first set of critical values gives the locations of
ffiffi
ffi
3 3. As a result, we find that x ¼
horizontal tangents and the second set gives the
ÿ4 cos 2 ¼ ÿ4 ÿ1 2 ¼ 2 and y ¼ ÿ4 sin 2
3 ¼
pffiffi 3 pffiffiffi p pffiffi locations ofÿ vertical
tangents. Horizontal tangents
ÿ11 3
3
ffiffi
ffi
ÿ4 2 ¼ ÿ2 3. Tangent: yþ 2 3 ¼ 3 ðx ÿ 2Þ, at ÿ3; 2 ; ÿ3; 3
ÿ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 2 ; ð2; 0:4205Þ; ð2; 2:7211Þ;
or 3y þ 11 3x ¼ 16 3; y þ 6:3509x ¼ 9:2376. ð2; 3:5621Þ, and (2, 5.8627). Vertical tangents at
pffiffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffi
Normal: y þ 2 3 ¼ 113 ðx ÿ 2Þ, or 11y þ 22 3 ¼ (3, 0), ð3; Þ; ðÿ2; 1:1503Þ; ðÿ2; 1:9913Þ;
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ðÿ2; 4:2918Þ, and ðÿ2; 5:1329Þ.
3x ÿ 2 3, or 11y ÿ 3x ¼ ÿ24 3, or y ÿ
0:1574x ¼ ÿ3:7790. 18. r ¼ 1 ÿ cos ; r0 ¼ sin , and so
sin þð1ÿcos Þ cos
r ¼ e ; 2:8497; 3 ; By exercise #8, we psee dy
¼ sin
ÿ
sin cos ÿð1ÿcosÞ sin :
15. ffiffi that dx
3 1
dy sin þcos 2 þp2 The numerator is 0 when sin2 þcos ÿcos2 ¼ 0
dx ¼ cos ÿsin , and at 3, we obtain m ¼ 1
ffiffi ¼
3 or ð1 ÿ cos2 Þ þ cos ÿ cos2 ¼ 0 or 1 þ cos ÿ
2ÿ 2
pffiffi
3pþ1ffiffi ð
pffiffi
3þ1Þð
pffiffi
3 þ1Þ
pffiffi p ffiffi
ffi 2 cos2 ¼ 0, which factors as ð1 þ 2 cos Þð1 ÿ
1ÿ 3
¼ ð1ÿpffiffi3Þð1þpffiffi3Þ ¼ 4þ2 3
ÿ2 ¼ ÿ2 ÿ 3. Thus, cos Þ ¼ 0. So cos ¼ 1 or cos ¼ ÿ 12. This
x ¼ 2:8497 cos 3 ¼ 1:4249 and y ¼ 2:8497
pffiffiffi sin 3 gives critical values of ¼ 0; 2 4
3 , and 3 . The de-
¼ 2:4679. Tangent: yÿ 2:4679 ¼ ÿð2 þ 3Þðxÿ nominator is 0 when sin cos ÿ ð1 ÿ cos Þ sin
1:4249Þ, or y ÿ 2:4697 ¼ ÿ3:7321x þ 5:3178, or ¼ 0; sin ðcos ÿ 1 þ cos Þ ¼ 0; sin ¼ 0 or
y þ 3:7321x ¼ 7:7875. Normal: y ÿ 2:4679 ¼ cos ¼ 12. This gives critical values of 0; ; 3
1pffiffi
ðx ÿ 1:4249Þ, or y ÿ 2:4679 ¼ 0:2679x ÿ and 5 3 . This shape is a cardioid with horizontal
2þ 3
tangents at ¼ 2 4
3 and 3 and vertical tangents
0:3818, or y ÿ 0:2679x ¼ 2:0861. at 3 ; , and 5 . At ¼
3 ÿ 0, there
ÿ is 4 no tangent.
dy Horizontal tangents at 1:5; 3 ; 1:5; . Vertical
ÿ
16. r ¼ tan ; ÿ1; 3
4 . By exercise #7, dx ¼ ðsec2 þ 3 ÿ 3
tangents at 0:5; 3 ; ð2; Þ, and 0:5; 5
ÿ
1Þ tan . At ¼ 3
we obtain m ¼ ð2 þ 1Þ .
4,
3
pffiffi
ðÿ1Þ ¼ ÿ3. Thus, x ¼ ÿ1 cos 3 ¼ 22 and y ¼ 19. r ¼ 1 þ 2 cos ; r 0 ¼ ÿ2 sin . Hence, we obtain
pffiffi p4ffiffi pffiffi
2 2 2
ÿ1 sin 3
4 ¼ ÿ 2 . Tangent: y þ 2 ¼ ÿ3 x ÿ 2 ,
dy ÿ2 sin sin þ ð1 þ 2 cos Þ cos
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ¼
or 2y þ 2 ¼ ÿ6x þ 3 2, or 2y þ dx ÿ2 sin cos ÿ ð1 þ 2 cos Þ sin
pffiffiffi pffiffi 6x ¼ 2 2,
pffiffi
2 1 2 ÿ2 sin2 þ cos2 þ 2 cos
or y þ 3x ¼ 2. Normal: y þ 2 ¼ 3 x ÿ 2 , or ¼
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ÿ2 sin cos ÿ sin þ 2 cos sin
6y þ 3 2 ¼ 2x ÿ 2, or 6y ÿ 2x ¼ ÿ4 2, or
pffiffiffi ÿ2ð1 ÿ cos2 Þ þ cos þ 2 cos2
3y ÿ x ¼ ÿ2 2. ¼
ÿ4 sin cos ÿ sin
17. Since r ¼ 3 cos 2 we have r0 ¼ ÿ6 sin 2, which 4 cos2 þ cos ÿ 2
¼
gives the derivative dy ÿ6 sin 2 sin þ3 cos 2 cos ÿ sin ð4 cos þ 1Þ
dx ¼ ÿ6 sin 2 cos ÿ3 cos 2 sin ¼
2 sin 2 sin ÿcos 2 cos
2 sin 2 cos þcos 2 cos . If we set the numerator equal The numerator equalsp0ffiffiffiffiffiwhen 4 cos2 þ cos ÿ
to 0 we get 2 sin 2 sin ÿ cos 2 cos ¼ 0 which 2 ¼ 0 or cos ¼ ðÿ1 33Þ8 or when 0:9359;
dr 10ð3 sin Þ 30 sin

5:3476; 2:5738; or 3.7094. The denominator 21. (a) d ¼ ð5þ3 cos Þ2
¼ ð5þ3 cos Þ2
equals 0 when sin ¼ 0 or cos ¼ ÿ 14 which (b) Critical values are 0, , and 2. Since r is
yields ¼ 0; ; 1:8234, or 4.4597. This is increasing on the interval (0, ) and decreasing on
a limaçon. Horizontal tangents are at (2.1861, ð; 2Þ, r has a maximum at ¼ .
0.9359), ðÿ0:6861; 2:5738Þ, ðÿ0:6861; 3:7094Þ,
10 cos 10 sin
and (2.1861, 5.3476).Vertical tangents are at 22. (a) x ¼ 5þ3 cos ; y ¼ 5þ3 cos
(3, 0), (0.5, 1.8234), ðÿ1; Þ, and (0.5, 4.4597). dy r 0 sin þ r cos
(b) ¼
dx r 0 cos þ r sin
20. r ¼ sin2 ; r 0 ¼ 2 sin cos . Hence, we obtain
30 sin2 10 cos
ð5þ3 cos Þ2
þ ð5þ3 cos Þ
dy 2 sin cos sin þ sin2 cos ¼ 30 sin cos 10 sin
¼ ÿ ð5þ3 cos Þ
dx 2 sin cos cos ÿ sin2 sin ð5þ3 cos Þ2
2 sin2 cos þ sin2 cos 30 sin2 þ 10 cos ð5 þ 3 cos Þ

¼ ¼
2 sin cos2 ÿ sin3 30 sin cos ÿ 10 sin ð5 þ 3 cos Þ
3 sin2 cos 30 sin2 þ 50 cos þ 30 cos2
¼ ¼
2 cos2 ÿ sin2 30 sin cos ÿ 50 sin ÿ 30 sin cos
The numerator equals 0 when sin ¼ 0 or cos ¼ 30 þ 50 cos 5 cos þ 3
¼ ¼ÿ
0. These will be when ¼ 0; 2 ; , and 3 2 . The ÿ50 sin 5 sin
denominator equals 0 when 2 cos2 ÿ sin2 ¼ 0 or (c) ÿExtrema are (a) when 3 þ 5 cos ¼ 0 or ¼
2 cos2 ¼ sin2 , or 2 ¼ tan2 . This will be when

cos ÿ 35 2:21 or 4.07 radians, or (b) when
¼ 0:9553; 2:1863; 4:0969, orÿ 5.3279. Horizon- sin ¼ 0 which is at ¼ 0; . The slope is
tal tangents occur at (0, 0), 1; 2 , and 1; 3
ÿ
ÿ2 ÿ2 2 . undefined at ¼ 0 and ¼ so there are vertical
Vertical tangents are at 3 ; 0:9553 ; 3 ; 2:1863 ; tangent lines at (1.25, 0) and ð5; Þ. The slope is 0
at ¼ 2:21 and ¼ 4:07 and there are horizontal
ÿ2 ÿ2
3 ; 4:0969 , and 3 ; 5:3279 . (Note: ð0; Þ is
the same point as (0, 0). tangent lines at (3.125, 2.21) and (3.125, 4.07).
28.4 ARC LENGTH AND SURFACE AREA REVISITED
1. x ¼ 4t3 ; y ¼ 3t2 so ¼ 12t2 and dy

dx
dt ¼ 6t.
Ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dt or L ¼ 0 9 cos4 t sin2 t þ 9 sin4 cos2 t dt, or
Ð 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The arc length is L ¼ 0 ð12t2 Þ2 þð6tÞ2 dt ¼ Ð =2 q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
L ¼ 0 3 cos2 t sin2 t cos2 t þ sin2 t dt, or L
ÿ
Ð 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 144t4 þ 36t2 dt ¼ 0 6t 4t2 þ 1 dt. Let u ¼ Ð =2
¼ 0 3 cos t sin t dt. Let u ¼ sin t; du ¼ cos t dt
4t2 þ 1 and du ¼ 8tdt. Substituting, we get so by substituting we get 3 u du ¼ 3 12 u2 ¼
Ð
6
Ð pffiffiffi 3 2 3=2 1 2 3=2 1

1
3=2 3 2 =2 3
u du ¼ 4 3 u ¼ 2 ð4t þ 1Þ ¼ 2 5
8 0 2 sin t 0 ¼ 2.
ÿ13=2 12 ð10:1803Þ ¼ 5:0902.
5. x ¼ cos t þ t sin t; dx dt ¼ ÿ sin t þ t cos t þ sin t ¼
2. x¼ ¼ cos t; y ¼ cos t; dy
sin t; dx
dt dt ¼ ÿ sin t t cos t. y ¼ sin t ÿ t cos t; dy dt ¼ cos t þ t sin tÿ
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The arc length is L ¼ 0 ðcos tÞ2 þ ðÿ sin tÞ2 dt cos t ¼ t sin t. The arc length is
Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð
¼ 0 cos2 t þ sin2 t dt ¼ 0 1 dt ¼ tj0 ¼ . L ¼ 0 ðt cos tÞ2 þ ðt sin tÞ2 dt
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dy ¼ 0 t2 cos2 t þ t2 sin2 t dt
3. x ¼ 3 cos t; dx dt ¼ ÿ3 sin t; y ¼ 3 sin t; dt ¼ Ð
2
3 cos t. The arc length is ¼ 0 t dt ¼ t2 ¼ 12 2 .
Ð 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
L¼ 0 ðÿ3 sin tÞ2 þ ð3 cos tÞ2 dt ¼ 0
6. r ¼ ; r ¼ 1; The arc length is
Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
9 sin2 t þ 9 cos2 t dt ¼ 0 3 dt ¼ 3tj2
Ð 2 Ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 0 ¼ L¼ 0 r 2 þ r 0 2 d ¼ 0 2 þ 1 d. By
6. (Note: this curve is a circle of radius 3.)
formula #30 in Appendix C, this is
x ¼ cos3 t; dx 2 3 dy pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi=2
4. dt ¼ ÿ3 cos t sin t; y ¼ sin t; dt ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
2
2 þ 1q þ 2 ln þ 2 þ 1 0 ¼ 4 4 þ 1
3 sin2 t cos t. The arc length is ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
Ð =2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ffi þ 12 ln2 þ 4 þ 1 2:0792.

ðÿ3 cos2 t sin tÞ2 þ 3 sin2 t cos t dt,
ÿ
L¼ 0
SECTION 28.4 551
Since r ¼ 1 þ cos we have r 0 ¼ ÿ sin . Thus,

ð =2
7. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the arc length is ¼ sin 1 þ 3 cos2 d:
0
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
L ¼ 0 ð1 þ cos Þ2 þ ðÿ sin Þ2 d ¼ pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
Ð ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
p Letting u ¼ 3 cos , then du ¼ ÿ 3 sin and
1 þ 2 cos þ cos2 þ sin2 d ¼ Ð p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi substituting we get ÿ p1ffiffi3 1 þ u2 du. By for-
0 2 þ 2 cos d ¼ 2 0 1 þ cos d. Since mula #30 in Appendix C we get
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
cos2 2 ¼ 1þcos
we get 1 þ cos ¼ 2 cos 2. ÿ p1ffiffi3 u2 1 þ u2 þ 12 lnu þ 1 þ u2 ¼
2 pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffi Ð hpffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
Now our integral is 2 cos 2 2 cos 2 d ¼ 2 0 ÿ p1ffiffi3 3 2cos 1 þ 3 cos2 þ 12 ln 3 cos þ
cos 2 d. Letting u ¼ 2 we have du ¼ 12 d pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi=2 ÿ pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
or 2 du ¼ d, and so, we get by substitution, 4 1 þ 3 cos2 0 ¼ ÿ p1ffiffi3 ÿ 3 ÿ 12 lnð 3 þ 2Þ
ÿ pffiffi pffiffiffi
cos u du ¼ 4 sin u ¼ 4 sin20¼ 4 sin 2 ÿ sin 0 ¼ 4.
Ð
¼ 1 þ 63 lnð2 þ 3Þ 1:3802.
8. Here r ¼ cos2 and so r 0 ¼ ÿ2 cos sin . Thus, 10. Since r ¼ e=2 , then r 0 ¼ 12 e=2 . The arc length
the arc length is given by Ð 4 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
2 ÿ
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi is L ¼ 0 ðe=2 Þ þ 12 e=2 d ¼
L¼ cos4 þ ðÿ2 cos sin Þ2 d Ð 4 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 4 qffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
0 0 e þ 14 e d. Thus, we have L ¼ 0 5e4 d ¼
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi Ð pffiffiffiffi pffiffi Ð
5 4 4
¼ cos4 þ 4 cos2 sin2 d 2 0 e d ¼ 25 0 e=2 d. Letting u ¼ 2, then du
pffiffi
5
1
Ð u
0 ¼ 2 d, so we get 2 2 e du ¼
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi u pffiffiffi =2 4 pffiffiffi 2 p ffiffi
ffi
¼ cos cos4 þ 4 sin2 d 5e ¼ 5e ¼ 5ð e ÿ e 0 Þ ¼ 5ð e 2 ÿ 1Þ ¼
0
0
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 14:2864.
¼ cos 1 þ 3 sin2 d: x ¼ t þ 4, so dx 3 dy 2
0
11. dt ¼ 1 and y ¼ t , so dt ¼ 3t .
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi Thus, the area of the surface of revolution is S ¼
Letting u ¼ 3 sin , we get du ¼ 3 cos d. Ð 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 0 t3 1 þ ð3t2 Þ2 dt ¼ 2 0 t3 1 þ 9t4 dt. Let
Substituting produces L ¼ p1ffiffi3 1 þ u2 du. By
formula #30 in Appendix C this is u ¼ 1 þ 9t4 , and then du ¼ 36t3 dt. Substituting
Ð pffiffiffi 2 3=2 3=2 2

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi we get 2 36 u du ¼ 18 3 u ¼ 27 ð1 þ 9t4 Þ
1 u pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 1 0
pffiffiffi 1 þ u þ lnu þ 1 þ u2
ÿ
3 2 2 ¼ 27 1453=2 ÿ 1 203:0436.

1 3 sin pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 12. Here x ¼ t, so dx
¼ 1 and y ¼ 4 ÿ t2 , so dy
¼
¼ pffiffiffi 1 þ 3 sin2 dt dt
3 2
ÿ2t. Thus, the area of the surface of revolution
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi=2 Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ ln3 sin þ 1 þ 3 sin2 is S ¼ 2 0 t 1 þ ð4t2 Þdt. Let u ¼ 1 þ 4t2 , and
2 0
pffiffiffi then du ¼ 8tdt. Substituting we 2 get 2 1
3 pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ÿ 3=2 8

1 Ð pffiffiffi 2 3=2 2 3=2
¼ pffiffiffi 4 þ lnð 3 þ 4Þ u du ¼ 4 3 u ¼ 6 ð1 þ 4t Þ ¼ 6 17 ÿ 1
3 2 2 0
1 pffiffiffi 1

pffiffiffi
36:1769.
¼ pffiffiffi 3 þ lnð2 þ 3Þ dx
3 2 13. Here x ¼ cos t, so ¼ ÿ sin t and y ¼ sin t, so
pffiffiffi dt
3 pffiffiffi dy
¼ cos t. Thus,
¼1þ lnð2 þ 3Þ 1:3802: dt
ð =2
6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
S ¼ 2 sin t ðÿ sin tÞ2 þ ðcos tÞ2 dt
0
9. Here r ¼ sin2 , and so r 0 ¼ 2 sin cos ¼ sin 2. ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The arc length is ¼ 2 sin t sin2 t þ cos2 tdt
ð =2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0
L¼ sin4 þ ð2 sin cos Þ2 d ð =2
0 ¼ 2 sin t dt
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0
¼ sin4 þ 4 sin2 cos2 d =2
0 ¼ 2ðÿ cos tÞj0 ¼ 2ð0 þ 1Þ ¼ 2:
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ sin sin2 þ 4 cos2 d
0
dy pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffi
14. x ¼ 1 þ sin t; dx
dt ¼ cos t; y ¼ cos t; dt ¼ ÿ sin t. we get ÿ2 2 u3=2 du ¼ ÿ2 2 25 u5=2 ¼
Thus, pffiffi pffiffi
ÿ4 2
ð1 þ cos Þ5=2 ¼ ÿ4 5 2 ð1 ÿ 1Þ5=2 ÿ ð1ÿ
ð =2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 0
pffiffi
S ¼ 2 ð1 þ sin tÞ cos2 t þ sin2 t dt

1Þ5=2 ¼ ÿ4 5 2 ð2Þ5=2 ¼ 25 ¼ 32
5
0 5 20:1062.
ð =2
=2
¼ 2 ð1 þ sin tÞdt ¼ 2½t ÿ cos tj0
0 18. r ¼ e=2 ; d
dr
¼ 12 e=2sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h i h i ð 2
¼ 2 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 þ 1 ¼ 2 þ 1

2 1
2 2 S ¼ 2 e=2 sin ðe=2 Þ þ e=2 d
2
¼ 2 þ 2 16:1528 0
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð
1
¼ 2 e=2 sin e þ e d
15. x ¼ 1 þ sin t, dy
dt ¼ cos t; y ¼ cos t;
dy
dt ¼ ÿ sin t. 0 4
ð pffiffiffi !
Thus, the area ispffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 =2
=2
Ð =2
S ¼ 2 0 cos t cos2 t þ sin2 t dt ¼ ¼ 2 e sin e d
Ð =2 0 2
=2
2 0 cos t dt ¼ 2½sin t0 ¼ 2. pffiffiffi ð
dr ¼ 5 e sin d:
16. r ¼ sin and so d ¼ cos . Thus, 0
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi By formula #87 of Appendix C, this is
S ¼ 2 r sin sin2 þ cos2 d pffiffiffi he i pffiffiffi
0 5 2 ðsin ÿcos Þ ¼ 12 5½e ð1Þ ÿ e0 ðÿ1Þ ¼
ð =2 pffiffiffi 0
1
¼ 2 sin sin 1 d 2 5ðe þ 1Þ 84:7919:
0
ð =2 ð =2 Ð 8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ dr 2ffi Ð 8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
1 ÿ cos 2 19. (a) L ¼ 0 r 2 þ d d ¼ 0 ðbÞ2 þ b2 d
¼ 2 sin2 d ¼ 2 d Ð 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 0 2 ¼b 0 2 þ 1 d. Integrating by Formula 30,
ð =2 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ ð1 ÿ cos 2Þd Appendix C, we obtain L ¼ b 12 2 þ 1þ
0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
=2 lnð þ 2 þ 1Þ8 0 Here d ¼ 1 cm, and so, b ¼ 2.
1
1
Substituting this value for b, we get L 50:56 cm,
¼ ÿ sin 2 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 ÿ 0
2 0 2 (b) 50:56=5 ¼ 10:11 ¼ 10þ h
2
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2ffi
ð 8
¼ : dr
2 20. (a) L ¼ r2 þ d
2 d
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dr
17. r ¼ 1 þ cos ; d ¼ ÿ sin . Thus, the area of the ð 8 2 2
1
surface ðof revolution is ¼ þ d
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 2
S ¼ 2 r sin ð1 þ cos tÞ2 þ ðÿ sin Þ2 d 1 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð ffi
¼ 2 þ 1 d
ð0 2 2
¼ 2 ð1 þ cos Þ sin 1 h pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii8
¼ 2 þ 1 þ ln þ 2 þ 1

p0ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 2
1 þ 2 cos þ cos2 þ sin2 d 47:233973
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 2 ð1 þ cos Þ sin 2 þ 2 cos d This coil will be about 47.2 cm ¼ 0:472 m long.
2
0 1102
(b) P ¼ VR ¼ 4ð0:472Þ 6 408:9 W
pffiffiffi ð
¼ 2 2 ð1 þ cos Þ3=2 sin d
0
Let u ¼ 1 þ cos , then du ¼ ÿ sin d, and
SECTION 28.5 553
28.5 INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS OF POLAR COORDINATES
1. r ¼ 3, r ¼ 2: By direct substitution we get 2

2 ¼ 3 or ¼ . This gives the one point of
ÿ 6
intersection 2 ; 6 ( 12 , 3 )
r = cos
18
r= 1
15 2
12
9 2 1 1 2
6
r=3 3 ( π2, π6 )
18 15 12 9 6 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 ( 12 , 53 )
π
3 r=2
6 2
9
4. r ¼ 2 ÿ 2 sin ; r ¼ 2 ÿ 2 cos : Direct substitution
15 yields 2 ÿ 2 sin ¼ 2 ÿ 2 cos or sin ¼ cos .
18 This is equivalent to tan ¼ 1 or ¼ 4 and
pffiffiffi
2 ÿ 2; 4 and ð2 þ
5
ÿ
p4 .ffiffiffi Hence the two points
2. r ¼ 4 ; r ¼ 6: By direct substitution we obtain 2; 5
4 Þ. Looking at the graph we can see a third
the equation 6 ¼ 4 or ¼ 2
3 . This gives the one point point, the pole. (0, 0) also checks.
of intersection 6 ; 2
ÿ
3 .
5
2 4
3
r = 2 – 2cos
1 1 (2 – 2, 4 )
( 6 , 23 ) r=
6 5 4 3 1 1 3 4 5
1
2 1 1 2
5 r = 2 – 2sin
r= (2 + 2, 4 ) 3
4
4
1 5
5. r ¼ 1 ÿ sin ; r ¼ 1 þ cos : Direct substitution

2
yields 1 ÿ sin ¼ 1 þ cos or ÿ sin ¼ cos . This
3
3. r ¼ 12 ; r ¼ cos : By direct substitution we get is equivalent to tan ¼ ÿ1. Henceÿ we pffiffi get ¼ 4
2 3
and 7 and the points 1 ÿ ; and
cos ¼ 12 or ¼ 3 and 5 . This gives the two pffiffi4 2 4
3 ÿ
1 þ 22 ; 7

. Looking at the graph we also see
points of intersection 12 ; 3 and 12 ; 5
ÿ ÿ
4
3
that the pole (0, 0) is a common point.
3 8. r ¼ sin 2; r ¼ sin . Direct substitution gives

sin 2 ¼ sin . Using identities we get 2 sin cos
2 ¼ sin or 2 sin cos ÿ sin ¼ 0. Factoring we
r = 1 + cos get sin ð2 cos ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0. Hence sin ¼ 0 and
2 3 cos ¼ 12 or ÿ¼ 5
(1 – 2 , 4 ) pffiffi0; , or 3 . This ÿgives
pffiffi four
points (0, 0), 23 ; 3 ; ð0; Þ, and ÿ2 3 ; 5

3 .
3 2 1 1 2 3 Since (0, 0) and ð0; Þ are the same we have only
2 7 three points of intersection.
(1 + 2 , 4 )
2 r = 1 – sin (– 23 , 53 ) r = sin
1 ( 3, )
2 3
3
6. r ¼ ÿ4 þ 4 cos ; r ¼ ÿ4 þ 4 sin . By direct

substitution we get ÿ4 þ 4 cos ¼ ÿ4 þ 4 sin or 1 1
cos ¼ sin . This is true at ¼ 4 and 5 giving the
ÿ pffiffiffi ÿ pffiffiffi 45 r = sin2
point ÿ4 þ 2 2; 4 and ÿ4 ÿ 2 2; 4 .
Inspection of the graph and checking also gives the
pole (0, 0). 1
12 pffiffiffi
9. r ¼ sin 2; r ¼ 2 sin : Direct substitution yields
10 pffiffiffi
sin 2 ¼ 2 sin or using a trig identity 2 sin
8 r = –4 + 4sin pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
6
5π cos ¼ 2 sin . Hence 2 sin cos ÿ 2 sin
(–4 – 2 2, 4 ) pffiffiffi
4 ¼ 0 or sin ðcos ÿ 2Þ ¼ pffiffi
0. Hence, sin ¼ 0 )
r = –4 + 4cos ¼ 0 or and cos ¼ 22 ) 4 ; 7 4 . Now, ¼ 0
and ¼ yield the same point (0, 0), and so we
12 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 10 12
have three solutions (0, 0), 1; 4 , and ÿ1; 7
ÿ ÿ
π 4 .
(–4 + 2 2, 4 )
4 2
6
8 r = 2sin
10 1
12
(–1,74 ) (1, 4 )
pffiffiffi
7. r ¼ 3; r ¼ 2 cos . Direct psubstitution yields
pffiffiffi ffiffi
2 1 1 2
2 cos ¼ 3 or cos ¼ 23. Hence we get
ÿpffiffiffi r = sin2
¼ 6 ; 11 and the two points 3; 6 and
ÿpffiffiffi 116
3; 6 .
1
2
r= 3
2
1 r = 2cos ( 3, 6 )
1
10. r ¼ 2 þ 2 cos ; r ¼ 1ÿcos . Direct substitution
1
yields 2 þ 2 cos ¼ 1ÿcos . Multiplying both sides
by 1 ÿ cos we get 2 ÿ 2 cos2 ¼ 1. Hence, pffiffi
2 1 1 2
ÿ2 cos2 ¼ ÿ1 or cos2 ¼ 12 and cos ¼ 22.
We now have ¼ 4 ; 3 ; 5, and 7 and the
ÿ pffiffiffi ÿ 4 pffiffi4ffi 3 ÿ 4 pffiffiffi 5
1 points 2 þ 2; 4 ; 2 ÿ 2; 4 ; 2 ÿ 2; 4 ,
( 3, 116 ) ÿ pffiffiffi
and 2 þ 2; 7 4 .
2
SECTION 28.6 555
5 12. r ¼ sin 2; r ¼ cos 2: Direct substitution yields

4 sin 2
sin 2 ¼ cos 2 or cos 2 ¼ tan 2 ¼ 1. From 0 to
3 5 9
π 4; 2 ¼ 4 ; 4 ; 4 , and 13 so is 8 ; 5 9
8 ; 8 ,por
(2 + 2, 4 ) pffiffi 4 ÿ pffiffi ÿ ffiffi
2
; 8 ; ÿ 22 ; 5 ; 22 ;
13
ÿ
3π
(2 – 2, 4 ) r= 1 8 . Hence theppoints 2 8
1 – cos ffiffi
ÿ 22 ; 13
9
ÿ
5 4 5π 1 2 3 4 5 8 , and 8 . Inspecting the graph we
(2 – 2, 4 )
r = 2 + 2cos see four more points of intersection. By symmetry
2 7π
(2 + 2, 4 ) ÿ pffiffi ÿ pffiffi2 5 ÿ pffiffi2 11
3
these are 22 ; 3
8 ; ÿ 2 ; 8 Þ; 2 ; 8 , and
ÿ pffiffi2 15
4 ÿ 2 ; 8 .
5
(– 22,138 ) ( 2, 3 )
2 8
1 1
11. r ¼ 1 ÿ sin ; r ¼ 1ÿsin . Direct substitution gives r = sin2
1
1 ÿ sin ¼ 1ÿsin . Multiplying both sides by ( 2, )
2 8
1 ÿ sin we get ð1 ÿ sin Þ2 ¼ 1 or 1 ÿ sin ¼
r = cos2
1; ÿ sin ¼ ÿ1 1 or sin ¼ 1 1; sin ¼ 0 or 1 1
2. Since 2 is not in the range of the sine function,
( 2, 9 )
¼ 0 or . This gives the two points (1, 0) and 2 8
(1, ).
(– 22 , 58 )
6 1
5
4
r= 1
3 1 – sin
2
1
6 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 6
1 r = 1 – sin
2
3
4
5
6
28.6 AREA IN POLAR COORDINATES
1. r ¼ 4 sin . This curve is complete when goes 2. r ¼ 5 cos . This curve is completed from ¼
Ð Ð Ð
from 0 to so the area is 12 0 ð4 sin Þd ¼ 12 0 0 to ¼ , so the area is 12 0 ð5 cos Þ2 d ¼
Ð Ð 1 25 1þcos 2
16 sin2 d ¼ 12 0 16 1ÿcos 2
Ð 2
Ð 1
2 d ¼ 4 0 ð1 ÿ cos 2Þ 2 0 25 cos d ¼ 2 0 2 d ¼ 25
2 2þ

d ¼ 4 ÿ 12 sin 0 ¼ 4½ ÿ 0 ÿ 0 þ 0 ¼ 4 1 25 1
4 sin 20 ¼ 2 2 þ 0 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 ¼ 4
25
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
r = 4sin r = 5cos
2 2
1 1
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
3. r ¼ 1 ÿ cos . For this curve we need to integrate 1

(1, 34 )
Ð 2
from 0 to 2 with the result 12 0 ð1 ÿ cos Þ2 d ¼ (1, 4 )
1 2 1 2
Ð 2
Ð
2 0 ð1 ÿ 2 cos þ cos Þd ¼ 2 0 ð1 ÿ 2 cos þ
1þcos 2
2
2 Þd ¼ 12 32 ÿ 2 sin þ 14 sin 2 0 ¼ 12 ½3 ÿ r = sin2
3 1 1
0 þ 0 ÿ 0 þ 0 ÿ 0 ¼ 2
2
(1, 54 ) (1, 74 )
r = 1 – cos
1
1
6. r ¼ cos 3. This is a three leaf rose and we can
get the area of the right leaf by integrating from
ÿ 6 to 6 and the whole area by multiplying this
Ð =6
2 1 1 2 answer by 3. The result is 3 12 ÿ=6 ðcos 3Þ2 d ¼
3 =6 3 =6 1þcos 6
Ð 2
Ð
2 ÿ=6 cos 3 cos d ¼ 2 ÿ=6 2 d ¼

3 1 1
=6 3

ÿ

2 2 þ 12 sin 6 ÿ=6 ¼ 2 12 þ 0 ÿ ÿ 12 ÿ 0 ¼
1
3
2 6 ¼ 4.
2
1
(1, 23 )
4. r ¼ 4 þ 4 sin . Integrating from 0 to 2 getting
1 4
ð
ð4 þ 4 sin Þ2 d r = cos3
2 0
1 2 ÿ
ð
1 1
16 1 þ 2 sin þ sin2 d

¼
2 0
1 2

1 ÿ cos 2
ð
¼ 16 1 þ 2 sin þ d
2 0 2 (1, 43 ) 1
ð 2
1
¼ ð24 þ 32 sin ÿ 8 cos 2Þd 7. r ¼ 4 þ cos . Integrating from 0 to 2, the area is
2 0
1 2
ð
1
¼ ½24 ÿ 32 cos ÿ 4 sin 22 0 ð4 þ cos Þd
2 2 0
1 1 2
ð
¼ ½48 ÿ 32 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 ÿ ðÿ32Þ þ 0 ¼ 24 ¼ ð16 þ 8 cos þ cos2 Þd
2 2 0
ð 2
12 1 1 þ cos 2
10
¼ 16 þ 8 cos þ d
2 0 2
8 2
1 1 1
6 ¼ 16 þ 8 sin þ þ sin 2
4 r = 4 + 4sin 2 2 2 0
2
1 33
¼ ½32 þ 0 þ þ 0 ¼
2 2
12 10 8 3 4 4 6 8 10 12 6
2 5
4 4 r = 4 + cos
6 3
8 2
10 1
12
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
5. r ¼ sin 2. This curve is a four leaf rose. By 1
symmetry we can get the area of one leaf and mul- 2
Ð =2 3
tiply by 4. The result is 4 12 0 ðsin 2Þ2 d ¼
Ð =2 Ð =2 4
2 0 sin2 2 d ¼ 2 0 1ÿcos 2
4
d ¼ ÿ 14 sin 4 5
=2
j0 ¼ 2 ÿ 0 ¼ 2 6
SECTION 28.6 557
8. r ¼ 4 þ 3 cos . By symmetry we can get the total 2

area by doubling the area from ¼ 0 to ¼ .
Ð Ð ÿ
2 12 0 ð4 þ 3 cos Þ2 d ¼ 0 16 þ 24 cos þ
Ð ÿ ÿ 1
9 cos2 d ¼ 0 16 þ 24 cos þ 9 1þcos2
2
d r 2= 4cos2
9 9 9
¼ ½16 þ 24 sin þ 2 þ 4 sin 20 ¼ 16 þ 2 ¼
41
2 . 2 1 1 2
12
10
8 1
6
4 r = 4 + 3cos
2
1 =4 2 1 =4
Ð Ð
12 10 8 3 4 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 11. 2 0 ð3 cos Þ d ¼ 2 0 9 cos2 d ¼
9 =4 1þcos 2 sin 2 =4
d ¼ 2 2 þ 4 0 ¼ 93 8 þ 14 ¼
9
Ð
2 0 2
4 9
6 16 ½ þ 2 2:8921.
1 =3 1 =3
Ð 2 Ð Ð =3
8 12. 2 0 ð4 cos Þ d ¼ 2 0 16 cos2 d ¼ 12 0
10 =3
8ð1 ÿ cos 2Þd ¼ 12 ½8 ÿ 4 sin 20 ¼ 12 8 3 ÿ
12 pffiffi
3 4
p ffiffiffi
4 2 ¼ 3 ÿ 3 2:4567.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
r 2 ¼ sin ) r ¼ sin ; r ¼ sin gives 1 =4 2 1 =4
Ð Ð
9. 13. 2 0 ðcos 2Þ d ¼ 2 0 cos2 d ¼
the top half of the p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi with 0 . The
curve 1 =4 1þcos 4
=4
d ¼ 12 12 þ 14 sin 4 0 ¼ 12 8 ¼
Ð
2 0 2
bottom half is r ¼ ÿ sin . By symmetry we can

integrate sin from 0 to and double the answer. 16 0:1963.
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð
2 12 0 ð sin Þ2 d ¼ 0 sin d ¼ ÿ cos j0 ¼ 1 =8 2 1 =8 1ÿcos 8
Ð Ð
14. 2 0 ðsin 4Þ d ¼ 2 0 2 d ¼ 12 12 ÿ
ÿ½ðÿ1Þ ÿ 1Þ ¼ 2. sin 8 =8

¼ 32
0:0982.
4 0
1 1 =2 2 2
Ð ÿ Ð =2 =2
15. 2 0 e d ¼ 12 0 e4 d ¼ 12 14 e4 0 ¼
1 2
r = sin2 8 ½e ÿ 1 66:8115
1 =6 2 1 =6 1 3 =6
Ð Ð
16. 2 0 ð5Þ d ¼ 2 0 252 d ¼ 25 2 3 0 ¼
25 3
ÿ 253
1 1 6 6 ¼ 1296 0:5981
17. To get the area A of the region enclosed by one

loop of r ¼ 4 cos 2 we can integrate from ÿ 4
Ð =4
to 4 with the result A ¼ 12 ÿ=4 ð4 cos 2Þ2 d ¼
1 Ð =4 =4
d ¼ 8 12 þ sin84 ÿ=4 ¼ 8 8 þ

8 ÿ=4 1þcos
2
4
10. r 2 ¼ 4 cos 2 or r ¼ 4 cos 2. This curve is 8 ¼ 2.
undefined when cos 2 < 0 or 4 < 3 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 and 4 < 18. 2
r ¼ 4 cos 2; r ¼ 4 cos 2. The area of the
< 74 . By symmetry we can integrate from 0 to region enclosed by one loop of this curve can

and multiply the answer by 4. This produces be obtained by integrating from ÿ 4 to 4. If
4 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
1 =4
Ð =4 Ð =4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2
42 0 4 cos 2 d ¼ 2 0 4 cos 2 d ¼ A is the area, we obtain 12 ÿ=4 4 cos 2 d ¼
=4 Ð =4 =4
2 2 sin 2j0 ¼ 4 1 ¼ 4. 2 ÿ=4 cos 2 d ¼ sin 2jÿ=4 ¼ 1 þ 1 ¼ 2.
19. r ¼ 2 sin 3, and to get the area of the region
enclosed by one loop if we integrate from 0 to 3.
Thus, if A is the area, we have A ¼
1 =3
Ð 2 Ð =3 Ð =3
2 0 ð2 sin 3Þ d ¼ 0 2 sin 3 d ¼ 0 ð1ÿ
=3
cos 6Þd ¼ ÿ sin66 0 ¼ 3.

20. r ¼ sin 6. To get the area of the region enclosed or sin ¼ ÿ 35, and so ¼ 2 ; 3 2 ; 3:78509, or
by one loop we integrate from 0 to 6. The result 5.63968. Checking we see that 2 and 5.63968 are
Ð =6
is that the area A is A ¼ 12 0 ðsin 6Þ2 d ¼ the answers we need. Let 5:63968 ¼ T. Then,
1 =6 1ÿcos 6
Ð =6
d ¼ 14 ÿ sin246 0 ¼ 24 . 1 T ÿ
ð
2 0 2
ð1 ÿ sin Þ2 ÿ ð2 cos Þ2 d

21. Looking at the figure 29.23S ÿ we can determine 2 =6
that the graphs intersect at 1; ÿ 2 and 1; 2
ÿ
1 T ÿ
ð
1 ÿ 2 sin þ sin2 ÿ 4 cos2 d

Ð =2 ÿ ¼
so we need to integrate as follows: 12 ÿ=2 ð1þ 2 =2
=2
cos Þ2 ÿ 12 Þd ¼ 12 ÿ=2 ð1 þ 2 cos þ cos2 ÿ 1 T ÿ
Ð ð
1 ÿ 2 sin þ sin2 ÿ 4 þ 4 sin2 d

¼
Ð =2 ÿ
1Þd ¼ 12 ÿ=2 2 cos þ 1þcos 2

d ¼ sin þ 2 =2
2
1 T
ð
1 1
=2 ÿ
ÿ
1 ÿ cos 2
4 þ 8 sin 2 ÿ=2 ¼ 1þ 8 þ 0 ÿ ÿ 1 ÿ 8 þ 0 ¼ ¼ ÿ3 ÿ 2 sin þ 5 d
2 =2 2
2 þ 4 2:7854.
5 sin 2 T

1 5
¼ ÿ3 þ 2 cos þ ÿ
2 2 2 4 =2
T
r = 1 + cos 1 5 sin 2
¼ ÿ þ cos ÿ
(1, π2 ) 4 8 =2
ÿ0:009921 þ 0:392699 ¼ 0:382778
r=1 So, the desired area is about 0.3828.
2
2 1 1 (2, 0)
1 r = 2cos
(1, 3π
2
)
(0, 2 )
2
2 2
22. For this area we integrate from 6 to 5 . Thus,
1 5=6
Ð ÿ 2 2
1 5=6
Ð ÿ6 2
A ¼ 2 =6 ð2 sin Þ ÿ 1 d ¼ 2 =6 4 sin
Ð 5=6 1 (1.6, 5.63968)
ÿ1 d ¼ 12 =6 ð2ð1 ÿ cos 2Þ ÿ 1Þd ¼ r = 1 – sin
1 5=6
Ð 5=6
2 =6pffiffið1 ÿ cosp 2Þd ¼ 12 ÿ sin42 =6 ¼
ffiffi pffiffi 2
3 3 3
12 þ 8 ÿ 12 þ 8 ¼ 3 þ 4 1:4802:
24. These two curves intersect at ¼ 6 ; 5 7
6 ; 6 ;
11
2 and 6 . By symmetry we can integrate from
5
6 to 6 and double the answer. This gives 2
r = 2sin pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 2
1 5=6
Ð Ð 5=6
1 2 =6 ð8 sin Þ ÿ2 d ¼ =6 ð8 sin ÿ 4Þd
5=6 ÿ pffiffi pffiffi
¼ ½ÿ8 cos ÿ 4=6 ¼ ÿ8 ÿ 23 ÿ 20 3
6 þ8 2 þ
( 12 , 6 ) p ffiffi
ffi
4 8
6 ¼ 8 3 ÿ 3 5:4788.
2 1 1 2
3
r=1 r 2= 8sin
2
1
(2, 56 ) 1
(2, 6 )
2 r=2
3 2 2 3
23. First we need to solve for . Using direct substi-
tution we get 1 ÿ sin ¼ 2 cos . Squaring both (2, 76 ) 1 (2,116 )
sides we have 1 ÿ 2 sin þ sin2 ¼ 4 cos2 . Since
cos2 ¼ 1 ÿ sin2 we have 1 ÿ 2 sin þ sin2 ¼ 2
4ÿ4 sin2 or 0 ¼ 3 þ 2 sin ÿ 5 sin2 . This factors
3
into ð3 þ 5 sin Þð1 ÿ sin Þ ¼ 0. Hence sin ¼ 1
1 =2
Ð =2 1 =3
Ð =2
cos2 ÿ ð1 ÿ sin Þ2 d ¼ 12 0 ðcos2 ÿ sin2 d þ 12 =3 3 cos2 d
Ð ÿ Ð
25. 2 0 26. The area is 2 0 ¼
Ð =2 1 =3 1ÿcos 2
Ð =2 ÿ
1þ2 sin ÿsin2 Þd ¼ 0 ðcos 2ÿ1 þ 2 sin Þd
Ð ÿ
2 0 2 d þ 12 =3 3 1þcos 2
2
d ¼ 14 ÿ
=2 pffiffi
=3 =2
¼ 12 ÿ þ sin22 ÿ 2 cos 0 ¼ 12 ÿ 2 þ 0 ÿ 0 ÿ
ÿ 163 þ
1
3
ÿ
8 sin 20 þ þ 38 sin 2 =3 ¼ 12
ÿ 3 3pffiffi3 4 ÿ 5 pffiffi
0 ÿ 0 þ 2 ¼ ÿ 4 þ 1 0:2146 8 ÿ 4 ÿ 16 ¼ 24 ÿ 43 0:2215.
2 1 r = sin
r = 3cos
1
( 23 , 3 )
r = cos
1 (0, ) 1 3
2 2
1 r = 1 – sin 1
CHAPTER
ER 28 REVIEW
1. x ¼ t2 ; y ¼ t3 þ t. (b) If ¼ 4, then

dy=dt 3t2 þ1 d2 y 2tð6tÞÿð3gt2 þ1Þ2
(a) dy dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ 2t ; dx2 ¼ ð2tÞ3
¼ dy 2 cos 2 þ 3 cos 4
¼ÿ
12 t2 ÿ6t2 ÿ2
3 ¼ 6t2 ÿ2
3 ¼ 3t2 ÿ1
3
dx 2 sin 2 þ 3 sin 4
ð2tÞ 2ð4t Þ 4t pffiffi pffiffiffi
(b) At t ¼ 1, dy 3þ1 2 0 þ 322 3 2
dx ¼ 2 ¼ 2. ¼ÿ pffiffi ¼ ÿ pffiffiffi ÿ0:5147:
dy
¼ dy=dt ÿ2t ÿ2 dy 2 1 þ 322 4þ3 2
2. (a) dx dx=dt ¼ ÿ1tÿ2 ¼ 2. Since dx is a constant,
2
d y
dx2 ¼ 0,
6. (a)
dy
(b) At t ¼ 1; dx ¼ 2. dy ÿ12 sin 2 sin þ 6 cos 2 cos
¼
dy
¼ 2 coscos t 1 dx ÿ12 sin 2 cos ÿ 6 cos 2 sin
3. (a) dx tðÿ sin tÞ ¼ ÿ 2 csc t, and the second
1 2 sin 2 sin ÿ cos 2 cos
2 csc t cot t ¼
derivative is ddxy2 ¼ 2 ¼ ÿ 14 csc3 t 2 sin 2 cos þ cos 2 sin
ÿ2 cos t sin t
2ð2 sin cos Þ sin ÿ cos2 ÿ sin2 cos
ÿ
(b) At t ¼ 1; dy 1
dx ¼ ÿ 2 csc 1 ÿ0:5942 ¼
2ðsin cos Þ cos þ cos2 ÿ sin2 sin
ÿ
ÿt pffi ÿt d2 y
ÿe
4. (a) dy
dx ¼ 1 ÿ1=2 ¼ ÿ2 te ; dx2 ¼ cos 4 sin2 ÿ cos2 þ sin2 Þ
ÿ
t
pffi 2 ¼
sin 4 cos2 þ cos2 ÿ sin2 Þ
ÿ
2 teÿt ÿ tÿ1=2 eÿt
¼ 4teÿt ÿ 2eÿt ¼ ð4t ÿ 2Þeÿt
cos 5 sin2 ÿ cos2
ÿ
1 ÿ1=2
2 t
¼
sin 5 cos2 ÿ sin2
ÿ
(b) At t ¼ 1; dy
dx ¼ ÿ2e
ÿ1
ÿ0:7358
dy ÿ2 sin sin þ ð3 þ 2 cos Þ cos cos 4 5 sin2 4 ÿ cos2 4
ÿ
5. (a) ¼ dy
(b) At ¼ 4 ; dx is ¼1
dx ÿ2 sin cos ÿ ð3 þ 2 cos Þ sin
sin 4 5 cos2 4 ÿ sin2 4
ÿ
ÿ2 sin2 þ 3 cos þ 2 cos2
¼
ÿ2 sin cos ÿ 3 sin ÿ 2 cos sin 7. r 2 ¼ sin ; r ¼ ðsin Þ1=2 ; r 0 ¼ 12 ðsin Þÿ1=2 cos
2 cos2 ÿ sin2 þ 3 cos
ÿ
dy 12 sinÿ1=2 cos sin þ sin1=2 cos
¼ (a) ¼
ÿ4 sin cos ÿ 3 sin dx 12 sinÿ1=2 cos cos ÿ sin1=2 sin
2 cos 2 þ 3 cos cos sin þ 2 sin cos
¼ ¼
ÿ2 sin 2 ÿ 3 sin cos2 ÿ 2 sin2
2 cos 2 þ 3 cos 3 cos sin
¼ÿ ¼
2 sin 2 þ 3 sin cos2 ÿ 2 sin2
pffiffi pffiffi
3 2 2 14. r ¼ 1 ÿ cos so r 0 ¼ sin
dy
(b) At ¼ 4 we have ¼ ÿ pffiffi 2 2 ÿ2 pffiffi 2 ¼
ð 0 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dx 2
ÿ 2 22 L¼ ð1 ÿ cos Þ2 þ sin2 d
3 2
ÿ
2
¼ ÿ3 ð 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 12 ¼ 1 ÿ 2 cos þ cos2 þ sin2 d
8 ÿ1 0 ÿ
8. (a) If r ¼ 3þcos ¼ 8ð3 þ cos Þ , then r ¼ ð 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð 0 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 ÿ cos
ÿ8ð3 þ cos Þÿ2 ðÿ sin Þ ¼ ð3þcos
8 sin
Þ2
. So, ¼ 2 ÿ 2 cos ¼ 2 d
ÿ ÿ 2
8 sin 8 ð0
dy ð3þcos Þ2 sin þ 3þcos cos ¼2

sin d ¼ ÿ4 cos ÿ ¼ 4
0
¼ 8 sin 8 2 2
dx 2 cos ÿ 3þcos sin
ÿ
ð3þcos Þ
2 dy
8 sin þ 8 cos ð3 þ cos Þ 15. dx
¼ 2t; ¼1
¼ dt ðdt2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8 sin cos ÿ 8 sin ð3 þ cos Þ
S ¼ 2 t ð2tÞ2 þ 12 dt
sin2 þ 3 cos þ cos2 0
¼ ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sin cos ÿ 3 sin ÿ sin cos
¼ 2 t 4t2 þ 1 dt
1 þ 3 cos 0
¼ :
ÿ3 sin pffiffi Let u ¼ 4t2 þ 1, and then du ¼ 8t dt or 18 du ¼ t dt.
1 þ 3 22 Ð pffiffiffi

(b) At ¼ 4, then dx ¼ dy
pffiffi ÿ1:4714.
Substituting we 1
2 getÿ 4 u du ¼ 4 23 u3=2 ¼
ÿ3 22 3=2
¼ 6 173=2 ÿ 1 36:1769.
2

6 ð4t þ 1Þ

0
Ð 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
9. dx dy 2
dt ¼ 2t; dt ¼ 3t and L ¼ 0 ð2tÞ2 þ ð3t2 Þ2 dt dy
Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 16. dx
dt¼ 2t and ¼ ð1 ÿ t2 Þ.
dt
¼ 0 4t2 þ 9t4 dt ¼ 0 t 4 þ 9t2 dt. Let u ¼ ð1
t3
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 1=2 S ¼ 2 tÿ ð2tÞ2 þ ð1 ÿ t2 Þ2 dt
4 þ 9t2 , and then du ¼ 18t dt, so we get 18 1
u du 0 3
2 ð1
2 3=2 t3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 3=2
1 2 3=2 1 1
¼ 16 5 u ¼ 27 ð4 þ 9t Þ ¼ 27 40 ÿ ¼ 2 tÿ 4t2 þ 1 ÿ 2t2 þ t4 dt
0
0 3
43=2 Þ 9:0734. ð1
t3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dx dy
Ð3
ð2tÞ2 þ 22 dt ¼ ¼ 2 tÿ t4 þ 2t2 þ 1dt
10. dt ¼ 2t; dt ¼ 2, Thus, L ¼ 0 0 3
Ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð1
t3 ÿ 2

0 4t2 þ 4 dt ¼ 2 0 t2 þ 1 dt ¼
t pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 ¼ 2 tÿ t þ 1 dt
2 2 t2 þ 1 þ 2 lnt þ t2 þ 1 0 ¼ 0 3
ð1
ÿ pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi t3 t5

t3 ÿ ÿ þ t dt

3 10 þ ln3 þ 10 11:3053: ¼ 2
0 3 3
11. dx
¼ 4 cos t; dy dt ¼ ðÿ4 sin tÞ; and as a result, L ¼
2 1 4 1 1 6 t2
1
Ðdt=2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð =2 ¼ 2 t ÿ t þ
0 ð4 cos tÞ2 þ ðÿ4 sin tÞ2 dt ¼ 0 4 dt ¼ 3 4 36 2 0
=2
4tj0 ¼ 2. 1 1 1
¼ 2 ÿ þ
6 18 2
12. r ¼ e2 ; r 0 ¼ 2e2 , then L ¼
Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3ÿ1þ9 11
ðe2 Þ þð2e2 Þd ¼ 0 e4 þ 4e4 d ¼ 2 ¼ 3:8397
0
pffiffiffi Ð p ffiffi p ffiffi 18 9
¼ 5 0 e2 ¼ 25 e2 ¼ 25 ðe2 ÿ 1Þ 597:5798.

0
17. Here dx
dt ¼ 2t and dy 2
dt ¼ 3t , so the surface is
Since r ¼ cos2 2 , we have r 0 ¼
ÿ Ð 2 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
13. S ¼ 2 0 t ð2tÞ2 þ ð3 þ 2Þ2 dt ¼ 2 0 t2
Ð2
2 cos 2 ÿ 12 sin 2 ¼ ÿ cos 2 sin 2. Thus, pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ
Ð q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi Ð 4t2 þ 9t4 dt ¼ 2 0 t3 4 þ 9t2 dt. Let u ¼ 4 þ
L ¼ 0 cos2 2 þ cos2 2 sin2 2 d ¼ 0 cos 2 d
9t2 , then t2 ¼ uÿ4 1
9 and du ¼ 18t dt or 18 du ¼ t dt.
¼ 2 sin 20 ¼ 2 sin 2 ¼ 2. 1
Ð ÿ
uÿ4 1=2
Substituting, we get 2 18 9 u du ¼
2 5=2
Ð 3=2 1=2
ÿ 2 3=2

81 ðu ÿ 4u Þdu ¼ 81 5 u ÿ 4 3 u ¼
h i2
2 2 5=2 8 2 3=2 2

81 5 ð4 þ 9t Þ ÿ 3 ðu þ 9t Þ ¼ 81 5 405=2 ÿ
0
8 3=2
3 40 ÿ 64 64
5 þ 3 41:7485 131:1568.
18. Since x ¼ et sin t, then dx ¼ ðet þ cos t þ et sin tÞdt and since y ¼ et cos, then dy ¼ ðet cos t ÿ et sin tÞdt. Thus, the
desired surface area is given by
ð =2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
S ¼ 2 et sin t ðet cos t þ et sin tÞ2 þðet cos t ÿ et sin tÞ2 dt
0
ð =2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 2 et sin t 2e2t cos2 t þ 2e2t sin2 t dt
0
ð =2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ð =2 2t
¼ 2 et sin t 2et dt ¼ 2 2 e sin t
0 0
pffiffiffi ÿ 2t =2 pffiffiffi ÿ pffiffi
By formula #87, Appendix C, this integral is 2 2 22eþ12 ð2 sin t ÿ cos t ¼ 2 2 e5 2 þ 15 ¼ 2 52 ð2e þ

0
1Þ 84:0263:
19. r ¼ 6 sin and r 0 ¼ 6 cos ; y ¼ 6 sin2 . Hence, ÿ ÿ5 ÿ13 ÿ17
points at 12 ; 12 ; 12 ; and 12 . The resulting
we find that the desired surface area is ÿ ÿ 5
Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiÿ points are 1; 12 ; 1; 12 , etc.
S ¼ 2 0 36 sin2 þ 36 cos2 6 sin2 6 dt ¼

Ð 2 Ð 2
Ð Ð
2 0 36 sin2 d ¼ 36 0 ð1 ÿ cos 2Þd ¼ 25. The area is A ¼ 12 0 ð1 þ cos Þ2 d ¼ 12 0 ð1þ
Ð 2 ÿ

36 ÿ sin22 0 ¼ 362 355:3058. 2 cos þ cos2 Þd ¼ 12 0 1 þ 2 cos þ 1þcos
2 d
sin 2 3

1 3
3
¼ 2 2 þ 2 sin þ 4 0 ¼ 2 .
20. Here r ¼ 4 þ 4 cos ; r 0 ¼ ÿ4 sin , and y ¼ 4 sin
þ 4 sin ðcos . Hence, the desired surface area is 2

S ¼ 2 ð4 sin þ 4 sin cos Þ
q0ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
r = 1 + cos
ð4 þ 4 cos Þ2 þ ð4 sin Þ2 d

ð
¼ 2 ð4 sin þ 4 sin cos Þ
0
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 1 1 2
4 1 þ 2 cos þ cos2 þ sin2 d
ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 32 ðsin þ sin cos Þ 2 þ 2 cos d
0 1
pffiffiffi ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 32 2 ð1 þ cos Þ 1 þ cos sin d
0
pffiffiffi ð 2
¼ 32 2 ð1 þ cos Þ3=2 sin d
0 Ð 2 Ð 2
Let u ¼ 1 þ cos and du ¼ ÿ sin . Substituting, 26. The area is A ¼ 12 0 ð4 þ 4 sin Þ2 d ¼ 8 0 ð1 þ
pffiffiffi Ð pffiffiffi 2
2 sin þsin2 Þd ¼ 8 0 1þ 2 sin þ 1ÿcos
Ð ÿ
d ¼

we get ÿ32 2 u3=2 du ¼ ÿ32 2 25 u5=2 ¼ 2
pffiffiffi h i p ffiffi 2
8 32 ÿ 2 cos ÿ sin42 0 ¼ 24 ÿ 16 þ 16 ¼ 24.
ÿ32 2 25 ð1 þ cos Þ5=2 ¼ ÿ645 2 0 ÿ 25=2 ¼
ÿ
pffiffi pffiffiffi 0
64 2 29 12
5 ð4 2Þ ¼ 5 102:4 321:6991.
10
21. By direct substitution, 4 ¼ 4 þ 4 sin ; 0 ¼ sin 8
so ¼ 0 or ; (4, 0), ð4; Þ. 6
1 4 r = 4 + 4sin
22. By direct substitution, 3 ¼ 6 sin ; sin ¼ 2; ¼
5
ÿ ÿ 5 2
6 ; 6 ; 3; 6 ; 3; 6 .
23. By direct substitution, 4 þ 4 cos ¼ 2; 4 cos ¼ 12 10 8 3 4 4 6 8 10 12

ÿ 2 ÿ 4 2
ÿ2; cos ¼ ÿ 12 ; ¼ 2 4
3 ; 3 . 2; 3 ; 2; 3 .
4
24. By direct substitution, 2 sin 2 ¼ 1; sin 2 ¼ 12, 6
and so 2 ¼ 6 ; 5 13 17 8
6 ; 6 , and 6 . Thus, ¼
5 13 17 10
12 ; 12 ; 12 , and 12 . Graphing yields symmetric 12
Ð ÿ Ð h i
1
Ð
A ¼ 12 0 ð4 þ 4 sin Þ2 ÿ 42 d ¼ 12 0 ð16 þ ðsin Þ2 ÿ ð1 þ cos Þ2 d ¼ 12 =2 sin2 ÿ
Ð
27. 29. 2 =2

32 sin þ 16 sin2 ÿ16Þd ¼ 12 0 ½32 sin þ 8ð1 ÿ
Ð Ð
ð1þ 2 cos þ cos2 Þd ¼ 12 =2 sin2 ÿ cos2 ÿ
cos 2Þd ¼ 2 ½8 ÿ 32 cos ÿ 4 sin 20 ¼ 4 þ
1 Ð
1 ÿ 2 cos d ¼ 12 =2 ½ÿ cos 2 ÿ 1 ÿ 2 cos d.
32 44:5664.
Evaluating this integral, we obtain 12 ÿ sin22 ÿ 0 ÿ
12
2 sin =2 ¼ 12 ÿ þ 2 þ 2 ¼ 1 ÿ 4 0:2146.

10
8
2
6
4 r = 4 + 4sin
2 r = 1 + cos
1
12 10 8 3 4 4 6 8 10 12
r = sin
2 r=4
4
2 1 1 2
6
8
10
12 1
Ð 5=6 h i
28. The area is A ¼ 12 =6 ð6 sin Þ2 ÿ 32 d ¼ 2
1 5=6 2 1 5=6
Ð ÿ Ð
2 =6 36 sin ÿ 9 d ¼ 2 =6 ½18ð1 ÿ cos 2Þ
pffiffi 30. In problem #24 we solved for . We will use the
5=6 3
ÿ 9d ¼ 12 ½9 ÿ 9 sin 2=6 ¼ 92 5 6 þ 2 ÿ 6þ
first pair and multiply the answer by 4. A ¼ 4
pffiffi pffiffiffi p
h i
1 5=12
ffiffi Ð 2 2
Ð 5=12 2
2 =12 ð2 sin 2Þ ÿ 1 d ¼ 2 =12 4 sin 2 ÿ
3
3 ¼ 3 þ 9 2 3 17:2190.

2 ¼ 92 2
3 þ
Ð 5=12
1d ¼ 2 =12 ½2ð1 ÿ cos 4Þ ÿ 1d ¼ 2½ ÿ
6
sin 4 5=12
h
5
pffiffi
3
pffiffii
3 2
pffiffiffi
2 =12 ¼ 2 12 þ 4 ÿ 4 þ 4 ¼ 3 þ 3
5
r = 6sin
4
3:8264.
3
2
(3, 5π
6) 1 (3, π6 )
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2 r=3
3
4
5
6
CHAPTER 28 TEST 563
CHAPTER
ER 28 TEST

d dy
2tþ5 d2 y dt dx Ð 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1. dy dy=dt
dx ¼ dx=dt ¼ 3t2 ; dx2 ¼ ¼ 5. L ¼ 0 ðet Þ2 þð2et Þ2 dt ¼ 0 e2t þ 4e2t dt ¼
dx=dt Ð 2 pffiffiffi t pffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffi
2 2
½ð3t Þð2Þÿð2tþ5Þð6tÞ=ð3t Þ
2
2 5e dt ¼ 5et 0 ¼ 5ðe2 ÿ 1Þ
3t2 ¼ ÿ6tð3tÿ30t
2Þ ¼ ÿ2tÿ10
9t5
. 0
6. Here f ðÞ ¼ 4 sin ; f 0 ðÞ ¼ 4 cos , and y ¼

2. The first derivative is ¼ dy=dt
dy
dx=dt ¼
ÿ2 cos t sin t
¼
dy
dx
pffiffiffi cos t 4 sin2 . So the surface area is
ÿ2 sin t. When t ¼ 4, then dx ¼ ÿ 2, so the slope is
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffi ð =2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2. The tangent line is y ÿ 12 ¼ 2ð xÿ 22Þ or S ¼ 2
ÿ
4 sin2 ð4 sin Þ2 þ ð4 cos Þ2 d
pffiffiffi
y ÿ 2x þ 32. 0
ð =2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sin2 16 sin þ 16 cos2 d
0
ÿ
dy sin þr cos ¼ 8
3. We will use dx ¼ rr0 cos ÿr sin . Differentiating
0
r ¼ 4 ÿ 2 sin we obtain r 0 ¼ d dr
¼ ÿ2 cos and ð =2
sin2 d
ÿ
so ¼ 32
dy ÿ2 cos sin þ ð4 ÿ 2 sin Þ cos 0
¼ =2
dx ÿ2 cos cos ÿ ð4 ÿ 2 sin Þ sin 1 1
¼ 32 ÿ sin 2
ÿ4 sin cos þ 4 cos 2 4 0
¼
ÿ2 cos2 ÿ 4 sin þ 2 sin2
(by Formula 56 in Appendix C). Evaluating this we
4 cos ÿ 4 sin cos
obtain 32 4 ¼ 82 78:9568
ÿ
¼
ÿ2 1 ÿ sin2 ÿ 4 sin þ 2 sin2
ÿ
4 cos ð1 ÿ sin Þ 7. Setting these equations equal to each other, we

¼ obtain 4 cos ¼ 1 ÿ cos or 5 cos ¼ 1 and so the
ÿ2 þ 2 sin2 ÿ 4 sin þ 2 sin2
points of intersection are when cos ¼ 15 ¼ 0:2 or
4 cos ð1 ÿ sin Þ
¼ when 1:3694 and ÿ1:3694 and the points of
4 sin2 ÿ 4 sin ÿ 2 intersection are ð0:2; 1:3694Þ and ð0:2; ÿ1:3694Þ ¼
2 cos ð1 ÿ sin Þ ð0:2; 4:9137Þ
¼
2 sin2 ÿ 2 sin ÿ 1
8. The points of intersection are ÿ 2 and 2 so
0 dy r 0 sin þr cos
ð =2
4. We find that r ¼ 24 cos 3, so ¼ 1ÿ 2
r2 ÿ r12 d

dx r 0 cos ÿr sin A¼
¼ 24 cos 3 sin þ8 sin 3 cos ÿ=2 2
24 cos 3 cos ÿ8 sin 3 sin . When ¼ 4, we see that
ð =2 h
dy
¼ 1
, so the slope of the normal line at this point 1 i
dx 2 ¼ 12 ÿ ð1 ÿ cos Þ2 d
is ÿ2. Using the relationships that x ¼ r cos and ÿ=2 2
y ¼ r sin , we see that the polar coordinate ð =2
1 ÿ
ÿ pffiffiffi ¼ 1 ÿ ð1 ÿ 2 cos þ cos2 Þ d

4 2; 4 has the rectangular coordinate (4, 4) and ÿ=2 2
so the equation of the normal line is y ÿ 4 ¼
sin 2 =2

1
ÿ2ðx ÿ 4Þ or y ¼ ÿ2x þ 12. ¼ 2 sin ÿ ÿ ¼2ÿ
2 4 2 ÿ=2 4
CHAPTER
29
Partial Derivatives and Multiple
Integrals
29.1 FUNCTIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
1. f ðx; yÞ ¼ 3x þ 4y ÿ xy: (c) f ð2; 1Þ ¼ 22ÿ2

2
1ÿ2 ¼ 0;
(a) f ð1; 0Þ ¼ 3 1 ¼ 3;
(d) f ð1; 2Þ ¼ 4ÿ1
1 ¼ 3;
(b) f ð0; 1Þ ¼ 4 1 ¼ 4;
(c) f ð2; 1Þ ¼ 3 2 þ 4 1 ÿ 2 1 ¼ 6 þ 4 ÿ 2 ¼ 8; (e) the domain is all real ordered pairs ðx; yÞ such
(d) f ðx þ h; yÞ ¼ 3ðx þ hÞ þ 4y ÿ ðx þ hÞy ¼ that x 6¼ y.
3x þ 3h þ 4y ÿ xy ÿ hy; gðx; yÞ ¼ lnðxþyÞ
6. y :
(e) f ðx; y þ hÞ ¼ 3x þ 4ðy þ hÞ ÿ xðy þ hÞ ¼
3x þ 4y þ 4h ÿ xy ÿ xh (a) gð1; 1Þ ¼ lnð2Þ
1 ¼ ln 2;
(b) gð2; 1Þ ¼ lnð2þ1Þ ¼ ln 3
2. gðx; yÞ ¼ x2 y þ sin x ÿ cos y: 1
(c) gð3; 6Þ ¼ lnð3þ6Þ ¼ 16 ln 9;
ÿ 2 3
(a) g 2 ; ¼ 2 þ sin 2 ÿ cos ¼ 4 þ 2
ÿ
6
9:7516; (d) gð4; ÿ3Þ ¼ lnð4ÿ3Þ ln 1
ÿ3 ¼ ÿ3 ¼ 0;
3
(b) g ; 2 ¼ 2 2 þ sin ÿ cos 2 ¼ 2
ÿ
(e) the domain is the set of all real ordered pairs
15:5031; ðx; yÞ such that x þ y > 0.
ÿ 2 3
(c) g 2 ; 4 ¼ 2 þ 4 þ sin 2 ÿ cos 4 ¼ 16 þ
ÿ
7. V ¼ 13 r 2 h
pffiffi
1 ÿ 22 2:2308; 8. V ¼ Bh, where B is the area of the base.
(d) gðx þ h; yÞ ¼ ðx þ hÞ2 y þ sinðx þ hÞÿ cos y ¼
9. A ¼ 2rh þ 2r 2
x2 y þ 2xhy þ h2 y þ sinðx þ hÞ ÿ cos y;
10. A ¼ rs þ r 2 ¼ rðs þ rÞ
(e) gðx; y þ hÞ ¼ x2 ðy þ hÞ þ sin xÿ cosðy þ hÞ ¼
11. The area of the storage tank is A ¼ 2r 2 þ 2rh.
x2 y þ x2 h þ sin x ÿ cosðy þ hÞ
For the cost we have Cbottom þ Ctop ¼ 200ðr 2 Þþ
pffiffiffiffiffi 200ðr 2 Þ ¼ 400r 2 and Cside ¼ 1000ð2rhÞ ¼
3. jðx; yÞ ¼ xy ÿ x þ 4y:
pffiffiffi 4
pffiffiffi 2000rh. Thus, the total cost is Cbottom þ Ctop þ
(a) jðÿ1; ÿ2Þ ¼ 2 þ1þ ÿ2 ¼ 2 ÿ1 0:4142;
pffiffiffi Cside ¼ 400r 2 þ 2000rh ¼ 400rðr þ 5hÞ.
(b) jðÿ1; ÿ4Þ ¼ 4 þ 1 ÿ 1 ¼ 2;
pffiffiffi 12. The area of the sewage tank is A ¼ rs þ r 2 . For
(c) jð4; 1Þ ¼ 4 ÿ 4 þ 4 ¼ 2; the cost of the base we have Cbase ¼ 1500r 2 and
(d) jðx þ h; yÞ ¼ ðx þ hÞy ÿ ðx þ hÞ þ 4y; for the side the cost is Cside ¼ 200rs. Thus, the total
(e) jðx; y þ hÞ ¼ xðy þ hÞ ÿ x þ yþh 4 cost is Cbase þ Cside ¼ 1500r 2 þ 200rs ¼ 100r
ð15r þ 2sÞ.
4. kðx; yÞ ¼ ex þ exy ÿ y2 :
13. vðR; rÞ ¼ cðR2 ÿ r 2 Þ; vð0:0075; 0:0045Þ ¼
(a) kð1; 2Þ ¼ e1 þ e2 ÿ 4;
ð0:00752 ÿ 0:00452 Þ ¼ 3:6 10ÿ5 ¼
(b) kð2; 1Þ ¼ e2 þ e2 ÿ 1 ¼ 2e2 ÿ 1;
0:000036 cm/min
(c) kð2; 3Þ ¼ e2 þ e6 ÿ 9;
(d) kðx þ h; yÞ ¼ exþh þ eðxþhÞy ÿ y2 ; 14. aV
Sða; V; dÞ ¼ 0:51d 2
(e) kðx; y þ hÞ ¼ ex þ exðyþhÞ ÿ ðy þ hÞ2 6
(a) S 0:62; 2:4 106 ; 100 ¼ 0:622:410
ÿ
2
0:511002 ¼
5. f ðx; yÞ ¼ 2xyÿx
yÿx : 291:8 mph,
(a) f ð1; 0Þ ¼ 0ÿ1
ÿ1 ¼ 1; (b) S 0:62; 2:4 106 ; 200 ¼ 0:622:410
6
ÿ
0:512002 ¼
(b) f ð0; 1Þ ¼ 01 ¼ 0; 72:9 mph.
564
SECTION 29.1 565
15. We are given WCIF ðv; FÞ ¼ 35:74 þ 0:6215F 17. We are given SSIðR; FÞ ¼ 1:98ðF ÿ ð0:55 ÿ
þð0:4275F ÿ 35:75Þv 0:16 , where F is the actual 0:0055RÞðF ÿ 58ÞÞ ÿ 56:83, where R is the rela-
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit as measured tive humidity expressed as a whole number and
by a thermometer and v is the velocity of the F is the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
wind in miles per hour. (a) Here R ¼ 80% and F ¼ 80 F but R is to be
(a) Here v ¼ 20 and F ¼ 20 F. Perhaps the easiest expressed as a whole number, so we use R ¼ 80
way to evaluate this is to enter it in the calculator in the equation. Perhaps the easiest way to evaluate
as y1. Once you have entered the function as y1 this is to enter it in the calculator as y1. Once you
and checked your work, then store each of the have entered the function as y1 and checked your
values for F and R. For example, to store F ¼ 20 work, then store each of the values for F and R. For
press 20 STO" LN [F]. Notice that when you example, to store F ¼ 80 press 80 STO" LN
press the STO" key the calculator is in capital [F]. Notice that when you press the STO" key
letter alpha mode. Similarly, store the value for v. the calculator is in capital letter alpha mode. Simi-
Then press 2nd ALPHA Y 1 ENTER . larly, store the value for R. Then press 2nd
Note that, since you entered the function as ALPHA Y 1 ENTER . Note that, since you
y1 you need to press 2nd ALPHA Y to get entered the function as y1 you need to press 2nd
a lower case y. The result should be about ALPHA Y to get a lower case y. The result
4.24278, and so, to the nearest degree, should be 96.7784, and so, to the nearest degree,
WCIF ð20; 20Þ ¼ 4 F. SSIð80; 80Þ ¼ 97 F.
(b) Change the stored value of F to 10 and press (b) Change the stored value of F to 85 and press
2nd ALPHA Y 1 ENTER . The result should 2nd ALPHA Y ENTER . The result should
be ÿ8:87622, and to the nearest degree we see that be 105.5894, and to the nearest degree we see
WCIF ð20; 10Þ ¼ ÿ9 F. that SSIð80; 85Þ ¼ 106 F.
(c) WCIF ð4; 10Þ ¼ 3 F, and (c) SSIð90; 85Þ ¼ 109 F,
(d) WCIF ð25; 0Þ ¼ ÿ24 F (d) SSIð90; 90Þ ¼ 118 F
16. We are given WCIC ðv; CÞ ¼ 13:12 þ ð0:6215 þ 18. We are given HIðR; FÞ ¼ ÿ42:379 þ 2:04901523
0:3965v 0:16 ÞC ÿ 11:37v 0:16 , where C represents F þ 10:14333127 R ÿ 0:22475541 FR ÿ
the actual temperature in degrees Celsius as mea- 0:00683783F 2 ÿ 0:05481717 R2 þ 0:00122874
sured by a thermometer and v is the velocity of the F 2 R þ 0:00085282 FR2 ÿ 0:00000199 F 2 R2 ,
wind at a height of 10 m (standard anemometer where R is the relative humidity expressed as a
height) in kilometers per hour. whole number and F is the air temperature in
(a) Here v ¼ 32 km/h and C ¼ ÿ10 C. Perhaps degrees Fahrenheit.
the easiest way to evaluate this is to enter it in (a) Here R ¼ 80% and F ¼ 80 F but R is to be
the calculator as y1. Once you have entered the expressed as a whole number, so we use R ¼ 80
function as y1 and checked your work, then store in the equation. Perhaps the easiest way to evaluate
each of the values for v and C, in this part ðÿÞ this is to enter it in the calculator as y1. If you are
32 STO" 2 [V]. Notice that when you press using a TI-86 you have to put a multiplication sign
between two variables that are being multiplied.
the STO" the calculator is in capital letter alpha
Thus, for ÿ0:22475541 FR you will need to enter
mode. Similarly, store the value for C. Then press ÿ0:22475541 F R. Once you have entered the
2nd ALPHA Y 1 ENTER . Note that, since function as y1 and checked your work, then store
each of the values for F and R, in this part 80
you entered the function as y1 you need to press
STO" LN [F]. Notice that when you press the
2nd ALPHA Y to get a lower case y. The
STO" the calculator is in capital letter alpha
result should be ÿ19:79479, and so, to the nearest mode. Similarly, store the value for R. Then press
0:5 degree, WCIC ð32; ÿ10Þ ¼ ÿ20:0 C. 2nd ALPHA Y 1 ENTER . Note that, since
(b) Change the stored value of C to ÿ15 and press you entered the function as y1 you need to press
2nd ALPHA Y 1 ENTER . The result should 2nd ALPHA Y to get a lower case y. The
be ÿ26:3540, and to the nearest half-degree we see result should be 84.230416, and so, to the nearest
that WCIC ð32; ÿ15Þ ¼ ÿ26:5 C. degree, HIð80; 80Þ ¼ 84 F.
(b) Change the stored value of F to 85 and press
(c) WCIC ð6; ÿ15Þ ¼ ÿ19:0 C, and
2nd ALPHA Y ENTER . The result should
(d) WCIC ð40; ÿ18Þ ¼ ÿ31:5 C
566 CHAPTER 29 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES AND MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
be 96.8119984, and to the nearest degree we see (d) Store 90 for F and leave the value of H at 90.
that HIð80; 85Þ ¼ 97 F. Have the calculator evaluate the function at those
(c) HIð90; 85Þ ¼ 102 F, two values and you should get ATIð90; 90Þ ¼
(d) HIð90; 90Þ ¼ 122 F 105:867 F which, to the nearest 1 degree is
106 F. Thus, ATIð90; 90Þ ¼ 106 F.
19. (a) Here v ¼ 20 mph so we use the middle
line of the definition: WCIðv; FÞ ¼ 91:4 ÿ 21. (a) The volume is the product of the box’s length,
pffiffiffi
ð10:45 þ 6:69 v ÿ 0:447vÞð91:4 ÿ FÞ width, and height, or Vðx; y; zÞ ¼ xyz.
. Store the (b) The amount of the material needed to con-
22
value of 20 for v and 20 for F. Key in this part struct the box is the same as the surface area of
of the definition in y1 on your calculator and eval- the box including the partition, Sðx; y; zÞ ¼ xy þ
uate the function as described in the solutions to 2xz þ 3yz.
Exercises 15–18. You should get ÿ10:6001 which,
22. Cðx; yÞ ¼ ð2xÞð24Þ þ ð2yÞð24Þ þ 18:50x þ 18:50y
to the nearest degree, is ÿ11.
¼ 66:50x þ 66:50y
(b) Again v ¼ 20 so you use the same part of the
function definition but change the value of F to 10. 23. Sð2400; 65Þ ¼ ð0:000 02Þð2;400Þð65Þ2 ¼ 202:8 ft
The calculator should give an approximate answer
24. (a) tð75; 67Þ ¼ 33ð75Þ 2475
67þ33 ¼ 100 ¼ 24:75 min ¼
of ÿ24:8858 which, to the nearest degree, that
24 min 45 s
WCIð20; 10Þ ¼ ÿ25. 33ð60Þ 1980 396
(b) tð60; 32Þ ¼ 32þ33 ¼ 65 ¼ 13 30:4 min (Note:
(c) Here v ¼ 4 so you use the first line of the
the fraction has been rounded down for safety
definition WCIðv; FÞ ¼ F. Since we are given
reasons.)
F ¼ 10 F we see that WCIð4; 10Þ ¼ 10 F.
(a) Að84; 1:80Þ ¼ 0:18215 840:425 1:800:725
ÿ ÿ
(d) Use the middle line of the definition. Your cal- 25.
culator should produce an answer of ÿ14:8075 and 1:834 m2
so WCIð25; 20Þ ¼ ÿ15 F. (b) For this, we need to compute a new constant.
(e) Since v ¼ 50 > 45 we use the last line of the Since 1 kg 2:2 lb, then 10:425 2:20:425 1:398
definition, or WCIðv; FÞ ¼ 1:60Fÿ55 with v ¼ 50 and since 1 m ¼ 39:37 in., we have 10:725 ¼
and F ¼ 20. Evaluating this we find that WCI 39:370:725 14:338. We also need to convert m2
ð50; 20Þ ¼ ÿ23 F. to in.2 , and 1 m2 ¼ 39:372 in.2 1550 in.2 . The
new constant is 0:182151550
1:39814:338 14:085. Hence, the
20. (a) First enter the formula as y1 in your calculator.
Next, store 80 for H because the relative humidity formula Aðw; hÞ ¼ 14:085w0:425 h0:725 can deter-
must be expressed as a whole number and 80 for F. mine the surface area in in.2 of a person based
If you are using a TI-86 you have to put a multi- on the person’s weight, w,ÿ in lb andÿheight,h, in in.
plication sign between two variables that are being (c) Að185; 71Þ ¼ 14:085 1850:425 710:725
multiplied. Thus, for ÿ0120 FH you will need to 2;847:5 in.2 . (Note that this answer is almost the
enter ÿ0:0120 F H. Once you have stored the same as part (a); that is, 1:834 m2 2;847:5 in.2 :)
function definition and the values for F and H, 26. (a) Sð4; 3Þ ¼ 5ð42 Þð33 Þ ¼ 5ð16Þð27Þ ¼ 2160 or sales
have the calculator evaluate the function at those of $2,160,000.
two values and you should get ATIð80; 80Þ ¼ (b) Sð3; 4Þ ¼ 5ð32 Þð43 Þ ¼ 5ð9Þð64Þ ¼ 2880 or sales
84:804 F which, to the nearest 1 degree is 84 F. of $2,880,000.
Thus, ATIð80; 80Þ ¼ 85 F.
(b) Store 85 for F and leave the value of H at 80. 27. (a) Here x ¼ 300 units of labor and y ÿ¼ 50 units
we have Pð300; 50Þ ¼ 400 3000:35

Have the calculator evaluate the function at those ÿof capital,
0:65

two values and you should get ATIð80; 85Þ ¼ 50 37;444.
93:879 F which, to the nearest 1 degree is 84 F. (b) Here x ¼ 600ÿ and y¼ ÿ 100, and we have
Thus, ATIð80; 85Þ ¼ 94 F. Pð600; 100Þ ¼ 400 6000:35 1000:65 74;888.
(c) Store 90 for H and leave the value of F at 85. 28. (a) Here x ¼ 80 acres of grass and y ¼ 20 acres of
Have the calculator evaluate the function at those alfalfa, we have Cð80; 20Þ ¼ 9ð80Þ þ 6ð20Þ ÿ 7 ¼
two values and you should get ATIð90; 85Þ ¼ 833.
96192 F which, to the nearest 1 degree is 96 F. (b) Here x ¼ 60 and y ¼ 40, and we have
Thus, ATIð90; 85Þ ¼ 96 F. Cð60; 40Þ ¼ 9ð60Þ þ 6ð40Þ ÿ 7 ¼ 773.
SECTION 29.2 567
29.2 SURFACES IN THREE DIMENSIONS

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1. d ¼ ð7 ÿ 2Þ2 þ ðÿ9 ÿ 4Þ2 þ ð11 ÿ 6Þ2 3. d ¼ ðx1 ÿ x2 Þ2 þ ðy1 ÿ y2 Þ2 þ ðz1 ÿ z2 Þ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
d ¼ 219 14:7986 ¼ ð5 ÿ ðÿ8ÞÞ2 þ ð10 ÿ ðÿ3ÞÞ2 þ ðÿ6 ÿ ðÿ5ÞÞ2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2. d ¼ ð0 ÿ ðÿ3ÞÞ2 þ ð1 ÿ 5Þ2 þ ð12 ÿ 0Þ2 ¼ ð13Þ2 þ ð13Þ2 þ ðÿ1Þ2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
d ¼ 169 ¼ 13 ¼ 169 þ 169 þ 1 ¼ 339 18:4116
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4. d ¼ ð6 ÿ ðÿ8ÞÞ2 þ ð0 ÿ 15Þ2 þ ð10 ÿ ðÿ4ÞÞ2
d ¼ 617 24:8395
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5. d¼ ð3:1 ÿ 12:3Þ2 þ ðÿ8:7 ÿ 1:2Þ2 þ ðÿ13:6 ÿ ðÿ4:7ÞÞ2
d ¼ 261:86 16:1821
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6. d ¼ ð7:4 ÿ 11:5Þ2 þ ðÿ1:8 ÿ ðÿ7:2ÞÞ2 þ ðÿ12:7 ÿ 3:1Þ2
d ¼ 295:6 17:1933
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
7. d ¼ ðÿ1:2 ÿ ðÿ1:2ÞÞ2 þ ðÿ1:5 ÿ 0:5Þ2 þ ðÿ0:6 ÿ ðÿ0:7ÞÞ2
d ¼ 4:01 2:0025
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8. d ¼ ðÿ4:2 ÿ ðÿ3:4ÞÞ2 þ ð6:9 ÿ 7:1Þ2 þ ðÿ15:1 ÿ ðÿ14:7ÞÞ2
d ¼ 0:84 0:9165
9. x þ 2y þ 3z ÿ 6 ¼ 0: A plane whose intercepts are 11. x ¼ 8y2 : A parabolic cylinder perpendicular to the
(6, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 2). xy-plane.
z z
7 6
6
–6
5 4
4 –4
3 2 –2
(0, 0, 2)
1 (0, 3, 0) y
y –6 –4 –2 2 4 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2
2
4
–4
4 6
(6, 0, 0,) x
x
10. 3x þ 2y ÿ z ÿ 6 ¼ 0: A plane whose intercepts are 12. x2 þ y2 þ z2 ¼ 9: A sphere of radius 3.

(2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, ÿ6).
z
z
6
3
2 4
1 (0, 3, 0)
y 2
(2, 0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 y
2 4 6
4 (0, 0, –6)
2
x 6 4
6
x
2 2
13. x2 þ 2y2 þ z2 ¼ 4 ) x4 þ zp 4 ¼
ffiffiffi 1: Ellipsoid with 16. 4x2 þ y2 ÿ z2 ¼ 1: Hyperboloid of one sheet with
intercepts ð2; 0; 0Þ; ð0; 2; 0Þ and ð0; 0; 2Þ. intercepts ð 12 ; 0; 0Þ; ð0; 1; 0Þ.
z z
(0, 0, 2) (–2, 0, 0)
(0, – 2, 0)
(0, –1, 0) (0, 1, 0)
y y
1
(0, 2, 0) ( 2
, 0, 0 )
(0, 0, –2)
x (2, 0, 0)
x
2 2
14. 4x2 þ 9y2 ¼ 36 ) x9 þ y4 ¼ 1: Elliptic cylinder 17. 4x2 þ y2 ÿ z2 ¼ ÿ1: Hyperboloid of two sheets
perpendicular to the xy-plane with intercepts with intercepts ð0; 0; 1Þ.
ð3; 0; 0Þ and ð0; 2; 0Þ.
z
z
(–3, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0)
y
(0, –2, 0) (0, –1, 0)
y
(3, 0, 0) (0, 2, 0)
x
x
2 2
2 2 2 x2 y2 z2
18. ÿ4x 1ÿ 9y ¼ 1: Hyperbolic cylinder with intercepts
15. 2x þ y þ 2z ¼ 8 ) þ þ Ellipsoid
4 8 4p ¼ffiffiffi 1: 2 ; 0; 0 .
with intercepts ð2; 0; 0Þ; ð0; 2 2; 0Þ, and ð0; 0;
z
2Þ.
z
(12 , 0, 0) (– 12, 0, 0)
(0, –2 2, 0) (0, 0, 2)
y
(–2, 0, 0)
(0, 2 2, 0)
(2, 0, 0) x
(0, 0, –2)
x
SECTION 29.2 569
2 2 2
19. 3x ÿ 4y ÿ 6z ¼ 12: Plane with intercepts (4, 0, 0), 22. 2x2 þ y2 ÿ 2z2 ¼ ÿ8 ) x4 þ y8 ÿ z4 ¼ ÿ1: Hyper-
(0, ÿ3, 0), and (0, 0, ÿ2). boloid of two sheets with intercepts at ð0; 0; 2Þ.
z z
7
6
5
4
3
2 (0, 0, 2)
1 y
y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (0, 0, –2)
2
4
x
x 6
2 2
20. xy ¼ 4: Hyperbolic cylinder whose asymptote 23. 36z ¼ 4x2 þ 9y2 ) z ¼ x9 þ y4 : Elliptic paraboloid
planes are the xz-plane with the yz-plane. with vertex (0, 0, 0). Four other points are ð3; 0; 1Þ
and ð0; 2; 1Þ.
z
z
(–2, –2, 0)
y
(2, 2, 0) y
x
x
21. z ¼ x2 þ 4y2 ÿ 16: This is an elliptic paraboloid 2

2
with a z-translation of ÿ16. The intercepts are 24. 36z ¼ 4x2 þ 9y2 ) z ¼ x9 þ y4 : Elliptic Cone with
ð4; 0; 0Þ; ð0; 2; 0Þ, and ð0; 0; ÿ16Þ. vertex at the origin. Eight other points are
ð3; 0; 1Þ and ð0; 2; 1Þ.
z
z
y
(4, 0, 0) (0, 2, 0) y
x
(0, 0, –16) x
2 2
25. 36z ¼ 4x2 ÿ 9y2 ) z ¼ x9 ÿ y4 : Hyperbolic para- 27. 2x ¼ y2 ) x ¼ 12 y2 : Parabolic cylinder perpendi-
boloid with saddle point (0, 0, 0). Four other points cular to the xy-plane.
are ð3; 0; 1Þ and ð0; 2; ÿ1Þ.
z
z
y
x x
28. 3x þ 2y ÿ 3z ¼ 6: Plane with intercepts (2, 0, 0),

26. 36z2 ¼ 1 ÿ 4x2 ÿ 9y2 ) 4x2 þ 9y2 þ 36z2 ¼ 1: (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, ÿ2).
Ellipsoid with intercepts ð 12 ; 0; 0Þ; ð0; 13 ; 0Þ,
and ð0; 0; 16Þ. z
7
z 6
5
4
3
(0, 0, 16) 2
(– 12, 0, 0) 1
y
(0, – 13 , 0) y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(0, 13, 0) 4
3
2
5 –4
x 6
1
x
( 2
, 0, 0 ) Insert 570
29.3 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

2
þy2 2
þy2 2
þy2
1. f ðx; yÞ ¼ x2 y þ y2 x; fx ¼ 2xy þ y2 ; fy ¼ x2 þ 2xy. 10. f ðx; yÞ ¼ ex ; fx ¼ 2xex ; fy ¼ 2yex
2. f ðx; yÞ ¼ x2 y þ 7y2 ; fx ¼ 2xy; fy ¼ x2 þ 14y 11. f ðx; yÞ ¼ sinðx2 y3 Þ; fx ¼ 2xy3 cosðx2 y3 Þ; fy ¼ 3x2 y2
3. f ðx; yÞ ¼ 3x2 þ 6xy3 ; fx ¼ 6x þ 6y3 ; fy ¼ 18xy2 cosðx2 y3 Þ
3
f ðx; yÞ ¼ yx2 ¼ xyÿ2 ; fx ¼ yÿ2 ¼ y12 ; fy ¼ ÿ2xyÿ3 ¼ 3y2 x2
4. 12. f ðx; yÞ ¼ lnðx2 y3 Þ; fx ¼ 2xy 2
x2 y3 ¼ x; fy ¼ x2 y3 ¼ 3y
ÿ2x
y3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
y2 ÿx2 13. f ðx; yÞ ¼ ln x2 þ y2 . So, fx ¼
5. f ðx; yÞ ¼ x þy
y þ y; fx ¼
¼ x2
y ¼ 2x
þ1¼
y ; fy
ÿx2
y2 y2 ÿ1=2
1 2
pffiffiffiffi þ y3 Þ
2 ðx p 2x x
xþy xy1ÿðxþyÞðxyÞ ÿ1=2
y ¼ and fy ¼
6. f ðx; yÞ ¼ pxy. So, fx ¼ ¼ x2 þy2
ffiffiffiffi xy x2 þ y2
pffiffiffiffi
xyÿðxþyÞy ÿy 2
ÿyffiffiffiffi xy1ðxþyÞðxyÞÿ1=2 x ÿ1=2
¼ 3=2 ¼ x xy, and fy ¼
p ¼ 1 2
þ y2 Þ
ðxyÞ 2 ðx p ð2yÞ
3=2
ðxyÞ ðxyÞ y
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2 þy 2.
xyÿðxþyÞx
¼ÿ x2
¼ ÿxffiffiffiffi x2 þ y2
y xy.
p
ÿyxÿ2
ÿy
ðxyÞ3=2 ðxyÞ3=2 ÿy
14. f ðx; yÞ ¼ tan ÿ1 yx; fx ¼ ÿ 2 ¼ x 2 y2 ¼ x2 þy2 ;
7. y x
f ðx; yÞ ¼ e cos x þ e sin y; fx ¼ ÿe sin x þ e sin y; y x
1 þ yx 1 þ x2
fy ¼ ey cos x þ ex cos y 1
x x
fy ¼ 2 ¼ x2 þy2
8. 2 2
f ðx; yÞ ¼ x cos y þ y cos x; fx ¼ 2x cos y ÿ y sin x; 2 1 þ yx2
fy ¼ ÿx2 sin y þ 2y cos x ¼ 2y cos x ÿ x2 sin y 15. f ðx; yÞ ¼ sin2 ð3xyÞ; fx ¼ 2 sinð3xyÞ cosð3xyÞ 3y ¼
9. f ðx; yÞ ¼ e 2xþ3y
; fx ¼ 2e 2xþ3y
; fy ¼ 3e 2xþ3y 6y sinð3xyÞ cosð3xyÞ; fy ¼ 2 sin 3xy cos 3xy 3x ¼
6x sinð3xyÞ cosð3xyÞ
SECTION 29.3 571
2 2 ÿ1=2 ÿ1=2
f ðx; yÞ ¼ e x þy ; fx ¼ 12 ðx2 þ y2 Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
16. ð2xÞ 2 x2 y þ 3y2 0 6 ÿ ðx2 þ 6yÞð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi fyy ¼ 2 2
x2 þy2 2 þy2 y 2 2 4ð x y þ 3y Þ
e ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x
2 2
e x
; fy ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
e x þy
x þy x þy
12ð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ ÿ ðx4 þ 12x2 y þ 36y2 Þ
¼
17. f ðx; yÞ ¼ x y ÿ xy ; fx ¼ 3x y ÿ y5 ; fy ¼
3 2 5 2 2
4ð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ3=2
2x3 y ÿ 5xy4 ; fxx ¼ 6xy2 ; fyx ¼ 6x2 y ÿ 5y4 ; 12x y þ 36y2 ÿ x4 ÿ 12x2 y ÿ 36y2
2
¼
fyy ¼ 2x3 ÿ 20xy3 ; fxy ¼ 6x2 y ÿ 5y4 4ðx2 þ 3y2 Þ3=2
18. f ðx; yÞ ¼ sin xy3 ; fx ¼ y3 cos xy3 ; fy ¼ 3y2 x ÿx4
¼
cos xy3 ; fxx ¼ ÿy6 sin xy3 ; fyx ¼ 3y2 cos xy3 ÿ 4ðx2 þ 3y2 Þ3=2
3xy5 sin xy3 ; fyy ¼ 6yx cos xy3 ÿ 9x2 y3 sin xy3 ; fxy ¼
25. P ¼ 20R295
V ; PV ¼ ÿ5900R
V2 at V ¼ 3; PV ¼
3y2 cos xy3 ÿ 3xy5 sin xy3 ÿ5900R
9 kg/m2
xy3 3 xy3 2 xy3
19. f ðx; yÞ ¼ 3e ; fx ¼ 3y e ; fy ¼ 9xy e ;
3 3
26. T ¼ 100 2 2 1002x
ln 2 lnðx þ y Þ; Tx ¼ ðx2 þy2 Þ ln 2 ¼
200x
ðx2 þy2 Þ ln 2; Tx
fxx ¼ 3y6 exy ; fyx ¼ fxy ¼ 9exy y2 ð1 þ xy3 Þ; 200
3 3 3
at (1, 0) is ln 2 288:539, and at (0, 1), Tx ¼ 0.
fyy ¼ 27x2 y4 exy þ 18xyeey ¼ 9xyexy ð3xy3 þ 2Þ
ÿ82:06T
27. V¼ 82:06T
P ; VP ¼ P2 at T ¼ 300 ; P ¼ 5 atm;
20. f ðx; yÞ ¼ sinð x þ y2 Þ; fx ¼ cosð x þ y2 Þ; fy ¼ ÿ82:06300
V¼ ¼ ÿ984:72 cm3 /atm
2y cosð x þ y2 Þ; fxx ¼ ÿ sinðx þ y2 Þ; fyx ¼ fxy ¼ 52
ÿ2y sinðx þ y2 Þ; fyy ¼ 2 cosð x þ y2 Þÿ VT ¼ 82:06 82:06
28. P . At P ¼ 5, then VT ¼ 5 ¼ 16:412
4y2 sinð x þ y2 Þ 3
cm = K.
21. f ðx; yÞ ¼ 2x; f ¼ y25 ; fy ¼ ÿ10x
y5 x y6 ; fxx ¼ 0; 29. z ¼ 16 ÿ x2 ÿ y2 ; zy ¼ ÿ2y. At (1, 3, 6), zy ¼
fyx ¼ fxy ¼ ÿ10
; fyy ¼ 60x ÿ2 3 ¼ ÿ6.
y6 y7
@V
30. PV ¼ nRT; V ¼ nRT
P ;
nR
@T ¼ P ; T ¼ PV ; @T V
@P nR;
22. f ðx; yÞ ¼ ex tan y; fx ¼ ex tan y; fy ¼ ex sec2 y; ÿ @PnR
@P ÿnRT
ÿ@V ÿ@T nR
P ¼ nRT
V ; @V ¼ V 2 ; @V ¼ P nR V

fxx ¼ ex tan y; fyx ¼ ex sec2 x ¼ fxy ; fyy ¼ @T @P
ÿnRT ÿnRT
¼ V ¼ nRT ¼ ÿnRT ÿP
2ex sec2 y tan y V2
P
dR k
f ðx; yÞ ¼ ln x3 y5 ; fx ¼ 3x; fy ¼ 5y; fxx ¼ ÿ3
31. (a) dL ¼ r4 ,
ÿ
23. x2 ;
ÿ5 (b) Rewriting the formula as R ¼ kLr ÿ4 , we have
fyx ¼ fxy ¼ 0; fyy ¼ y2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1=2
dR
dr ¼ ÿ4kLr ÿ5 ¼ ÿ 4kL
r5
.
24. f ðx; yÞ ¼ x2 y þ 3y2 ; fx ¼ xyð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ
xy ÿ1=2 32. (a) Px ðx; yÞ ¼ ð0:3Þð65Þxÿ0:7 y0:7 ¼ 19:5xÿ0:7 y0:7
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; fy ¼ 12 ðx2 þ 6yÞð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ ;
x2 yþ3y2
(b) Px ð1500; 5400Þ ¼ 19:5ð1500ÿ0:7 Þð54000:7 Þ ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1=2
x2 y þ 3y2 y ÿ xy xyð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ 47:80
fxx ¼ 2
x y þ 3y 2 (c) Py ðx; yÞ ¼ ð0:7Þð65Þx0:3 yÿ0:3 ¼ 45:5x0:3 yÿ0:3
ð x2 y þ 3y2 Þy ÿ x2 y2 (d) Py ð1500; 5400Þ ¼ 45:5ð15000:3 Þð5400ÿ0:3 Þ ¼
¼ 30:98
ð x3 y þ 3y2 Þ3=2
(e) Since Px ð1500; 5400Þ ¼ 47:80 > 30:98 ¼
x2 y2 þ 3y3 ÿ x2 y2 Py ð1500; 5400Þ, the management should encou-
¼
ðx2 þ 3y2 Þ3=2 rage the increase in labor.
3y2 33. (a) Aw ðw; hÞ ¼ 5:9861wÿ0:575 h0:725 in.2 /lb;
¼
ðx2 þ 3y2 Þ3=2 Ah ðw; hÞ ¼ 10:2116w0:425 hÿ0:275 in.2 /in.
fyx ¼ fxy (b) Substituting in theÿformulas from
ÿ (a) produces
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1=2 Aw ð185; 71Þ ¼ 5:9861 185ÿ0:575 ÿ710:725 ¼ 6:54
x2 y þ 3y2 x ÿ 12 xyðx2 þ 6yÞð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ 2
Ah ð185; 71Þ ¼ 10:2116 1850:425
¼ ÿin. /lb and
x2 y þ 3y2 71ÿ0:275 ¼ 29:08 in.2 /in.

ð x2 y þ 3y2 Þx ÿ 12 x3 y ÿ 3xy2 (c) Aw ð185; 71Þ ¼ 6:54 in.2 /lb means that for a
¼
ð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ3=2 185 lb person 50 1100 tall, the rate of change in sur-
x3 y face area is 6.54 in.2 for each lb gained in weight if
¼ the height is fixed; Ah ð185; 71Þ ¼ 29:07 in.2 /in.
2ð x2 y þ 3y2 Þ3=2 means that for a 185 lb person 50 1100 tall, the rate
of change in surface area is 29.07 in.2 for each in. (b) WCIv ðv; FÞ
gained in height if the weight remains the same. ÿ1 ÿ1=2

2 6:69v ÿ 0:447 ð91:4 ÿ FÞ
34. (a) Aw ðw; hÞ ¼ ð0:18215Þð0:425Þwÿ0:575 h0:725 ¼ÿ
22
0:077414wÿ0:575 h0:725 and Ah ðw; hÞ ¼ ð0:18215Þ

3:345 91:4 ÿ F
¼ ÿ pffiffiffi ÿ 0:447
ð0:725Þw0:425 hÿ0:275 0:13206w0:425 hÿ0:275 v 22

(b) Aw ð84; 1:80Þ ¼ 0:077414 84ÿ0:575 1:800:725 3:345 F ÿ 91:4
ÿ ÿ
¼ pffiffiffi ÿ 0:447
v 22
0:00928 m2 /kg and Ah ð84; 1:80Þ ¼ 0:13206 ÿ
ffi ÿ 0:447 ÿ4ÿ91:4
3:345

1:80ÿ0:275 0:7386 m2 /m (c) WCIv ð30; ÿ4Þ ¼ pffiffiffi
ÿ 0:425 ÿ
84 30 22
ÿ0:71
35. (a) Sw ðw; rÞ ¼ 0:00002r 2 ft/lb, pffiffi
(b) Sw ð2400; 65Þ ¼ 0:00002ð652 Þ ¼ 0:0845 ft/lb, (d) WCIF ðv; FÞ ¼ 10:45þ6:6922 v ÿ0:447v 0:475 þ
(c) Sr ðw; rÞ ¼ 0:00004wr ft/mph, pffiffiffi
0:304 v ÿ 0:0203v
(d) Sr ð2400; 65Þ ¼ 0:00004ð2400Þð65Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi
(e) WCIF ð30; ÿ4Þ 0:475 þ 0:304 30 ÿ
6:24 ft/mph,
0:0203 ð30Þ 1:53
(e) about 6.24 ft
(f) If you assume that feeling warmer means that
36. (a) WCIð30; ÿ4FÞ ¼ 91:4 ÿ you are more comfortable, then an increase of
pffiffiffiffi
½10:45þ6:69 30ÿ0:447ð30Þ½91:4ÿðÿ4Þ 1 mph in wind velocity would have less effect
ÿ54:7 F
22 than an increase of 1 F in temperature. Hence, you
would feel more comfortable if the wind velocity
increased 1 mph.
29.4 SOME APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1. z ¼ x2 þ y2 ; zx ¼ 2x; zy ¼ 2y; dz ¼ 2x dx þ 2y dy 10. 1

z ¼ x2 þy2 ; x ¼ cos 2t; y ¼ sin 2t; zx ¼ ÿ1
ÿ2 ÿ2y
2. z ¼ 2x2 þ xy ÿ y2 ; zx ¼ 4x þ y; zy ¼ x ÿ 2y; ðx2 þ y2 Þ 2x ¼ ðxÿ2x
2 þy2 Þ; zy ¼
ðx2 þy2 Þ2
; dx
dt ¼
dz ¼ ð4x þ yÞdx þ ðx ÿ 2yÞdy
ÿ2 sin 2t; dy
dt ¼ 2 cos 2t; dz
dt ¼ ÿ2xðÿ2 sin 2tÞ
ðx2 þy2 Þ2
þ
3. z ¼ 3x2 þ 4xy ÿ 2y3 ; zx ¼ 6x þ 4y; zy ¼ 4x ÿ 6y2 ; ÿ2yð2 cos 2tÞ
dz ¼ ð6x þ 4yÞdx þ ð4x ÿ 6y2 Þdy ðx2 þy2 Þ2
¼ 4x sinðx2tÿ4y cos 2t
2 þy2 Þ2
¼
4ðcos 2tÞ sin 2tÿ4ðsin 2tÞ cos 2t
4. z ¼ xyexþy ; zx ¼ ðxy þ yÞexþy ; zy ¼ ðxyþ xÞexþy ; ðx2 þy2 Þ2
¼0
pffi
dz ¼ ð1 þ xÞyexþy dx þ ð1 þ yÞxexþy dy 11. z ¼ eu sin v; u ¼ t; v ¼ t; zu ¼ eu sin v;
ÿ y2 1
z ¼ arctan yx ; zx ¼ xy2 ¼ x2ÿy zv ¼ eu cos v; du 1 ffi dv dz u
ÿ
dt ¼ 2 t; dt ¼ ; dt ¼ e sin v
x x p
5. þy2 ; zy ¼ 2 ¼ x2 þy2 ;
1þ x2 1 þ yx2 1ffi
pffi
t
sinffi t
pffi
p þ eu cos v ¼ e 2p þ e t cos t
dz ¼ x2ÿy x
þy2 dx þ x2 þy2 dy
2 t t
2y 12. z ¼ x3 ÿ y; x ¼ teÿt ; y ¼ sin t; zx ¼ 3x2 ; zy ¼ ÿ1;

6. z ¼ lnðx2 þ y2 Þ; zx ¼ x22x
þy2 ; zy ¼ x2 þy2 ; dz ¼ dy
dx
¼ ð1 ÿ tÞeÿt ; dt ¼ cos t; dz
dt ¼ 3x2 ð1 ÿ tÞeÿt þ
2x
x2 þy2 dx þ x22y
þy2 dy
dt
2 ÿ2t ÿt
ðÿ1Þ cos t ¼ 3t e ð1 ÿ tÞe ÿ cos t ¼ 3t2 eÿ3t
7. z ¼ x tan yx; zx ¼ tan yx þ xy sec2 yx; zy ¼
ð1 ÿ tÞ ÿ cos t
x2 sec2 yx; dz ¼ ð tan yx þ xy sec2 yxÞdx þ
x2 sec2 yx dy 13. z ¼ x2 þ 4y2 þ x þ 8y ÿ 1; zx ¼ 2x þ 1; zy ¼ 8y þ
8; zx ¼ 0 ) x ¼ ÿ 12; zy ¼ 0 ) y ¼ ÿ1; zxx ¼

z ¼ ln xy ; zx ¼ 1=y 1 ÿx=y2 1 2;
8. x=y ¼ x; zy ¼ x=y ¼ ÿ y ; zxx zxy
zyx ¼ 0; zxy ¼ 0; zyy ¼ 8; ¼ ¼
dz ¼ 1x dx ÿ 1y dy zyx zyy
2 0
9. z ¼ x2 þ y2 ; x ¼ tet ; y ¼ t2 et ; zx ¼ 2x; zy ¼ 2y; 0 8 ¼ 16 > 0. Since zxx is 2 > 0 we have a

dx
¼ ðt þ 1Þet ; dy 2 t dz
dt ¼ ðt þ 2tÞe ; dt ¼ 2xðt þ 1Þe
t ÿ
dt local minimum at ÿ 12 ; ÿ1 .
þ2yðt2 þ2tÞet ¼ 2ðtet Þðt þ 1Þet þ 2ðt2 et Þðt2 þ 2tÞet
¼ ðtþ1Þ2te2t þ ðt2 þ2tÞ2t2 e2t ¼ 2te2t ½1þtþ2t2 ¼ t3
SECTION 29.4 573
14. z ¼ x2 þ y2 ÿ 2x þ 4y þ 2; zx ¼ 2x ÿ 2 ¼ 0 ) 21. A ¼ bh; Ab ¼ h; Ah ¼ b; dA ¼ hdb þ bdh ¼

x ¼ 1; zy ¼ 2y þ 4 ¼ 0 ) y ¼ ÿ2; zxx ¼ 2; 25ð0:1Þ þ 10ð0:1Þ ¼ 35 cm2
2 0
zxy ¼ zyx ¼ 0; zyy ¼ 2; ¼
¼ 4 > 0. Since 22. (a) The volume of a right circular cone is V ¼
0 2 1 2
zyy ¼ 2 we have a local minimum at (1, ÿ2). 3 r h. Differentiating with respect to r, we get
Vr ¼ 23 rh, and with respect to h, produces Vh ¼
15. z ¼ 20 þ 12x ÿ 12y ÿ 3x2 ÿ 2y2 ; zx ¼ 12 ÿ 6x ¼ 1 2
3 r . Thus, dV ¼ Vr drþVh dh ¼ 23 rhdr þ 13 r 2 dh
0 ) x ¼ 2; zy ¼ ÿ12 ÿ 4y ¼ 0 ) y ¼ ÿ3;
zxx ¼ ÿ6; zxy ¼ zyx ¼ 0; zyy ¼ ÿ4; ¼ ¼ 23 4 12 1
16 þ 13 ð4Þ2 16
1
¼ 2þ
3 ¼ 7
3 in.2
ÿ6 0
(b) The total surface parea is A ¼ r 2 p þffiffiffiffiffi
r‘, where
0 ÿ4 ¼ 24 > 0. Since zxx ¼ 2 > 0 we have a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
‘ ¼ h2 þ r 2 ¼ 122 þ 42 ¼ 4 10. Differ-
local minimum at (2, ÿ3). entiating with respect to r, yields Ar ¼ 2r þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1=2
16. z ¼ xy þ 3x ÿ 2y þ 4; zx ¼ y þ 3 ¼ 0 ) y ¼ ÿ3; h2 þ r 2 þ 12 rð2rÞðh2 þ r 2 Þ ¼ 2r þ
zy ¼ x ÿ 2 ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 2; zxx ¼ 0; zxy ¼ zyx ¼ 1; pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi r 2
2 2
h þ r þ 2 2 . Differentiating with respect
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0 1 h þr
ÿ1=2
zyy ¼ 0; ¼ ¼ ÿ1 < 0, so there is a sad- to h, gives Ah ¼ 12 rð2hÞðh2 þ r 2 Þ rh
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi .
1 0 h2 þr 2
1
dle point at (2, ÿ3). Thus we have dA ¼ Ar drþ Ah dh ¼ 16 ð8 þ 4
pffiffiffiffiffi p pffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffi ¼ 8 þ 4 10 þ 2 10 þ
ffiffiffiffiffi
17. z ¼ x2 þ 2xy ÿ y2 ; zx ¼ 2x þ 2y; zy ¼ 2x ÿ 2y; 10 þ 816
pffiffiffiffi þ 48
10 4 10 16 5
pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
2x þ 2y ¼ 0 and 2x ÿ 2y ¼ 0 ) x ¼ 0 and y ¼ 0;

6 10 28 10 7 10 2
¼ 16 8 þ 5 ¼ 2 þ 20 in.
zxx ¼ 2; zxy ¼ zyx ¼ 2; zyy ¼ ÿ2. 5
RR1 ¼ ðR1 þR 2 ÞR2 þR1 R2

; RR2 ¼ ðR1 þR 2 ÞR1 þR1 R2
2 2
¼ ÿ8 < 0, so saddle point at (0, 0). 23. ðR þR Þ2 ðR þR Þ2
dR
2 ÿ2 1 2 1 2
ð500Þ400þ40000
¼ RR1 dR1 þ RR2 dR2 ¼ ð500Þ2
1þ
18. z ¼ x2 ÿ 3xy ÿ y2 ; zx ¼ 2x ÿ 3y; zy ¼ ÿ3x ÿ 2y;
2x ÿ 3y ¼ 0 and ÿ3xy ÿ 2y ¼ 0 ) x and y both 500100þ40000
4 ¼ 0:96 þ 1:44 ¼ 2:4
. (Note dR1 ¼
5002
0. zxx ¼2; zxy ¼ zyx ¼ ÿ3; zyy ¼ ÿ2: ¼ 0:01 100 ¼ 1
; dR2 ¼ 0:01 400 ¼ 4
.)
2 ÿ3
ÿ3 ÿ2 ¼ ÿ4 ÿ 9 ¼ ÿ13 < 0, so we have a 24. PV ¼ kT; P ¼ kT
dP ¼ PV dV þ PT dT ¼ ÿkT
V2 .

V
saddle point at (0, 0). ðdVÞ þ Vk ðdTÞ. T ¼ 100 F ¼ ð100 ÿ 32Þ 59 þ
19. z ¼ x3 þ x2 y þ y2 ; zx ¼ 3x2 þ 2xy; zy ¼ x2 þ 2y; 273 K ¼ 316:3 K. T ¼ 112 F ¼ ð112 ÿ 32Þ 59 þ
3x2 þ 2xy ¼ 0, and x2 þ 2y ¼ 0. Solving for 2y 273 K ¼ 317:4 K. dT ¼ 1:1 K; dV ¼ 70 ÿ 66 ¼
in the second equation we get 2y ¼ ÿx2 . Substitut- ÿ0:0104316:3
4 in.3 ; k ¼ PV 0:566
T ¼ 316:3 ¼ 0:0104; dP ¼ 662
ing into the first equation we have 3x2 ÿ x3 ¼ 0 or
x2 ð3 ÿ xÞ ¼ 0 so x ¼ 0 or x ¼ 3. Back substituting 4 þ 0:0104
66 1:1 ¼ ÿ0:00285 psi.
ÿ
we get the ordered pairs (0, 0) and 3; ÿ 92 . PV ¼ kT or T ¼ PV dT @T dP @T dV V dP
25. k . dt ¼ @P dt þ @V dt ¼ k dt þ
zxx ¼ 6x þ 2y; zxy ¼ zyx ¼ 2x; zyy ¼ 2. P dV 1
ÿ dP dV

6x þ 2y 2x k dt ¼ k V dt þ P dt .
¼ ¼ 12x þ 4y ÿ 4x2 . At (0, 0)
2x 2ÿ 26. dT 1
¼ 0:4 ð66 0:05 ÿ 0:5 1Þ ¼ 7 in lb/min.
dt
the test fails. At 3; ÿ 92 ; ÿ¼ 36 ÿ 18 ÿ 81 < 0, 2 2
so there is a saddle point at 3; ÿ 92 . 27. W ¼ Li2 ; dw ¼ @W @w i

@L dL þ @i di ¼ 2 ð0:02Þ þ
12
Liðÿ0:1Þ ¼ ð0:02Þ þ 30ð1Þðÿ0:1Þ ¼ 0:01 ÿ 0:3
20. z ¼ x3 þ y3 þ 3xy; zx ¼ 3x2 þ 3y; zy ¼ 3y2 þ 3x. 2
Setting 3x2 þ 3y ¼ 0 and 3y2 þ 3x ¼ 0 we solve ¼ ÿ0:29.

for y in the first equation getting y ¼ ÿx2 . Substi- A ¼ xy; dA
¼ @A dx @A dy dx dy
28. dt @x dt þ @y dt ¼ y dt þ x dt ¼
tuting this into the second equation yields
3ðÿx2 Þ2 þ 3x ¼ 0 or x4 þ x ¼ 0. Hence x ¼ 0 or 7 2 þ 6 3 ¼ 14 þ 18 ¼ 32 cm2 /min.
ÿ1. Back substituting we have y ¼ 0 or y ¼ ÿ1 V ¼ ‘ w h; h ¼ 500
29. ‘w . A ¼ ‘w þ2‘ h þ2‘h ¼ ‘w þ
or the ordered pairs (0, 0) and ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ. zxx ¼ 2 500 500 1000 1000
6x 3 w þ 2 ‘ . A ‘ ÿ w ÿ w 2 ; A w ¼ ‘ ÿ ‘2 ; A ‘ ¼
6x; zxy ¼ zyx ¼ 3; zyy ¼ 6y; ¼ ¼ Aw ¼ 0 so w ÿ 1000 ‘ 2 ¼ 0 and ‘ ÿ 1000
w 2 ¼ 0. Hence
3 6y ‘ ¼ 10002 and substituting we get w ÿ 1000
2 ¼ 0 or
w
ÿ
36xy ÿ 9; at (0, 0) ¼ ÿ9 < 0 so we have a sad- 1000
w2
w4
ÿ w

dle point at (0, 0). At ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ; ¼ 36 ÿ 9 > 0; w ÿ 1000 ¼ 0. Now w 1 ÿ 1000 ¼ 0 so w ¼ 0 or
zxx ¼ 6ðÿ1Þ ¼ ÿ6 < 0 and we have a local maxi- w3 ¼ 1000 ) w ¼ 10. But, w cannot be 0, so
mum at ðÿ1; ÿ1Þ. w ¼ 10 and ‘ ¼ 1000 500
102 ¼ 10; h ¼ 1010 ¼ 5. To
conclude that this is a minimum we compute A‘‘ ¼ this value into Ry and setting it equal to 0, we
obtain x ¼ 12 ð2y þ 1Þ ¼ 2yþ1
2000
1 2 . Substituting this
2000 2000
3
‘3 ; Aww ¼ w3 . Aw‘ ¼ A‘w ¼ 1; 1
10
2000 ¼

3 10
value of x into Ry and setting it equal to 0, we
4 ÿ 1 ¼ 3 > 0: A‘‘ ¼ 2 > 0 so these dimensions obtain
yield a minimum; h ¼ 5 cm, ‘ ¼ 10 cm, w ¼ 2ð1 ÿ 2yÞ ÿ ð1 ÿ 2yÞ2 ÿ 8ð1 ÿ 2yÞy ¼ 0

10 cm. 2 ÿ 4y ÿ 1 þ 4y ÿ 4y2 ÿ 8y þ 16y2 ¼ 0
ÿ
30. In this case A ¼ 2ð‘w þ ‘h þ hwÞ ¼ 2 ‘w þ 500 w þ 12y2 ÿ 8y þ 1 ¼ 0
500
ÿ 500
ÿ 500

‘ . A ‘ ¼ 2 w ÿ ‘ 2 ; A w ¼ 2 ‘ ÿ w 2 . Setting ð6y þ 1Þð2y ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0
these both equal to zero and solving we have 1 1
Hence, y ¼ or ÿy ¼ 2. 2Using back substitution pro-
w ¼ 500 ‘2 and substituting ‘ ÿ
ÿ500
500 2
¼ 0 or 6 ÿ
2
duces x ¼ 1 ÿ 2 6 ¼ 3 or x ¼ 1 ÿ 2 12 ¼ 0. Since
1
‘4
p‘ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi x > 0, the maximum reaction occurs when ÿx ¼ 23
‘ÿ ¼ 0. Hence, ‘ ¼ 0 or ‘ ¼ 3 500 ¼ 5 3 4.
500 pffiffiffi and y ¼ 16. This produces a reaction of 15 23 16
Back substituting we get h ¼ w ¼ ‘ ¼ 5 3 4 ÿ
2 ÿ 23 ÿ 4 16 ¼ 10
9.
7:937 cm. As in exercise #29, this yields a
minimum. 34. (a) Differentiating produces Cx ðx; yÞ ¼ 4x ÿ 2y
31. (a) V ¼ ‘wh ¼ 4 or h ¼ 4
Cost ¼ 1:25‘w þ and Cy ðx; yÞ ¼ 6y ÿ 2x ÿ 125. Setting Cx ðx; yÞ ¼
‘w.
ÿ 0, we determine that x ¼ 12 y. Substituting this value
1:50ð2‘h þ 2‘wÞ ¼ 1:25‘w þ 3 w4 þ 4‘ ¼ 1:25‘w
ÿ 1 1 of x into Cy ðx; yÞ, we obtain 6y ÿ y ÿ 125 or
þ12 w þ ‘ . C‘ ¼ 1:25w ÿ 12 12
‘2 ; Cw ¼ 1:25‘ ÿ w2 . 5y ÿ 125. Setting this equal to 0, we get y ¼ 25
Setting these both equal to zero we get w ¼ 9:6 ‘2 . or 25 units of packing tape.
12 ¼ 0 or 1:25‘ÿ Back substitution gives x ¼ 25 1
Substituting, we have 1:25‘ ÿ ÿ9:6 2 2 or 12 2 units of
‘2 electrical tape. Thus, 12.5 units of electrical tape
0:1302‘4 ¼ 0, or ‘ð1:25 ÿ 0:1302‘3 Þ ¼ 0, so ‘ ¼ 0 and 25 units of packing tape minimize the cost.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1:25
or ‘ ¼ 3 0:1302 ¼ 2:125. Since ‘ cannot be 0, we (b) The minimum cost would be determined
by substituting x ¼ 12:5 and y ¼ 25 in the given
have ‘ ¼ 2:125 ft, w ¼ 2:125 ft and formula
4
h ¼ ð2:125Þ2 ¼ 0:886 ft. This will yield a minimum
cost. Cð12:5; 25Þ ¼ 2ð12:5Þ2 þ 3ð25Þ2 ÿ 2ð12:5Þð25Þ

(b) C ¼ 1:25ð2:125Þ2 þ 6ð2:125 0:886Þ ¼ $16:94 þ 2ð12:5Þ ÿ 125ð25Þ þ 4500
32. 2 2
T ¼ x þ 2y ÿ x; Tx ¼ 2x ÿ 1; Ty ¼ 4y; Ty ¼ 0; ¼ 2962:5
ÿ
and Tx ¼ 0 yields the point 12 ; 0 . Thus, Txx ¼ 2, Thus, the minimum total cost would be $2962.50.

2 0
Txy ¼ Tyx ¼ 0; Tyy ¼ 4; ¼ ¼ 8 > 0; 35. Rewriting VðxÞ produces
0 4 Q ÿ1=2
ÿ 2 VðxÞ ¼ 4 ð x 2 þ a2 Þ . Differentiating this ver-
Txx ¼ 2 so minimum. T 12 ; 0 ¼ 12 þ 2 0 ÿ 0
sion, we get
1 1
2 ¼ ÿ 4 ¼ ÿ0:25.
@V Q 1 ÿ 2 ÿ3=2
33. We begin by differentiating Rðx; yÞ with respect to Ex ¼ ÿ ¼ÿ ÿ x þ a2 ð2xÞ
x 40 2
x and with respect to y, with the following results.
Qx
¼
Rx ðx; yÞ ¼ 15yð2 ÿ x ÿ 4yÞ þ 15xyðÿ1Þ 40 ðx þ a2 Þ3 =2
2
¼ 30y ÿ 15xy ÿ 60y2 ÿ 15xy

36. Rewriting VðxÞ, produces
¼ 30y ÿ 30xy ÿ 60y2
¼ 30 y ÿ xy ÿ 2y2
ÿ 1 Q h pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi
VðxÞ ¼ ln a2 þ x 2 þ a
40 2a
Ry ðx; yÞ ¼ 15xð2 ÿ x ÿ 4yÞ þ 15xyðÿ4Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i
ÿ ln a2 þ x 2 ÿ a
¼ 30x ÿ 15x2 ÿ 60xy ÿ 60xy
¼ 30x ÿ 15x2 ÿ 120xy Q h ÿ 2 1=2
¼ ln a þ x2 þa
8a0
¼ 15 2x ÿ x2 ÿ 8xy
ÿ
ÿ i
1=2
ÿ ln a2 þ x2

ÿa
Setting Rx ¼ 0, we obtain y ÿ xy ÿ 2y2 ¼ 0 or
xy ¼ y ÿ 2y2 or x ¼ 1 ÿ 2y, if y 6¼ 0. Substituting
SECTION 29.5 575
Q ÿ 2 ÿ1=2
Differentiating this version, we get ¼ÿ x a þ x2
8a0
2 ÿ1=2
"
1 2
2 ða þ x Þ ð2xÞ
2
@V Q 1=2
Ex ¼ ÿ ¼ÿ ð a2 þ x 2 Þ ÿ a
x 8a0 ða2 þ x2 Þ1=2 þ a 4h ih i
ða2 þ x2 Þ1=2 þ a ða2 þ x2 Þ1=2 ÿ a
2 ÿ1=2
#
1 2
2 ða þ x Þ ð2xÞ 3
ÿ 1=2
ða2 þ x2 Þ1=2 ÿ a ð a2 þ x 2 Þ þ a
ÿh ih i5
ÿ1=2 ða2 þ x2 Þ1=2 ÿ a ða2 þ x2 Þ1=2 þ a
"
Q x ð a2 þ x 2 Þ
¼ÿ
8a0 ða2 þ x2 Þ þ a 1=2 Q ÿ 2 ÿ1=2
¼ÿ x a þ x2
8a
ÿ1=2 0
#
x ð a2 þ x 2 Þ
ÿ ÿ2a
ða2 þ x2 Þ1=2 ÿ a 2
a þ x 2 ÿ a2

Q ÿ 2 ÿ1=2 ÿ2a
¼ÿ x a þ x2
8a0 x2
" #
Q 1
¼
40 xða2 þ x2 Þ1=2
29.5 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Ð 1 Ð x2 Ð 1 x2 Ð1
1. 0 xy dy dx ¼ 0 12 xy2 0 dx ¼ 0 12 x5 dx ¼
0 Ð 4 Ð pffiffiffiffi Ð 4 pffiffiffi
2x
ffi
2xffiffiffiffi
p y2
1 6 1 1 8. 0 ÿ 2x ð2x þ yÞdy dx ¼ 2xy þ p ffiffiffiffi dx
12 x 0 ¼ 12
0 2
Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffi3=2 pffiffiffiffiffi3=2 ÿ 2x
Ð1 Ð2 2
Ð1 2 3 2 ¼ 0 2 2x þ x þ 2 2x ÿ x dx ¼
2. ÿ1 ÿ2 ð2xy ÿ 3y Þdy dx ¼ ÿ1 ½ xy ÿ y ÿ2
Ð1 Ð1 Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffi3=2 pffiffi 4 pffiffi
dx ¼ ÿ2 ½ð4x ÿ 8Þ ÿ ð4x þ 8Þdx ¼ ÿ1 ðÿ16Þdx dx ¼ 8 5 2 x5=2 0 ¼ 8 5232 72:4077
0 4 2x
¼ ÿ16xj1ÿ1 ¼ ðÿ16Þ ÿ ðþ16Þ ¼ ÿ32
Ð Ð =2 Ð Ð 1h 2 ix
=2 Ð1 Ðx Ð1
3. 0 ÿ=2 sin x cos y dy dx ¼ 0 ½ÿ sin x sin yÿ=2 9. 0 ÿ xÞdy dx ¼ 0 y2 ÿ xy 3 dx ¼ 0
x3 ðy
Ð h 3 x7
dx ¼ 0 ½ÿ sin xð1 þ 1Þdx ¼ ÿ2 cos xj0 ¼
2 i1
x 2 x6 4 5
2 ÿ x ÿ 2 þ x dx ¼ ÿ x6 ÿ 14
x
þ x5 ¼
2þ2¼4 0
Ð 1 Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 1h i2 ÿ 16 ÿ 14
1
þ 15 ¼ ÿ35ÿ15þ42 ÿ8
¼ 210 ÿ4
¼ 105 .
4. 0 0 x þ y dy dx ¼ 0 23 ðx þ yÞ3=2 dx ¼ 210
0
Ð h
2 1 3=2 3=2
i
Ð 4 Ð pffiffiy ipffiffiy
Ð 4 h3x2
3 0 ðx þ 2Þ ÿ x dx ¼ 10. ð3x þ 2yÞdx dy ¼ þ 2xy dy ¼
0 y 0 2 y
h i1 h i
5=2
4
ÿ x5=2 ¼ 15 4
ð3Þ5=2 ÿ 1 ÿ 25=2 Ð 4 3y
15 ðx þ 2Þ
2 4
ÿ 3y2 ÿ 2y2 dy ¼ 0 3y
3=2
Ð ÿ 3=2
0 0 2 þ 2y 2 þ 2y
2:3818 2
h 2
i4
Ð ln 2 Ð ln 5 xþy Ð ln 2 ÿ 7y2 dy ¼ 3y4 þ 45 y5=2 ÿ 76 y3 ¼ 3 4 þ 45
ln 5 0
5. 0 0 e dy dx ¼ 0 ½exþy 0 dx ¼
ÿ1112
Ð ln 2 x x ln 2
4 5=2
ÿ 764
6 ¼ 12 þ 128
5 ÿ 764
6 ¼ 30 ¼ ÿ556
15
0 e ð5 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 4e j0 ¼ 4ð2 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 4
Ð 1 Ð y2 Ð 1 hx2 i y2 ÿ37:0667.
6. 0 y ðx þ yÞdx dy ¼ 0 2 þ xy y dy ¼ Ð 2 xy2 3
y2
Ð2 Ð3
Ð 1 y4 3 y2 2
11. 0 0 ðxy þ x ÿ yÞdy dx ¼ 0 2 þ xy ÿ 2 0 dx
0 2 þ y ÿ 2 ÿ y dy ¼ Ð 2 ÿ9 2 ÿ
¼ 0 2 x þ 3x ÿ 92 dx ¼ 0 15 9
Ð
2 x ÿ x dx ¼
h5 i1
y y4 y3 1
10 þ 4 ÿ 2 ¼ 10 þ 4 ÿ 2 ¼
1 1 2þ5ÿ10
20 ¼ ÿ3
20 i2
0
h 2
15x 9x
4 ÿ 2 ¼ 15 ÿ 9 ¼ 6.
Ð 1 Ð pffiffix Ð 1h 2
ipffiffix Ð1 0
7. 0 x ðx þ yÞdy dx ¼ 0 xy þ y2 dx ¼ 0 Ð1 Ðx Ð 1 xy2 x Ð 1 x3 x4 1
1
h x
i1 12. 0 0 xy dy dx ¼ 0 2 0 dx ¼ 0 2 dx ¼ 8 0 ¼ 8.

2 2 3
x3=2 ÿ 2x ÿ x2 ÿ x2 dx ¼ 25 x5=2 þ x4 ÿ x2
0
2 1 1 8þ5ÿ10 3
¼ þ ÿ ¼
5 4 2 20 ¼ 20 :
ð 8 ð 9ÿx
Ð 1 Ð 1ÿx 2 2
13. 0 0 ð x y þ xy Þdy dx 21. ðx þ yÞdy dx
1 8=x
ð1 2 2 1ÿx ð8 9ÿx
x y xy3 y2
¼ þ dy ¼ xy þ dx
0 2 3 0 1 2 8=x
!
x ð1 ÿ xÞ2 xð1 ÿ xÞ3
ð1 2 !
ð9 ÿ xÞ2
ð8
32
¼ þ dx ¼ xð9 ÿ xÞ þ ÿ 8 ÿ 2 dx
0 2 3 1 2 x
ð1 2
x ÿ 2x3 þ x4
ð8
81
¼ ¼ 9x ÿ x2 þ ÿ 9x
0 2 1 2
x ÿ 3x þ 3x2 ÿ x4
2

x2

32
þ dx þ ÿ 8 ÿ 2 dx
3 2 x
ð1
x x2 x4
ð8 2
ÿx 32 65
¼ ÿ þ dx ¼ ÿ 2þ dx
0 3 2 6 1 2 x 2
1
ÿx3 32 65x8
2
x3 x5

x 1
¼ ÿ þ ¼ ¼ þ þ
6 6 30 0 30 6 x 2
1
Ð 2 Ð x2 2 Ð 2 2 2
y3 x
ÿ83 32 65 8 1 65
2 ¼ þ þ þ ÿ 32 ÿ
14. 0 0 ðx ÿ y Þdy dx ¼ 0 x y ÿ 3 0 ¼ 6 8 2 6 2
Ð 2 h 4 x6 i h5
x x7
i2
32 128 32 343 1
0 x ÿ 3 dx ¼ 5 ÿ 21 ¼ 5 ÿ 21 ¼ 105
¼ ¼ 114
0 3 3
0:3048. Ð4 Ð5 2 Ð 4 h 2 y3 i5
2
Ð1 Ðy Ð 1 h x2 y iy Ð1 22. 1 0 ð x þ y Þdy dx ¼ 1 x þ 3 0 dx ¼
15. 0 y2 ðxy þ 1Þdx dy ¼ 0 2 þ x y2 dy ¼ 0 Ð 4 ÿ 2 125 h 3 i4
5x 125x
3
y y5 2
h4
y y2 y6 y3
i1
1 5x þ 3 dx ¼ 3 þ 3 1¼
2 þ y ÿ 2 ÿ y dy ¼ 8 þ 2 ÿ 12 ÿ 3 ¼ 0 ÿ564 1264 ÿ5 125 1279
1 3 þ 3 ÿ 3 þ 3 ¼ 3 ¼ 230
8 þ 12 ÿ 12
1
ÿ 13 ¼ 3þ12ÿ2ÿ8
24
5
¼ 24 .
ð1 ðx
Ð 2 x2 y 2
ðx þ yÞ2 dy dx
Ð 2 Ð y2 x Ð 2 y3 y
23.
16. 1 y y dx dy ¼ 1 2y y dy ¼ 1 2 ÿ 2 dy ¼

i2 0 x3
h4 ð1 ðx
y y2 16 1 1 16ÿ8ÿ1þ2
ÿ 4 ¼ 8 ÿ1ÿ8þ4 ¼ ¼ 98.
ÿ 2
x þ 2xy þ y2 dy dx

8 1 8 ¼
0 x 3
17. For this region we can integrate with respect to y ð1

y3
x
first from x to 1 and then with respect to x from ¼ x2 y þ xy2 þ dx
0 3 x3
Ð 1h 3 1
Ð1 Ð1 i
0 to 1. 0 x ðx2 ÿ y2 Þdy dx ¼ 0 x2 y ÿ y3 dx
ð 1
x3

x ¼ x3 þ x3 þ
Ð 1 2 1 Ð 1 2 2x3 1 0 3
3 x3
¼ 0 x ÿ 3 ÿ x þ 3 dx ¼ 0 x þ 3 ÿ 3 dx ¼ 9
x
x
h3
x4
i1 ÿ x5 þ x7 þ dx
x x 1 3 x3
3 þ 6 ÿ 3 ¼ 6. 0 ð1
7 3 1
Ð 2 Ð x22
Ð 2 x2 y2 x 2 Ð 2 x6 ¼ x ÿ x5 ÿ x7 ÿ x9 dx
18. 0 x y dy dx ¼ 0 2 0 dx ¼ dx ¼ 0 3 3

0 0 2
7 2 1
x 128 64 7 4 1 6 1 8 1
14 0 ¼ 14 ¼ 7 . ¼ x ÿ x ÿ x ÿ x10
Ð 8 Ð p3 yffiffi Ð 8 x4 p3 ffiffiy 12 6 8 30 0
3 3 3
19. ð x ÿ y Þdx dy ¼ ÿ y x dy

0 0 0 4 7 1 1 1
i0 ¼ ÿ ÿ ÿ
Ð 8 y4=3 h 7=3 13=3 8 7 12 6 8 30
¼ 0 4 ÿ y10=3 dy ¼ 3y28 ÿ 3y13 ¼ 32 28 ÿ 60 þ 10 ÿ 20 ÿ 15 ÿ 4 31
0
¼ ¼ 0:2583
3213
¼ ÿ1876:7473. 120 120
13
Ð1 Ðx Ð 1 xy2 x Ð 1 x3 x9 24. x ¼ y2 and x ¼ y þ 4 intersect when y þ 4 ¼ y2

20. 0 xy dy
x4 dx ¼ 0 2 x4 dx ¼ 0 2 ÿ 2 or y2 ÿpyffiffiffiffiÿ 4 ¼ 0. By the quadratic formula
4
1
10 y ¼ 12 17 ÿ1:5616 and ¼ 2:5616. Thus,
dx ¼ x8 ÿ x20 ¼ 18 ÿ 20 1
¼ 5ÿ2
40 ¼ 40
3 Ð 2:5616 Ð yþ4
0 the desired integral is ÿ1:5616 y2 ðxyÞdx dy ¼
SECTION 29.5 577
1 4 7x
ð ð
Ð 2:5616 x2 yyþ4 29. f ¼ dy dx
35 1 2y
h i
1 2:5616 2 5
Ð
ÿ1:5616 2 y2 dy ¼ 2 ÿ1:5616 ðy þ 4Þ y ÿ y
1 4
ð
Ð 2:5616 ÿ ¼ ½ x ln y72 dx
dy ¼ 12 ÿ1:5616 y3 þ 8y2 þ 16y ÿ y5 dy ¼ 12 15 1
1 6 2:5616
1 4 8 3 2
1
ð4
4 y þ 3 y þ 8y ÿ 6 y ÿ1:5616 2 ð60:9931 ÿ
1
¼ ½ln 7 ÿ ln 2 x dx
8:4235Þ ¼ 26:2848. 15 1
7 1 2 4

1
25. The desired area is symmetric about the x-axis, ¼ ln x
15 2 2 1
so we need only to integrate the y-values from 0
to 3, and double that answer. Thus, we have 1 7 1 7
¼ ln ½16 ÿ 1 ¼ ln 0:6264
Ð 3 Ð y2 ÿ9 Ð 3 Ð y2 ÿ9 Ð 3 x2 yy2 ÿ9 30 2 2 2
ÿ3 0 xy dx dy ¼ 2 0 0 xy dx dy ¼ 2 0 2 0
Ð3 2 2 Ð 3ÿ 5
dy ¼ 0 ðy ÿ 9Þ y dy ¼ 0 y ÿ 18y þ 81yÞdy ¼ 3
1 2 3 2xþy
ð ð
30. f ¼ e dy dx
1 6 9 4 81 2 3 11 1 2
6 y ÿ 2 y þ 2 y 0 ¼ 121:5: ð2 ð3
Ð 1 Ð 1 pffiffiffiffiffi Ð 1 pffiffiffi
26. The area is 0 x2 xy dy dx ¼ 0 23 xy3=2 j1x2 dx ¼ ¼ e2x ey dy dx
1 1 2
2 1 1=2

ÿ x7=2 Þdx ¼ 23 23 x3=2 ÿ 29 x9=2 0 ¼ 23 23 ÿ 29
Ð
3 0 ðx
ð2
2x y 3
pffiffiffiffiffi ¼ e e 2 dx
¼ 23 6ÿ29 ¼ 23 49 ¼ 27
2
. (Note: xy is undefined if 1
xy < 0 so the region can only be in the first or third 2 2x
ð
¼ e3 ÿ e2
ÿ
quadrants.) The region described is in the second e dx
1
and first. We can only use the first. Hence
1 2x 2

x 1 and x2 y 1). ¼ e3 ÿ e2
ÿ
e
2 1
ð2 ð3
1 1ÿ 3
¼ e ÿ e e ÿ e2
2
ÿ 2 ÿ 4
27. x þ y2 dy dx

f ¼
6 0 0 2
ð 2 3 1ÿ
¼ e7 ÿ e6 ÿ e5 þ e4 299:6947

1 1
¼ x2 y þ y3 dx 2
6 0 3 0
1 2 2
ð
31. Solving x þ 2y þ 2 ¼ 4 for z we get z ¼ 4ÿxÿ2y.
¼ 3x þ 9 dx
6 0 The x-intercept is 4 and the trace in the xy plane
1 2 is y ¼ 2 ÿ 12 x. Thus the volume is
¼ x3 þ 9x 0
6 ð 4 ð 2ÿ1x
2
1 26 13 V¼ ð4 ÿ x ÿ 2yÞdy dx
¼ ½8 þ 18 ¼ ¼ 0 0
6 6 3 ð4
2ÿ1x
4y ÿ xy ÿ y2 0 2 dx

¼
1 5 1
ð ð
28. f ¼ ðx þ yÞ2 dy dx 0
4 2 1 ÿ1 ð4
1

1

¼ 4 2ÿ x ÿx 2ÿ x
1 5 1 ÿ 2
ð ð
2 2
x þ 2xy þ y2 dy dx
0
¼
8 1 ÿ1
1
2 #
1 5 2
ð
1
1 ÿ 2ÿ x dx
¼ x y þ xy2 þ y3 dx 2
8 1 3 ÿ1 ð4
1 1
1 5 ¼ 8 ÿ 2x ÿ 2x þ x2 ÿ 4 þ 2x ÿ x2 dx
ð
2
¼ 2x2 þ dx 0 2 4
8 1 3 ð4
1
1 2 3 2 5
¼ 4 ÿ 2x þ x2 dx
¼ x þ x 0 4
8 3 3 1 4
1
¼ 4x ÿ x2 þ x3

1 250 þ 10 ÿ 2 ÿ 2 32
¼ ¼ 12 0
8 3 3
1 16 1
¼ 16 ÿ 16 þ 64 ¼ ¼5
12 3 3
32. Solving x2 þ z2 ¼ 4 for z we have z ¼ 4 ÿ x2 . Thus, the average number of units produced for
To get the volume we integrate from 0 to 2 and these ranges of labor-hour and capital expenditures
Ð 2 Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi is 8.375 thousand or 8,375 units.
double the answer. Thus, V ¼ 2 0 0 4 ÿ x2
Ð 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð2 37. (a) By the Pythagorean theorem, d2 ¼ x2 þ y2 , so
dx dy ¼ 2 0 4x 4 ÿ x2 þ 2 sinÿ1 2xÞ20 ¼ 2 0 Cðx; yÞ ¼ 100 ÿ 15ðx2 þ y2 Þ ¼ 100 ÿ 15x2 ÿ 15y2 .
Ð2 (b) Since the plant is in the center of town, we
2 sinÿ1 1 ÿ 2 sinÿ1 0 dy ¼ 2 0 2 ¼ 4yj20 ¼ 8.
ÿ
integrate for ÿ1 x 1 and ÿ2 y 2.
2
33. As in problem #28, pffiffiffi z ¼ 2 ÿ x . We can inte- 1 2 1 ÿ
ð ð
100 ÿ 15x2 ÿ 15y2 dx dy

grate from 0 to 2 and double the answer. Thus, C¼
Ð p2ffiffi Ð x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð pffiffi2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 2 ÿ2 ÿ1
V ¼ 2 0 0 2 ÿ x2 dy dx ¼ 2 0 2 ÿ x2 x dx.
1 2
ð
1
Let u ¼ 2 ÿpxffiffi2 , and du ¼ ÿ2x dx. Substituting, we ¼ 100x ÿ 5x3 ÿ 15xy2 ÿ1 dy
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 pffiffi 8 ÿ2
Ð 2
get V ¼ ÿ 0 u1=2 du ¼ ÿ 23 u3=2 ¼ ÿ 23 2 ÿ x2 j0 2 1 2
ð
200 ÿ 10 ÿ 30y2 dy

pffiffiffi3 pffiffi ¼
¼ 23 2 ¼ 4 3 2 1:8856. 8 ÿ2
1 2
ð
190 ÿ 30y2 dy

34.
Ð1 Ð1 ÿðxþyÞ
Ð1
dy dx ¼ 0 ÿeÿðxþyÞ j1 ¼ ¼
0 0 e 0 dx 8 ÿ2
Ð 1 ÿx ÿx 1 0 1
0 e dx ¼ ÿe j0 ¼ e ¼ 1.
2
¼ 190y ÿ 10y3 ÿ2
8
35. C1 and C2 are independent operations. Therefore, 1 1
we will figure the averages separately and then ¼ ½760 ÿ 160 ¼ ½600 ¼ 75
8 8
add the results.
Thus, the average concentration of particulate mat-
1 400 ÿ
ð
ter throughout the town is 75 ppm.
0:2x2 þ 40x þ 3600 dx

C1 ¼
100 300 ð 3000 ð 60
400 1
¼
1 0:2 3 40 2
x þ x þ 3600x 38. L¼ 0:000 02xy2 dy dx
100 3 2 1000 10 2000 50
300 ð 3000 ð 60
¼ 42; 266:7 ¼ 2 10ÿ9 xy2 dy dx
2000 50
1 550 ÿ
ð
0:4y2 þ 24y þ 6; 000 dy
ð 3000 60
C2 ¼ 1 3
200 350 ¼ 2 10ÿ9 xy dx
550 2000 3 50
1 0:4 3
y þ 12y2 þ 6; 000y
ð 3000
¼ 182; 000
200 3 350 ¼ x dx
3 109 2000
¼ 99; 133:3 3000
182; 000 1 2
¼ x
Adding produces C1 þ C2 ¼ 42;266:7 þ 99;133:3 3 109 2 2000
¼ 141;400. The average cost of C1 ðxÞ þ C2 ðyÞ is 91; 000
$141,400. ¼ ð5; 000; 000Þ 151:67
3 109
1 20 20 0:75 0:25
ð ð The car will travel about 151.67 ft.
36. N¼ x y dy dx
10 10 10
ð 20
1 1 0:75 1:25 2
¼ x y 1
dx
10 1:25 10
1 21:25 ÿ 1 20 0:75
ð
¼ x dx
10 1:25 10
1 21:25 ÿ 1 1 1:75 20
¼ x 10
10 1:25 1:75
1:25
1 2 ÿ 1 1 1:75
ÿ 101:75 8:375

¼ 20
10 1:25 1:75
SECTION 29.6 579
29.6 VECTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
1. (a) pðtÞ ¼ ðt2 þ tÞi þ ðt þ 1Þj þ ðsin tÞk 7. x ¼ 2t; y ¼ ln t; z ¼ t2

(b) vðtÞ ¼ ð2t þ 1Þi þ j þ ðcos tÞk dx=dt ¼ 2; dy=dt ¼ 1t ; dz=dt ¼ 2t
(c) 10 þ cos2 1 3:2081 ð 2e
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
(d) aðtÞ ¼ 2i þ ðÿ sin tÞk 1
L¼ 22 þ þð2tÞ2 dt
1 t
2. (a) pðtÞ ¼ ðt3 ÿ tÞi þ ð4t ÿ 3t2 Þj þ ðsin 3tÞk ð 2e rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(b) vðtÞ ¼ ð3t2 ÿ 1Þi þ ð4 ÿ 6tÞj þ ð3 cos 3tÞk 4t2 þ 4t þ 1
L¼ dt
(c) vðÞ ¼ ð32 ÿ 1Þi þ ð4 ÿ 6Þj þ ð3 cos 3Þk 1 t2
32:3724
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð2t2 þ 1Þ2
ð 2e
(d) aðtÞ ¼ 6ti ÿ 6j ÿ ð9 sin 3tÞk L¼ dt
1 t2
3. (a) pðtÞ ¼ ðcos tÞi þ ð2 þ sin 3tÞj þ et k ð 2e 2
2t þ 1
(b) vðtÞ ¼ ðÿ sin tÞi þ ð3 cos 3tÞj þ et k L¼ dt
qÿffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2 ÿ ÿ 2 2
ffi 1 t
(c) ÿ sin 2 3 þ 3 cos 3 2 3 þðe2=3 Þ ð 2e
1

8:7002 L¼ 2t þ dt
1 t
(d) aðtÞ ¼ ðÿ cos tÞi ÿ ð9 sin 3tÞj ÿ et k L ¼ ½t2 þ ln jtj2e
1
(a) pðtÞ ¼ ðcos2 tÞi ÿ ðe2t Þj þ sin2 ð2tÞ ÿ cos t k L ¼ ð2eÞ2 þ ln j2ej ÿ ð1 þ ln j1jÞ
ÿ
4.
(b) vðtÞ ¼ ðÿ2 sin t cos tÞi þ ð2e2t Þj þ ð4 sinð2tÞ L 30:2494
cosð2tÿÞ þ sin tÞk 1:5 pffiffi
(c) v 3 4 ¼ 1i þ 2e i þ 22 k i þ 222:6356i þ 0:5
8. x ¼ 0:4 t5=2 ; y ¼ ;z¼t
0:7071k, with magnitudeffi ðt ÿ 3Þ2
r pffiffi2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2 ÿ1
ð1Þ þð2e1:5 Þ þ 22 ¼ 1 þ 4e3 þ 0:5 dx=dt ¼ t3=2 ; dy=dt ¼ ; dz=dt ¼ 1
ðt ÿ 3Þ3
222:6389 vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð2 u !2
(d) aðtÞ ¼ ðÿ2 cos2 t þ 2 sin2 tÞi þ ð4e2t Þj þ u
3=2 2 ÿ1
L¼ t ðt Þ þ þ12 dt
ð8 cos2 ð2tÞ ¼ ÿ8 sin2 ð2 tÞ þ cos tÞk ¼ ÿ2 cosð2tÞi þ 0 ðt ÿ 3Þ3
4e2t j þ ð8 cosð4tÞ þ cos tÞk L 3:2810
5. (a) pðtÞ ¼ esin t i ÿ ecos t j þ sinðet Þk
(b) vðtÞ ¼ ðcos tÞðesin t Þi þ ðsin tÞðecos t Þj þ 9. We are given x ¼ 8t3 , y ¼ 2t2 ÿ 1, z ¼ t3 so dx
dt ¼ 83,
dy
et cosðet Þk dt ¼ 4t, and dz 2
¼ 3t . Thus, the length will be
dt
(c) vðÞ ¼ ÿi þ e cosðe Þk ÿi ÿ 9:4623 k, with sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 6 2
magnitude about 9.5150 8
(d) aðtÞ ¼ ðÿ sinðtÞesinðtÞ þ ðcos2 tÞesinðtÞ Þi þ L¼ þð4tÞ2 þð3t2 Þ2 dt
0 3
ðcosðtÞecosðtÞ ÿ ðsin2 tÞecosðtÞ Þj þ ðÿ sinðet Þðet Þ2 þ ð 6 rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
64
cosðet Þet Þk ¼ þ 16 t2 þ 9 t4 dt
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 9
6. (a) pðtÞ ¼ 4 ln ti þ sin tj þ 6 10 ÿ tk ð 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
64 þ 144 t2 þ 81 t4
¼ dt
(b) vðtÞ ¼ 4t i þ cos tj þ pÿ3
ÿ
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi k 0 3
10ÿt qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(c) vð1Þ ¼ 4i þ ðcos 1Þj ÿ k, with magnitude ð 6 ð8 þ 9 t2 Þ2
17 þ cos2 1 4:1584 ¼ dt
0 3
(d) aðtÞ ¼ ÿ4 ÿ3
ÿ
t2 i ÿ sin tj þ 3=2 k
ð6
2ð10ÿtÞ 1
¼ ð8 þ 9 t2 Þ dt
3 0
1ÿ 6
¼ 8t þ 3 t3 0 ¼ 232
3
10. x ¼ e2tÿ1 ; y ¼ cos t; z ¼ 5 ÿ 2t

dx=dt ¼ 2e2tÿ1 ; dy=dt ¼ ÿ sin t; dz=dt ¼ ÿ2
dx
ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (c) Since x ¼ ½4 þ sinð50 tÞ cosðtÞ we have dt ¼
L¼ ð2e2tÿ1 Þ2 þ ðÿ sin tÞ2 þ ðÿ2Þ2 dt 50 cosð50 tÞ cosðtÞ ÿ ð4 þ sinð50 tÞÞ sinðtÞ. From
0
dy
L 197:7269 y ¼ cosð50 tÞ we get dt ¼ ÿ50 sinð50 tÞ. Finally,
6t
using z ¼ ÿ þ ½4 þ sinð50 tÞ sinðtÞ produces
11. x ¼ sin t; y ¼ 12 ln t; z ¼ t2
dz 6
dx=dt ¼ cos t; dy=dt ¼ 2t1 ; dz=dt ¼ 2t dt ¼ ÿ þ50 cosð50 tÞ sinðtÞþð4þsinð50 tÞÞ cos ðtÞ.
ÿ 2 ÿdy2
ð
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ffi Using these values you can verify that dx
dt þ dt þ
2 1 2
ÿdz2
L¼ ðcos tÞ þ þ ð2tÞ dt dt
2
¼ 2517 þ 8 sinð50 tÞ ÿ cos ð50 tÞ þ 362 ÿ 600

=2 2t
cosð50 tÞ sin t ÿ 48
cos t ÿ q
12
cos t sinð50 tÞ. Thus,
L 7:4858 Ð ÿffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿdy2 ÿdz2ffi
dx 2
the length will be L ¼ 0 dt þ dt þ dt dt.
12. x ¼ cos2 t; y ¼ t þ cos t; z ¼ t
dx=dt ¼ ÿ2 cos t sin t; dy=dt ¼ 1 ÿ sin t; dz=dt ¼ 1 Using a calculator to evaluate this integral we find
ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi that the actual distance along the curve between A
L¼ ðÿ2 cos t sin tÞ2 þð1 ÿ sin tÞ2 þð1Þ2 dt and B is about 157.69 units.
=2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
15. (a) jv j ¼ 802 þ 1202 þ 4:52 144:31 mph
L 2:0524 Ð
(b) pðtÞ ¼ v ðtÞdt ¼ 80ti þ 120tj þ 4:5tk
13. (a) We get the coordinates of A when t ¼ 0 and so,
ÿ ÿ
(c) Let t ¼ 16 hr: then80 16 ¼ 13:33; 120 16 ¼ 20;
A ¼ ð4; 1; 0Þ. The coordinates of B are when t ¼ ÿ1
and so, B ¼ ð½4 þ sinð50Þ cos ; cosð50Þ; ½4 þ ð4:5Þ 6 ¼ 0:75
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
sinð50Þ sin Þ ¼ ðÿ4; 1; 0Þ. (d) d ¼ ð13:33 ÿ 0Þ2 þð20 þ 0Þ2 þð0:75 ÿ 0Þ2
(b) The straight-line distance between A and B is 24 miles
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
dðA; BÞ ¼ ðÿ4 ÿ 4Þ2 þ ð1 ÿ 1Þ2 þ ð0 ÿ 0Þ2 16. (a) jv j ¼ 702 þ 1402 þ 42 156:5759 mph
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (b) pðtÞ ¼ 70ti þ 140tj þ 4tk
¼ 64 þ 0 þ 0 ¼ 8 (c) 0.0714 hr 4:2857 min
Thus, the straight-line distance between A and B is (d) 258.6 ft
ÿ pffiffiffi2 ÿ pffiffiffi2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8 units. 17. (a) jv j ¼ 30 2 þ 30 2 þð21:33Þ2
(c) Since x ¼ ½4 þ sinð50 tÞ cosðtÞ we have dx dt ¼ 63:6798 yd=sec
50 cosð50 tÞ cosðtÞ ÿ ð4 þ sinð50 tÞÞ sinðtÞ. From (b) Solve zðtÞ ¼ 0
y ¼ cosð50 tÞ we get dy dt ¼ ÿ50 sinð50tÞ. Finally, 64t ÿ 16t2 ¼ 0
using z ¼ ½4þsinð50 tÞ sinðtÞ produces dz dt ¼ 50
ÿ16tðt ÿ 4Þ ¼ 0
cosð50 tÞ sinðtÞ þ ð4 þ sinð50 tÞÞ cosðtÞ.Usingthese
ÿ 2 ÿdy2 ÿdz2 t ¼ 0 or t ¼ 4
values you can verify that dx dt þ dt þ dt ¼ Therefore, the ball strikes the ground in 4 seconds.
2517 þ8 sinð50 tÞÿcos2 ð50 tÞ. Thus, the length will (c) pð4Þ ¼ ð169:7056; 169:7056; 0Þ. This is 240 yd
Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
be L ¼ 0 2517 þ 8 sinð50 tÞ ÿ cos2 ð50 tÞ2 dt. from the initial point.
Using a calculator to evaluate this integral we 18. (a) We are given the
pffiffiffi position, in yards, of a golf
find that the actual distance along the curve ball as pðtÞ ¼ ð30 3 tÞi þ ð30 tÞj þ 13 ð64 þ 48t ÿ
between A and B is about 157.60 units. 16t2 Þk for t 0 where t is in seconds after the
14. (a) We get the coordinates of A when t ¼ 0 and so, ball has been hit. The speed of the ball is found
A ¼ ð4; 1; 0Þ. The coordinates of B are when t ¼ by taking the derivative of the position vector
and so, B ¼ ð½4 þ sinð50Þ cos ; cosð50 Þ; ÿ 6 andpffiffiffiso the speed is given by vðtÞ ¼
þ
½4 þ sinð50Þ sin Þ ¼ ðÿ4; 1; ÿ6Þ. ð30 3Þi þ ð30Þj þ 13 ð48 ÿ 32tÞk. Theÿ ball is hit
(b) The straight-line distance between A and B is when t ¼ 0 so the initial position is 0; 0; 64 3 and
pffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2ffi
ð30 3Þ2 þð30Þ2 þ 48
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the initial speed is
dðA; BÞ ¼ ðÿ4 ÿ 4Þ2 þ ð1 ÿ 1Þ2 þ ð5 ÿ 0Þ2 3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 62:0967 yd/s.
¼ 64 þ 0 þ 36 ¼ 100 ¼ 10 (b) The ball will hit the ground when zðtÞ ¼ 0
Thus, the straight-line distance between A and B is which is when 13 ð64 þ 48t ÿ 16t2 Þ ¼ 0. The possi-
10 units. ble answers are t ¼ ÿ1 and t ¼ 4. Since t ¼ ÿ1 is
SECTION 29.6 581
before the ball is hit the only possible answer is 4 the center of the target at the point ð90; 0; 1:91Þ.
seconds. The only force acting on the ball is gravity in the
negative z-direction at ÿ9:81 m/s2 . So, the accel-
(c) Substituting 4 for t in the position vector we
eration of the arrow is given by the vector
see that the ball lands at the point
ð207:8461; 120; 0Þ. This is aA ðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:81 k
207:84612 þ 1202 þ 64
ÿ 2
240:9463 yd or Integrating the acceleration vector gives the velo-
3
city function
about 241 yd from the initial point. ð
19. (a) Since the tee is 48 ft higher than the green we vA ðtÞ ¼ aA ðtÞ dt ¼ c1 i þ c2 j þ ðÿ9:81t þ c3 Þk
will let the coordinates of the tee be ð0; 0; 48Þ. The
parametric equations for the velocity, in ft/sec, are The wind is blowing at 24 km/h 6:67 m/s at an
8 0 angle of ð180 ÿ 27 Þ ¼ 153 . Thus, the velocity
< x ðtÞ ¼ 156 cos 35 þ 22 cos 155 vector for the wind is vw ¼ 6:67 cos 153 i þ
y0 ðtÞ ¼ 22 cos 155 6:67 sin 153 j. Since the arrow is shot horizontally
: 0
z ðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t þ 156 sin 35 with an initial velocity of 242 km/h 67:22 m/s
so the velocity vector is vðtÞ ¼ x0 ðtÞi þ y0 ðtÞj þ along the x-axis, the initial velocity of the arrow
z0 ðtÞk and the initial speed is about 62.0967 yd/sec, is vA ð0Þ ¼ 67:22 cos 5:9 i þ 0j þ 67:22 sin 5:9 k.
The parametric equations for the position of the Thus, c1 ¼ 67:22 cos 5:9 i þ 6:67 cos 153 i
ball, in feet from the tee, are c2 ¼ 6:67 sin 153 j
c3 ¼ 67:22 sin 5:9
< xðtÞ ¼ ð156 cos 35 þ 22 cos 155 Þt
8
yðtÞ ¼ 22 cos 155 t This means that the velocity vector for the arrow is
zðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 156 sin 35 t þ 48 given by
:
so the position vector is pðtÞ ¼ xðtÞi þ yðtÞj þ vA ðtÞ ¼ ð67:22 cos 5:9 þ 6:67 cos 153 Þi
zðtÞk. þ 6:67 sin 153 j ÿ ð9:81t þ 67:22 sin 5:9 Þk
(b) Since 100 yd from the tee the fairway and
60:92i þ 3:03j ÿ ð9:81t þ 6:91Þk
the green are at the same elevation, then the ball
will hit the ground when z ¼ 0. Solving ÿ16t2 þ Integrating the velocity vector we get the position
156 sin 35 t þ 48 ¼ 0 we get t 6:0854 and t vector for the arrow.
ÿ0:4930. Since the second answer is before the ð
ball was hit it must take about 6:1 s for the ball pA ðtÞ ¼ vA ðtÞ dt
to hit the ground.
(c) The ball hits the ground at the point ð656:30; ¼ ð60:92t þ c4 Þi þ ð3:03t þ c5 Þj
ÿ121:34; 0Þ. The straight-line distance between þ ðÿ4:905t2 6:91t þ c6 Þk
where
p the ball hits the ground
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi and the tee is
656:302 þ 121:342 þ 482 669:15 or about Since the arrow started 2.9 m above the origin of
669.1 ft 223:0 yd, the coordinate system c4 ¼ c5 ¼ 0 and c6 ¼ 2:9
(d) When the ball hits the ground the speed will be and the position vector for the arrow is
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
½x0 ðtÞ2 þ ½y0 ðtÞ2 þ ½z0 ðtÞ2 when t 6:1 s. Eval- pA ðtÞ ¼ 60:92t iþ3:03t jþðÿ4:905t2 þ6:91tþ2:9Þk
uating this we get a speed of about 152.0 yd/s or The arrow will hit the target when the i component
50:67 ft/s. of the vector is 90. Now, 60:92t ¼ 90 when
20. We first establish a coordinate system where the t 1:48 s. The location of the arrow at the time
origin is on the ground under where the is released of impact is pA ð1:48Þ 90 i þ 4:48 j þ 2:38k.
and the positive x-axis points toward the target. The arrow misses the target. When it has traveled
For convenience, let the target be due east of the 90 m east it is at the point ð90; 4:48; 2:38Þ. This
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
archer. Then the positive y-axis points north and is ð90 ÿ 90Þ2 þ ð0 ÿ 4:48Þ2 þ ð1:91 ÿ 2:38Þ2
the positive z-axis points up. We will assume that the 4:50 m from the center of the target.
archer is aiming the ball due east. That makes
29.7 CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES

pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffi pffiffiffi
1. Here x ¼ 2 cos 4 ¼ 2 and y ¼ 2 sin 4 ¼ 2. Thus, 13. Here x ¼ 4 sin 6 cos 4 ¼ 4 12 22 ¼ 2 and
the cylindrical coordinate ð2; =4; 2Þ has the
pffiffi p
y ¼ 4 sin 6 4 ¼ 4 12 22 ¼ 2 and z ¼ 4 cos 6 ¼
ffiffi
ffi
equivalent rectangular coordinate ð 2; 2; 2Þ. pffiffiffi
pffiffi 4 32 ¼ 2 3. Thus, the spherical coordinate
3 3
2. Here x ¼ 3 cos 2 3 2
3 ¼ ÿ 2 and y ¼ 3 sin 3 ¼ 2 .
ÿ
4; ; has the equivalent rectangular coordinate
Thus, the cylindrical coordinate ð3; 2=3; ÿ2Þ pffiffiffi 4 p6ffiffiffi pffiffiffi
has the equivalent ð 2; 2; 2 3Þ ð1:4142; 1:4142; 3:4641Þ
pffiffi rectangular coordinate pffiffi pffiffi
ÿ 32 ; 3 2 3 ; ÿ2 or ðÿ1:5; 2:598; ÿ2Þ. 14. Here x ¼ sin 2 cos 6 ¼ 1 12 23 ¼ 23 and y ¼
sin 2 sin 6 ¼ 12 and z ¼ cos 2 ¼ 0. Thus, the spherical
3. x ¼ 2 cos 0 ¼ 2; y ¼ 2 sin 0 ¼ 0. Thus, the cylind-
coordinate 1; 6 ; 2 has
ÿ
rical coordinate ð2; 0; 4Þ has the equivalent rec- pffiffi the equivalent rectangular
3 1
tangular coordinate ð2; 0; 4Þ. coordinate 3 ; 2 ; 0 ¼ ð0:8660; 0:5; 0Þ.
pffiffi
ÿ 3
4. x ¼ y ¼ 0. Thus, the cylindrical coordinate 15. Here x ¼ 3 sin 5 3 cos 2 ¼ 3 2 0 ¼ 0; y ¼ sin 3
5
pffiffi
ð0; 5=4; ÿ5Þ has the equivalent rectangular co- sin 2 ¼ ÿ32 3, and z ¼ 3 cos 5 ¼ 32. Thus, the sphe-
ordinate ð0; 0; ÿ5). ÿ 5 3
pffiffi pffiffi rical coordinate 3; 2 ; 3 has the equivalent rectan-
ÿ5 2 5 2 pffiffi
5. Here x ¼ 5 cos 5 4 ¼ 2 and y ¼ 5 sin 4 ¼ ÿ 2 ,
5
ÿ3 3 3
gular coordinate 0; 2 ; 2 ¼ ð0; ÿ2:5981; 1:5Þ.
so the cylindrical coordinate ð5; 5=4; 0Þ has the pffiffi pffiffi pffiffi
equivalent rectangular coordinate 16. Here x ¼ 2 sin 3 4 cos
5
pffiffi 6
¼ 2pffiffiÿ2 2 ÿ2 3 ¼ ÿ2 6 ; y ¼
pffiffi pffiffi 2 1 2
ÿ5 2 ÿ5 2
; ; 0 or ðÿ3:5355; ÿ3:5355; 0Þ. 2 sin 3 sin 5
6 ¼ 2 2 2 ¼ 2 , and z ¼ 2 cos 3 ¼
2 2 pffiffiffi 4 ÿ 5 4 3
pffiffiffi ÿ 2. Thus, the spherical coordinate 2; 6; 4
6. Here x ¼ 4 cos 5 3 ¼ 2 and y ¼ 4 sin 3 ¼ ÿ2 3,
5 pffiffi
which means that the cylindrical coordinate has the equivalent rectangular coordinate ÿ2 6 ;
pffiffi
2
pffiffiffi
ð4; 5=3; 7Þ has pffiffiffithe equivalent rectangular co- 2 ; ÿ 2Þ ¼ ðÿ1:2247; 0:7071; ÿ1:4142Þ.
ordinate ð2; ÿ2 3; 7Þ or ð2; ÿ3:4641; 7Þ. pffiffi pffiffi
ÿ 3 ÿ 3 ÿ15
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 17. Here x ¼ 5 sin 2 7
3 cos 6 ¼ 5 2 2 ¼ 4 ¼
7. Here r ¼ x2 þ y2 ¼ 22 þ 22 ¼ 8 ¼ 2 2 and pffiffi pffiffi
3 ÿ1 ÿ5 3
ÿ1 y ÿ1 2 ÿ1 ÿ3:75; y ¼ 5 sin 2 7
3 sin 6 ¼ 5 2 2 ¼
¼ tan x ¼ tan 2 ¼ tan 1 ¼ 4. This means 4
that the rectangular coordinates ÿ pffiffiffi (2, 2, 5) have ÿ2:1651, and z ¼ 5 cos 2 1
3 ¼ÿ 5 ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ2:5.
cylindrical coordinates 2 2; 4 ; 5 ¼ ð2:8284; 7 2
Thus, the spherical coordinate 5; 6 ; 3 has the
0:7854; 5Þ. equivalent rectangular coordinate ðÿ3:75; ÿ2:1651;
8. Here r ¼ 32 þ ðÿ4Þ2 ¼ 5 and ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ4 3 ¼
ÿ2:5Þ.
pffiffi pffiffi
5:3559. This means that the rectangular coordi-
18. Here x ¼ 5 sin 4 cos 5
3 p¼ 5 22 12 ¼ 5 4 2 ¼ 1:7678;
nates ð3; ÿ4; ÿ5Þ have cylindrical coordinates ffiffi pffiffi pffiffi
(5, 5.3559, ÿ5). y ¼ 5 sin 4 sin 5
3 ¼5 2 ÿ2 3 ¼ ÿ54 6 ÿ3:0619,
pffiffi 2
Here r ¼ ðÿ4Þ2 þ 32 ¼ 5 and ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ3 and z ¼ 5 cos 4 ¼ 5 2 2 ¼ 3:5355. Thus, the spheri-
9. 4 ¼

ÿ
2:4981. This means that the rectangular coordi- cal coordinate 5; 5 3 ; 4 has the equivalent rec-
nates (ÿ4, 3, 2) have cylindrical coordinates tangular coordinate ð1:7678; ÿ3:0619; 3:5355Þ.
(5, 2.4981, 2). pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffi ffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 19. Here ¼ 42 þ 32 ¼ 5; ¼ tanÿ1 34 ¼ 0:6435, and
10. Here r ¼ ðÿ1Þ2 þ ðÿ 3Þ2 ¼ 1 þ 3 ¼ 2 and ÿ1 0
¼ cos 5 ¼ 2 1:5708. Thus, the rectangular
pffiffi
¼ tanÿ1 ÿÿ13 ¼ 4:1888. pffiffiffi Thus, the rectangular co- ÿcoordinate (4, 3, 0) has the spherical coordinate
ordinates ðÿ1; ÿ 3; 4Þÿ have cylindrical coordi- 5; 0:6435; 2 .
nates (2, 4.1888, 4) or 2; 4 3 ;4 . pffiffiffi2
20. Here ¼ 42 þ 5 þ ðÿ2Þ3 ¼ 16 þ 5 þ 4 ¼
pffiffi
11. Here r ¼ 122 þ ðÿ5Þ2 ¼ 13 and ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ5 12 ¼ 5; ¼ tanÿ1 45 ¼ 0:5097, and ¼ cosÿ1 ÿ2 5
5:8884. Thus, the rectangular coordinates ð12; ÿ5; pffiffiffi
ÿ3Þ have cylindrical coordinates (13, 5.8884, ÿ3) 1:9823. Thus, the rectangular coordinate ð4; 5;
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ2Þ has the spherical coordinate (5, 0.5097,
12. Here r ¼ 62 þ 82 ¼ 10 and ¼ tanÿ1 86 ¼ 0:9273.
Thus, the rectangular coordinates (6, 8, ÿ4) have 1.9823).
cylindrical coordinates (10, 0.9273, ÿ4)
SECTION 29.7 583
21. Here ¼ 22 þ 12 þ 22 ¼ 3; ¼ tanÿ1 12 ¼ z
0:4636, and ¼ cosÿ1 ÿ2 3 ¼ 2:3005. Thus, the rec-
tangular coordinate (2, 1, ÿ2) has the spherical 6
coordinate (3, 0.4636, 2.3005). p=5
4
p=3
pffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
22. Here ¼ 42 þ ðÿ 3Þ2 þ 22 ¼ 16 þ 3 þ 4 ¼ 2
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi
23 ¼ 4:7958; ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ4 3 ¼ 2 ¼ y
2 4 6
ÿ0:408637 ¼ 5:874547, and ¼ cosÿ1 p2ffiffiffi ffi ¼
23pffiffiffi
2
1:1406. Thus, the rectangular coordinate ð4; ÿ 3; 4
2Þ has the spherical coordinate (4.7958, 5.8745, x 6
1.1406).
28. A circle of radius 5 in the plane formed by ¼
pffiffiffi2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
=3.
23. Here ¼ 12 þ 12 þ 2 pffiffi¼ 2; ¼ tanÿ1 11 ¼
ÿ1 2
4 ¼ 0:7854, and ¼ cos ¼ . Thus, the rec- z
p2 ffiffiffi 4
tangular coordinate ð1; 1; 2Þ has the spherical
6
coordinate 2; 4 ; 4 ¼ ð2; 0:7854; 0:7854Þ.
ÿ
(0, 0, 5)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi 4
24. Here ¼ 3 þ 3 þ 3 ¼ 3; pffiffi
¼ tanÿ1 ÿp3ffiffi3 ¼ 3 4 ¼
2:3562, and ¼ cosÿ1 ÿ3 3 ¼ 2:1863. Thus, the
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi π
rectangular coordinate ðÿ 3; 3; ÿ 3Þ has that = y
3
ÿ 3 2 4 6
spherical coordinate 3; 4 ; 2:1863 . 2 5 3
(
2.5, , 0
2
)
25. The graph is a line that makes an angle of 4 with 4
the z-axis and whose image on the xy-plane makes x 6

(0, 0, –5)
an angle of 4 with the x-axis.
z
29. A cone shaped figure with spherical base.
z
π
=
4 7
6
5
4
3 (0, 2, 2 3)
y
1
π (2, 0, 2 3) y
=
4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
x 3
4 6
5
26. A plane through the z-axis and that makes an angle x 6
of 3
4 with the x-axis.
30. A wedge that is a section of a sphere of radius 4 on
z top of a section of a cone
z
7
6
5
4 =
y 4
3
3π 2
=
4 1 (2, 2, 2 2)
(2 2, 0, 2 2)
y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
3 =
4 4
5
27. The region between the two spheres ¼ 3 and x 6
¼ 5.
29.8 MOMENTS AND CENTROIDS

Ð 3 Ð 2xþ3 Ð3 Ð3
yj2xþ3
Ð4
1. A ¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 0 dx ¼ 0 ð2x þ 3Þ ð29:4551 ÿ 11:0904Þ ¼ 18:3647. Mx ¼ 0
dx ¼ x þ 3xj30 ¼ 18. m ¼ A ¼ 18. Mx ¼ 0 0
2
Ð 3 Ð 2xþ3 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ16 Ð 4 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 Ð4 2
Ð3 Ð3 0 y dy dx ¼ 0 y2 j0 x þ16 dx ¼ 0 x þ16 2 dx ¼
y dy dx ¼ 0 y22 j02xþ3 dx ¼ 12 0 ð2x þ 3Þ2 dx ¼ h3 i4
4
x 2 þ16
x6 þ 8x ¼ 42:6667. My ¼ 0 0
Ð Ð
1
Ð3 2 1
4 3 2
3 x dy dx ¼
2 0 ð4x þ 12x þ 9Þdx ¼ 2 3 x þ 6x þ 9x 0 ¼
0
Ð 4 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 3 Ð 2xþ3 Ð3 0 x x2 þ 16 dx. Let u ¼ x2 þ 16, and then
58:5. My ¼ 0 0 x dy dx ¼ x½y2xþ3 0 dx ¼
Ð3 2 2 3 3 2 3 0 M
du ¼ 2x dx. When x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 16, and Ð 32 pwhen
0 ð2x þ 3xÞdx ¼ 3 x þ 2 x 0 ¼ 31:5. x ¼ my x ¼ 4 ) u ¼ 32. Substitution yields 1

ffiffiffi
u du
2 16
¼ 12 23 u3=2 j32 1
3=2
¼ 31:5
My
18 ¼ 1:75; y ¼ m ¼ 18 ¼ 3:25
58:5
16 ¼ 3 32 ÿ 163=2 ¼ 39:0064.
M
2.
Ð 2 Ð x3 Ð2 3
m ¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 x dx ¼ x4 0 ¼ 4. Mx ¼
4 2 Thus, x ¼ my ¼ 2:1240; y ¼ Mmx ¼ 2:3233.
Ð 2 Ð 4x Ð2
Ð 2 Ð x3 Ð 2 2 x3 Ð2
0 0 y dy dx ¼ 0 y2 0 dx ¼ 2 0 x6 dx ¼ 2 x7 0 ¼
7 2 7. m ¼ 0 x2 dy dx ¼ 0 ð4x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼

2x2 ÿ x3 j20 ¼ 8 ÿ 83 ¼ 16
3 ÿ
3 ¼ 5:3333:
64
Ð 2 Ð x3 Ð 2 x3
7 9:142857: My ¼ 0 0 x dy dx ¼ 0 xy 0

Ð 2 Ð 4x Ð 2 y2 4x Ð2
Ð2 4 2
dx ¼ 0 x dx ¼ 2 x5 0 ¼ 32
5 My 6:4 Mx ¼ 0 x2 y dy dx ¼ 0 2 jx2 dx ¼ 0
5 ¼ 6:4; x ¼ m ¼ 4 ¼ h i2
4
x5
1:6; y ¼ Mmx ¼ 47 ¼ 16
64
8x2 ÿ x2 dx ¼ 83 x3 ÿ 10 ¼ 18:1333:
7 2:2857 Ð 2 Ð 4x Ð20
Ð 8 Ð x1=3 Ð8 8 My ¼ 0 x2 x dy dx ¼ 0 xð4x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼
3. m ¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 x1=3 dx ¼ 34 x4=3 0 Ð2 h 4
i2
Ð 8 Ð x1=3 Ð 8 2 x1=3 0 ð4x2 ÿ x3 Þdx ¼ 43 x3 ÿ x4 ¼ 6:6667 ¼
0
¼ 12: Mx ¼ 0 0 y dy dx ¼ 0 y2 0 dx M
Ð8 8 6 23 : x ¼ my ¼ 1:25. y ¼ Mmx ¼ 3:4
¼ 0 12 x2=3 dx ¼ 12 35 x5=3 0 ¼ 9:6: My ¼ Ð 2 Ð 8x Ð2
Ð 8 Ð x1=3 Ð8 8 8. m ¼ 0 x3 dy dx ¼ 0 ð8x ÿ x3 Þdx ¼
0 0 x dy dx ¼ 0 x4=3 dx ¼ 37 x7=3 0 ¼ h 4
i2 Ð 2 Ð 8x
M Mx
4x2 ÿ x4 ¼ 12: Mx ¼ 0 x3 y dy dx ¼
54:8571: x ¼ my ¼ 32 7 ¼ 4:5714; y ¼ m ¼ 0:8 Ð2 2
0
Ð 2 2 x6
Ð 2 Ð x4 Ð2 4 5 2 0 y2 j8xx3 dx ¼ 0 32x ÿ 2 dx ¼
4. m ¼ ÿ1 0 dy dx ¼ ÿ1 x dx ¼ x5 ÿ1 ¼ h i2
x7
Ð 2 Ð 8x
Ð 2 Ð x4 Ð 2 2 x4 32 x3
ÿ 14 0 ¼ 76:1905: My ¼ 0 x3 x
6:6: Mx ¼ ÿ1 0 y dy dx ¼ ÿ1 y2 0 dx ¼ 3
h i2
Ð2 5
Ð2 8 x9 2
Ð 2 Ð x4 dy dx ¼ 0 ð8x2 ÿ x4 Þdx ¼ 83 x3 ÿ x5 ¼

ÿ1 x2 dx ¼ 18 ÿ1
¼ 28:5: My ¼ ÿ1 0 0
6 2 M
14:9333. Thus, x ¼ my ¼ 1:2444; y ¼ Mmx ¼ 6:3492.
Ð2
x dy dx ¼ ÿ1 x5 dx ¼ x6 ÿ1 ¼ 10:5: x
My Mx
Ð1 Ðx Ð 1ÿ
¼ m ¼ 3522 ¼ 1:5909; y ¼ m ¼ 22 ¼ 4:3182.
95
9. m ¼ ¼ 0 x3=2 dy dx ¼ 0 x ÿ x3=2 dx ¼
Ð 5 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffi
xþ4 Ð 5 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi h2 i1
m¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 x þ 4 dx ¼
ÿ
5. x2 ÿ 25 x5=2 ¼ 12 ÿ 25 ¼ 10 1
. Thus, we have
0
2 3=2 5 ÿ
3 ðx þ 4Þ j0 ¼ 18 ÿ 16 38
3 ¼ 3 ¼ 12:6667.
Ð1 Ðx Ð 1 y2 x
Mx ¼ 0 x3=2 y dy dx ¼ 0 2 jx3=2 dx ¼
p ffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 5 Ð xþ4 Ð 5 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
y dy dx ¼ 0 y2 j0 xþ4 dx ¼
i1
Mx ¼ 0 0 Ð 1 2 3
h3 4
1
i5 0 x2 ÿ x2 dx ¼ x6 ÿ x8 ¼ 24 . We also have
0
Ð5 h2
65
0 xþ4 x
2 dx ¼ 4 þ 2x 0 ¼ 4 ¼ 16:25:
Ð1 Ðx Ð 1 2 5=2
p
My ¼ ¼ 0 x3=2 x dy dx ¼ 0 ðx ÿx dx ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 5 Ð xþ4 Ð 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
My ¼ 0 0 x dy dx ¼ 0 xyj0 xþ4 dx ¼ h3 i1 ÿ M
x3 ÿ 27 x7=2 ¼ 13 ÿ 27 ¼ 211
. Hence, x ¼ my ¼
Ð 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
0 x x þ 4 dx. Let u ¼ x þ 4 and du ¼ dx. Then 1=21
1=10 ¼ 10
21 0:4762, and y ¼ Mmx ¼ 1=24 5
1=10 ¼ 12
x ¼ u ÿ 4; x ¼ 0 ) u ¼ 4,Ð and xp¼ffiffiffi 5 ) u ¼ 9.
9
Substituting, we obtain 4 ðu ÿ uÞ 4du ¼ 0:4167.
Ð 9 ÿ 3=2 9
4 u ÿ 4u1=2 ¼ 25 u5=2 ÿ83 u3=2 4 ¼ Ð 3 Ð 18ÿx2 Ð3
M
10. m ¼ ÿ3 x2 dy dx ¼ ÿ3 ð18 ÿ 2x2 Þdx ¼
33:7333: x ¼ my ¼ 2:6632; y ¼ Mmx ¼ 1:2829. Ð 3 Ð 18ÿx2
18x ÿ 23 x3 j3ÿ3 ¼ 72. Mx ¼ ÿ3 x2
ÿ

Ð 4 Ð pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 þ16 Ð 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð 3 y2 18ÿx2
6. m¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 x2 þ 16 dx ¼ . By 2 2
y dy dx ¼ ÿ3 2 jx2 dx ¼ 2 ð18 ÿ x Þ ÿ
Formula #30, in Appendix C, we have m ¼ 2 Ð3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 ðx2 Þ dx ¼ 2 ÿ3 324 ÿ 36x2 dx ¼ 2 ð324x ÿ
2x x2 þ 16 þ 8 ln j x þ x2 þ 16j 0 ¼
SECTION 29.8 585
Ð 4 Ð 4xÿx2 Ð4
Ð 3 Ð 18ÿx2 17. m¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 4x ÿ x2 dx ¼
12x3 Þj3ÿ3 ¼ 648: My ¼ ÿ3 x2 x dy dx ¼ h i4 ÿ
3 Ð4
2x2 ÿ x3 ¼ 32 ÿ 64 32
3 ¼ 3 ; Ix ¼ 0
Ð3 3
ÿ3 ð18x ÿ 2x Þ dx ¼ 0. x ¼ 0; y ¼ 9 0
Ð 4xÿx2 2 Ð4 3 2 Ð4
11. y ¼ x and y ¼ 12 ÿ x2 intersect at x ¼ ÿ4 and 0 y dy dx ¼ 0 y3 j04xÿx dx ¼ 3 0 ð64x ÿ
Ð 3 Ð 12ÿx2
48x4 þ 12x5 ÿ x6 dx ¼ 3 16x4 ÿ 48

x ¼ 3. First, we determine that m ¼ ÿ4 x x5 ÿ 2x6 ÿ
3 i 4 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5
Ð3 2 3 x6 4096 39:010
dy dx ¼ ÿ4 ð12 ÿ x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼ 12xÿ x2 ÿ x3 ¼ 5 39:010 or 105 ; rx ¼
0 10:667 ¼ 1:9124.
2
ÿ4
3 12ÿx
57 16 . Then, we have Mx ¼ ÿ4 x
Ð Ð
y dy dx ¼ Ð 4 Ð 4xÿx2 2 Ð4
Ð 3 y2 12ÿx2 18. Iy ¼ 0 0 x dy dx ¼ 0 ð4x3 ÿ x4 Þdx ¼
Ð3
ÿ4 2 jz dx ¼ 2 ÿ4 ð144ÿ24x2 þ x4 ÿ x2 Þdx ¼ h 5
i4 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

h
25x 3
x5
i3
ð260:1þ276:8Þ
51:2
x4 ÿ x5 ¼ 51:2; ry ¼ 10:667 ¼ 2:1909
2 144xÿ 3 þ 5 ÿ4 ¼ ¼ 251:5333. 0
2
Ð 3 Ð 12ÿx2 Ð3 Ð 2 Ð x2
We also have My ¼ ÿ4 x x dy dx ¼ ÿ4 19.
Ð2
m ¼ 1 1=x dy dx ¼ 1 ½x2 ÿ x1 dx ¼
h 3 4
i3
½12x ÿ x3 ÿ x2 dx ¼ 6x2 ÿ x3 ÿ x4 ¼ 28:5833. h3
x
i2 Ð 2 Ð x2 2
ÿ4 3 ÿ ln x 1 ¼ 1:6402; Iy ¼ 1 1=x x dy dx ¼
Hence, x ¼ ÿ28:5833 251:5333
57:1667 ¼ ÿ0:5 and y ¼ 57:1667 ¼ 4:4. Ð2 h5 2
i2 2
Ð 1 Ð x2 Ð1 1 ðx4 ÿ xÞdx ¼ x5 ÿ x2 35 ÿ 2 ÿ 15 þ 12
12. m ¼ 0 x3 dy dx ¼ 0 ðx2 ÿ x3 Þdx ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
4:7
h3 i1 Ð 1 Ð x2 ¼ 4:7; ry ¼ 1:6402 1:6928
x x4
3 ÿ 4 0 ¼ 12. Mx ¼ 0 x3 y dy dx ¼ Ð 2 Ð x2 2 Ð2 3 2 Ð2
Ð1 2 2 Ð 1ÿ h5 i1 20. Ix ¼ 1 1=x y dy dx ¼ 1 y3 jx1=x dx ¼ 1
0 y2 jxx3 dx ¼ 2 0 x4 ÿ x6 dx ¼ 2 x5 ÿ x7 ¼ 35
9
. 6 h7 i2
0 x 1 x 1
Ð 1 Ð x2 Ð1 3 3 ÿ 3x3 dx ¼ 21 ¼ 6x2 1 ¼ 5:9226; rx ¼
My ¼ 0 x3 x dy dx ¼ 0 ðx ÿ x4 Þdx qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5:9226
h4 i1 1:6402 1:90024.
5
¼ x4 ÿ x5 ¼ 20 : x ¼ 12 3
20 ¼ 5 ¼ 0:6. y ¼
0 ð pffiffi2 ð 2
x2 þ y2 dy dx
ÿ
12
0:3429 21. (a) I0 ¼
35 0 x2
Ð pffiffi2 Ð 2 Ð pffiffi2 ð p2ffiffi 2
13. Here Iy ¼ 0 x2 x2 dy dx ¼ 0 x2 yj2x2 dx ¼ 1
ipffiffi2 ¼ x2 y þ y3 dx
Ð p2ffiffi h 3 5 0 3 x2
0 ð2x2 ÿ x4 Þdx ¼ 2x3 ÿ x5 ¼ ð p2ffiffi
0 8 1
ÿ4 pffiffiffi 4 pffiffiffi pffiffi
8 2 ¼ 2x2 þ ÿ x4 ÿ x6 dx
3 2 ÿ 5 2 ¼ 15 ¼ 0:7542. We also find 0 3 3
Ð pffiffi2 Ð 2 Ð pffiffi2 pffiffi
1 7 2

that m ¼ 0 x2 dy dx ¼ 0 ð2 ÿ s x2 Þdx 2 3 8 1 5
pffiffi
¼ x þ xÿ x ÿ x
3 3 5 21
ffiffiffiffi
pffiffi 8
2
p0ffiffiffi
h i qffiffi
¼ 2x ÿ 3x3 4 2
¼ 3 . Hence, ry ¼ 15 ¼ 2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
0
4 5 4 2 8 2 4 2 8 2
3 ¼ þ ÿ ÿ
0:6325. 3 3 5 21
pffiffiffi
Ð p2ffiffi Ð 2 Ð p2ffiffi 3 296 2
14. Ix ¼ 0 x2 y2 dy dx ¼ 0 y3 j2x2 dx ¼ ¼
105
Ð p2ffiffi h8 x6 i h ipffiffi2 pffiffi
x7
8x
qffiffiffi
0 3 ÿ 3 dx ¼ 3 ÿ 21 0 ¼ sffiffiffiffi (b) As in Exercise 13, m ¼ 4 3 2 , so r0 Im0 ¼
pffiffi pffiffi pffiffi pffiffi 16 pffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi qffiffiffiffi
296 2 3 ffiffi
8 2 8 2 42 2
3 ÿ 21 ¼ 21 ¼ 7 . rx ¼
16 2 7
4 ¼ 105 p
4 2
¼ 74 35 1:45.
qffiffiffiffi 3
12
7 1:3093.
ð3 ð5
x2 þ y2 dy dx
ÿ
Ð3 Ð5 Ð3 Ð3 Ð5 22. (a) I0 ¼
15. m ¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 5 dx ¼ 15; Ix ¼ 0 0 y2 0
ð3
0
5
Ð 3 y3 5 Ð 3 125
dy dx ¼ 0 3 j0 dx ¼ 0 3 dx ¼ 125; rx ¼ 1
¼ x2 y þ y3 dx
qffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffi 0 3 0
125 25
15 ¼ 3 2:8868.
ð3
2 125
¼ 5x þ x dx
Ð3 Ð5 2 Ð3 2 h 3 i3
5x 0 3
16. Iy ¼ 0 q0 xffiffiffiffidy dx ¼ 0 5x dx ¼ 3 0 ¼
5 2 125 3
ð3
p
¼ x þ x
ffiffi
ffi
45; ry ¼ 45 15 ¼ 3 1:7321.
0 3 3 0
¼ ½45 þ 125 ¼ 170
qffiffiffi qffiffiffi
I0 I0
(b) As in Exercise 15, m ¼ 15, so r0 ¼ m ¼ (b) As in Exercise 17, m ¼ 32
3 , so r0 ¼ m ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffi
170 34 9472 3 296
15 ¼ 3 3:37 105 32 ¼ 35 2:91
ð 4 ð 4xÿx2 ð 2 ð x2
ÿ 2
x þ y2 dy dx

23. (a) I0 ¼ ÿ 2
x þ y2 dy dx

0 0
24. (a) I0 ¼
1 1=x
2
1 3 4xÿx
ð4 ð2 x2
¼ x yþ y 2
dx 1
0 3 ¼ 2
x y þ y3 dx
ð4
0
1 3 1=x
1ÿ 3 ð2
x2 4x ÿ x2 þ 4x ÿ x2 dx
ÿ
¼ 1 1
0 3 ¼ x4 þ x6 ÿ x ÿ xÿ3 dx
ð4 1 3 3
1 2
4x3 ÿ x4 þ

¼ 1 1 1 1
0 3 ¼ x5 þ x7 ÿ x2 þ xÿ2
5 21 2 6 1
64x ÿ 48x þ 12x5 ÿ x6 dx
ÿ 3 4

32 128 1
ð4
76 3 1 6
¼ þ ÿ2þ
¼ 4 5
x ÿ 17x þ 4x ÿ x dx 5 21 24
0 3 3
1 1 1 1
4 ÿ þ ÿ þ
19 4 17 5 2 6 1 5 21 2 6
¼ x ÿ x þ x ÿ x7
3 5 3 21 0 8923
¼ 10:6226
9472 840
¼ 90:21
105 (b) As in Exercise 19, m ¼ 1:6402, so r0 ¼
qffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
I0 10:6226
m ¼ 1:6402 2:54.
CHAPTER
R 29 REVIEW
1. A plane whose intercepts are (6, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), and 2. A plane whose intercepts are (3, 0, 0), (0, ÿ4, 0) and
(0, 0, 3) (0, 0, ÿ6)
z z
7 7
6 6
5 5 –6
4 4 –5
3 3 –4
2 2 –2–3
1 1
y y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –5–4 –3 –2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4 –2
5 5 –3
x 6 6 –4
x
–6
–7
3. An elliptical cylinder whose axis is the x-axis, inter- 6. A hyperbolic cylinder whose axis is the x-axis and
cepts are (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 2) has the trace in the xy-plane of 9x2 ÿ 4y2 ¼ 1.
z z
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
y y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
5
x 6
x
4. Sphere of radius 4.
z 7. Hyperboloid of one-sheet. The trace in the yz-plane
2 2
7 x
is the ellipse 16 þ y4 ¼ 1. The trace in the yz-plane is
6 2
y z 2
5 the hyperbola 4 ÿ 16 ¼ 1 and the trace in the xz-
4 x2 z 2
plane is the hyperbola 16 ÿ 16 ¼ 1.
3
2
z
1
y 7
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6
4 5
6
8 4
10 3
x 12 2
1
y
5. A parabolic cylinder whose axis is the y-axis and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
has the trace in the xy-plane of y ¼ 4x2 2
4
z
x 6
(–1, 4, 9)
(1, 4, 9)
8. An elliptic cone
y z
(1, 4, 0)
(–2, 0, 1)
(0, –3, 1) (0, 3, 1)

(1, 4, –5) (2, 0, 1)
x
x
2 Ð1 Ð4 Ð1 4
9. @z
z ¼ 3x2 þ 6xy3 ; @x @z
¼ 6x þ 6y3 ; @y @ z
¼ 18xy2 ; @x 2 ¼ 6; 15. 0 þ yÞ1=2 dy dx ¼ 0 23 ðx þ yÞ3=2 0 dx ¼
0 ðx
@2z @2 z
¼ 36xy; ¼ 18y2 Ð h i
2 1 3=2
@y2 @x@y
3 0 ðx þ 4Þ ÿ x3=2 dx ¼
2 2 2 2
þy 2 y ÿx
z¼x 2 ÿ1 @z @z
¼ 2xy; @y ¼ ÿx
1
10. y ¼x y þ y; @x y2 þ 1 ¼ y2 ;

2 2 5=2 2 5=2 4
ÿ 5=2
@2z 2 @2 z 2x2 @ 2 z ÿ2x 3 5 ðx þ 4Þ ÿ 5x ¼ 15 5 ÿ 1 ÿ 45=2 ¼
@x2 ¼ y ; @y2 ¼ y3 ; @x@y ¼ y2 0
4
ÿ 5=2
11. z ¼ ex cos y ÿ ey sin x; @z
¼ ex cos y ÿ ey cos x; 15 5 ÿ 33 6:1071.
@x
@z @2 z
@y ¼ ÿex sin y ÿ ey sin x; @x2 ¼ ex cos y þ ey sin x; Ð4 Ð9 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
16. 0 0xy x2 þ y2 dy dx: Let u ¼ x2 þ y2 , and then
@ z x y @ z x
@y2 ¼ ÿe cos y ÿ e sin x; @x@y ¼ ÿe sin y ÿ du ¼ 2ydy. When y ¼ 0 ) u ¼ x2 , and when y ¼ 9
y
Ð 4 Ð x2 þ92
e cos x ) u ¼ x2 þ 92 . Substitution yields 12 0 x2
2 2
4 x þ9 4
xðuÞ1=2 du ¼ 12 0 23 xu3=2 x2 dx ¼ 12 0 ðxðx2 þ 92 Þ3=2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ð Ð
12. z ¼ ln x2 þ y3 þ sin2 ð3xyÞ;
h 5
i 4
@z 2x ÿ x4 Þdx ¼ 13 12 25 ðx2 þ 92 Þ5=2 ÿ x5 ¼ 15 1
½ð42 þ
¼ þ 2 sinð3xyÞ cos 3xy 3y 0
@x 2ðx2 þ y3 Þ
x 92 Þ5=2 ÿ 45 ÿ 95 ¼ 2172:9935.
¼ 2 þ 6y sinð3xyÞ cosð3xyÞ
x þ y3
Ð ln 4 1 xþ2y ln 10

Ð ln 4 Ð ln 10
xþ2y
@z 3y2 17. 0 0 e dy dx ¼ 0 2 e dx ¼
¼ þ 6x sin 3xy cos 3xy
0
@y 2ðx þ y3 Þ
2
Ð ln 4 1 xþ2 ln 10 1 x

Ð ln 4 1 x
@ 2 z x2 þ y2 ÿ 2x2 0 2e ÿ 2 e dx ¼ 0 49 2 e dx ¼
¼ þ 18y2 cos2 3xy
@x2 ðx2 þ y3 Þ2 49:5ex jln 4
¼ 49:5ð4 ÿ 1Þ ¼ 148:5.
0
2 2
ÿ 18y sin 3xy
1
y3 ÿ x2 Ð 1 Ð x2 Ð1 4
¼ 2
þ 18y2 ðcos2 3xy ÿ sin2 3xyÞ 18. 0 0 x dy dx ¼ 0 x3 dx ¼ x4 ¼ 14
ðx2 þ y3 Þ 0
y3 ÿ x2 19. (a) The position vector is pðtÞ ¼ xðtÞi þ yðtÞj þ

¼ þ 18y2 cos 6xy
ðx2 þ y3 Þ2 zðtÞk. Substituting the given p
definitions of x, y,
and z we get pðtÞ ¼ ðt2 þ t Þi þ ðtÿ1 þ tÞj þ
ffi
@2z 2ðx2 þ y3 Þ6y ÿ 3y2 2 3y2
¼ ðsin tÞk.
@y2 4ðx2 þ y3 Þ2 (b) The velocity vector is vðtÞ ¼ x0 ðtÞi þ y0 ðtÞj þ
þ 18x cos2 3xy ÿ sin2 3xy
2
ÿ
z0 ðtÞk. Differentiating the given definitions

6x2 y ÿ 3y4 1
¼ þ 18x cos 6xy of x, y, and z we get vðtÞ ¼ 2 t þ pffi i þ
2ðx2 þ y3 Þ2 2 t
ðÿtÿ2 þ 1Þj þðcos tÞk.
@2z 12xy2
¼ þ 6 sin 3xy cos 3xy (c) When t ¼ 1, the magnitude of vð1Þ is
@x@y 4ðx2 þ y3 Þ2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2:52 þ ð0Þ2 þ cos2 1 ¼ 7:25 2:5577.
þ 18xy cos2 3xy ÿ 18xy sin2 3xy
(d) The acceleration vector is aðtÞ ¼ x00 ðtÞi þ y00
3xy2
¼ þ 6 sin 3xy cos 3xy ðtÞj þ z00 ðtÞk. Differentiating the ÿ above values for
ðx2 þ y3 Þ2 x0 , y0 , and z0 we get aðtÞ ¼ 2 ÿ 0:25 tÿ3=2 i þ
þ 18xy cos 6xy ð2 tÿ3 Þj þ ðÿ sin tÞk.
3
(a) pðtÞ ¼ ðt3 ÿ 3t2 Þi þ ð4t2 ÿ 3t4 Þj þ ðsin 5tÞk
2
Ð 2 Ð x3 Ð 2 xy2 x Ð 2 x2 x8
20.
13. 0 0 xy dy dx ¼ 0 2 dx ¼ 0 2 dx ¼

18 ¼ 16 (b) vðtÞ ¼ ð3t2 ÿ 6tÞiþð8t ÿ 12t3 Þj þ 5 cosð5tÞk
0 0
ð =2 ð (c) vðÞ ¼ ð32 ÿ 6Þi þ ð8 ÿ 123 Þj þ
14. sin x cos y dy dx ð5 cos 5Þk 10:7593 i ÿ 346:9426 j ÿ 5 k, with
0 0
ð =2 magnitude
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ sin x½cos ÿ cos 0dx ð32 ÿ 6Þ2 þ ð8 ÿ 123 Þ2 þ ðÿ5Þ2
0
ð =2
=2 347:1427
¼ ÿ2 sin x dy ¼ ÿ2½cos x0
h 0
i (d) aðtÞ ¼ ð6t ÿ 6Þiþð8 ÿ 36t2 Þj ÿ ð25 sinð5tÞÞk
¼ ÿ2 cos ÿ cos 0 ¼ 2
2 21. (a) The position vector is pðtÞ ¼ xðtÞi þ yðtÞj þ
zðtÞk. Substituting the given definitions of x, y,
and z we get pðtÞ ¼ ð5 ÿ cos tÞi þ ðt2 þ tan tÞ

r ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
pffiffi2 ÿ
9 3 9 2 2 ¼ 9:4868; ¼ tanÿ1
j þ ðet sin tÞk. ¼ 2 þ 2 þ3
(b) The velocity vector is vðtÞ ¼ x0 ðtÞi þ y0 ðtÞj þ
z0 ðtÞk. Differentiating the given definitions of x, ÿ pffiffi3 ¼ 6 ; ¼ cosÿ1 9:4868
1 5 ÿ3
¼ 1:8925; spherical:
y, and z we get vðtÞ ¼ ðsin tÞi þ ð2 þ sec2 tÞj þ ÿ
9:4868; 5 6 ; 1:8925 .
ðet sin t þ et cos tÞk.
pffiffiffi
(c) When t ¼ 4, the magnitude of v 4 is
ÿ

27. x ¼ 4 sin 6 cos 3 3
4 ¼ 2 cos 4 ¼ ÿ 2; y ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2 4 sin 6 sin 3 2; z ¼ 4 cos 6 ¼ 2 3; rectangular:
ÿ ÿ2 ÿ 2
sin 4 þ 2 þ sec2 4 þ e=4 sin 4 þ e=4 cos 4 4 ¼
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
¼
ÿ pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi2
q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 2; 2; 2 3 : r ¼ ðÿ 2Þ2 þ 2 ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
r
pffiffi 2 pffiffiffi
2
2
þð0:5 þ 2Þ2 þ ð 2 e=4 Þ2 4:7824: pffiffi ÿ 3 pffiffiffi
2; ¼ tanÿ1 ÿp2ffiffi2 ¼ 3 4 ; cylindrical: 2; 4 ; 2 3 .
(d) The acceleration vector is aðtÞ ¼ x00 ðtÞi þ pffiffi pffiffi
y00 ðtÞj þ z00 ðtÞk. Differentiating the above values 28. x ¼ 5 sin 2 7
3 cos 6 ¼ 5
3 ÿ 3
2 2 p¼
ÿ15
¼
for x0, y0 , and z0 we get aðtÞ ¼ ðcos tÞ i þ ffiffi ÿ4
2 7 3 ÿ1
ÿ3:75; y ¼ 5 sin 3 sin 6 ¼ 5 2 2 ¼
ð2 þ 2 tan t sec2 tÞj þ ð2 et cos tÞk. pffiffi
ÿ5 3 2
ÿÿ1
4 ÿ2:1651; z ¼ 5 cos 3 ¼ 5 2 ¼ ÿ2:5;
22. (a) The position vector is pðtÞ ¼ xðtÞi þ yðtÞj þ
zðtÞk. Substituting the given definitions of x, y, rectangular: ðÿ3:75; ÿ2:1651; ÿ2:5Þ. r ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
and z we get pðtÞ ¼ ð3 sin tÞi þ ð2 þ cos 3tÞj þ ð3:75Þ2 þ ðÿ2:1651Þ2 ¼ 4:3301; ¼ ¼ 7 6 ;z
ððln tÞ sin tÞk. ÿ 7

(b) The velocity vector is vðtÞ ¼ x0 ðtÞi þ y0 ðtÞj þ ¼ z ¼ ÿ2:5; cylindrical: 4:3301; 6 ; ÿ2:5 .
z0 ðtÞk. Differentiating the given definitions of x,
1 4 2 ÿ 2
ð ð
y, and z we get vðtÞ ¼ ð3 cos tÞi þ ðÿ3 sin 3tÞj þ x þ y4 dy dx

29. f ¼

sinðtÞ
4 4 0 ÿ2
þ ln ðtÞ cosðtÞ k. 1 4 2
ð
1
2
t ¼ x y þ y5 dx
(c) When t ¼ e, the magnitude of vðeÞ is 16 0 5 ÿ2
ð4
1 64
4x2 þ
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

sinðeÞ
2 ¼ dx
ð3 cos eÞ2 þðÿ3 sin 3eÞ2 þ þ ln ðeÞ cosðeÞ 4:0335: 16 0 5
e 1 4 3 64 4

¼ x þ x
16 3 5 0
(d) The acceleration vector is aðtÞ ¼ x00 ðtÞi þ y00 ðtÞ
16 16 128
¼ þ ¼ 8:53
j þ z00 ðtÞk. Differentiating the above values for x0, 3 5 15
y0 , and z0 we get aðtÞ ¼ ðÿ3 sin tÞ iþ ðÿ9 cos
1 5 4ÿ 3
ð ð

ð3 tÞÞj ÿ ÿsint2ðtÞ þ 2 costðtÞ ÿ ln ðtÞ sinðtÞ k. 30. f ¼ x þ 2y dy dx
44 1 0
1 5 3
ð
4
23. L¼
Ð 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð8tÞ2 þ ðet Þ2 þ cos2 t dt 4:5428 ¼ x y þ y2 0 dx
0 16 1
1 5 3
ð

Ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 4x þ 16 dx
24. L¼ 0 ðÿ sin tÞ2 þ ð2 sin t cos tÞ2 þ ð2tÞ2 t dt 16 1
10:4993 1 4 5
¼ x þ 16x 1
ÿ pffiffiffi 16
25. 4; 6 ; 2 ; x ¼ 4 cos 6 ¼ 2 3 3:4641; y ¼ 1 688
pffiffiffi ¼ ½ð625 þ 80Þ ÿ ð1 þ 16Þ ¼ ¼ 43
4 sin 6 ¼ 2, and z ¼ 2; rectangular: ð2 3; 2; 2Þ; 16 16
pffiffiffi
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
¼ ð2 3Þ2 þ 22 þ 22 ¼ 12 þ 4 þ 4 ¼ 20
pffiffiffi 31. V ¼ ‘ ! h ¼ 300 so h ¼ 300 ‘w . A ¼ ‘ !þ 2‘h þ
¼ 2 5 4:4721: ¼ tanÿ1 2p2 ffiffi3 ¼ 6 ; ¼ 2!h ¼ ‘ ! þ 600! þ 600
‘ ; A ‘ ¼ ! ÿ 600 ‘2 ¼ 0; Aw ¼ ‘
ÿ pffiffiffi 600
ÿ !2 ¼ 0. Solving the first equation for ! we
cosÿ1 2p2 ffiffi5 ¼ 1:1071; spherical 2 5; 6 ; 1:1071

have ! ¼ 600‘2 . Substituting this into the second
pffiffi 600 ‘4
equation, we get ‘ ÿ ÿ 2 ¼ ‘ ÿ ¼ 0 or
26. x ¼ 9 cos 6 ¼ ÿ 9 2 3 ÿ7:7942; y ¼ 9 sin 5
6 ¼ 600 600
9 ‘ 2
p
¼ 4:5; z ¼ ÿ3; rectangular: ðÿ7:7942; 4:5; ÿ3Þ: ‘4
ffi
2 ‘ ¼ 600 ) ‘3 ¼ 600 or ‘ ¼ 3 600 8:434. in.
Now ! ¼ 600 ‘2 ¼ p
600
ffiffiffiffiffiffi2 ¼ 3 600 8:434 in. h ¼ 4 2 8
3 ÿ x4 Þdx ¼ 7x
7=4
ÿ 15 x5 0 ¼ 35 ;x ¼ y ¼
p
3
ffiffiffiffiffiffi p3600
ffiffiffiffiffiffi
p ffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 300600600 ¼ 2600 4:217 in.
300 8=35
3
600 1=2 ¼ 16
35 0:4571
R1 R2 @R ðR1 þR2 ÞR2 ÿR1 R2 R22 @R
32. R¼ R1 þR1 ; @R1 ¼ ðR1 þR2 Þ2
¼ ðR þR 2 : @1 R2 ¼ 40. These two graphs intersect when x2 ¼ 9 ÿ x2 or
1 2Þ
pffiffi
R21
ðR1 þR2 Þ2
; dR1 ¼ 300 0:01 ¼ 3; dR2 ¼ 600 0:01 2x2 ¼ 9 ) x ¼ 3=2 2 ¼ p3ffiffi2 2:1213. m ¼
@R
¼ 6. dR ¼ @R @R
dR1 þ @R dR2 ¼
R22
dR1 þ Ð 3=pffiffi2 Ð 9ÿx2 Ð 3=pffiffi2
1 2 ðR1 þR2 Þ2 pffiffi
ÿ3= 2 x2
dy dx ¼ ÿ3=pffiffi2 ð9 ÿ 2x2 Þdx ¼ 9x ÿ
R21 600
dR2 ¼ ð900Þ
2
300
2 3 þ 9002 6 ¼ 2
.
2
pffiffi
2 3 3= p2ffiffi
ðR1 þR2 Þ2 54ffiffi 9 ffiffi
3 x ÿ3 2 ¼ 2 ÿ 2 2 ¼ 27 2 ÿ 9 2 ¼ 18 2;
p p
@R 1 @R ÿ2 @R @R Ð 3=pffiffi2 Ð 9ÿx2 Ð 3=pffiffi2 2 9ÿx2

33. @V ¼ I ; @I ¼ ÿVI ; dR ¼ @V dV þ @I dI ¼ Mx ¼ ÿ3=pffiffi2 x2 y dy dx ¼ ÿ3=pffiffi2 y2 x2 dx ¼
1 V 1 1160:01 Ð pffiffi2 pffiffi
I dV ÿ I 2 dI ¼ 2 0:2 ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ0:19
. 1 3= p 2 1 3 3= p 2
2 ÿ3= 2
ffiffi ð 81 ÿ 18x Þdx ¼ 2 ½ 81x ÿ 6x ÿ3= 2
ffiffi
25
34. V ¼ ‘ ! h ¼ 25, so h ¼ ‘! . A ¼ ‘!þ 2‘h þ 2!h p ffiffi
ffi p
3= 2
ffiffi
9ÿx 2
¼ 243 81ffiffi
Ð Ð
pffiffi ÿ p ¼ 81 2. My ¼ ÿ3=pffiffi2 x2 x dy dx
¼ ‘! þ 50 50 50 50
! þ ‘ . A ‘ ¼ ! ÿ ‘2 ; A ! ¼ ‘ ÿ ! 2 ; A ‘ ¼ A !
2
p ffiffi
2
!4
Ð 3= 2
50 ¼ ÿ3=pffiffi2 ð9x ÿ 2x3 Þdx ¼ 0. This integral is 0 since
¼ 0; ‘ ÿ !502 ¼ 0 ) ‘ ¼ !502 ; ! ÿ ÿ 2 ¼ ! ÿ ¼ 0;
50 50
p !2 9x ÿ 2x3 is an odd function and we are integrating
4 pffiffi
! ¼ !50 ; 50 ¼ !3 or ! ¼ 3 50 3:684 m. In like
ffiffi
ffi
pffiffiffiffiffi from ÿ p3ffiffi to p3ffiffi : x ¼ 0; y ¼ 81pffiffi2 ¼ 92 ¼ 4:5. The
2 2 18 2
25
manner, ‘ ¼ 3 50p¼ ffiffiffiffi 3:684
p ffiffiffiffi m. Since h ¼ ‘!, we
25 25 3 50 3
50
answer is exactly what you would expect to get
get h ¼ p3 ffiffiffiffi2 ¼ 50 ¼ 2 1:842 m. due to the symmetry of the region.
50
Ð 5 Ð 6x Ð 5 3 6x
35. PV ¼ nRT ) V ¼ nRT
T ¼ PV
¼ 41000
¼ 500 41. Ix ¼ 0 0 y2 dy dx ¼ 0 y3 0 dx ¼
P ; nR 8R R ; Ð5 5
0 72x3 dx ¼ 18x4 0 ¼ 11;250. m ¼
dV ¼ @V @V nR nRT 8R
@T dT þ @P dP ¼ P dT ÿ P2 dP ¼ 4 ð0:5Þÿ Ð5 Ð5 5
500
8R R 0 dy dx ¼ 0 6x dx ¼ 3x2 0 ¼ 75:
ð0:4Þ ¼ R ÿ 100 cm2 =min: qffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
42 rx ¼ Imx ¼ 11;250
75 ¼ 150 12:2474
36. V ¼ 13 r 2 h; dV ¼ @V 1 2 2
@r dr ¼ 3 r dh þ 3 rh dr ¼ Ð 4 Ð 4ÿx Ð4
1 2 2 2 42. Iy ¼ 0 0 x2 dy dx ¼ 0 ð4x2 ÿ x3 Þdx ¼
3 ð180Þ 15 þ 3 ð180Þð270Þ10 ¼ 486;000 cm =s. h i4
4
5 43 x3 ÿ x4 ¼ 21:3333 or 64
Ð 5 Ð 6x Ð5
3 . m ¼

37. m ¼ 1 0 dy dx ¼ 1 6x dx ¼ 3x2 1 ¼ 75 ÿ 0
Ð 5 Ð 6x Ð 5 y2 6x Ð 4 Ð 4ÿx Ð4 h 2
i4
3 ¼ 72; Mx ¼ 1 0 y dy dx ¼ 1 2 0 dx ¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 ð4 ÿ xÞdx ¼ 4x ÿ x2
0
Ð5 3 5
Ð 5 Ð 6x qffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi64
3
2

1 18x dx ¼ 6x 1 ¼ 744. My ¼ 1 0 x dy dx
qffiffiffiffiffi
Iy 8
¼ 8. ry ¼ m ¼ ¼ 3 1:6330:
Ð5 5 M 8
¼ 1 6x2 dx ¼ 2x2 1 ¼ 248; x ¼ my ¼ 248 72 ¼
Ð 1 Ð x2=3 Ð 1 3 x2=3
Mx 744
3:4444; y ¼ m ¼ 72 10:3333. 43. Ix ¼ 0 0 y2 dy dx ¼ 0 y3 0 dx ¼
Ð1 2 3 1 Ð 1 Ð x2=3
Ð 2 Ð x4 Ð2 5 2 0 x3 dx ¼ x8 0 ¼ 19 : m ¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼
38. m ¼ 1 1 dy dx ¼ 1 x4 dx ¼ x5 1 ¼ 31 5 ; Mx ¼ Ð1 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ð 2 Ð x4 Ð2 4 4
y2 x
Ð 2 x8 0 x2=3 dx ¼ 35 x5=3 0 ¼ 35 . rx ¼ 1=9 3=5 ¼
1 0 y dy dx ¼ 1 x dx ¼ 2 0 dx ¼ 1 2 dx ¼
qffiffiffiffi
5
x9 2
Ð 2 Ð x4 Ð2 5 27 0:4303
511
18 1y ¼ 18 ; My ¼ 1 0 x dy dx ¼ 1 x dx ¼ Ð 1 Ð p3 ffiffix Ð 1 3 p3 ffiffix
x6 2
63 63=6 105
44. Iy ¼ 0 x3 y2 dy dx ¼ 0 y3 x3 dx ¼
6 1 ¼ 6 ; x ¼ 31=5 ¼ 62 1:6935; y ¼ Ð 1 h2 i1 ÿ
9 10
511=18
¼ 2555 0 3x ÿ x3 dx ¼ x6 ÿ x30 ¼ 16 ÿ 30 1

31=5 558 ¼ 4:579 0
p
Ð 1 Ð 3xffiffi Ð 1ÿ
4 2
Ð 1 Ð p3 ffiffix Ð 1ÿ ¼ 30 ¼ 15 . m ¼ 0 x3 dy dx ¼ 0 x1=3 ÿ
39. m ¼ 0 x3 dy dx ¼ 0 x1=3 ÿ x3 dx ¼ 34 x4=3 ÿ sffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
p Ð 1 y2 p3 xffiffi

x3 Þdx ¼ 34 x4=3 ÿ x4 j10 ¼ 12 . ry ¼ 15
Ð1 Ð 3x ffiffi 4
1 4 1 ¼
1
x ¼ ; M x ¼ y dy dx ¼ 0 2 x3 dx 1
2
3

4 0 2 0 x
1 ÿ 1
¼ 12 0 x2=3 ÿ x6 dx ¼ 12 35 x5=3 ÿ 17 x7 0 ¼ 12
Ð qffiffiffiffi
4
p 15 0:5164
3
ffiffi
ÿ3 1 8
Ð 1 Ð x Ð 1 ÿ 4=3
5 ÿ 7 ¼ 35 ; My ¼ 0 x3 x dy dx ¼ 0 x
CHAPTER 29 TEST 591
ð 8 ð 10x
ÿ 2 Ð 6 Ð 6x Ð6
x þ y2 dy dx

45. (a) I0 ¼ (b) m ¼ 0 x2 dy dx ¼ 0 ð6x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼
0 0 6 qffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3x2 ÿ 13 x3 0 ¼ 36, so r0 ¼ Im0 ¼ 363528

3536 ¼
ð8 10x
1
¼ x2 y þ y3 dx qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
10;098
3
35 16:99.
0 0
ð8
1000 3
¼ 10x3 þ x dx
3 Ð2 Ðx 2
Ð 4 Ð 4ÿx
ÿ yÞdy dx þ 2 0 ðx2 ÿ yÞdy dx ¼
0 ðx
0 47.
ð8 0
1030 3
¼ Ð 2 2
x dx y2 x
Ð 4ÿ 2 2 4ÿx

0 3 0 x y ÿ 2 j0 dx þ 2 x y ÿ y 2 j0 dx ¼
1030 4 8 1; 054; 720 Ð 2 3 x2 Ð 4 2

3 x2
¼ x ¼ 0 x ÿ 2 dx þ 2 4x ÿ x ÿ 8 þ 4x ÿ 2
12 0 3 h4 i2 h i4
3 4 3
Ð 8 Ð 10x Ð8 8 dx ¼ x4 ÿ x6 þ 43 x3 ÿ x4 ÿ 8x þ 2x2 ÿ x6
(b) m ¼ 0 0 dy dx ¼ 0 10x dx ¼ ½5x2 0 0 2
8 256 64 32
¼ 4 ÿ þ ÿ 64 ÿ 32 þ 32 ÿ ÿ þ 4 þ 16 ÿ
qffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 320, so r0 ¼ Im0 ¼ 1;054;720
3320 ¼
3;296 6 3 4 3
3 8 þ 86 ¼ 16.
33:15.
ð6 ð2 Ð p5ffiffi Ð x Ð pffiffi5
48. pffiffi ðx ÿ 4yÞdy dx ¼ pffiffi ð xy ÿ
2 2
ÿ 2
46. (a) I0 ¼ 6x x þ y dy dx ÿ 5 x þxÿ5 pffiffi ÿ 5
x Ð 5
0 x
6x 2y2 Þx2 þxÿ5 dx ¼ ÿpffiffi5 ½x2 ÿ 2x2 ÿ ðx3 þ x2 ÿ 5xÞ þ
Ð pffiffi5
ð6
1 2
¼ x2 y þ y3 dx 2ðx2 þ x ÿ 5Þ dx ¼ ÿpffiffi5 ½ÿx3 ÿ 2x2 þ
0 3 x2 Ð pffiffi5
ð6
1
5x þ 2ðx4 þ 2x3 ÿ 9x2 ÿ 10x þ 25Þdx ¼ ÿpffiffi5
¼ 6x3 þ 72x3 ÿ x4 ÿ x6 dx
0 3 ð2x4 þ 3x3 ÿ 20x2 ÿ 15x þ 50Þdx ¼ 25 x5 þ
6 pffiffi pffiffiffi
5
3 4 1 1 3 4 20 3 15 2
ÿ2
4 x ÿ 3 x ÿ 2 x þ 50x ÿ 5 ¼ 2 5 25 5 ÿ
pffiffi
¼ x þ 18x4 ÿ x5 ÿ x7 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2 5 21 0 20
ÿ pffiffiffi 100 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
3 5 5 þ 50 5 ¼ 2 10 5 ÿ 3 5 þ 50 5
¼ ¼ 160 5 119:2570 (Note: to evaluate from ÿ 5
35 p3 ffiffiffi
to 5, we can double the odd terms and cancel the
even.)
ER 29 TEST
CHAPTER
1. A plane whose intercepts are (4, 0, 0), (0, ÿ8, 0), 2. Sphere of radius 3
and (0, 0, 2)
z
z
6
6 –6
4
–6 –4
4
–4 2 –2
2 –2
y
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6
y
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 2
2 4
–4
4 6
–4
6 x
x
3. Hyperboloid of one-sheet.2 The trace in the xy- ð 4 ð =4 ð4

y¼=4
2
plane is the ellipse x4 þ y9 2 ¼ 1. The trace in the 7. x sin y dy dx ¼ ðÿx cos yÞy¼0 dx
2 0 0 0
yz-plane is the hyperbola y9 ÿ z4 ¼ 1 and the trace ð 4 pffiffiffi
x 2 2 2
in the xz-plane is the hyperbola 4 ÿ z4 ¼ 1. ¼ ÿx ÿ 1 dx
0 2
pffiffiffi ð 4
z 2
¼ 1ÿ x dx
7 2 0
6 pffiffiffi
5 2 1 2 4
¼ 1ÿ x
4 2 2 0
3 pffiffiffi
2 ¼ 8 ÿ 4 2 2:3431
1
y Ð 2 Ð x2 Ð2 x2 Ð2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 0 0 3xy2 dy dx ¼ 0 xy3 0 dx ¼ 0 x7 dx ¼ 18 x8 0 ¼
2 256
4 8 ¼ 32
x 6 9. (a) pðtÞ ¼ ðt4 ÿ tÞi þ ðsin tÞj þ ð5 þ 6t þ t2 Þk

(b) vðtÞ ¼ ð4t3 ÿ 1Þi þ ðcos tÞj þ ð6 þ 2tÞk
(c) aðtÞ ¼ 12t2 i ÿ sin tj þ 2 k
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ð 2 2 2
4. Elliptic paraboloid with intercepts ð2; 0; 0Þ; dx dy dz
10. þ þ dt
ð0; 3; 0Þ, and ð0; 0; ÿ36Þ 0 dt dt dt
ð qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
z
ð4t3 ÿ 1Þ2 þ ðcos tÞ2 þ ð6 þ 2 tÞ2 dt
0
105:6677
60 11. First we will convert these coordinates from
40 cylindrical coordinates to rectangular coordinates.
20 A point with the cylindrical coordinates ðr; ; zÞ,
y has the rectangular coordinates (x; y; zÞ; where
–20 x ¼ r cos ; y ¼ r sin ;
z ¼ z. We begin with x ¼
pffiffi pffiffi
3
(0, 0, –36)
r cos ¼ 3 cos 5
6 ¼ 3 ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ 3 2 3. Next, y ¼
ÿ1
r sin ¼ 3 sin 5 3
6 ¼ 3 2 ¼ 2. Finally, z ¼ z ¼ 8.
x ÿ
So, the cylindrical coordinates 3; 5 6 ; 8 pare equi-

ffiffi
5. Treating y as a constant and differentiating z with valent to the rectangular coordinates ÿ 3 2 3 ; 32 ; 8 .
@z
respect to x, produces @x ¼ 12x2 ÿ 10xy4 . Treating Next, we convert these rectangular coordinates to
x as a constant and differentiating z with respect to spherical coordinates. A point with the rectangular
@z
y, produces @y ¼ ÿ20x2 y3 coordinates ðx; y; zÞ haspthe spherical coordinates
x2 þ y2 þ z2 ; tan ¼ yx ;
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6.
1=2
Rewriting z as z ¼ ðx2 þ 4y3 Þ þ ln ð x2 yÞ, treating ð; ; Þ, where ¼
y as a constant and differentiating z with respect to cos ¼ z . First, we obtain ¼ x2 þ y2 þ z2 ¼
3 ÿ1=2
ð2xÞþ 2xy
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x, produces @z 1 2
@x ¼ 2 ðx þ 4y Þ x2 y which
pffiffi2 ÿ
2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 3 2 3 þ 32 þ 82 ¼ 27 9
4 þ 4 þ 64 ¼ 73.
@z 2 3 ÿ1=2 2
simplifies to @x ¼ xðx þ 4y Þ þ x. Treating y as
3=2
@z
a constant and differentiating @x with respect to x Next we determine tan ¼ yx ¼ pffiffi ¼ ÿ p1ffiffi3 and
ÿ3 3
2
@2z
þ 4y3 Þÿ3=2 ð2xÞ þ ðx2 þ
1 2
produces @x 2 ¼ x ÿ 2 ðx so ¼ 5 z p8ffiffiffiffi
6 . Finally, we determine cos ¼ ¼ 73
ÿ3=2 ÿ1=2
4y3 Þÿ1=2 ÿ x22 ¼ ÿx2 ðx2 þ 4y3 Þ þðx2 þ 4y3 Þ and so ¼ cos ÿ1 p8ffiffiffiffi
0:3588. [The value of
73
ÿ x22 is the same in both the cylindrical and spherical
coordinate systems, so we could have used the
given value ¼ 5
6 .]
CHAPTER 29 TEST 593
12. First we will convert these coordinates from sphe- Ð3

dx ¼ ÿ1 ð3 þ 2x ÿ x2 Þdx ¼ 3x þ x2 ÿ 13 x3 3ÿ1 ¼
rical coordinates to rectangular coordinates. We ÿ 5 32
have ¼ 4; ¼ 7 3 9 ÿ ÿ 3 ¼ 3 . So, the mass is 32 3 . Next, we
6 and ¼ 4 . Using the formulas
have x ¼ sin cos ¼ 4 sin 3 7 find the first moments of this region. My ¼
in (3),
pwe 4 cos 6
ffiffi pffiffi
2 3
pffiffiffi Ð3 Ð4 Ð3
ÿ1 x2 ÿ2xþ1 y dy dx ¼ ÿ1 ð3x þ 2x2 ÿ x3 Þ
¼
pffiffi4ÿ 2 ÿ 2 pffiffi¼ ÿ 6; y ¼ sin sin ¼ 4
pffiffi 3 Ð3
dx ¼ 32 x2 þ 23 x3 ÿ 14 x4 ÿ1 ¼ 32
3 and Mx ¼ ÿ1
2 1
ffi 2
2 ÿ ¼ ÿ 2; and z ¼ cos ¼ 4 ÿ 2
pffiffiffi2 ÿ Ð4 Ð3 Ð4
¼ ÿ2 2. So, the spherical coordinates of 4; 7 ; x2 ÿ2xþ1 y dy dx ¼ ÿ1 ðxÿ1Þ2 y dy dx ¼
3
p ffiffi
ffi p6ffiffiffi Ð3 2 4 Ð3 h i
4 Þ are, in rectangular coordinates, ðÿ 6; ÿ 2; ÿ1 y2 ðxÿ1Þ2 dx ¼ ÿ1 12 16 ÿ ðx ÿ 1Þ4 dx ¼ 2

pffiffiffi
ÿ2 2Þ. i3
M
16xÿ 15 ðx ÿ 1Þ5 ¼ 25:6. So, x ¼ my ¼ 32
32
3 = 3
Next, we convert these rectangular coordinates to ÿ1
cylindrical coordinates. A point with the rectangu- ¼ 1 and y ¼ Mmx ¼ 25:6= 32
3 ¼ 2:4. The centroid is
lar coordinates ðx; y; zÞ, has ðx: yÞ ¼ ð1; 2:4Þ.
pthe cylindrical coordi-
nates ðr; ; zÞ, where r ¼ x2 þ y2 ; tan ¼ yx ; z ¼
1 2 4 2 3
ð ð
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
z. First, r ¼ x2 þ y2 ¼ ðÿ 6Þ2 þ ðÿ 2Þ2 ¼ 15. f ¼ x y dy dx
3 4 ÿ1 0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffi
6 þ 2 ¼ 8 ¼ 2 2. Next, tan ¼ yx ¼ ÿ 2
1 2 4 4
ð2
pffiffi ¼ 1 2
ð
1
ÿ 6 ¼ x y dx ¼ 64x2 dx
p1ffiffi. Since the coordinates of x and y are in the third 12 ÿ1 4 0 12 ÿ1
3
quadrant of the xy-plane, we have ¼ þ tanÿ1 1 64 3 2

pffiffi ¼ 7. [Notice that since is the same in both
1 ¼ x ¼ 16
3 6 12 3 ÿ1
the spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems,
we could have used pffiffiffithe given value of theta]. ð 2 ð 6ÿx2
Finally, zÿ ¼ z ¼ ÿ2 x2 þ y2 dy dx
ÿ
2. So, the spherical coordi- 16. (a) I0 ¼
nates of 4; 7 3
6 ; 4 are, in cylindrical coordinates,
0 x
ÿ pffiffiffi 7 pffiffiffi ð2 6ÿx2
2 2; 6 ; ÿ2 2 . 1
¼ x2 y þ y3 dx
0 3 x
13. Let z ¼ 0. Then the base of the region in the xy- ð2
plane is the ellipse x2 þ 4y2 ¼ 4 or x4 þ y2 ¼ 1.
2 1ÿ
¼ 6x2 ÿ x4 þ 216 ÿ 108x2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 0 3
Solving this for y, we see that y ¼ 4ÿx 4 and

4 6
3 1 3
so the bounds for y are ÿ ð4 ÿ x2 Þ=4 y
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ18x ÿ x ÿ x ÿ x dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3
ð4 ÿ x2 Þ=4 and ÿ2 x 2. Thus, the volume ð2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 1
Ð 2 Ð ð4ÿx2 Þ=4 Ð2 ¼ 72 ÿ 30x2 ÿ x3 þ 5x4 ÿ x6 dx
is V ¼ ÿ2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ð4 ÿ x2 ÿ 4y2 Þdy dx ¼ ÿ2 0 3 3
ÿ ð4ÿx2 Þ=4
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 7 2

1 4
ffi
ð4ÿx2 Þ=4 Ð2 3 5
4y ÿ x2 y ÿ 43 y3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi dx ¼ 23 ÿ2 ¼ 72x ÿ 10x ÿ x þ x ÿ x
ÿ ð4ÿx Þ=4 2 3 21 0
2 3=2
ð4 ÿ x Þ dx. To integrate this, we use 592
Formula ¼
#28, Appendix C, and obtain 23 4x ðx2 ÿ 10Þ 7
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i2
4 ÿ x2 þ 32 sinÿ1 2x 12:5664 ¼ 4
Ð 2 Ð 6ÿx2 Ð2
ÿ2
(b) m ¼ 0 x dy dx ¼ 0 ð6 ÿ x2 ÿ xÞdx ¼
qffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
14. The two functions intersect at the points ðÿ1; 4Þ 2
6x ÿ 13 x3 ÿ 12 x2 0 ¼ 22 , ¼ I0 592 3
3 so r 0 m ¼ 7 22
and (3, 4). So, we have f ðxÞ ¼ 4; gðxÞ ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffi
x2 ÿ 2x þ 1; a ¼ ÿ1 and b ¼ 3. The area of this ¼ 888
Ð3 Ð4 Ð3 Ð4 77 3:40.
region is A ¼ ÿ1 x2 ÿ2xþ1 dy dx ¼ ÿ1 yj x2 ÿ2xþ1
CHAPTER
30
Infinite Series
30.1 MACLAURIN SERIES
1. We first find the derivatives as f ðxÞ ¼ sin x; f 0 ðxÞ its derivatives at x ¼ 0 produces f ð0Þ ¼ 1; f 0 ð0Þ ¼
¼ cos x; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ sin x; f 000 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ cos x; f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ 0; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 1; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 0; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 1, etc. Thus we
2 4 6
sin x; f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ cos x; f ð6Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ sin and f ð7Þ ðxÞ ¼ obtain the desired result coshðxÞ ¼ 1 þ x2! þ x4! þ x6! .
ÿ cos x. Then, we evaluate f and its derivatives at
4. Finding the derivatives of f ðxÞ ¼ lnð1 þ xÞ, we get
x ¼ 0, with the following results: f ð0Þ ¼ 0; f 0 ð0Þ ¼
1; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 0; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ1; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0; f ð5Þ ð0Þ ¼ 1; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 1þx
1
; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ1ð1 þ xÞÿ2 ; f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 2
f ð6Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0, and f ð7Þ ¼ ÿ1. Hence, a0 ¼ 0; a1 ¼ ð1 þ xÞÿ3 ; f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ6ð1 þ xÞÿ4 . Evaluating f and
1; a2 ¼ 0; a3 ¼ ÿ1; a4 ¼ 0; a4 ¼ 0; a5 ¼ 1; a6 ¼ 0, its derivatives at x ¼ 0 produces f ð0Þ ¼ 0;
and a7 ¼ ÿ1. Using these results we get sin x f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ1; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 2; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ6,
3 5 7
¼ x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! . 2 3 4
etc. Hence, we obtain lnð1 þ xÞ ¼ x ÿ x2! þ 2x3! ÿ 6x4! ¼
2. First we find the derivatives of f ðxÞ ¼ sinh x; 2 3
x ÿ x2 þ x3 ÿ x4 .
4
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ cosh x; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ sinhðxÞ, etc. Then, we evalu-

ate f and its derivatives at x ¼ 0, with the following 5. Here f ðxÞ ¼ e3x ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3e3x ; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 9e3x , and
results: f ð0Þ ¼ 0; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 0; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 1, f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 27e3x . Thus, f ð0Þ ¼ 1; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 3; f 00 ð0Þ ¼
etc. Using these results, we get sinhðxÞ ¼ 9; and f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 27. Using these results, we obtain
3 5 7 2 3
x ¼ þ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! . the Maclaurin series e3x ¼ 1 þ 3x þ 9x2! þ 27x 3! ¼
1 þ 3x þ 92 x2 þ 92 x3 .
3. Finding the derivatives of coshðxÞ ¼ f ðxÞ, we obtain
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ sinh x; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ cosh x, etc. Evaluating f and
6. Here we have
f ðxÞ ¼ sin3 x; f ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3sin2 x cos x; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 6 sin xcos2 xÿ3 sin3 x; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 6 cos3 xÿ12 sin2 x cos xÿ9 sin2 x cos x
¼ 6 cos3 xÿ21 sin2 x cos x; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 6
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ18 cos3 x sin xÿ42 sin x cos2 xþ21 sin3 x
ð4Þ
¼ ÿ60 cos2 x sin xþ21 sin3 x; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0

f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ 120 cos x sin2 xÿ60 cos3 xþ63 sin2 x cos x
¼ 183 cos x sin2 xÿ60 cos3 x; f ð5Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ60
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ183 sin2 xþ366 cos2 x sin xþ180 cos2 x sin x
ð6Þ
¼ ÿ183 sin3 xþ546 cos2 x sin x; f ð6Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0

f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ549 sin2 x cos xÿ1092 cos x sin2 xþ546 cos3 x
ð7Þ
¼ ÿ1641 cos x sin2 xþ546 cos3 x; f ð7Þ ð0Þ ¼ 546

f ð8Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ4920 sin x cos2 xþ1641 sin3 x; f ð8Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð9Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ4920 cos3 xþ14763 sin2 x cos x; f ð9Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ4920
3 5 7 9
Hence, we have sin3 x¼ 6x3! ÿ 60x 546x
5! þ 7! þ
ÿ4920x
9! ¼x3 ÿ 12 x5 þ 120
13 7 4920 9
x ÿ 9! x ¼x3 ÿ 12 x5 þ 120
13 7 41 9
x ÿ 3024 x .
594
SECTION 30.1 595
7. Here we have
ÿ
f ðxÞ ¼ ln 1þx2 ; f ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 22x ; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0
x þ1
ÿ
ÿ2 x2 ÿ1
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 2 ; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 2
x2 þ1
3
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 4x ÿx2 ÿ3 = x2 þ1 ; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 0
ÿ ÿ
ÿ12 x4 ÿ6x2 þ1
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 4 ; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ12
2
ÿ x þ1
48x x4 ÿ10x2 þ5
f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 3 f ð5Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
2
ÿx þ1
6
ÿ240 x ÿ15x4 þ15x2 ÿ1
f ð6Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 6 ; f ð6Þ ð0Þ ¼ 240
2
ÿ x þ1
1440 x7 ÿ21x5 þ35x3 ÿ7x
f ð7Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 7 ; f ð7Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
2
ÿ x þ1
ÿ10;080 x8 ÿ28x6 þ70x4 ÿ28x2 þ1
f ð8Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 8 ; f ð8Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ10;080
x2 þ1
2 4
240x6 ÿ10;080x8 4 6 8
ÿ
Hence, we have ln 1þx2 ¼ 2x2! þ 12x
4! þ 6! þ 8! ¼x2 ÿ x2 þ x3 ÿ x4 ¼x2 ÿ 12 x4 þ 13 x6 ÿ 14 x8 .
8. Here we have
f ðxÞ ¼ eÿx ; f ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿeÿx ; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ1
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ eÿx ; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ ÿeÿx ; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ1
2 3
Thus, eÿx ¼1ÿxþ x2! ÿ x3! þ¼1ÿxþ 12 x2 ÿ 16 x3 .
9. This time we have
f ðxÞ ¼ cos x2 ; f ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2x sin x2 ; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ4x2 cos x2 ÿ2 sin x2 ; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 0
000 3 2
f ðxÞ ¼ 8x sin x ÿ12x cos x ; 2
f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ 16x4 cos x2 ÿ12 cos x2 þ48x2 sin x2 ; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ12
f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ 160x3 cos x2 ÿ32x5 sin x2 þ120x sin x2 ; f ð5Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð6Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ64x6 cos x2 þ720x2 cos x2 ÿ480x4 sin x2 ;
þ120 sin x2 ; f ð6Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
ð7Þ 5 2 2 7 2
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ1;344x cos x þ1;680x cos x þ128x sin x
ÿ3;360x3 sin x2 ; f ð7Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð8Þ ðxÞ ¼ 256x8 cos x2 ÿ13;440x4 cos x2 þ1;680 cos x2
þ3;584x2 sin x2 ÿ13;440x2 sin x2 ; f ð8Þ ð0Þ ¼ 1680
f ð9Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ512x9 sin x2 þ9;216x7 cos x2 þ48;384x5 sin x2
ÿ80;640x3 cos x2 ÿ30240x sin x2 f ð9Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
ð10Þ 10 2 8 2 6 2
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ1;024x cos x ÿ23;040x sin x þ161;280x cos x
þ403;200x4 sin x2 ÿ302;400x2 cos x2 ÿ30;240 sin x2 ; f ð10Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð11Þ ðxÞ ¼ 2;048x11 sin x2 ÿ56;320x9 cos x2 ÿ506;880x7 sin x2
þ1774080x5 cos x2 þ2;217;600x3 sin x2 ÿ665;280x cos x2 ; f ð11Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð12Þ ðxÞ ¼ 4;096x12 cos x2 þ135;168x10 sin x2 ÿ1;520;640x8 cos x2
ÿ7;096;320x6 sin x2 þ13;305;600x4 cos x2
þ7;983;360x2 sin x2 ÿ665;280 cos x2 ; f ð12Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ665;280
4 8 12
665;280x
Hence, cos x2 ¼1ÿ 12x 1680x
4! þ 8! ÿ 12! ¼1ÿ 12 x4 þ 24
1 8 1 12
x ÿ 720 x ¼1ÿ 2!1 x4 þ 4!1 x8 ÿ 6!1 x12 .
596 CHAPTER 30 INFINITE SERIES
10. Here we have

2
f ðxÞ ¼ eÿx ; f ð0Þ ¼ 1
2
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2xeÿx ; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0
2 ÿx2 2
f ðxÞ ¼ 4x e ÿ2eÿx ;
00
f 00 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ2
000 ÿx2 3 ÿx2
f ðxÞ ¼ 12xe ÿ8x e ; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 0
2 2 2
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ 16x4 eÿx ÿ48x2 eÿx þ12eÿx ; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 12
2 2 2 2
f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ32x5 eÿx þ160x3 eÿx ÿ96xeÿx ÿ24eÿx f ð5Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
2 2 2 2 2
f 0ð6Þ ðxÞ ¼ 64x6 eÿx ÿ480x4 eÿx þ672x2 eÿx þ48xeÿx ÿ120eÿx f ð6Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ120
2 2 4 6
Hence, we have eÿx ¼1ÿ 2x2! þ 12x 120x 2 1 4 1 6
4! ÿ 6! ¼1ÿx þ 2 x ÿ 6 x .
11. Here we have

f ðxÞ ¼ ex sin x; f ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ex sin xþex cos x; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ex sin xþex cos xþex cos xÿex sin x
¼ 2e2 cos x; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 2
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 2ex cos xÿ2ex sin x; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 2
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ 2ex cos xÿ2ex sin xÿ2ex sin xÿ2ex cos x
¼ ÿ4ex sin x; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ4ex sin xÿ4ex cos x; f ð5Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ4
2 3 5 5
Thus, ex sinx¼xþ 2x2! þ 2x3! ÿ 4x5! ¼xþx2 þ 13 x3 ÿ 30
x
.
12. Here we have
f ðxÞ ¼ xex ; f ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ xex þex ; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ xex þ2ex ; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 2
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ xex þ3ex ; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 3
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ xex þ4ex ; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 4
2 2 2 3 4
Thus, xex ¼xþ 2x2! þ 3x3! þ 4x4! ¼xþx2 þ x2 þ x6 .
13. This time we have
2
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿx2 eÿx ; f ð0Þ ¼ 0
2
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 2xÿ2x3 eÿx ; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0
2
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 4x4 ÿ10x2 þ2 eÿx ; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 2
ÿ
000
ÿx2
f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 0
ÿ 5 3
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ8x þ36x ÿ24x e ;
ð4Þ
ÿx2
f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ24
ÿ 6 4 2
f ðxÞ ¼ 16x ÿ112x þ156x ÿ24 e ;
ð5Þ
ÿx2
f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ 0
ÿ 7 5 3
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ32x þ320x ÿ760x þ360x e ;
ð6Þ
ÿx2
f ð6Þ ð0Þ ¼ 360
ÿ 8 6 4 2
f ðxÞ ¼ 64x ÿ864x þ3120x ÿ3000x þ360 e ;
ð7Þ
ÿx2
f ð7Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
ÿ 9 7 5 3
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ128x þ2240x ÿ11424x þ18;480x ÿ6720x e ;
ÿx2
f ðxÞ ¼ 256x ÿ5632x þ38;528x ÿ94;080x þ68;880x ÿ6720 e ; f ð8Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ6720
ð8Þ
ÿ 10 8 6 4 2
2 2
2
360x6 6720x8
Hence, x2 eÿx ¼ 2x2! ÿ 24x 2 4 1 6 1 8 2
ÿ 2 1 4 1 6

4! þ 6! ÿ 8! ¼x ÿx þ 2 x ÿ 6 x ¼x 1ÿx þ 2 x ÿ 6 x .
SECTION 30.1 597
14. For this problem, we have

f ðxÞ ¼ esinx ; f ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ cos xesinx ; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ cos2 xesinx ÿsin xesinx ; f ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2 cos x sin xesinx þcos3 xesinx ÿcos xesinx ÿsin x cos xesinx ; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ 3sin2 xesinx ÿ3 cos2 xesinx ÿ3 cos2 x sin xesinx
¼ 3cos 2 x sin xesinx þcos4 xesinx þsin xesinx ÿcos2 xesinx
¼ 3sin2 xesinx ÿ4 cos2 xesinx ÿ6 cos2 x sinesinx þcos4 xesinx
þsin xesinx ; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ3
2 4
Thus, esinx ¼1þxþ x2! ÿ 3x4!
15. Here we have
f ðxÞ ¼ x sin 3x; f ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x cos 3xþ sin 3x; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 6 cos 3xÿ9x sin 3x; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 6
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ27x cos 3xÿ27 sin 3x; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ 81x sin 3xÿ¼108 cos 3x; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ108
f ð5Þ ðxÞ ¼ 243x cos 3xþ405 sin 3x; f ð5Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð6Þ ðxÞ ¼ 1458 cos 3xÿ729x sin 3x; f ð6Þ ð0Þ ¼ 1458
f ð7Þ ðxÞ ¼ 5103 sin 3xÿ2187x sin 3x f ð7Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ð8Þ ðxÞ ¼ ÿ17;496 cos 3xÿ6561x cos 3x f ð8Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ17;496
2 4 6 8
17;496x
Hence, we have xsin3x¼ 6x2! ÿ 108x 1458x
4! þ 6! ÿ 8! ¼3x2 ÿ 92 x4 þ 81 6 243 8
40 x ÿ 560 x .
16. Here we have

f ðxÞ ¼ eÿx cos x; f ð0Þ ¼ 1
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿeÿx cos xÿeÿx sin x; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ1
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ eÿx cos xþeÿx sin xþeÿx sin xÿeÿx cos x
¼ 2eÿx sin x; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 0
f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2eÿx sin xþ2eÿx cos x;
000
f 000 ð0Þ ¼ 2
f ð4Þ ðxÞ ¼ 2eÿx sin xÿ2eÿx cos xÿ2eÿx cos xÿ2eÿx sin x
¼ ÿ4eÿx cos x; f ð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ ÿ4
Combining these results, we see that eÿx cosx¼1ÿxþ 3!2 x3 ÿ 4!4 x4 ¼1ÿxþ 13 x3 ÿ 16 x4 .
17. As in example 31.5, let f ðtÞ ¼ A0 ðtÞ. Hence 18. ið0Þ ¼ 2 þ cos 0 þ 2 sin 0 ¼ 2 þ 1 þ 0 ¼ 3
f ðtÞ ¼ t2ÿ60 0 120t
þ30, then f ð0Þ ¼ ÿ2; f ðtÞ ¼ ðt2 þ30Þ2 , then
i0 ðÞ ¼ ÿ sin þ 2 cos
120ðt2 þ30Þ2 ÿ120tð2Þðt2 þ30Þ2t i0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ sin 0 þ 2 cos 0 ¼ 0 þ 2 ¼ 2
f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 0, and f 00 ðtÞ ¼ ðt2 þ30Þ4
¼
i00 ðÞ ¼ ÿ cos ÿ 2 sin
120t2 þ12030ÿ480t2 00 4 2
, then f ð0Þ ¼ ¼ 15. This gives
ðt2 þ30Þ3 30 i00 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ cos 0 ÿ 2 sin 0 ¼ ÿ1 ÿ 0 ¼ ÿ1
the first two terms of the Maclauren series for i000 ðÞ ¼ sin ÿ 2 cos
2 t2 t2
A0 ðtÞ as A0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ2 þ 15 2 ¼ ÿ2 þ 15. Thus,
Ð 0 Ðÿ t 2
t3
i000 ð0Þ ¼ sin 0 ÿ 2 cos 0 ¼ 0 ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ2
AðtÞ ¼ A ðtÞdt ¼ ÿ 2 þ 15 dt ¼ ÿ2t þ 45 þ C.
i00 ð0Þ 2 i000 ð0Þ 3
Since the initial wound was 12 cm2 , C ¼ 12. iðÞ ¼ ið0Þ þ i0 ð0Þ þ þ
2! 3!
t3
Hence, AðtÞ ¼ 12 ÿ 2t þ 45 , and so Að2Þ ¼ ÿ1 2 ÿ2 3
2 3
8 8
¼ 3 þ 2 þ þ
12 ÿ 2 2 þ 45 ¼ 12 ÿ 4 þ 45 ¼ 8 45 8:178 cm2 . 2 6
1 1
¼ 3 þ 2 ÿ 2 ÿ 3
2 3
19. EðxÞ ¼ sec x; Eð0Þ ¼ 1

E0 ðxÞ ¼ sec x tan x; E0 ð0Þ ¼ 0
E00 ðxÞ ¼ sec3 xþsec x tan2 x; E00 ð0Þ ¼ 1
000 3 3
E ðxÞ ¼ 3 sec x tan xþsec x tan x
þ2sec3 x tan x
¼ 5sec3 x tan xþsec x tan3 x E000 ð0Þ ¼ 0
ð4Þ 3 2 5
E ðxÞ ¼ 15sec x tan xþ5sec x
þsec x tan4 xþ3sec3 x tan2 x; Eð4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 5
EðxÞ ¼ 1þ 2!1 x2 þ 4!5 x4 ¼1þ 12 x2 þ 24
5 4
x :
20. (a) Since the initial wound had an area of 16cm2 , the constant term of the Maclaurin series is 16.
ÿ75 ÿ75
A0 ðtÞ ¼ A0 ð0Þ ¼ ¼ÿ3
t2 þ25 ÿ ÿ2 25
00 2
A ðtÞ ¼ ÿ75ðÿ1Þ t þ25 ð2tÞ
ÿ2
A00 ð0Þ ¼ 0
ÿ
¼ 150t t2 þ25
ÿ2 ÿ3
A000 ðtÞ ¼ 150 t2 þ25 ÿ2ð150tÞ t2 þ25 ð2tÞ
ÿ ÿ
ÿ2 ÿ3
A000 ð0Þ ¼ 25
ÿ ÿ
¼ 150 t2 þ25 ÿ600t2 t2 þ25 6
ð4Þ
ÿ 2
ÿ3 ÿ 2
ÿ3
A ðtÞ ¼ ÿ300 t þ25 ð2tÞÿ1200t t þ25
ÿ ÿ4
þ1800t2 t2 þ2t ð2tÞ
ÿ3 ÿ4
Að4Þ ð0Þ ¼ 0
ÿ2 ÿ
¼ ÿ1800t t þ25 þ3600t3 t2 þ25
ð5Þ
ÿ 2
ÿ3 ÿ 2
ÿ4
A ðtÞ ¼ ÿ1800 t þ25 þ5400t t þ25 ð2tÞ
ÿ ÿ4 ÿ ÿ5
þ10800t2 t2 þ25 ÿ14400t3 t2 þ25 ð2tÞ
ÿ2 ÿ3 ÿ ÿ4
¼ ÿ1800 t þ25 þ21600t2 t2 þ25
ÿ5 ÿ18003 ÿ72
Að5Þ ð0Þ ¼
ÿ
ÿ28800t4 t2 þ25 ¼
25 625
3 5
6t 72 t
AðxÞ ¼ 16ÿ3t ÿ
25 3! 625 5!
1 3 5
¼ 16ÿ3tþ t3 ÿ t
25 3125
5
(b) Að3Þ¼16 ÿ 33þ 27 33
25 ÿ 3125 7:85cm
30.2 OPERATIONS WITH SERIES

3 5 7
sin 3x ¼ 3x ÿ ð3xÞ ð3xÞ ð3xÞ
2 3 5 5
1. Since ex ¼ 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! , we see that e3x ¼ 1 þ 3x 6. 9 3 3 x
3! þ 5! ÿ 7! ¼ 3x ÿ 2 x þ 5!
ð3xÞ2 3
þ ð3xÞ
2 3 7 7
9x 9x
þ 2 3! ¼ 1 þ 3x þ 2 þ 2 . ÿ 37!x
2 3 2 5 2 7
sin 2x2 ¼ 2x2 ÿ ð2x3! Þ þ ð2x5! Þ ÿ ð2x7! Þ ¼ 2x2 ÿ 43 x6 þ
2 3
2. Since ex ¼ 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! , then eÿ4x ¼ 1 þ ðÿ4xÞþ 7.
2 3
ðÿ4xÞ
þ ðÿ4xÞ 25 x10 7 14 6 10 14
2 32 3
2! 3! ¼ 1 ÿ 4x þ 8x ÿ 3 x . 5! ÿ 2 7!x ¼ 2x2 ÿ 8x3! þ 32x 128x
5! ÿ 7!
2 3 4
lnð1ÿxÞ ¼ ðÿxÞ ÿ ðÿxÞ ðÿxÞ ðÿxÞ
2 4 6 2
3. Since cos x ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6! , we can find cos 2x ¼ 8. x
2 þ 3 ÿ 4 ¼ ÿx ÿ 2 ÿ
2 4 6 2 4 6 3 4
1 ÿ x8 þ 164!
x
ÿ 2x6 6! ¼ 1 ÿ x8 þ 384
x x
ÿ 46;080 x
3 ÿ x4
3 5 7 3 5 7 9
4. Since sin x ¼ x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! , then, we determine 9. sin x ¼ x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! þ x9! þ , and hence d
dx sin x
3 3 3 5 3 7 2 4 6 8
that sin x3 ¼ x3 ÿ ðx3!Þ þ ðx5!Þ ÿ ðx7!Þ ¼ x3 ÿ x3! þ
9
¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6! þ x8! þ , which is cos x.
4 8 10 12 3
x15 21
cos x2 ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x5! þ x6! ; d 2
¼ ÿ 4x2!
5! ÿ x7! . 10. dx cos x
7 9 11 7 9
5.
2 4
Since cos x ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6! , and so cos x3 ¼
6
þ 8x4! ÿ 10x 12x 3 2x 2x
5! þ 6! ÿ ¼ ÿ2x þ 3! ÿ 4! þ
6 12 18
1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6! . 2x 11 ÿ 2 x 6
x 8
x 10
¼ ÿ2x sin x2
5! ÿ ¼ ÿ2x x ÿ 3! þ 4! ÿ 5!
SECTION 30.2 599
3 5 7
2 3 4 x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7!
e2x ¼ 1 þ 2x þ ð2xÞ ð2xÞ ð2yÞ 2
4x sin x
11. 2! þ 3! þ 4! ¼ 1 þ 2x þ 2! þ 20. tan x ¼ cos x¼ 6 2 . To compute this
4
1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6!
8x3 16x4 d 2x 8x2 16x3
3! þ þ . Hence,
4! ¼ 2 þ 4x þ þ dx e 2! 3! we must use a procedure like long division. We
4x2 8x3 get the following:
ÿ ÿ
þ ¼ 2 1 þ 2x þ 2! þ 3! þ ¼ 2 1 þ 2xþ
ð2xÞ2 ð2xÞ3 2x x þ 13 x3 þ 15 2 5
x þ
2! þ 3! þ ¼ 2e . 1 2 1 4
1 ÿ 2 x þ 24 x ÿ Þ x ÿ 1 x3 þ 1 x5 ÿ
3 3 5 5 7 7 6 120
12. By problem #6, sin 3x ¼ 3x ÿ 33!x þ 35!x ÿ 37!x
x ÿ 12 x3 þ 24
1 5
x ÿ
3 2 5 4 7 6
þ . Hence, d
dx sin 3x ¼ 3 ÿ 32!x þ 34!x ÿ 36!x ¼ 1 3
ÿ 1 5
3 x 30 x þ
2 2 4 4 6 6
3ð1 þ 32!x þ 34!x ÿ 36!x ¼ 3 cos 3x. ÿ 13 x3 ÿ 16 x5 þ
Ð1 Ð 1 ÿ 2 x6 x10 x3 x 3 2 5
15 x þ
2
13. 0 sin x dx 0 x ÿ 3! þ 5! dx ¼ 3 ÿ 73! þ
x11 1
3
2 5
Hence, tan x ¼ x þ x3 þ 15
1 1 1
115! 0 ¼ 3 ÿ 42 þ 1320 0:3103:
x þ .
14. Using the expansion for ex, we have ex ÿ 1 ¼ 21. 5e0:8j ¼ 5ðcos 0:8 þ j sin 0:8Þ ¼ 3:4835 þ 3:5868j
2 3 4 x
x þ x2! þ x3! þ x4! and dividing by x produces e xÿ1 ¼ 22. 5 ÿ 12j; r ¼ 52 þ 122 ¼ 13, and ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ12 5 ¼
2 3 Ð 0:1 x
1 þ x þ x þ x . Hence, we have 0 e xÿ1 dx ÿ1:176. Thus, 5 ÿ 12j ¼ 13 cosðÿ1:176Þ
Ð 1 ÿ 2! x3! x24!

2
x3 0:1
2 þ j sinðÿ1:176Þ
0 1 þ 2! þ 3! dx x þ x4 þ 18 0
¼ 0:1 þ 0:14 4
4
3 23. 6 cis ¼ 6e 3 j ¼ 6e4j=3
þ ð0:1Þ
18 0:1026.
3
Ð 0:2 pffiffiffi Ð 0:2 ÿ 1=2 x3=2 x5=2 24. ðÿ3 þ 4jÞ; r ¼ 5, and ¼ tanÿ1 ÿ3
4
¼ 2:2143.
15. 0 sin x dx ¼ 0 x ÿ 3! þ 5! dx ¼ 23 x3=2 Thus, ðÿ3 þ 4jÞ ¼ 5e2:2143j
5=2
2x7=2 0:2 3=2
ð0:2Þ5=2 þ 75!

ÿ 2x 2
531 þ 75! 0 ¼ 3 ð0:2Þ
1
ÿ 15 2
25.
2 4
y ¼ ex ¼ 1 þ x2 þ x2 þ . Hence, we obtain
7=2
x5 1
Ð1 ÿ
ð0:2Þ 0:05844. 4 3

A ¼ 0 1 þ x2 þ x2 dx ¼ x þ x3 þ 10 0
¼ 1 þ 13 þ
x5 1
Ð 1 sin x Ð1 ÿ 2 4
x3 1
¼ 43

16. 0 x dx 0 1 ÿ x3! þ x5! dx ¼ x ÿ 33! þ 55! 0 10 30 ¼ 1:4333.
4 8
1 1
¼ 1 ÿ 18 þ 600 0:9461 26. y ¼ cos x2 ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ . As a result, we
x9 =2
Ð =2 ÿ 4 8 x5

17. We know that eÿx ¼ 1 ÿ x þ x2! ÿ x3! þ x4! and that
2 3 4
obtain 0 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! dx ¼ x ÿ 10 þ 94 0
¼
2 4 6
cos x ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6! . Multiplying produces ÿ 5 ÿ 9
2 2
ÿ 2 3 4 ÿ 2 4
eÿx cos x ¼ 1 ÿ x þ x2! ÿ x6 þ x4! 1 ÿ x2 þ x4! ÿ

2 ÿ þ 0:8840. (The actual value is
10 9 4!
x2 x2 x3 x3 x4 x4 x4 0.8491.)
ÿ1 ÿ x ÿ 2 þ 2 þ 2 ÿ 6 þ 24 ÿ 4 þ 4! ¼ 1 ÿxþ
2x3 4x4 4
3! ÿ 4! þ . 27. x2 e2 ¼ x2 þ x3 þ x2 . Integrating, we obtain
Ð 0:2 ÿ 2 5 0:2 2
Here we subtract the expansion for eÿx from that of x þ x3 þ x2 dx ¼ x3 þ x4 þ x5 0 ¼ ð0:2Þ
4 3 4
18. 0 3 þ
ex and multiply this answer by 12. The result is ð0:2Þ4 5
4 þ ð0:2Þ
10 ¼ 0:0031.
1ÿ x
e ÿ eÿx
2 4 Ð1 ÿ
2 28. eÿx ¼ 1 ÿ x2 þ x2 þ . Hence, we get 0 1ÿ
x2 x3 x4
4 3
x5 1

x2 þ x2 dx ¼ x ÿ x3 þ 10 ¼ 1 ÿ 13 þ 10
1
¼ 23

30 ¼
1
¼ 1þxþ þ þ 0
2 2! 3! 4! 0:7667.
x2 x3 x4

2 4 6 8
ÿ 1 ÿ x ¼ ÿ þ þ 29. cos 0:1 ¼ ð0:1Þ ð0:1Þ ð0:1Þ ð0:1Þ
2! þ 4! ÿ 6! þ 8! 0:995004.
2! 3! 4!
This produces 15 cosð0:1Þ ¼ 150:9950 ¼ 14:9251.
x3 x5 x7

1 hÿ
¼ 2x þ 2 þ 2 þ 2 þ 3 5 2
ÿ
2 3! 5! 7! 30. sinh x þ cosh x ¼ x þ x3! þ x5! þ þ 1 þ x2!
4 i 2 3 4 5
x3
x x 5 7 þ x4! þ ¼ 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! þ x4! þ x5! þ ¼ ex .
¼xþ þ þ þ
3! 5! 7! 31. (a) i ¼ sin t2 ¼ t2 ÿ 3! t 6
þ t5! ÿ t7! þ
10 14
This is the same as Exercise #2 in Exercise Set Ð 0:02 ÿ 2 t6 t10 t14 h3

(b) Charge ¼ 0 t ÿ 3! þ 5! ÿ 7! dx ¼ t3 ÿ
30.1. i0:02 3 7
ð0:02Þ11
19.
2 4
eÿx ¼ 1 ÿ x2 þ x2! þ x3! þ x4! þ . Hence x2 eÿx ¼
6 8 2 t7 t11 t15
73! þ 115! ÿ 157! ¼ ð0:02Þ
3 ÿ ð0:02Þ
73! þ 115! ¼
0
6 8 10
x2 ÿ x4 þ x2! ÿ x3! þ x4! ÿ 2:7 10ÿ6 ¼ 0:0000027.
32. To find this

Ð 0:1 ÿvolume, we can use the ÿx shell method. Hence,
V ¼ 2 0 xeÿx dx. Since xe ¼ x ÿ x2 þ
P ¼ P0 eÿ2t þ eÿt
ÿ
x3
Ð 0:1 ÿ 3
2 ÿ h , we get V ¼ 2 0 x ÿ x2 þ x2 dx
t2 t3

i 0:1 4
2 3 4
¼ P0 1 ÿ 2t þ 2t2 ÿ t3 þ 1 ÿ t þ ÿ

¼ 2 x2 ÿ x3 þ x8 ¼ 2 0:01 0:001
2 ÿ 3 þ 8
0:0001
¼ 3 2 6
0
0:009358 0:02940.

5 2 3 3
¼ P0 2 ÿ 3t þ t ÿ t
33. (a) Since we know that ex ¼ 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! , then
2 3 2 2
dP
ÿ 9 2

(b) dt ¼ P0 ÿ 3 þ 5t ÿ 2 t .
ðÿ2tÞ2 ðÿ2tÞ3
eÿ2t ¼ 1 þ ðÿ2tÞ þ þ
2! 3!
2 4 3
¼ 1 ÿ 2t þ 2t ÿ t
3
t2 t3
and eÿt ¼1ÿtþ ÿ
2 6
2 3
34. (a) Since we know that ex ¼1þxþ x2! þ x3! , then
ðÿ0:05tÞ2 ðÿ0:05tÞ3
eÿ0:05t ¼1þðÿ0:05tÞþ þ
2! 3!
¼1ÿ0:05tþ0:00125t2 ÿ0:00002083t3
pðtÞ¼0:05eÿ0:05t ¼0:05ÿ0:0025tþ0:0000625t2 ÿ1:0416710ÿ6 t3
ð2 ð2
0:05ÿ0:0025tþ0:0000625t2 ÿ1:0416710ÿ6 t3 dt
ÿ
(b) pðtÞdt¼
0 0
2
¼0:05tÿ0:00125t2 þ2:08310ÿ5 t3 ÿ2:60417510ÿ7 t4 0
¼0:05ð2Þÿ0:00125ð4Þþ2:08310ÿ5 ð8Þÿ2:60417510ÿ7 ð16Þ
¼0:09516
30.3 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES USING SERIES

3 4
ð0:3Þ ð0:3Þ
2
1. eÿ0:3 ¼ 1 ÿ 0:3 þ 0:3
2! ÿ 3! þ 4! ¼ 1 ÿ 0:3 þ 0:00625 ÿ 0:002605 þ 0:001116 ÿ 0:000488 þ
0:045 ÿ 0:0045 þ 0:0003375. Using the first four 0:000217 ÿ 0:000097 ¼ 0:4054
terms and rounding we get eÿ0:3 ¼ 0:7408. 2 3
7. lnð0:97Þ ¼ lnð1 ÿ 0:03Þ ¼ ÿ0:03 ÿ ð0:03Þ
2 ÿ ð0:03Þ
3
ð0:1Þ3 ð0:1Þ5
2. sinð0:1Þ ¼ 0:1 ÿ þ ¼ 0:1 ÿ 0:000167 þ 4
3! 5! ÿ ð0:03Þ
4 ¼ ÿ0:03 ÿ 0:00045 ¼ ÿ0:0305
0:000000083. Using only the first two terms and
pffiffiffi 2
ð0:5Þ3 ð0:5Þ4
rounding we get sinð0:1Þ ¼ 0:0998. 8. e ¼ e ¼ 1 þ 12 þ ð0:5Þ
1=2
2! þ 3! þ 4! ¼
cosð0:1Þ ¼ :1 ÿ þ ð0:1Þ2
ÿ ð0:1Þ4 ð0:1Þ6 1 þ 0:5 þ 0:125 þ 0:020833 þ 0:002604 þ
3. 2! ÿ 0:005 þ
4! 6! ¼ 1
0:00000417. Using the first two terms we get 0:00026 þ 0:0000217 ¼ 1:6487
2 3 4
0.9950 9. lnð0:5Þ ¼ lnð1ÿ0:5Þ ¼ ÿ0:5 ÿ ð0:5Þ
2 ÿ 3
ð0:5Þ
ÿ ð0:5Þ
4
e0:2 ¼ 1 þ 0:2 þ ð0:2Þ ð0:2Þ2
ð0:2Þ 3 4
ÿ ¼ ÿ0:5 ÿ 0:125 ÿ 0:041667 ÿ 0:015625
4. 2! þ 3! þ 4! ¼ 1 þ 0:2 þ
0:02 þ 0:00133 þ 0:000067. Using the first four ÿ 0:00625 ÿ 0:002604 ÿ 0:001116 ÿ 0:000488 ÿ
terms and rounding we obtain 1.2213. If we use 0:000217 ÿ 0:000097 ¼ ÿ0:6931
the first five terms we get 1.2214. ÿ 3 ÿ 2 ÿ 4
5. 5 ¼ 36
. Hence, sin 5 ÿ sin 36

¼ 36 ÿ 36
ÿ 10. cos 5 ¼ cos 36

¼1ÿ þ 36 36
¼ 1ÿ
3! 2! 4
ÿ 5
0:003808 þ 0:0000024 ¼ 0:9962
36
ÿ 0:087266 ÿ 0:00011 ¼ 0:0872
5! 11. First we must find a series for 1ÿcos x
2 x . Since
ð0:5Þ3 ð0:5Þ4
6. lnð1:5Þ ¼ lnð1 þ 0:5Þ ¼ 0:5ÿ ð0:5Þ
2 þ 3 ÿ 4 þ x2 x4
cos x ¼ 1 ÿ 2! þ 4! , we have then 1 ÿ cos x ¼
ð0:5Þ5
5 þ ¼ 0:5ÿ0:125 þ 0:041667ÿ0:015626 þ
SECTION 30.3 601
ð1
lnð1 þ xÞ
x2 x4 x6 1ÿcos x x x3 x5 16. dx
2! ÿ 4! þ 6! , and x ¼ 2! ÿ 4! þ 6! . As a result, 0:5 x
ð1
x x2 x3 x4

we get ¼ 1ÿ þ ÿ þ dx
0:5 2 3 4 5
ð 0:5
1 ÿ cos x
x2 x3 x4 x5
1
dx
0 x ¼ xÿ þ þ þ
ð 0:5 4 9 16 25 0:5
x x3 x5

¼ ÿ þ þ dx 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2! 4! 6! ¼ 1ÿ þ ÿ þ ÿ þ
0:5 4 9 16 25 36 49
x2 x4 x6 x8
ð0:5Þ2 ð0:5Þ3

¼ ÿ þ ÿ ÿ 0:5 ÿ þ ¼ 0:3828
4 4 4! 6 6! 8 8! 0 4 9
ð0:5Þ2 ð0:5Þ4 ð0:5Þ6 ð0:5Þ8
¼ ÿ þ ÿ 3 4 3
4 4 4! 6 6! 8 8! 17. (a) sin ¼ ÿ 3! þ 5! ÿ , so sin ¼ when 3!
¼ 0:0526 ÿ 0:000651 þ 0:0000036 is negligible.
¼ 0:0619: (b) If we want accuracy to 0.0001,pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi then ffiset
3 3 3
3 5 3! < 0:0001 or < 0:0006 or < 0:0006
x3 5 7
ÿ
x ÿ x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿx þx
ð1
0:0843.
12. Since xÿsin
x
x
¼ dx ¼ 3! 5! 7!
0 x x 18.
Ð 0:2
To solve this, we need to find C1 0 i dt. Since
2 4 6 Ð 0:5
¼ x3! ÿ x5! þ x7! , we have 0 xÿsin x
x
dx ¼ Ð 0:2
h 3 i0:5 1 F10ÿ6 F, this integral is 101ÿ6 0 0:1ðtÿsin ti
tÞ
dt ¼
Ð 0:5 ÿ x2 x4 x6 x x5 x7 0:2
ÿ þ ¼ ÿ þ ¼
h
dx 5
Ð ÿ t 2
t 4
t 6
5 t 3
t 5
t 7
10 3! ÿ 5! þ 7! dt ¼ 10 18 ÿ 55! þ 77! 0 ¼
0 3! 5! 7! 33! 55! 77! 0
0:006944 ÿ 0:000052 ¼ 0:00689 or 0:0069. (Note: 5

10 4:4 10ÿ4 ÿ 5:33 10ÿ7 105 4:43911

we only needed the first term for the desired
accuracy.) 10ÿ4 ¼ 44:3911 V.
Ð 1 sin xÿx Ð 1 ÿx x3 x5 h 2
ÿx x4 2 3
13. 0 x2 dx ¼ 0 3! þ 5! ÿ 7! dx ¼ 12 þ 45! 19. The Maclaurin series for ex is 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! þ ,
1 2 4 6
so eÿ0:05t ¼ 1 ÿ 0:05t2 þ 0:0025t
i
x6
þ 67! 1
¼ ÿ 12 þ 4801
ÿ 0:000033 ¼ ÿ0:0813. 2! ÿ 0:000125t
3! þ .
0
ð 0:5 Thus,
14. x cos x dx ð 0:5
2
1 ÿ eÿ0:05t dt
ÿ
0
ð 0:5 q¼
pffiffiffi x x2 x3

0
¼ x 1 ÿ þ ÿ þ dx ð 0:5
2! 4! 6! 0:0025t4
0
¼ 0:05t2 ÿ
ð 0:5
x3=2 x5=2 x7=2

0 2!
¼ x1=2 ÿ þ ÿ dx
0:000125t6

0 2! 4! 6!
þ þ dt
0:5 3!
2x7=2 2x9=2

2 1
¼ x3=2 ÿ x5=2 þ ÿ 0:5
0:05 3 0:0025t5 0:000125t7

3 5 7 4! 9 6! 0
¼ t ÿ þ þ
¼ 0:235702 ÿ 0:035355 þ 0:001052 3 5 2! 7 3! 0
ÿ 0:0000316 0:2014 0:002083 ÿ :000008 þ 0:0021

ð 0:2
15. ex ÿ1 This charge is about 0:0021 C.
x
0 2 3
ð 0:2
x x2 x3
20. The Maclaurin series for ex is 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! þ ,
¼ 1 þ þ þ þ dx 2 4 6
0 2! 3! 4! so eÿ0:25t ¼ 1 ÿ 0:25t2 þ 0:0625t
2! ÿ 0:015625t
3! þ .
2
0:2
x3 x4

x
¼ xþ þ þ
4 3 3! 4 4! 0
¼ 0:2 þ 0:01 þ 0:000444 þ 0:0000167
¼ 0:2105
23. (a) x2 x3
Thus, ex ¼ 1 þ x þ þ
2! 3!
ð 1:5 2 3
2 ðÿt2 ðÿt2
1 ÿ eÿ0:25t dt
ÿ
q¼ ÿt2 2
ÿ
e ¼1þ ÿt þ þ
0 2! 3!
ð 1:5
0:0625t4 2 1 4 1 6
¼ 0:25t2 ÿ ¼1ÿt þ t ÿ t
0 2! 2 6
0:015625t6
ðx
þ þ dt (b) VðxÞ ¼ V0 eÿt2 dt
3!
1:5 ð0x

0:25 3 0:0625t5 0:015625t7 1 1
1 ÿ t2 þ t4 ÿ t6 dt
ÿ
¼ t ÿ þ þ ¼ V0
3 5 2! 7 3! 2 6
0 0 x
0:28125 ÿ 0:0474609 þ 0:006356 ÿ 0:000695 1 3 1 5 1
¼ V0 t ÿ t þ t ÿ t 7
3 10 42 0
0:23945
1 3 1 5 1 7
¼ V0 x ÿ x þ x ÿ x
The charge is about 0:23945 F. h 3 10 42
3
2
1
(c) Vð1:4Þ ¼ V0 ð1:4Þ ÿ 3 ð1:4Þ þ 10 1
ð1:4Þ5 ÿ
21. (a) The Maclaurin series for ex is 1 þ x þ x2! þ i
1 7
42 ð1:4Þ 0:7722V0 .
x3
3! þ , so the desired Maclaurin series is
2 4
V ¼ 0:75e0:75t ¼ 0:75 1þ0:75tþ ð0:75Þ (d) The next nonzero term in the series of ex is x4!
ÿ 2
2! t þ 2
ð0:75Þ3 3 and so the next nonzero term in the series of eÿt is
3! t þ ; 4
ðÿt2 Þ t8
Ð t8 t9
(b) When t ¼ 0:45, this becomes 0:75ð1 þ 0:3375 4! ¼ 24 and 24 dt ¼ 924. When t ¼ 1:4, then
þ 0:05695 þ 0:00641 þ 0:00054 Þ 0:75 t9
0:0957V0 . The error is less than 0.0957
924 V0
ð1:4014Þ 1:05105. since this is an oscillating series.
2 4 6
22. (a) cos x ¼ 1 ÿ x þ x ÿ x
2! 4! 6! x2 x3
2 2
4 6 24. ex ¼ 1 þ x þ þ
ðt ðt2 ðt2 2! 3!
cos t2 ¼ 1 ÿ þ ÿ 2 3
2! 4! 6! 2 ð0:1t2 ð0:1t2
e0:1t ¼ 1 þ 0:1t2 þ
ÿ
þ
t4 t8 t12 2! 3!
¼1ÿ þ ÿ
2 24 720 ¼ 1 þ 0:1t2 þ 0:005t4 þ 0:000167t6
ðx 2
(b) cðxÞ ¼ cos t2 dt 1 ÿ e0:1t ¼ ÿ0:1t2 ÿ 0:005t4 ÿ 0:000167t6
0 ð 1:0
ÿ 0:1t2 ÿ 0:005t4
ðx ÿ
t4 t8 t12

q¼
¼ 1ÿ þ ÿ dt 0
0 2 24 720
ÿ 0:000167t6 dt

x
t5 t9 t13

¼ tÿ þ ÿ ¼ ÿ:03333t3 ÿ 0:001t5

10 9 24 13 720 0
1:0
1 5 1 9 1 13 ÿ 0:0000238t7 0
¼xÿ x þ x ÿ x
10 216 9360 ¼ ÿ:03333 ÿ 0:001 ÿ 0:0000238
1 5 1 9
(c) cð0:3Þ ¼ ð0:3Þ ÿ 10 ð0:3Þ þ 216 ð0:3Þ ÿ ¼ ÿ0:03436
1 13 Thus, the charge is about ÿ0:0344 mC.
9360 ð0:3Þ 0:2998
30.4 TAYLOR SERIES
1. f ðxÞ ¼ ex ; f ð2Þ ¼ e2 ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ex ; f 0 ð2Þ ¼ e2 , etc. 2. gðxÞ ¼ e2x ; gðÿ1Þ ¼ eÿ2 ; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 2e2x ; g0 ðÿ1Þ ¼
2 3
ex ¼ e2 þ e2 ðx ÿ 2Þ þ e2 ðxÿ2Þ
2! þ e
2 ðxÿ2Þ
3! þ ¼ 2eÿ2 ; g00 ðxÞ ¼ 22 e2x ; g00 ðÿ1Þ ¼ 22 eÿ2 ; . . . : Hence,
2 3 2
h i
ðxÿ2Þ ðxÿ2Þ
2
e x ÿ 1 þ 2! þ 3! þ e2x ¼ eÿ2 þ 2eÿ2 ðx þ 1Þ þ 2eÿ2 ðxþ1Þ
2! þ i
¼
22 ðxþ1Þ2 23 ðxþ1Þ3
h
ÿ2
e 1 þ 2ðx þ 1Þ þ 2! þ 3! þ .
SECTION 30.4 603
ÿ pffiffi
hðxÞ ¼ sin x; h 4 ¼ 22 ; h0 ðxÞ ¼ cos x; h0 4 ¼ gðxÞ ¼ e1þx ; gð1Þ ¼ e2 ; g0 ðxÞ ¼ e1þx ; g0 ð1Þ ¼ e2 ; . . . :
ÿ
3. 8.
pffiffi pffiffi 2
2 00 00 2 000
Hence, we get e1þx ¼ e2 þ e2 ðx ÿ 1Þþ e2 ðxÿ1Þ
ÿ
2 ; h ðxÞ ¼ sin x; h 4 ¼ ÿ 2 ; h ðxÞ ¼ 2! þ
pffiffi 2 2 3
ÿ cos x; h000 2 ¼ ÿ 22. As a result we get e2 ðxÿ1Þ ðxÿ1Þ ðxÿ1Þ
ÿ 2
3! þ ¼ e ½1 þ ðx ÿ 1Þþ 2! þ 3!
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ÿ 2 þ .
2 2 x 2 x ÿ 2
sin x ¼ ¼ xÿ ÿ
2 2 4 2 2! 9. hðxÞ ¼ eÿx , so hð1Þ ¼ eÿ1 , and h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿeÿx , so
pffiffiffi ÿ
2 x ÿ 4 3 h0 ð1Þ ¼ ÿeÿ1 , and h00 ðxÞ ¼ eÿx , so h00 ð1Þ ¼ eÿ1 .

ÿ þ Combining these results, we see that eÿx ¼ eÿ1
2 3!
pffiffiffi " eÿ1 ðx ÿ 1Þ þ eÿ1 ðxÿ1Þ
2
ÿ1 1 3 ÿ1
2! ÿ e 3! ðx ÿ 1Þ ¼ e
2
x ÿ 4
ÿ
2
¼ 1þ xÿ ÿ 2 3
2 4 2! 1 ÿ ðx ÿ 1Þ þ 2!1 ðx ÿ 1Þ ÿ 3!1 ðx ÿ 1Þ þ .
3 4 jðxÞ ¼ lnðxÞ; jð4Þ ¼ ln 4; j0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 0
¼ 14 ; j00 ðxÞ
#
10. x ; j ð4Þ
ÿ ÿ
xÿ4 xÿ4
ÿ þ þ ÿ2 00 ÿ1 000 ÿ3 000
3! 4! ¼ ÿx ; j ð4Þ ¼ 42 ; j ðxÞ ¼ 2x ; j ð4Þ ¼ 423 .
2 3
ÿ pffiffi Hence, lnðxÞ ¼ ln 4 þ 14 ðx ÿ 4Þ ÿ 412 ðxÿ4Þ 2 ðxÿ4Þ
2! þ 43 3!
2 0
¼ ÿ sin x; j0 4
ÿ
4. jðxÞ ¼ cos x; j 4 ¼ 2 ; j ðxÞ 2 3
pffiffi pffiffi ÿ ¼ ln 4 þ 14 ðx ÿ 4Þ ÿ 412 ðxÿ4Þ
2 þ 413 ðxÿ4Þ
3 ÿ 414
¼ ÿ 22 ; j00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ cos x; j00 4 ¼ ÿ 22 ; j000 ðxÞ
ÿ
ðxÿ4Þ4
ÿ pffiffi 4 þ :
¼ sin x; j000 4 ¼ 22. Hence, pffiffiffi
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ÿ 2 11. kðxÞ ¼ 3 x; kð8Þ ¼ 2; k0 ðxÞ ¼ 13 xÿ2=3 ; k0 ð8Þ ¼ 13 212 ;
2 2 2 x ÿ 4
cos x ¼ ÿ xÿ ÿ k00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ29 x
ÿ5=3 00
; k ð8Þ ¼ ÿ2 1 ÿ1 000
9 25 ¼ 924 ; k ðxÞ ¼
2 2 2 2 2! 10 ÿ8=3
p 1 1
pffiffiffi ÿ
ffiffiffi
3 27 x . Hence, we obtain x ¼ 2 þ 3 22 ðx ÿ
3
8Þ
2 x ÿ 4 ðxÿ8Þ2 1 ðxÿ8Þ
3
þ þ ÿ 924 2! þ 10
1
27 28 3! þ .
pffiffiffi2 3!
mðxÞ ¼ tan x; m 4 ¼ tan 4 ¼ 1; m0 ðxÞ ¼
ÿ ÿ
2 1 2 12.
¼ 1ÿ xÿ ¼ xÿ
2 4 2! 4 sec2 x; m0 4 ¼ 2; m00 ðxÞ ¼ 2 sec2 x tan x; m00 4 ¼
ÿ ÿ

1 3 1 4 4; m000 ðxÞ ¼ 4 sec x tan x þ 2 sec4 x; m000 4 ¼
ÿ
þ xÿ þ xÿ ÿ
3! 4 4! 4
8 þ 8 ¼ 16. ÿAs a result, we
ÿ obtain3 tan x ¼ 1 þ 2
2
x ÿ 4 x ÿ 4
kðxÞ ¼ 1x, so kð2Þ ¼ 12 ; k0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿxÿ2 , so k0 ð2Þ ¼

5. ðx ÿ 4 þ 4 þ 16 þ .
2! 3!
ÿ 14 ¼ ÿ1 00 ÿ3 00 2 000
22 ; k ðxÞ ¼ 2x , so k ð2Þ ¼ 23 , and k ðxÞ ¼ 13. Using Exercise #1, with x ¼ 2:1, and c ¼ 2, we see
ÿ6xÿ4 , so k000 ð2Þ ¼ ÿ6 1 1
24 . Hence, we see that x ¼ 2 ÿ
2:1
h x ÿ c ¼ 0:2. As a result, we
that i obtain e ¼
ðxÿ2Þ 2ðxÿ2Þ2 6ðxÿ2Þ3 4!ðxÿ2Þ4 2 3
22 þ 23 2! ÿ 24 3! þ 25 4! ÿ ¼ e2 1 þ ð0:1Þ þ ð0:1Þ ð0:1Þ 2

2! þ 3! þ ¼ e ½1:1052 ¼
ðxÿ2Þ2 ðxÿ2Þ3 ðxÿ2Þ4
h i
1 xÿ2 8:1662.
2 1 ÿ 2 þ 22 ÿ 23 þ 24 ÿ .
pffiffiffi 1
14. Here, we use Exercise #2, with x ¼ ÿ0:4; c ¼ ÿ1,
6. mðxÞ ¼ x; mð4Þ ¼ 2; m0 ðxÞ ¼ 12 xÿ2 ; m0 ð4Þ ¼ 14 ¼
ÿ32 ÿ52 and x ÿ c ¼ x þ 1 ¼ ÿ0:4 þ 1 ¼ 0:6. As a result,
1
; m00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 14 x ; m00 ð4Þ ¼ ÿ1
22
000 3
32 ; m ðxÞ ¼ 8 x ;
h 2 2 3 3
000 3
pffiffiffi 1 1 ðxÿ4Þ
2
we get eÿ0:8 eÿ2 1 þ 2ð0:6Þ þ 2 ð0:6Þ þ 2 ð0:6Þ þ
m ð4Þ ¼ 28 . Hence, x ¼ 2 þ 4 ðx ÿ 4Þ ÿ 32 2!
2! 3!
24 ð0:6Þ4
¼ eÿ2 ð3:2944Þ ¼ 0:4458.
3 2
þ 238 ðxÿ4Þ 4!
1 1 ðxÿ4Þ
3! ÿ ¼ 2 þ 22 ðx ÿ 4Þ ÿ 25 2!
3 4
þ 238 ðxÿ4Þ 15ðxÿ4Þ
3! ÿ 211 4! þ . 15. In this exercise we use the result from Exercise #3.

1 ÿ2 0 We convert 43 to 43 180 radians. We have x ¼ 4
7. f ðxÞ ¼ ðxþ1Þ2
¼ ðx þ 1Þ ; f ð0Þ ¼ 1; f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2 ðx þ

and c ¼ 43 43
180 , with the result that x ÿ c ¼ 180 ÿ ¼
1Þ ; ÿ3
f 0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ2f 00 ðxÞ ¼ 6ðx þ 1Þÿ4 ; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ 6; pffiffi4
2
43
ÿ
ÿ 90. Thus, sin 43 ¼ sin 180 sin ÿ 90 ¼ 2
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ24ðx þ 1Þÿ5 ; f 000 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ24. As a result, " 2 ÿ 3 ÿ 4 #
6ðxÞ2 3 ÿ 90 ÿ 90 ÿ 90
1
ÿ 24ðxÞ
ÿ
we obtain ðxþ1Þ2
¼ 1 ÿ 2ðxÞþ 2! 3! þ ¼ 1 þ ÿ 90 ÿ ÿ þ
2! 3! 4!
1 ÿ 2ðxÞ þ 3ðxÞ ÿ 4ðxÞ3 þ 5ðxÞ ÿ .
2 4
pffiffi
2
¼ 2 ½0:9645 ¼ 0:6820.
ÿ pffiffi2
cos 43 ¼ cos ÿ 90
ÿ 1 sin t
ÿ tÿ2
16. ¼ 2 1 ÿ ÿ 90 ÿ 2! 25. From Example 31.0, we know that t ¼ t
ÿ 2 1 ÿ 3 1 ÿ 4 i pffiffi2 3
ÿ 3! ðtÿ2Þ
3
ÿ 90 þ 3! ÿ 90 þ 4! ÿ 90 ¼ 2 t þ . When we let t ¼ 2:1, we get
sin t
ÿ 0:1 3 ð0:1Þ3
½1:0343 ¼ 0:7314. t ¼ 2:1 ÿ 3! 2:1 þ 0:14960
ÿð0:00246Þ þ 0:14714. A calculator gives
17. Using Exercise #5, with hx ¼ 1:8; c ¼ 2, and sinð2:1Þ
1 1 ðÿ0:2Þ ðÿ0:2Þ2 2:1 0:14715.
x ÿ c ¼ ÿ0:2,
i we get 1:8 2 1 ÿ 2 þ 22 ÿ
3 4
ðÿ0:2Þ
þ ð0:2Þ ¼ 12 ½1 þ 0:1 þ 0:01 þ 0:001þ 26. Using a procedure similar to the one used in Exam-
23 24
ple 31.0, we determine the following fundamental
0:0001 ¼ 12 ½1:1111 ¼ 0:5555 information needed for the Taylor’s expansion of
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin x around t ¼ 1. f ðxÞ ¼ sin 2x, so f ð1Þ ¼
18. 3:9 ¼ 4 ÿ 0:1 2 þ 212 ðÿ0:1Þ ÿ 216 ðÿ0:1Þ2 ¼
2 ÿ 0:025 ÿ 0:000156 ¼ 1:9748 sin 2 ¼ 0; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 2 cos 2x, so f 0 ð1Þ ¼ 2
2
cos 2 ¼ 2; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ42 sin 2x, so f 00 ð1Þ ¼ ÿ42
1 1
19. 1:122 ¼ ð0:12þ1Þ2 ¼ 1 ÿ 2ð0:12Þ þ 3ð0:12Þ ÿ sin 2 ¼ 0; f 000 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ83 cos 2x, so f 000 ð1Þ ¼
4ð0:12Þ3 ¼ 1 ÿ 0:24 þ 0:0432 ÿ 0:006912 þ ÿ83 cos 2 ¼ ÿ83 . Using these values we
0:0010368 ÿ0:000149 ¼ 0:7972 obtain
2 3
1
h
20. e1:9 ¼ e1þ:9 e2 1 þ ðÿ0:1Þ þ ðÿ0:1Þ
2! þ ðÿ0:1Þ
3! þ sin 2t ¼ 0 þ 2ðt ÿ 1Þ ÿ 0 ðt ÿ 1Þ2
ðÿ0:1Þ4
i 2!
¼ e2 ½0:9048 ¼ 6:6859. 1
4!
ðt ÿ 1Þ3 þ
ÿ 83
3!
h i
21. eÿ0:8 eÿ1 1 ÿ ðÿ0:2Þ þ 2!1 ðÿ0:2Þ2 ÿ 3!1 ðÿ0:2Þ3
83
¼ eÿ1 ½1:2214 ¼ 0:4493. ¼ 2ðt ÿ 1Þ ÿ ðt ÿ 1Þ3 þ
3!
2
1 ð0:1Þ
22. lnð4:1Þ ¼ lnð4 þ 0:1Þ ¼ ln 4 þ 14 ð0:1Þ ÿ 16 2 ¼
3
ÿ 8 3!
ÿ
Dividing by t produces sint2t ¼ 2 tÿ1
t
ln 4 þ 0:025 ÿ 0:0003125 ¼ 1:4110 ðtÿ1Þ3
þ and when we let t ¼ 1:05, we get
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ðÿ0:2Þ
2
t
23. 3
7:8 ¼ 3 8 ÿ 0:2 ¼ 2 þ 13 212 ðÿ0:2Þ ÿ 19 sin 2t 0:05
ÿ
ÿ 8 3! ð0:05Þ
3 3
t ¼ 2 1:05 1:05 þ 0:2991993 ÿ

24 2
¼ 2 ÿ 0:01667 ÿ 0:000139 ¼ 1:9832 ÿð0:0049216Þ þ 0:294278. A calculator
ÿ 2
tan 43 ¼ tan ÿ 90
ÿ ÿ sin 2ð1:05Þ
24. 1 þ 2 ÿ 90 þ 2 ÿ 90 gives 1:05 0:294302.
ÿ 3
þ 16
6 ÿ 90 ¼ 1 ÿ 0:069813 þ 0:002437ÿ
0:0001134 ¼ 0:9325
30.5 FOURIER SERIES

2; ÿ < x < 0
1. f ðxÞ ¼ , period 2. 2L ¼ 2, y
ÿ2; 0 < x <
1
Ð 1 0
Ð 2
so L ¼ , First, a0 ¼ 2 ÿ f ðxÞdx ¼ 2 ÿ ðÿ2Þ
0 ÿ x
ÿ2
1
Ð 1 1
2
dx þ 2 0 2 dx ¼ 2 ½ÿ2xÿ þ 2 2x 0 ¼ 2 þ 2
–4π –2π –π π 2π 4π 6π
–2
0
¼ 0. We have ak ¼ 1 ÿ f ðxÞ cos kx 1
Ð Ð
dx ¼ ÿ
Ð 0 2. gðxÞ ¼ 1; ÿ2 < x < 2, period 4, L ¼ 2. First,
2 cos kx dx þ 0 ÿ2 cos kx dx ¼ 2 sindkx ÿ ÿ 2 Ð2 2
sin kx a0 ¼ 14 ÿ2 1dx ¼ 14 xÿ2 ¼ 14 ð2 þ 2Þ ¼ 1 and ak ¼
2 2
¼ 0 ÿ k sin ðÿkÞ ÿ k sin k ¼ 0. We also 1 2
Ð kx 1 2 kx 2
1
2 ÿ2 cos 2 dx ¼ 2 k sin 2 ÿ2 ¼ k ½sin kÿ
k 0
1
Ð0
have bk ¼ ÿ f ðxÞ sin dx ¼ 1 ÿ 2 sin kx dx þ
Ð kx
sinðÿkÞ ¼ 0 for all k. We also have bk ¼
1 ÿ2 cos kx 0
1 2
Ð
þ 2 cosk kx 0 ¼ ÿ2 sin kx
2 dx ¼ 0 since sine is an odd function.
Ð
0 ¼ 2 sin kx dx ¼ k ÿ k 2 ÿ2
½1 2 ÿ4 Hence gðxÞ ¼ 1.
ÿ cos k þ k ½cos k ÿ 1 ¼ k ð1 ÿ cos kÞ ¼
0 if k is even y
ÿ8 . Hence f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ8 sin x þ
k if k is odd 2
ÿ8 ÿ8 ÿ8
ÿ 1
3 sin 3x þ 5 sin 5x þ ¼ sin x þ 3 sin 3x þ
x
1
ÿ8
P1 1 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
5 sin 5x þ ¼ k¼1 2kÿ1 sinð2k ÿ 1Þx. –2
SECTION 30.5 605

0; ÿ3 < x < 0 ÿx ÿ < x < 0
3. hðxÞ ¼ , period 6 so L ¼ 3. First, 5. f ðxÞ ¼ , period ¼ 2 so L ¼ .
2; 0 < x < 3 x; 0<x<
3 3 1
Ð 1 0
Ð 1
Ð
a0 ¼ 16 ÿ3 hðxÞdx ¼ 16 0 2 dx ¼ 1. We have ak ¼ First, a0 ¼ 2 ÿ f ðxÞ dx ¼ 2 ÿ ÿx dxþ 2 0 x dx
Ð Ð
1 3 1 3 1 ÿx2 0 1 x2 2 2

2 3 ¼ 2 2 ÿ þ 2 2 0 ¼ 4 þ 4 ¼ 2. Next, ak ¼
Ð kx
Ð kx
3 ÿ3 hðxÞ cos 3 dx ¼ 3 0 2 cos 3 dx ¼ 3 k
3 2 1 1 0 1
sin kx
Ð Ð Ð
3 0 ¼ k sin k ¼ 0 for all k. We also have ÿ f ðxÞ cos kx dx ¼ ÿ ÿx cos kx dxþ 0 x cos kx
3 1 3 Ð
bk ¼ 13 ÿ3 hðxÞ sin kx 2 3
Ð Ð kx

3 dx ¼ 3 0 2 sin 3 dx ¼ 3 k dx ¼ 2 0 x cos kx dx ¼ 2 cosk2kx þ x sink kx 0 ¼ k2 2
3 2

ÿ cos kx3 0 ¼ k ½ÿ cos k þ 1 ¼
0 if is even
½cos k ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ4 : Also, we see that
k2 if k is odd

0 if k is even
4 . Hence, hðxÞ ¼ 1 þ 4 sin x
3 þ 1
Ð
k if k is odd
bk ¼ 2 ÿ f ðxÞ sin kx ¼ 0 since f ðxÞ sin k is an
4 3x
3 sin 3
4
þ 5 sin 5x
3 þ .
odd function. Hence, f ðxÞ ¼ 2 ÿ 4 cos x ÿ 9
4
cos 3x
4 4
P1 1
ÿ 25 cos 5 ÿ ¼ 2 ÿ k¼1 ð2kÿ1Þ2 cosð2k ÿ 1Þx.
y
2 y
x 2π
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2
x
–4π –2π 2π 4π 6π
0; ÿ1 < x < 0
4. jðxÞ ¼ , period ¼ 2 so L ¼ 1. –2π
x 0<x<1

1 Ð1 2 1
First, a0 ¼ 12 ÿ1 jðxÞdx ¼ 12 0 x dx ¼ 12 x2 0 ¼ 14. We
Ð 3; 0<x<4
6. gðxÞ ¼ , period ¼ 8 so L ¼ 4.
Ð1 Ð1 ÿ3; 4 < x < 8
have ak ¼ 11 ÿ1 jðxÞ cos k x dx ¼ 0 x cos kx dx ¼ 8 4 Ð8
First, a0 ¼ 18 0 gðxÞdx ¼ 18 0 3dx þ 18 4 ðÿ3Þdx ¼ 0.
Ð Ð
ÿ 1 2 Ð 1 ÿ 1 2
0 ðkxÞ cos kx dx ¼ k cos kx þ
k
Ð8 1 4
ak ¼ 14 0 gðxÞ cos kx
Ð kx
Next, 4 dx ¼ 4 0 3 cos 4 dx
1 h ÿ 1 2 i1
x
kx sin kx 0 ¼ k cos kx þ k sin kx ¼ 8 4 8
ÿ 14 4 3 cos kx 3 4 3 4
Ð kx kx
ÿÿ 1 2 ÿ1 0 4 dx ¼ 4 k sin 4 0 ÿ 4 k sin 4 4 ¼ 0.
cos k þ 0 ÿ cos 0 þ 0 ¼ 1 4 1 8
We also have bk ¼ 4 0 3 sin 4 dx ÿ 4 4 3 sin kx
Ð kx
Ð
k k
( 4
4 8
0 if is even Ð1 dx ¼ ÿ 3 4 cos kx þ 3 4 cos kx ¼
ÿ2
if kfis odd . We also have bk ¼ ÿ1 jðxÞ 4 k 4 0 4 k 4 4
2 3 3
ðkÞ ÿ k ½cos k ÿ 1 þ k ½1 ÿ cos k ¼
Ð1 h
1
sin kx dx ¼ 0 x sin kx dx ¼ ðkÞ 2 sin kx ÿ

0 if k is even
6
i1 1 k ½1 ÿ cos k ¼ 12
if k is odd
. Thus, gðxÞ ¼
x 1 ÿ k ; if k is even k
k cos kx 0 ¼ ÿ k cos k ¼ 1 .
k ; if k is odd 12 x 12
sin 4 þ 3 sin 3x 12 5x
4 þ 5 sin 4 ¼
1 2 2 ð2kÿ1Þx
So; jðxÞ ¼ ÿ 2 cos x ÿ 2 cos 3x 12
P1 1
4 9 k¼1 2kÿ1 sin 4
2 y
ÿ cos 5x ÿ
252
1 1 1 2
þ sin x ÿ sin 2x þ sin 3x
2 3 x
1 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
ÿ sin 4x þ –2
4
1
1 X ÿ2
¼ þ cosð2k ÿ 1Þx 7. hðxÞ ¼ x; ÿ < x < , period 2 so L ¼ . First,
4 k¼1 ð2k ÿ 1Þ2 2 1
Ð
Next, ak ¼ 1 ÿ x cos kx dx
Ð
a0 ¼ 2 ÿ x dx ¼ 0.
1
þ ðÿ1Þkþ1 sin kx : ¼ 0, since ½x cos kx is an odd function. Also,
k Ð
bk ¼ 1 ÿ x sin kx dx ¼ 1 sink2kx ÿ x cosk kx ÿ ¼
y
ÿ 0 ÿ cosk k ÿ 0 þ cosk k ¼
1
ÿ ÿ

2
(
1 ÿ2
k if k even
x 2
. Hence, hðxÞ ¼ 2 sin ÿ 22 sin 2
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 k if k is odd
–1
P ðÿ1Þkþ1
–2
þ 23 sin 3 ÿ ¼ 2 1 k¼1 k sin kx.

x; 0 < x
y 10. gðxÞ ¼ , period ¼ 2 so L ¼ .
< x < 2
2π 1
Ð 2 1
Ð 1 2
Ð
Thus, a0 ¼ 2 0 gðxÞdx ¼ 2 0 x dx þ 2 dx
1 x2
x
2
–4π –2π 2π 4π 6π ¼ 2 2 0 þ 2 1
ðxÞ ¼ 4 þ ÿ 2 ¼ 3 4 . Next we
1 2 1
have ak ¼ 0 gðxÞ cos kx dx ¼ 0 x cos kx dx þ 1
Ð Ð
–2π
0; ÿ 2 < x < 0

x sin kx
Ð 2
1 cos kx
2
8. jðxÞ ¼ , period ¼ , so L ¼ 2. cos kx dx ¼ k2 þ k þ 1k sin kx
2 0 < x < 2 0
=2 0 if is even
¼ k1 2 ½cos ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ2
Ð =2 Ð =2
First, a0 ¼ 1 ÿ=2 jðxÞdx ¼ 1 0 2dx ¼ 1 20 ¼ 1. .
Ð =2 Ð =2 k ; if k is odd

Next, we have ak ¼ 2 ÿ=2 jðxÞ cos =2 kx
dx ¼ 2 0
Ð 2
We also have bk ¼ 1 0 x sin kx dx þ 1 sin kx
Ð
=2
2 cos 2kx dx ¼ 4 2k1 2 2
sin 2kx 0 ¼ k ðsin ÿsin 0Þ

dx ¼ 1 sink2kx ÿ x cosk kx 0 þ 1k ðÿ cos kxÞ ¼ 1
=2
¼ 0. Also, bk ¼ 0 2 sin 2k; x dx ¼ 4 2k
2 1
Ð ÿ cos k 1 cos k cos k
ÿ k k ðcos k ÿ cos 2kÞ ¼ ÿ k þ k
=2 2 cos 2k 1 3 2
ÿ
ÿ k ¼ k. Hence, gðxÞ ¼ 4 ÿ cos x þ

ÿ cos 2kx 0 ¼ k ½ÿ cos k þ cos 0 ¼
1 1
ÿ 1
9 cos 3x þ 25 cos 5x þ ÿ sin x þ 2 sin 2x þ
2 0 if k is even
k ½1 ÿ cos k ¼ 4 . Thus, jðxÞ ¼
if k is odd 1
3 2
P 1 cosð2kÿ1Þx
3 sin 3x þ ¼ 4 ÿ
k
k¼1 ð2kÿ1Þ2
1 þ 4 sin 2x þ 3
4 4
sin 6x þ 5 sin 10x þ ¼ 1 P1 sin k
ÿ k¼1 k
1
þ 4 k¼1 2kÿ11
P
sinð4k ÿ 2Þx.
y
y 2π
2
1 x
–4π –2π 2π 4π 6π
x –π
–2π –π –1 π 2π 3π
–2

0; if ÿ < x < 0
11. hðxÞ ¼ ; period ¼ 2, so
8
< 1; 0 < x < 2 3 sin x; if 0 < x <
2 4
9. f ðxÞ ¼ 0; 3 < x < 3 ; period ¼ 2; so L ¼ . 1 1
Ð Ð
4 L ¼ . First, a0 ¼ 2 ÿ hðxÞdx ¼ 2 0 sin x dx ¼
ÿ1 3 < x < 2
:
1 1 1
2 ½ÿ cos x0 ¼ 2 ½1 þ 1 ¼ . For a1 we have a1 ¼
hÐ
1 2 2=3
Ð 1
Ð 2
First, i a0 ¼ 2 0 f ðxÞ dx ¼ 2 1dx þ 4=3
0 1 1 1
Ð Ð Ð
2 0 sin x cos xdx ¼ 2 0 2 sin x cos x dx ¼ 2 0
ÿ1dx ¼ 0. Then, we have ak ¼ 1 0 f ðxÞ cos kx dx
Ð
1
hÐ i sin 2x dx ¼ ÿ 4 cos 2x 0 ¼ 0. For ak ; k > 1, we
2=3 Ð 2
¼ 12 0 cos kx dx ÿ 4=3 cos kx dx ¼ Ð Ð
have ak ¼ 1 ÿ hðxÞcos kx dx ¼ 1 0 sin x cos kx dx ¼
h 2=3 2 i cosð1ÿkÞx cosð1þkÞx 1 cosð1ÿkÞ
1 1
2k
sin kx ÿ sin kx ¼ k sin 3 ÿ 0 ÿ 0 þ 1
ÿ 2ð1ÿkÞ ÿ 2ð1þkÞ 0 ¼ ÿ 2ðkÿ1Þ þ

k 0 4=3
cosð1þkÞx 1 1

sin 4k
3 . This is always 0. Now, we have 2ð1þkÞ ÿ 2ð1ÿkÞ ÿ 2ð1þkÞ . If k is odd, cosð1 ÿ kÞ
Ð 2 Ð 2=3
bk ¼ 1 0 f ðxÞ sin kx dx ¼ 1 0 sin kx ÿ 1 4=3
Ð 2 ¼ cosð1 þ kÞ ¼ 1, so ak ¼ 0. If k is even,
2=3 þ 1 cos kx2 ¼ ÿ1 1 ÿ kÞ
cosð1 ¼ cosð1 þ kÞ ¼ ÿ1, so ak ¼

sin kx dx ¼ ÿ1k cos kx 0 1 1 1 2 2
k 1ÿk þ 1þk ¼ 1ÿk2 ¼ ÿ ðk2 ÿ1Þ : In particular,
4=3 k

1 ÿ cos 2k
3 þ 1 ÿ cos 4k
3 . Thus, b 1 ¼ 3
; b 3
2 ¼ 2 ; 2
a2 ¼ ÿ ð22 ÿ1Þ 2
¼ ÿ 3 2
; a4 ¼ ÿ ð42 ÿ1Þ ¼ ÿ 15 2
;
3 3
b3 ¼ 0; b4 ¼ 4 ; b5 ¼ 5 ; b6 ¼ 0, and we obtain a6 ¼ ÿ 352
. For b1 we have b1 ¼ 1 0 sin2 x dx
Ð
f ðxÞ ¼ 3 sin x þ 23 3

sin 2x þ 0 sin 3x þ 4 sin 4x
¼ 1 2x ÿ 14 sin 2x 0 ¼ 12. For k > 1, we have
1 ÿ sinð3kÿ2Þx sinð3kÿ1Þx
þ 3 k¼1
P
þ . Ð
bk ¼ 1 0 sin x sin kx dx ¼ 1 sinð1ÿkÞx
sinð1þkÞx
2ð1ÿkÞ ÿ 2ð1þkÞ 0 ¼
3kÿ2 3kÿ1

y 0. Hence, hðxÞ ¼ 1 þ 12 sin x ÿ 2 13 cos 2x þ
1
1 1 2
P1 cos 2kx
15 cos 4x þ ¼ þ 2 sin x ÿ
2
k¼1 4k2 ÿ1 .
x
–2π –π –1
–2 π 2π 3π
y
ÿ cosð1ÿkÞ cosð1ÿkÞ
1
1 1 1
ÿ 2ð1þkÞ þ 2ð1ÿkÞ þ 2ð1þkÞ 2ð1ÿkÞ ÿ 2ð1þkÞ .
3
2
1 If k is odd, cosð1 ÿ kÞ ¼ cosð1 þ kÞ1, so
x
–2π –π –1 π 2π 3π ak ¼ 0. If k is even,
2 cosð1 ÿ kÞ 4¼ cosð1 þ kÞ
–2 ¼ ÿ1, so ak ¼ 1 1ÿk 2
þ 1þk ¼ ð1ÿk2 Þ. In parti-
4 4 4 4

sin x; 0<x< cular, a2 ¼ ð1ÿ2 2 Þ ¼ ÿ 3, a4 ¼ ð1ÿ42 Þ ¼ ÿ 15 ;
12. f ðxÞ ¼ , period 2, so
ÿ sin x; < x < 2 a6 ¼ ÿ 354
. In a similar manner we find that
1 2 1
Ð Ð
L ¼ . First a0 ¼ 2 0 f ðxÞdx ¼ 2 0 sin x dx þ 1
Ð 2 Ð
b1 ¼ 0 sin2 x dx ÿ 1 sin2 x dx ¼ 1 0 sin2 x dx
Ð
h i Ð0
ÿ 1 ÿ sin2 xdx. Since sin2 x is an even function,
1
1 2 1 þ cos x2 ¼
Ð
2 ðÿ sin xÞdx ¼ 2 ÿ cos x 0 2
these two integrals are equal, so their difference
1 2 1
Ð
2 ð1 þ 1 þ 1 þ 1Þ ¼ . For a1 we have 0 sin x
is 0. The same argument holds for bk when
Ð 2 Ð k > 1. Hence, f ðxÞ ¼ 2 ÿ 3 4
cos 2xÿ
cos x dxÿ 1 sin x cos x dx ¼ 2x 1
0 2 sin x cos x 4 2
ÿ P 1 2 cos 2kx
15 cos 4x ÿ ¼ 1 ÿ k¼1 4k2 ÿ1 .
1 2
Ð 1
Ð 1
dxÿ 2 2 sin x cos x dx ¼ 2 0 sin 2x dx ÿ 2 y
Ð 2 1 1 2 3
sin 2x dx ¼ 4 ½ÿ cos 2x0 ÿ 4 ½ÿ cos 2x ¼ 0. 2
Ð Ð 2
For k > 1; ak ¼ 1 0 sin x cos kx dx ÿ 1 sin x x
–2π –π –1 π 2π 3π
–2
cosð1þkÞx 1 cosð1ÿkÞx
cos kx dx ¼ ÿ 1 cosð1ÿkÞx

2ð1ÿkÞ þ 2ð1þkÞ 0 þ 2ð1ÿkÞ þ
cosð1þkÞx 2
1
cosð1ÿkÞ cosð1þkÞ 1
2ð1þkÞ ¼ ÿ 2ð1ÿkÞ þ 2ð1þkÞ ÿ 2ð1ÿkÞ
CHAPTER
ER 30 REVIEW
2 4 6 2 3 4
1ÿex
1. Since cos x ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6! þ we have 1ÿ 8. 1 ÿ ex ¼ ÿx ÿ x2! ÿ x3! ÿ x4! ÿ and we get x ¼
6 4 6 3 2 3 4
1ÿcos x
cos x ¼ x2! ÿ x4! þ x6! ÿ and x equals x
2! ÿ x4! þ ÿ 1 ÿ 2!x ÿ x3! ÿ x4! ÿ x5! ÿ
x5 7 9 11
6! ÿ x8! þ 10!
x x
ÿ 12! þ . 9. First we obtain the Maclaurin series for which sin
pffiffix
x
x2 x3 2x 1=2 x5=2 x9=2
Ð1 ÿ
2. Since e ¼ 1 þ x þx
2! þ 3! þ we get e ¼ is x ÿ 3! ÿ . Now we integrate 0 x1=2
þ 5!
2 3
1 ÿ 2x þ 4x2! ÿ 8x3! þ and so xeÿ2x ¼ x ÿ 2x2 þ
5=2 9=2 13=2 3=2
2 x11=2

ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x 7! ¼ 23 x3=2 ÿ 2x73! þ 11 5! ÿ
4x3 8x4 16x5 32x6
2! ÿ 3! þ 4! ÿ 5 þ 2x15=2 1
2 2 2 2
157! 0 ¼ 3 ÿ 42 þ 1320 ÿ 75600 ¼ 0:66667ÿ
ÿ 3 5 7 ÿ 2 4
3. sin x cos x ¼ x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! þ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4!
0:04762þ 0:001515 ÿ 0:000026 ¼ 0:6205
x6 x3 x3 x5 x5 x5 x7 x7

ÿ 6! þ ¼ x ÿ 2 ÿ 3 þ 4! þ 6 þ 6! ÿ 3!4! ÿ 25! 3 9 12 15
7 7 3 5 7 10. x3 eÿx ¼ x3 ÿ x6 þ x2! ÿ x3! þ x4! . Hence, we obtain
ÿ x6! ÿ x7! þ ¼ x ÿ 5x3! þ 16x 64x
5! ÿ 7! þ Ð 1 3 ÿx3 Ð1 ÿ 9 12
2 3
0 x e dx ¼ 0 x3 ÿ x6 þ x2! ÿ x3! þ dx ¼
4. lnð2 þ xÞ ¼ lnðx þ 1 þ 1Þ ¼ x þ 1 ÿ ðxþ1Þ
2 þ ðxþ1Þ
3 x4 x7 x10 x13 x16 x19
1 1
4 ÿ 7 þ 20 ÿ 1313! þ 164! ÿ 195! þ 0 ¼ 4
4
ÿ ðxþ1Þ
4 þ
ÿ 17 þ 20
1 1
ÿ 78 1
þ 384 1
ÿ 2280 1
þ 15840 ¼ 0:1466.
5. f ðxÞ ¼ ð1 þ xÞ3=4 ; f ð0Þ ¼ 1; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 34 ð1 þ xÞÿ1=4 ; 2 3 4
11. ex ¼ 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! þ x4! þ . Hence, e0:25 ¼
f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 34 ; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 16
3
ð1 þ xÞÿ5=4 ; f 00 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ 16
3
; 2 3
ÿ9=4 000 3=4 1ÿ0:25þ 0:25 0:25
2! ÿ 3! þ ¼ 1 ÿ 0:25þ0:03125ÿ
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 15
16 ð1 þ xÞ ; f ð0Þ ¼ 15
64. Hence ð1 þ xÞ
ð1þxÞ2 ð1þxÞ3 ð1ÿxÞ 4 0:002604 þ 0:000163 ÿ 0:000008 ¼ 0:7788.
¼ 1 þ 34 ð1 þ xÞ ÿ 16
3
2! þ 15
64 3! ÿ 135
256 4! þ Ð1
8 16
. 12. cos x4 ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ . Hence, 0 cos x4 dx ¼

Ð1 ÿ x8 x16 x24
ÿ x9 x17
0 1 ÿ 2! þ 4! ÿ 6! þ dx ¼ x ÿ 18 þ 174!
2 3 4
6. Since ex ¼ 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! þ we get eÿx ¼
8 12 16 20
x25
1
1 ÿ x4 þ x2! ÿ x3! þ x4! ÿ x5! þ ÿ 256! 1
þ 0 ¼ 1 ÿ 18 1
þ 408 1
ÿ 18000 ¼ 0:9468.
8 5 7 pffiffi
7. Since sin x ¼ x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! þ we obtain sin x2 f ðxÞ ¼ cos x; cos 6 ¼ 2 ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ sin x; f 0 6
3
ÿ
13.
6 10 14 18 pffiffi
¼ x2 ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! þ x9! ÿ ¼ ÿ 12 ; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ cos x; f 00 6 ¼ ÿ 23 ; f 000 ðxÞ ¼
ÿ
pffiffi
sin x; f 000 6 ¼ 12. Hence, we obtain cos x ¼ 23 ÿ 12
ÿ 1 1
¼ 2 ð0 þ Þ þ 2 ð2Þ ¼ 12 þ 1 ¼ 32. Next, ak ¼ 1
2
pffiffi x ÿ 6 1 x ÿ 6
ÿ ÿ Ð 1 0 1
Ð Ð
x ÿ 6 ÿ 23 ÿ gðxÞ cos kx dx ¼ ÿ cosh dx þ 0 2 cos kx
ÿ
þ þ
2! 2 3! dx ¼ k1
0
sin kxÿ þ k2
sin kx0 ¼ 0. We also have
14. f ðxÞ ¼ sinh x; f ðln 2Þ ¼ 34 ; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ cosh x; f 0 ðlnð2ÞÞ Ð0 Ð
bk ¼ 1 ÿ sin kx dxþ 1 0 2 sin kx dx ¼
¼ 54 ; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ f ðxÞ; f 000 ðxÞ ¼ f 0 ðxÞ, etc. Hence, sinh ÿ1 0
ÿ2
ÿ1
k ðcos kxÞ ÿ þ k cos kx 0 ¼ k ð1 ÿ cosðÿkÞ

ðxÿln 2Þ2 2Þ3
x ¼ 34 þ 54 ðx ÿ ln 2Þ þ 34 2! þ 54 ðxÿln
3! þ
2 0 if k is even
15. f ðxÞ ¼ x1=2 ; f ð9Þ ¼ 3; 0
f ðxÞ ¼ 2 x1 ÿ1=2 0
; f ð9Þ ¼ 16 ; ÿ k ðcos k ÿ 1Þ ¼ 2 . This gives
k if k is odd
f 00 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 14 xÿ3=2 ; ÿ1
f 00 ð9Þ ¼ 427 ÿ1
f 000 ðxÞ ¼ gðxÞ ¼ 32 þ 2 sin x þ 3
2
sin 3x þ ¼ 32 þ 2 1
P
¼ 108 ; k¼1
3 ÿ5=2
pffiffiffi
8x ; f 000 ð9Þ ¼ 833 5 . Thus, we obtain x¼ sinð2kÿ1Þx
2 3
2kÿ1 . y
3 þ 16 ðx ÿ 9Þ ÿ 431 3 ðxÿ9Þ 3 ðxÿ9Þ
2! þ 835 3! ÿ . 2
16. f ðxÞ ¼ ln x; f ð1Þ ¼ 0; f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 1x ; f 0 ð1Þ ¼ 1; f 00 ðxÞ ¼ x
–2π –π –1 2π 3π
ÿxÿ2 ; f 00 ð1Þ ¼ ÿ1; f 000 ðxÞ ¼ 2xÿ3 ; f 000 ð1Þ ¼ 2; f ð4Þ π
ðxÞ ¼ ÿ6xÿ4 ; f ð4Þ ¼ ÿ6. Thus, we get ln x ¼ 23. hðxÞ ¼ x2 ; ÿ < x < , period 2. First, a0 ¼ 2 1

ðxÿ1Þ2 ðxÿ1Þ3 ðxÿ1Þ4 Ð 2 3
ðx ÿ 1Þ ÿ þ ÿ
þ . x 2
1 2
Ð
2 3 4
pffiffi3 ÿ x dx ¼ 6 ÿ ¼ 3 . Next, ak ¼ ÿ x cos kx dx

ÿ 2 x2 x2 x
17. cos 29 ¼ cosð30 ÿ 1Þ ¼ cos 6 ÿ 180 ¼ 2 ÿ sin kx þ k22 cos kx
Ð
p
¼ k sin kx ÿ 2 x sin kx ¼ k
3 ÿ 2 1 ÿ 3
ffiffi

1
ÿ ÿ ÿ 2
ÿ ÿ þ þ ¼

ÿ 2 cos kx ¼ k sin kx þ k2x 1
Ð x
2 180 4 180 2 180 2 cos kx ÿ k 3 sin kx ÿ
4
0:866025 þ 0:008727 ÿ 0:00013 ¼ 0:8746 ÿ k2 ; k odd
¼ 4 k even . Also, bk ¼ 0 since
2 ;
ÿ 2
18. sinhðln 1:9Þ ¼ sinhðlnð2 ÿ 0:1ÞÞ ¼ sinh lnln0:1 ; k
2
sinhðln 1:9Þ ¼ 34 þ 54 ðln 1:9 ÿ ln 1Þ þ 34 ðln 1:9ÿln 2Þ x2 sin kx is an odd function. Hence, we obtain
2 2
þ ¼ 0:75 ÿ 0:06412 þ 0:00099 ÿ 0:00003 ¼ hðxÞ ¼ 3 ÿ 4 cos x þ 242 cos cos 2x ÿ 342 cos 3x þ
4 2
P1 ðÿ1Þk
0:6868. 42 cos 4x ÿ ¼ 3 þ 4 k¼1 k2 cos kx.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 y
19. 9:1 ¼ 3 þ 16 ð:1Þ ÿ 1ð0:1Þ
432 2 ¼ 3 þ 0:016667
10
ÿ0:000046 ¼ 3:0166 8
6
2 3 4
20. lnð1:1Þ ¼ 0:1 ÿ 0:12 þ 0:13 ÿ 0:14 ¼ 0:1 ÿ 0:005 þ 2
x
0:0003333 ÿ 0:000025 ¼ 0:09531 –2π –2 2π 4π 6π

1 ÿ < x < 0 24. jðxÞ ¼ 4 x2 ; ÿ < x < , period ¼ 2. First,
21. f ðxÞ ¼ , period ¼ 2 so L ¼ .
0 0<x< 1
Ð ÿ 1
ÿ x3

1
Ð 1 0
Ð 1 0
a0 ¼ 2 2
ÿ 4 ÿ x dx ¼ 2 4x ÿ 3 ÿ
¼ 1
First, a0 ¼ 2 ÿ f ðxÞdx ¼ 2 ÿ 1dx ¼ 2 x ÿ ¼ 3 2
4 ÿ 3 ¼ 4 ÿ 3 . (Note: the function is even).
ÿ
1 1
Ð
2. Next, we have ak ¼ ÿ f ðxÞ cos kx dx ¼
1 ÿ
ð
1 0 0 1 0
Ð 1
Ð
ÿ cos kx dx ¼ k sin kx ÿ ¼ 0. Also, bk ¼ ÿ 4 ÿ x2 kx dx

ak ¼
1
0 1
ðÿ
sin kx dx ¼ k ðÿ cos kxÞÿ ¼ k ðÿ1 þ cosðÿkÞÞ 1 1 2
ð
¼ 4 cos kx ÿ x cos kx dx
ÿ ÿ

0; if k is even
¼ ÿ2 . Thus, f ðxÞ ¼ 12 ÿ 2 sin x þ
4 x 2
k if is odd ¼ sin kx ÿ sin kx
2 2 1 2
P1 sinð2kÿ1Þx k k
3 sin 3x ÿ 5 sin 5x ÿ ¼ 2 ÿ 2kÿ1 .

k¼1 x 1
þ 2 cos kx ÿ 3 cos kx
y kÿ4 k ÿ
2 k even
2 ¼ k4
k2 k odd
x ÿ
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 bk ¼ 0 since 4 ÿ x2 sin kx is ankþ1 odd function.
P ðÿ1Þ
Hence jðxÞ ¼ 4 ÿ 3 þ 4 1
–2 2
k¼1 k2 cos kx.

1 ÿ < x < 0 y
22. gðxÞ ¼ , period 2 so L ¼ .
2 0<x< 6
4
1 1 0 1
Ð Ð Ð
First, a0 ¼ 2 ÿ gðxÞdx ¼ 2 ÿ 1 dx þ 2 0 2 dx x
–2π 2π 4π 6π
–6
CHAPTER 30 TEST 609
CHAPTER
ER 30 TEST
3 5 7
Since sin x ¼ x ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! þ , we get sin x2 ¼
Ð 0
1. 1
þ 2 cos xdx ¼ 21
ðÿ sin xÞÿ þ 2 1
ðsin xÞ0 ¼ 0.
6 10 14
0
x2 ÿ x3! þ x5! ÿ x7! þ
Ð Ð0
Then, we have ak ¼ 1 ÿ gðxÞ cos kxdx ¼ 1 ÿ
2 4 6
Since cos x ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! ÿ x6! þ , ÿ cos x cos kx dx þ 1 0 cos x cos kx dx. These inte-
Ð
2. we obtain
pffiffiffi 2 3 grals add up to 0 since the cosine function is even
cos x ¼ 1 ÿ 2!x þ x4! ÿ x6! þ
and the product of the cosine functions is even.
hðxÞ ¼ 1x ; hð2Þ ¼ 12 ; h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿx2 ; h0 ð2Þ ¼ ÿ 14 ; h00 ðxÞ ¼
Ð0 Ð
3. Hence, ÿ ¼ 0 and, since one of the integrals is
2xÿ3 ; h00 ð2Þ ¼ 14 ; h000 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ6xÿ4 ; h000 ð2Þ ¼ ÿ6
24 . Thus,
negative, theirÐ 0 sum is 0. We also Ð have, for
1 ðxÿ2Þ
2
k < 1; bk ¼ 1 ÿ ÿ cos x sin kx dx þ 1 0 cos x sin kx
we see that hðxÞ ¼ 1x ¼ 1 1
2 ÿ 4 ðx ÿ 2Þ þ 4 2! ÿ
cosðkþ1Þx 0
dx. By form 72 this is 1 cosðkÿ1Þx

2ðkÿ1Þ þ 2ðkþ1Þ ÿ
3 2 3
6
ðxÿ2Þ
24 3! þ ¼ 12 ÿ ðxÿ2Þ
4 þ
ðxÿ2Þ
8
ðxÿ2Þ
ÿ 16 þ
cosðkþ1Þx
þ 1 ÿ cosðkÿ1Þx ¼ 1 ÿ cosðkÿ1ÞðÿÞ

2ðkÿ1Þ ÿ ÿ
k
ðxÿ2Þk
¼ 1 ¼ ðÿ1Þ2kþ1
P
k¼0 . kþ1 0 2ðkÿ1Þ
cosðkþ1ÞðÿÞ
1 ð0:1Þ ð0:1Þ 2 3 1
þ 2ðkÿ1Þ 1
þ 2ðkþ1Þ ÿ cosðkÿ1Þ cosðkþ1Þ
2ðkÿ1Þ ÿ 2ðkþ1Þ
4. 2:1 ¼ 12 ÿ 0:1
4 þ 8 ÿ 16 ¼ 0:5 ÿ 0:025 þ 0:00125
2ðkþ1Þ

1 1
ÿ 0:0000625 ¼ 0:47619 þ 2ðkÿ1Þ þ 2ðkþ1Þ . When k is odd, cosðk ÿ 1ÞðÿÞ¼
cosðk þ 1ÞðÿÞ ¼ cosðk ÿ 1Þ ¼ cosðk þ 1Þ ¼ 1,
5. jðxÞ ¼ x1=3 ; jðÿ1Þ ¼ ÿ1; j0 ðxÞ ¼ 13 xÿ2=3 ; y0 ðÿ1Þ ¼ and so bk ¼ 0. When k is even, cosðk ÿ 1ÞðÿÞ ¼
1 00
3 ; y ðxÞ ¼ ÿ 29 ðxÞÿ5=3 ; y00 ðÿ1Þ ¼ 29 ; y000 ðxÞ ¼ 10
27 cosðk þ 1ÞðÿÞ ¼ cosðk ÿ 1Þ ¼ cosðk þ 1Þ ¼
ÿ8=3 000
; y ðÿ1Þ ¼ 10 1 ÿ1, and so we get bk ¼ 1 2ðkÿ1Þ
4 4
þ 2ðkþ1Þ ¼ ðk4k
2 ÿ1Þ.
x 27. Hence, jðxÞ ¼ ÿ1 þ 3 ðx þ 1Þþ
2
ðxþ1Þ
2
10 ðxþ1Þ
3
ðxþ1Þ ðxþ1Þ
þ 5ðxþ1Þ
2 3
In particular, b2 ¼ ð242 8 44 16
2 ÿ1Þ ¼ 3 ; b4 ¼ ð42 ÿ1Þ ¼ 15 ;
9 2! þ 27 3! ¼ ÿ1 þ 3 þ 9 81 .
p
3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð0:1Þ ð0:1Þ2 5ð0:1Þ3 24
b6 ¼ 35
Ð0
. Now, k ¼ 1 yields b1 ¼ 1 ÿ ðÿ cos x sin x
6. 0:9 ¼ ÿ1 þ 3 þ 9 þ 81 ¼ ÿ1 þ

dxÞ þ 1 0 cos x sin x dx ¼ 0. Putting it all together,
Ð
0:03333 þ 0:001111 þ 0:000062 ¼ ÿ0:96549 ÿ
we get gðxÞ ¼ 8 sin32x þ 2 sin 2x 3 sin 2x
15 þ 35 þ ¼
7. f ðxÞ ¼ x; 0 < x < 2, period is 2 so L ¼ . First, 1 k sin 2x
8
P
1 2 1 x2 2 k¼1 4k2 ÿ1 .
Ð
a0 ¼ 2 0 x dx ¼ 2 2 0 ¼ . Next, we see that
2 Ð 2 y
ak ¼ 1 0 x cos kx dx ¼ k21 0 kx cos kxk dx ¼
Ð
1 2 2
k2 ½cos kx þ kx sin kx0 ¼ 0. We also determine that
1 2
Ð 2 x
bk ¼ 0 x sin kx dx ¼ k21 0 kx sin kxk dx ¼
Ð
–3π –1π 1π 3π 5π
2 –2
1
k2 ½sin kx ÿ kx cos kx0 ¼ k21 ½ÿ2k ¼ ÿ2
k . Hence,
ÿ
we obtain f ðxÞ ¼ ÿ2 sin x þ sin22x þ sin33x þ ¼ 2 4
P1 sin kx 9. The Maclaurin series for cos x is 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! þ ,
ÿ 2 k¼1 k . 3 2 3 4
ÿ ðx2!Þ
þ ðx4!Þ þ ¼ 1 ÿ x2! þ x4!
6 12
so cos x3 ¼ 1 þ
y
Ð2 3
Ð2 ÿ 6 12
. Thus, 1 cos x dx ¼ 1 1 ÿ x2! þ x4! þ dx ¼
2π
x 7
x 13 2
x ÿ 72! þ 134! þ 1 19:1136 ÿ 0:9318 ¼
x 18:1818.
–4π –2π 2π 4π 6π 2 3
10. The Maclaurin series for ex is 1 þ x þ x2! þ x3! þ ,
–2π
2 4 6
so eÿ0:30t ¼ 1 ÿ 0:30t2 þ 0:09t ÿ 0:027t þ .
Ð 0:15 ÿ0:30t2 Ð2!0:15 ÿ 3!
Thus, q ¼ 0 e dt ¼ 0 1 ÿ 0:30t2 þ
ÿ cos x
ÿ < x < 0
8. gðxÞ ¼ , period is 2 so 0:09t 4
0:027t 6 3 5
0<x<
cos x 2! ÿ 3! þ dt ¼ t ÿ 0:10t þ 0:009t
7 0:15
1 1 0 ÿ 0:027t
73! þ 0 0:149663 C.
Ð Ð
L ¼ . First, a0 ¼ 2 ÿ gðxÞdx ¼ 2 ÿ ÿ cos x dx
CHAPTER
31
First-Order Differential Equations
31.1 SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. y ¼ ex ; y0 ¼ ex ; y00 ¼ ex . Hence y00 ÿ y ¼ ex ÿ ex ¼ 0 15. y ¼ 5eÿ3x þ 2e2x ; y0 ¼ ÿ15eÿ3x þ 4e2x ; y00 ¼

45eÿ3x þ 8e2x . Hence y00 þ y0 ÿ 6y ¼ ð45eÿ3x þ
2. y ¼ e2x þ ex ; y0 ¼ 2e2x ¼ ex ; y00 ¼ 4e2x þ ex . Hence
8e2x Þþ ðÿ15eÿ2x þ4e2x Þÿ6ð5eÿ3x þ 2e2x Þ ¼ ð45ÿ
y00 ÿ 4y0 þ 4y ¼ ð4e2x þ ex Þ ÿ 4ð2e2x þ ex Þ þ
15 ÿ 30Þeÿ3x þ ð8 þ 4 ÿ 12Þe2x ¼ 0
4ðe2x þ ex Þ ¼ 4e2x þex ÿ 8e2x ÿ 4ex þ 4e2x þ 4ex ¼
ð4 ÿ 8 þ 4Þe2x þ ð1 ÿ 4 þ 4Þex ¼ ex . 16. y ¼ 5 cos x; y0 ¼ ÿ5 sin x; y00 ¼ ÿ5 cos x. Hence
y00 þ y ¼ ÿ5 cos x þ 5 cos x ¼ 0.
3. y ¼ 2x3 , y0 ¼ 6x2 . Hence xy0 ¼ x6x2 ¼ 6x3 ¼ 3
2x3 ¼ 3y y0 ¼ y00 dx ¼ 6x2 dx ¼ 2x3 þ C1 . Since y0 ð1Þ ¼
Ð Ð
17.
4. 3 0 2 0
y ¼ x þ 3, y ¼ 3x . Hence 3y ÿ xy ¼ 3ðx þ 3Þÿ 3 ÿ2; 2ð1Þ3 þ C1 ¼ 2 þ C1 ¼ 2 þ C1 ¼ ÿ2 or C1 ¼
xð3x2 Þ ¼ 3x3 þ 9 ÿ 3x3 ¼ 9 ÿ4 so y0 ¼ 2x3 ÿ 4. Next, we see that y ¼
Ð 0 4
y dx ¼ ð2x3 ÿ4Þdx ¼ x2 ÿ 4x þ C2 . Since yð1Þ ¼
Ð
5. y ¼ 5 cos x; y0 ¼ ÿ5 sin x. Hence y0 þ y tan x ¼
ÿ5 sin x þ 5 cos x tan x ¼ ÿ5 sin x þ 5 sin x ¼ 0 3; 12 ÿ 4 þ C2 ¼ 3 or C2 ¼ 6 12. Hence y ¼ 12 x4 ÿ
4x þ 6 12
6. y ¼ e ÿ 1; y0 ¼ ex . Hence y0 ÿ y ¼ ex ÿ ðex ÿ 1Þ ¼ 1
y0 ¼ y00 dx ¼ sin x dx ¼ ÿ cos x þ C1 , since
Ð Ð
7. y ¼ x2 þ 3x; y0 ¼ 2x þ 3; y00 ¼ 2. Hence xy0 ÿ 2y þ 18.
3xy00 ÿ3x ¼ xð2x þ 3Þÿ 2ðx3 þ 3xÞ þ 3xð2Þÿ 3x ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 2; ÿ cos 0 þ C1 ¼ 2 ) C1 ¼ 3. Thus,
2x2 þ 3x ÿ 2x2 ÿ 6x þ 6x ÿ 3x ¼ 0 y¼
Ð 0 Ð
8. y ¼ 4x2 ; y0 ¼ 8x. Hence xy0 ¼ xð8xÞ ¼ 8x2 ¼ 2 4x2 y dx ¼ ðÿ cos x þ 3Þdx ¼ ÿ sin x þ 3x þ C2 .
¼ 2y Since yðÞ ¼ ; ÿ sin þ 3 þ C2 ¼ ) C2 ¼
9. y ¼ 2ex þ 3eÿx ÿ 4x; y0 ¼ 2ex ÿ 3eÿx ÿ 4; y00 ¼ ÿ2. y ¼ ÿ sin x þ 3x ÿ 2.
2ex þ3eÿx . Hence y00 ÿ y ¼ ð2ex þ 3eÿx Þ ÿ ð2ex þ
y ¼ dy
Ð Ð 2
ÿ
3eÿx ÿ 4xÞ ¼ 4x
19. dx dx ¼ sec x dx ¼ tan x þ C. Since y 4 ¼
ÿ6; tan 4 þ C ¼ ÿ6 ) C ¼ ÿ7 so y ¼ tan x ÿ 7.
10. x2 ÿ y2 þ 2xy ¼ 9. Using implicit differentiation
we get 2xÿ2yy0 þ 2xy0 þ 2y ¼ 0 or y0 ð2x ÿ 2yÞ ¼ y0 ¼ y00 dx ¼ eÿx dx ¼ ÿeÿx þ C1 , since y0 ð0Þ ¼
Ð Ð
20.
2xþ2y yþx
ÿ2x ÿ 2y or y0 ¼ 2yÿ2x ¼ yÿx 0; ÿe0 þ C1 ¼ 0 ) ÿ1 þ C1 ¼ 0 or C1 ¼ 1. So,
y ¼ y0 dx ¼ ðÿeÿx þ 1Þdx ¼ eÿx þ x þ C2 . Since
Ð Ð
11. y ¼ 9x2 þ 6x ÿ 54; y0 ¼ 18x þ 6; y00 ¼ 18; y000 ¼ 0
yð1Þ ¼ ÿ1; eÿ1 þ 1 þ C2 ¼ ÿ1 ) C2 ¼ ÿ2 ÿ eÿ1
12. xy2 ¼ 7x ÿ 3 so y2 ¼ 7 ÿ 3xÿ1 , Using implicit so y ¼ eÿx þ x ÿ 2 ÿ eÿ1 .
differentiation we get 2yy0 ¼ 3xÿ2 or y0 ¼ 2yx 3
2 ¼
3 ÿ1 ÿ2 00 3 ÿ2 0 ÿ1 ÿ1 ÿ3 21. As in Example 32.0, we have aðtÞ ¼ ÿ30, so
2 y x ; y ¼ ÿ y y x ÿ 3y x ¼
2 vðtÞ ¼ ÿ30t þ C1 . We were given vð0Þ ¼ 65 mph
ÿ 32 yÿ2 32 yÿ1 xÿ2 xÿ2 ÿ 3yÿ1 xÿ3 ¼ ÿ 94 yÿ3 xÿ4 ÿ
ÿ
¼ 95 13 ft/s and so vðtÞ ¼ ÿ30t þ 95 13 ft/s. By
3yÿ1 xÿ3 . Hence xðy0 Þ2 þ 2yy0 þ xyy00 ¼
2 integrating, we obtain sðtÞ ¼ ÿ15t2 þ 95 13 t þ C2 .
x 32 yÿ1 xÿ2 þ2y 32 yÿ1 xÿ2 þ xy ÿ 94 yÿ3 xÿ4 ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
Since sð0Þ ¼ 0, we see that C2 ¼ 0 and thus
3yÿ1 xÿ3 Þ ¼ 94 yÿ2 xÿ3 þ 3xÿ2 þ 94 yÿ2 xÿ3 ÿ 3xÿ2 ¼ 0
sðtÞ ¼ ÿ15t2 þ 95 13 t.
13. y ¼ x2 þ 4; y0 ¼ 2x (a) When the car stops vðtÞ ¼ ÿ30t þ 95 13 ¼ 0.
14. 2y ¼ sin x; y0 ¼ 12 cos x; y00 ¼ ÿ 12 sin x. Hence y00 þ Solving for t, we see that the car will stop in about
5y ¼ ÿ 12 sin x þ 5 12 sin x ¼ 2 sin x t ¼ 3:178 s.
610
SECTION 31.1 611
(b) Substituting t ¼ 3:178 s in the equation for 28. We begin with the result of Exercise 0 with pðtÞ ¼
sðtÞ, we get sð3:178Þ 151:474. The car takes ÿ75t þ 500. At t ¼ 3, she has 275 mg from the
about 151.474 ft to stop. first tablet plus 500 mg from the second tablet.
Now, solving pðtÞÿ75þC when t ¼ 3 and pðtÞ ¼
22. Here aðtÞ ¼ ÿ28, so vðtÞ ¼ ÿ28tþC1 . Since vð0Þ ¼
775 we get C ¼ 1000. Putting these results with
70 mph ¼ 102 23 ft/s, we have vðtÞ ¼ ÿ28t þ 102 23. those from Exercise 0 we find that
Integrating, we get sðtÞ ¼ ÿ14t2 þ 102 23.
ÿ75t þ 500 if 0 3
(a) Setting vðtÞ ¼ 0 and solving for t, we see that pðtÞ ¼
ÿ75t þ 1000 if t 3
it takes t ¼ 3 23 s to stop the car.
(b) Substituting t ¼ 3 23 s in the equation for sðtÞ, where t represents the number of hours since the
we get s 3 23 ¼ 188 29 ft. It takes the car 188 29 ft first pill was taken. Solving pðtÞ ¼ ÿ75t þ 1000
ÿ
to stop. for t we get t ¼ 13 13 h after the first pill was taken

or 10 13 h after the second pill was taken before all
23. (a) The cars will strike when sðtÞ ¼ 151. Solving the pain reliever is metabolized.
sðtÞ ¼ ÿ15t2 þ 95 13 t ¼ 151 or 15t2 ÿ95 13 tþ151 ¼
29. Let cðtÞ be the number of mg of cortisone still in
0 for t we get t ¼ 3 s. the patient’s system t hours after taking the 5 mg
(b) When they strike vð3Þ ¼ ÿ30ð3Þ þ 95 13 ¼ 5 13.
dose. We are given dcðtÞ 1ffi 1 ÿ1=2
dt ¼ ÿ 2 t ¼ ÿ 2 t
p as the
So, the first car is going 5 13 mph.
rate of metabolism. Integrating, produces cðtÞ ¼
24. (a) The cars hit when sðtÞ ¼ 184:5. Solving sðtÞ ¼ ÿt1=2 þ C. At t ¼ 0, there are 5 mg in the system,
ÿ14t2 ¼ 102 23 ¼ 184:5, we get t 3:15 s. so C ¼ 5 and cðtÞ ¼ ÿt1=2 þ 5. We want to find t
(b) At t ¼ 3:15; vð3:15Þ ¼ ÿ28t þ 102 23 ¼ so that cðtÞ ¼ ÿt1=2 þ 5 ¼ 0. Solving for t, we get
pffi
ÿ28ð3:15Þ þ 102 23 14:47. The car is moving at t ¼ 5 and so t ¼ 25 h.
around 14.47 mph when the cars hit.
30. (a) Differentiating the given value of N, we see
25. (a) Acceleration is gravity, g ¼ ÿ32ft=s2 . So,
that the left-hand side of the equation is dN dt ¼
vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t þ C1 . Since vð0Þ ¼ 64, we have C1 ¼
4;000Ceÿ4t
64 and vðtÞ ¼ ÿ32t þ 64. Thus, the ball’s position ð1þCeÿ4t Þ2
. Substituting the given value of N in the
is sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 64t þ C2 . At t ¼ 0, we are given

1 1;000
right-hand side, we obtain 250 1þCeÿ4t 1;000
sð0Þ ¼ 192, so C2 ¼ 192 and sðtÞ ¼ ÿ16t2 þ 64t þ ÿ4t
1;000
192 ¼ ÿ16ðt2 ÿ 4t ÿ 12Þ ¼ ÿ16ðt ÿ 6Þðt þ 2Þ. ÿ 1þCe ÿ4t which simplifies to ð4;000Ce
1þCeÿ4t Þ2
. Since this
The ball will strike the ground at t ¼ 6 s. is the same as the left-hand side, we have shown
(b) At t ¼ 6; vð6Þ ¼ ÿ32ð6Þ þ 64 ¼ ÿ128, so it 1;000
is going 128 ft/s downward when it strikes the that NðtÞ ¼ 1þCe ÿ4t is a general solution of the gen-
dN 1
ground. eral differential equation dt ¼ 250 Nð1;000 ÿ NÞ.
2
26. (a) Since aðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8 m=s we have vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t þ (b) Substituting 0 for t and setting Nð0Þ ¼ 200, we
C1 . Since vð0Þ ¼ 29:4, we have vðtÞ ¼ ÿ9:8t þ 1;000
obtain ¼ 1;000
1þC ¼ 200 or 1000 ¼ 200ð1þ
29:4. Integrating, we obtain sðtÞ ¼ ÿ4:9t2 þ 1þCeÿ40
29:4t þ C2 . We are given sð0Þ ¼ 34:3 m, so sðtÞ ¼ CÞ ¼ 200 þ 200C or 200C ¼ 800 and C ¼ 4.
ÿ4:9t2 þ 34:3 ¼ ÿ4:9ðt2 ÿ 6t ÿ 7Þ ¼ ÿ16ðt ÿ 7Þ 31. If i ¼ VR þ keÿRt=L , then dtdi
¼ ÿ kR ÿRt=L
. Substitut-
L e
ðt þ 1Þ. The ball will strike the ground at t ¼ 7 s.
ing this into the original differential equation,
(b) When it hits the ground, its velocity is vð7Þ ¼
ÿRt=L
þ R þ keÿRt=L ¼
ÿ ÿV
ÿ9:8ð7Þ þ 29:4 ¼ ÿ39:2, so it is going 39.2 m/s we obtain L ÿ kR L e
downward when it strikes the ground. ÿkReÿRt=L þV þ kReÿRt=L ¼ V, which was to be
shown.
27. (a) Let pðtÞ be the number of mg of pain reliever
still in her system t hours after taking the tablet. 32. If NðtÞ ¼ 200 ÿ Ceÿ0:5t , then dN dt ¼ 0:5Ce
ÿ0:5t
.
We are given dpðtÞ
dt ¼ ÿ75 as the rate of metabolism.
Substituting this into the differential equation, pro-
Integrating, we get pðtÞ ¼ ÿ75t þ C. At t ¼ 0, duces
there are 500 mg in the system, so C ¼ 500 and 0:5Ceÿ0:5 t ¼ 100 ÿ 0:5 200 ÿ Ceÿ0:5 t
ÿ
pðtÞ ¼ ÿ75t þ 500. ÿ0:5 t
¼ 100 ÿ 100 þ 0:5Ce
(b) We want to find t so that pðtÞ ¼ ÿ115t þ ¼ 0:5Ceÿ0:5 t
500 ¼ 0. Solving for t, we get t ¼ 6 23 h.
Thus, 0:5Ceÿ0:5t ¼ 0:5Ceÿ0:5t , which was to be
shown.
612 CHAPTER 31 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
31.2 SEPARATION OF VARIABLES

2
y0 ¼ dy
1. 2x
dx ¼ y ) 2x dx ÿ y dy ¼ 0. Integrating we get 12. ex dy þ x 4 ÿ y2 dx ¼ 0 is the same as pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 ffi
2
dy
4ÿy
x ÿ 2 y ¼ C1 or 12 y2 ÿ x2 ¼ C2 or y2 ÿ 2x2 ¼ C3.
2 1 2
þ exx2 dx ¼ 0. Integration yields arcsin 2y ÿ 12 eÿx þ
2
2. dy
dx ¼ 2yx ) 2y dx ÿ x dy ¼ 0. The integrating factor C ¼ 0.
Iðx; yÞ is xy1 . Multiplying and cancelling we get 13. 2y þ eÿ3x y0 ¼ 0 ) 2y dxþ eÿ3x dy ¼ 0 ) 2e3x dx þ
2 1
x dxÿ y dy ¼ 0. Integration yields
2ln jxjÿ ln jyj ¼ 1
dy ¼ 0. Integration yields 23 e3x þ ln jyj ¼ C
y
x2
ln C ) ln x2 ÿ ln y ¼ ln C ) ln ¼
2
y 14. sin2 y dx þ cos2 x dx ¼ 0. First multiply by sin2 y1cos2 x
ln C ) xy ¼ C. Hence x2 ¼ Cy or y ¼ Cx2. 1
to obtain cos2 x dx þ sin12 y dy ¼ 0 or sec2 x dx þ
3. 5x dxþ3y2 dy ¼ 0. Integrating we get 52 x2 þ y3 ¼ C 2
csc y dy ¼ 0. This integrates to tan x ÿ cot y ¼ C
4. 5y dx þ 3y2 dy ¼ 0. Multiply first by Iðx; yÞ ¼ 1y. 15. ðy2 ÿ 4Þ cos x dx þ 2y sin x dy ¼ 0. Multiplying by
This yields 5 dx þ 3y dy ¼ 0. Now by integration the integrating factor yields cos x 2y
sin x dx þ y2 ÿ4 dy ¼ 0.
5x þ 32 y2 ¼ C. Integration yields ln j sin xj þ ln jy2 ÿ 4j ¼ ln C.

5. 5y dx þ 3 dy ¼ 0. Multiply by Iðx; yÞ ¼ 1y to get This simplifies to y2 ÿ 4j sin xj ¼ C or ðy2 ÿ
5 dx þ 3y ¼ 0. Now by integrating we get 5x þ 4Þ sin xj ¼ C.
3 ln jyj ¼ C ð1 þ xÞ2 y0 ¼ 1 ) ð1 þ xÞ2 dy
16. dx ¼ 1 or dy ¼ ð1 þ
6. 4y dx ÿ 3x dy ¼ 0. Multiplying by x21y5 we get
5 2
xÞÿ2 dx. Integration yields y ¼ ÿð1 þ xÞÿ1 þ C, or
1
4 3 ÿ1 3 ÿ4 y ¼ 1þx þ C.
x2 dxÿ y5 dy ¼ 0. Integration yields ÿ4x þ 4 y
2 2 2
¼ C. yðx ÿ1Þ y þ3
17. y0 ¼ xy2yÿy dy 2
þ3 ¼ y2 þ3 ¼ dx. Hence ðx ÿ 1Þdx ¼ y
2
7. 4y5 dx ÿ 3x2 y dy ¼ 0. Multiplying by Iðx; yÞ ¼ 1
y5 x2
dy. Integrating we get 13 x3 ÿ x ¼ y2 þ 3 ln jyj þ C
we get 4
x2 dx ÿ y34 dy ¼ 0. Now integration yields or 12 y2 þ 3 ln jyj ¼ 13 x3 ÿ x þ C.
ÿ1 ÿ3
ÿ4x þ y ¼ C. 18. dy y
¼ x2 þ6xþ9 is equivalent to 1y dy ¼ ðxþ3Þ
1
2 dx. Inte-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx
1þy2
xyy0 þ 1 þ y2 ¼ 0 is the same as dy gration yields ln jyj ¼ ÿðx þ 3Þÿ1 þ C or ln jyj þ
8. dx þ xy ¼ 0.
1
xþ3 ¼ C.
Hence we get 1 þ y2 dx þ xy dx ¼ 0. Iðx; yÞ ¼
1 ffi
and multiplying by this integrating factor 19. sec 3x dy þ y2 esin 3x dx ¼ 0 is equivalent to y12 dy þ
1þy2 x
y ffi cos 3xesin 3x dx ¼ 0. Integration yields ÿ 1y þ
gives 1x dx þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dy ¼ 0. Integration now yields 1 sin 3x
1þy2
3e ¼C
2 1=2
12
ln jxj þ 2 1 ð1 þ y Þ þC or ln jxj þ 1 þ y2 ¼ C.
20. 2xy þ ð1 þ x2 Þy0 ¼ 0. The integrating factor is
9. x3 ðy2 þ 4Þ þ yy0 ¼ 0 is the same as x3 ðy2 þ 1 2x 1
yð1þx2 Þ. Multiplying yields 1þx2 dx ¼ y dy ¼ 0.
4Þdx þ y dy ¼ 0. Multiplying by y21þ4 yields 2
Integrating yields lnð1 þ x Þ þ ln jyj ¼ ln C. This
x3 dx þ y2 yþ4 ¼ 0. Now integration gives us 14 x4 þ simplifies to ð1 þ x2 Þjyj ¼ C
1 2 1 4
2 lnðy þ 4Þ ¼ C1 or 4 x þ ln y2 þ 4 ¼ C1 or
21. y0 þ y2 x3 ¼ 0 becomes y12 dy þ x3 dx ¼ 0. Integra-
1 4 2
2x þ lnðy þ 4Þ ¼ C2 . 4
tion yields the general solution ÿ 1y þ x4 þ C. Sub-
10. 4
ÿ 4
x ðy3 ÿ 3Þdx þ y2 x5 ÿ 2 dy ¼ 0 becomes x5xÿ2 dx stituting ÿ1 for y and 2 for x we get 1 þ 4 ¼ C so
2 C ¼ 5. The particular solution is ÿ 1y þ 14 x4 ¼ 5.
þ y3yÿ3 dy ¼ 0. Integration yields 15 ln x5 ÿ 2þ

22. x dy þ y dx ¼ 0 becomes 1y dy þ 1x dx ¼ 0. Integra-

1 3

5
3 ln y ÿ 3 ¼ ln jCj. This is the same as x ÿ

1=5 3 1=3 tion yields the general solution ln jyj þ ln jxj ¼
2 . y ÿ 3 ¼ C ln C or xy ¼ C. Substituting 3 for y and 2 for x
11.
2
yex dy ¼ 2xðy2 þ 4Þdx. The integrating factor is we get C ¼ 6. The particular solution is xy ¼ 6.
3xþxy2 xð3þy2 Þ
Iðx; yÞ ¼ ðy2 þ41 Þ3x2 . Multiplying by Iðx; yÞ yields 23. dy y
dx ¼ yþx2 y ¼ yð1þx2 Þ . This is equivalent to 3þy2
y
y2 þ4 dy ¼ e2xx2 dx. Now integration yields 1 2
2 lnðy þ
x
dy ¼ 1þx 2 dx. Integration yields the general solu-
ÿx2 2
4Þ ¼ ÿe þ C or ln y2 þ 4 ¼ ÿeÿx þ C or tion 1 2
2 lnð3 þ y Þ ¼ 12 lnð1 þ x2 Þ þ 12 ln C or ð3 þ
2 ÿx2
lnðy þ 4Þ ¼ ÿ2e þ C2 . 2 2
y Þ=ð1 þ x Þ ¼ C. Substituting 3 for y and 1 for x
SECTION 31.2 613
we get 122 ¼ 6 ¼ C. The particular solution is

3þy2 90 ¼ 120 ÿ 80eÿ45k
1þx2 ¼ 6. 90 ÿ 120
eÿ45k ¼ ¼ 0:375
24. sin2 y dx þ cos x dy ¼ 0 is the same as sec2 x dx þ ÿ80
csc2 y dy ¼ 0. Integration yields the general solu- ÿ45k ¼ ln 0:375 ÿ0:980829
tion tan x ÿ cot y ¼ C. Substituting 3 k 0:021796
4 for y and 4
3
for x we get tan 4 ÿ cot 4 ¼ 1 þ 1 ¼ 2 ¼ C. The Hence, TðtÞ ¼ Tm þ ð40 ÿ Tm Þeÿ0:021796t , where t
particular solution is tan x ÿ cot y ¼ 2. is in minutes
(b) 90 ¼ 150 þ ð40 ÿ 150Þeÿ0:021796 t
25. y0 ¼ dy 2 2
dx ¼ 3x y ÿ 2y ¼ yð3x ÿ 2Þ. Hence we get
1 2 90 ÿ 150
y dy ¼ ð3x ÿ 2Þdx. Integration yields the general eÿ0:021796 t ¼ 0:545454
ÿ110
solution ln jyj ¼ x3 ÿ 2x þ C. Substituting y ¼
ÿ0:021796 t ¼ ln 0:545454
x ¼ 1 we get ln 1 ¼ 1 ÿ 2 þ C or C ¼ 1. The par-
t ¼ 27:8
ticular solution is ln jyj ¼ x3 ÿ 2x þ 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi It will take about 27.8 min.
26. 1 þ 9x2 dy ¼ y4 x dx. Multiplying by the integrat- (c) It will never reach 90 F.
1
ing factor y4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1þ9x2
we get y14 dy ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x
1þ9x2
dx. Inte- dx 5
ÿ1 29. ¼ or dx ¼ 5 dt
grating to get the general solution produces 3y 3 ¼
1 2 1=2 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð dt ðx
9 ð1þ9x Þ þC. This is equivalent to 1 þ 9x2 þ
x dx ¼ 5 dt
3
y3 ¼ C. Substituting y ¼ ÿ1 and x ¼ 0 we get
pffiffiffi 1 2
1 þ ðÿ3Þ ¼ ÿ2 ¼ C. Hence the particular solu- x ¼ 5t þ C1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
tion is 1 þ 9x2 þ y33 ¼ ÿ2 or 1 þ 9x2 ¼ y33 þ x2 ¼ 10t þ C
2 ¼ 0. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ 10t þ C
27. (a) As in Example 32.13, the general solution is
T ¼ Tm þ ðT0 ÿ Tm Þeÿkt , where Tm ¼ 325 F and When t ¼ 0 (6:00 a.m.), x ¼ 2 and so, C ¼ 4. We
T0 ¼ 10 F. Hence, T ¼ 325 þ ðÿ315Þeÿkt . After want to solve for t when x ¼ 6.
t ¼ 1 hour, T ¼ 75 F. Substituting, we solve for k pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
6 ¼ 10t þ 4
75 ¼ 325 ÿ 315eÿk 36 ¼ 10t þ 4
75 ÿ 325 10t ¼ 32
eÿk ¼ 0:793651
ÿ315 t ¼ 3:2
ÿk ¼ ln 0:79365
The ice will be 6 in. thick 3.2 hours or about 3 hr
k 0:231112
24 min after 6:00 a.m., or at about 9:24 a.m.
The particular solution is T ¼ 325 ÿ 315eÿ0:231112t . 30. (a) dA
¼ ÿkA
dt
(b) Setting T ¼ 145, we solve for t.
dA
145 ¼ 325 ÿ 315eÿ0:231112 t (b) ¼ ÿk dt
A
145 ÿ 325 ln A ¼ ÿkt þ C1
eÿ0:231112 t ¼ 0:5714286
ÿ315
ÿ0:231112 t ¼ ln 0:5714286 ¼ ÿ0:559616 A ¼ eÿktþC1 ¼ ekt eC1 ¼ Cekt
(c) At t ¼ 0 and A ¼ 20, we see that C ¼ 20 and
t 2:42 since the amount of the drug decreases at a rate of
It will take about 2.42 hr 2 hr 25 min. 2% per hour, then dA dt ¼ ÿ0:02A and k ¼ ÿ0:02.
Hence, this particular solution is A ¼ 20ÿ0:02t .
28. (a) T ¼ 120 þ ð40 ÿ 120Þeÿkt ¼ 120 ÿ 80eÿkt . (d) Six hours after the injection, there is A ¼
After 45 min, T ¼ 90. Substituting this value of T 20ÿ0:02ð6Þ ¼ 20ÿ0:12 17:74 cc left in the body.
into the formula, and solving for k produces
di
31. (a) If i represents the number of people who are infected, then dt ¼ kið500;000 ÿ iÞ
di
(b) ¼ kið500; 000 ÿ iÞ
dt
1
di ¼ k dt
ið500; 000 ÿ iÞ
R 1 1
i

By form #48 in Appendix C, ið500;000ÿiÞ di ¼ 500;000 ln 500;000ÿi , so we get

1 i
¼ kt þ C1
ln
500; 000 500; 000 ÿ i

i
¼ 500; 000 kt þ C2
ln
500; 0000 ÿ i
i
¼ eð500;000 ktþC2 Þ ¼ C3 e500;000 kt
500; 000 ÿ i
i ¼ ð500; 000 ÿ iÞC3 e500;000 kt
¼ 500; 000Ce500;000 kt ÿ iC3 e500;000 kt
500;000 kt
¼ 500; 000C3 e500;000 kt
ÿ
i 1 þ C3 e
500; 000 C3 e500;000 kt
i¼
1 þ C3 e500;000 kt
500; 000C3
¼ ÿ500;000 kt
e þ C3
500; 000
¼ ÿ500;000 kt
Ce þ1
500; 000 500; 000
¼ ¼
1 þ Ceÿ500;000 kt 1 þ CeÿBt
500;000 500;000
(c) When t ¼ 0, we know that i ¼ 100, and so 100 ¼ 1þCe ÿBð0Þ ¼ 1þC . Solving this equation for C, produces
500;000 500;000
C ¼ 4;999. Thus, i ¼ 1þ4;999eÿBt . When t ¼ 10, we are given i ¼ 750, and so 750 ¼ 1þ4;999e ÿBð10Þ or
ÿBð10Þ ÿ10B ÿ10B ÿ10B 499;250
ÿ
750 1 þ 4;999e
¼ 500;000 or ð750Þ4;999e ¼ 3;749;250e ¼ 499;250 and e ¼ 3;749;250 and
499;250 500;000
ÿ10B ¼ ln 3;749;250 2 which results in B 0:201620. Thus, a particular solution is i ¼ 1þ4;999e ÿ0:201620t .
500;000
(d) Evaluating i ¼ 1þ4;999e ÿ0:201620t when t ¼ 20 produces i 5;578. Thus, around 5,578 people will be infected
after 20 days.
32. (a) Let N be the number of people who have learned about the new product. Then dN dt ¼ kð250;000 ÿ NÞ or
dN
250;000ÿN ¼ k dt. Integrating produces ÿ lnð250;000 ÿ NÞ ¼ kt þ C1 , so 250;000 ÿ N ¼ eÿktþC1 ¼ Ceÿkt and
N ¼ 250;000 ÿ Ce . At t ¼ 0, N ¼ 0, so C ¼ 250;000 and the formula is N ¼ 250;000 1 ÿ eÿkt . At t ¼ 7,
ÿkt
ÿ
we are given N ¼ 40;000, so 40;000 ¼ 250;000 1 ÿ eÿkð7Þ or 0:16 ¼ 1 ÿ eÿ7k and eÿ7k ¼ 0:84. Taking the nat-
ÿ
ural logarithm of both sides produces ÿ7k ¼ ln 0:84 and thus, k 0:0249. Hence, N ¼ 250;000ð1 ÿ eÿ0:0249t Þ.
When t ¼ 14, N ¼ 250;000 1 ÿ eÿ0:0249ð14Þ 73;581 or about 73,600 people will know about the product after
ÿ
14 days.
(b) Here N ¼ 125;000 ¼ 250;000ð1 ÿ eÿ0:0249t Þ and we want to solve for t. Dividing by 250,000 produces
0:5 ¼ 1 ÿ eÿ0:0249t or eÿ0:0249t ¼ 0:5. Thus, ln eÿ0:0249t ¼ ÿ0:0249t ¼ ln 0:5 and t ¼ ÿ0:0249
ln 0:5
27:84. It will take
almost 28 days for 125,000 people to become aware of the product.
31.3 INTEGRATING FACTORS

@ ðx2 ÿyÞ @ ðx2 þy2 Þ
1. No, @y ¼ ÿ1; @x
@x ¼ 1 3. Yes, @y ¼ 2y ¼ @2xy
@x
@ ðx2 þy2 Þ @ðxþsin yÞ
2. No, @y ¼ 2y; @xy
@x ¼ y 4. No, @y ¼ cos y; @ðÿ@xsin xÞ ¼ ÿ cos x
SECTION 31.3 615
@ðxþy cos xÞ
5. Yes, @y ¼ cos x ¼ @ sin
@x
x
we get ð4y dx ÿ 3x dyÞx3 yÿ4 ÿxÿ3 y2 ðx3 yÿ4 Þdy ¼ 0
@ ð2ye2x Þ @ ðe2x ÿ1Þ
or x3 yÿ3 dx ÿ 3x4 yÿ4 dy ÿ yÿ2 dy ¼ 0. Integration
6. Yes, @y ¼ 2e2x ¼ @x yields x4 yÿ3 þ yÿ1 ¼ C.
@ð2xyþxÞ @ ð yþx2 Þ
7. Yes, ¼ 2x ¼ 21. 2y dx þ x dy ÿ 3x dx ¼ 0. Using Iðx; yÞ ¼ x we get
@y @x
2xy dx þ x2 dy ÿ 3x2 dx ¼ 0. Integrating we have
@ ð4x y3 2
Þ @ ð3x yþ5x
4 4
Þ
8. No, @y ¼ 8x3 y; @x ¼ 12x3 y þ 20x3 x2 y ÿ x3 ¼ C.
@ðxÿyÞ
¼ ÿ1; @ðyþxÞ 22. x2 dx þ 2xy dy ÿ y2 dx ¼ 0. The second two terms
9. No, @y @x ¼ 1
are somewhat similar to the terms of form 4 in
10. No, @ðy sin xþx cos yÞ
¼ sin x ÿ s sin y; Table 32.1. Multiplying by x12 we get dx þ
@y
2xy dyÿy2 dx 2
@ ð 12y2 cos xþsin yÞ x2 ¼ 0. Integrating we get x þ yx ¼ C.
@x ¼ ÿ 12 y2 sin x.
23. 3x2 ðx2 þ y2 Þdx þ y dx ÿ x dy ¼ 0. Using Iðx; yÞ ¼
11. y dx ÿ x dy ¼ 0. By Table 32.1 we can use one of ÿ1 2 y dxÿx dy
x2 þy2 we get ÿ3x dx ÿ x2 þy2 ¼ 0. Integration
four Integrating factors. Choosing ÿ xy1 we get 3 y
yields ÿx þ arctan x ¼ C.
ÿ y dxÿx
xy
dy
¼ 0. Integration yields ln yx ¼ C1 or
24. ðx2 þ y2 Þdx ¼ 4x dxþ4y dy ¼ 4ðx dx þ y dyÞ. Using
letting C2 ¼ eC1 we get yx ¼ C2 . 1 x dxþy dy
Iðx; yÞ ¼ x2 þy 2 we get dx ¼ 4 x2 þy2 . Integration
12. y dx ÿ x dy ÿ x3 dx ¼ 0. This time choose ÿ x12 to yields x ¼ 4 12 lnðx2 þ y2 Þ þ C or x ÿ 2 lnðx2 þ

be the integration factor. Multiplication yields y2 Þ ¼ C.
ÿ y dxÿx
x2
dy
þ x dx ¼ 0. Integrating we get yx þ
1 2
2 x ¼ C.
25. tanðx2 þ y2 Þdy ¼ x dx þ y dy. First we can multiply
both sides by cotðx2 þ y2 Þ giving us dy ¼ cotðx2 þ
13. y dx ÿ x dy ÿ 5y4 dy ¼ 0. Choose Iðx; yÞ ¼ y12 .
y2 Þðx dx þ y dyÞ. Upon examination you will dis-
Multiplying by y12 we get y dxÿxy2
dy
ÿ 5y2 dy ¼ 0.
x 5 3 cover that ðx dx þ y dyÞ is the derivative of x2 þ
Integration yields y ÿ 3 y ¼ C.
y2 . Hence we can take the integral of both sides
14. y dx ÿ x dy ÿ x2 y dx ¼ 0. Choose Iðx; yÞ ¼ ÿ xy1 giving us y ¼ ln sinðx2 þ y2 Þj þ C.
giving ÿ y dxÿxxy
dy
þ x dx ¼ 0. Integrating we get 26. 8x dy þ 4y dy þ 9xÿ3 y dy ¼ 0. Let Iðx; yÞ ¼ x3 y7
y
ln x þ 12 x2 ¼ C. and multiplying yields ð8x4 y7 dy þ 4x3 y8 dxÞ þ
15. y dx þ y2 dx ¼ x dy ÿ x2 dx is equivalent to y dx ÿ 9y8 dy ¼ 0. Integration yields x4 y8 þ y9 ¼ C.
x dy þ x2 dx þ y2 dx ¼ 0. This time we choose 27. 2x dy þ 2y dx ¼ 3x3 y dx. Multiplying by xy1 we get
y dxÿx dy
Iðx; yÞ ¼ x2ÿ1
þy2 and multiplying we get ÿ x2 þy2 2 x dyþy dx
¼ 3x2 dx so the general solution is
2 2
xy
ÿ xx2 þy
þy2 dx ¼ 0. Now integration yields arctan
y
x 2 lnðxyÞ ¼ x3 þ C or ln x2 y2 ¼ x3 þ C or x2 y2 ¼
3
ÿ x ¼ C. ex þ C. Now letting x ¼ 1 and y ¼ 3 and solving
for C we get 9 ¼ e0 þ C or C ¼ 9 ÿ e. Hence the
16. y dx ÿ x dy ÿ 3 dx ¼ 0. Multiplying by Iðx; yÞ ¼ 3
particular solution is x2 y2 ¼ ex þ 9 ÿ e.
ÿ x12 we get ÿ y dxÿxx2
dy
þ x32 dx ¼ 0. Integration
y 3 yÿ3
yields x ÿ x ¼ C or x ¼ C. 28. y dx ÿ x dy ¼ x2 dx. Multiplying by ÿ x12 we get
ÿ y dxÿx
x2
dy
¼ ÿdx. Integration yields the general
17. y dx þ x dy ÿ 3x3 y dx ¼ 0. The only integrating
solution yx ¼ ÿx þ C. Now substituting y ¼ 4 and
factor is xy1 . Multiplying by this we get y dxþx
xy
dy
ÿ
x ¼ 2 we solve for C. 42 ¼ ÿ2 þ C or C ¼ 4. Hence
3x2 dx ¼ 0. Integration yields lnðxyÞ ÿ x3 ¼ C.
the particular solution is yx ¼ ÿx þ 4 or yx þ x ¼ 4.
18. x dx þ y dy ÿ 3x2 dy ÿ 3y2 dy ¼ 0. Using Iðx; yÞ ¼ 29. ðx2 þ y þ y2 Þdx ¼ x dy is equivalent to ðx2 þ y2 Þ
1 x dxþy dy
x2 þy2 we get x2 þy2 ÿ 3 dy ¼ 0. Integrating yields dx ¼ x dy ÿ y dx. Now let Iðx; yÞ ¼ x2ÿ1
þy2 and multi-
1 2
2 lnðx þ y2 Þ ÿ 3y ¼ C.
plying yield ÿdx ¼ dydÿx dy
x2 þy2 . Integration yields ÿx ¼
19. xy dx þ x2 y dy ¼ 0. This does not fit a set form
2
ÿ arctan x þ C or arctan yx ¼ x þ C. Now setting
y
ÿ
but using Iðx; yÞ ¼ x21y2 we get 1x dx þ 1y dy ¼ 0.
y ¼ 3 and x ¼ 3 we solve for C arctan 1 ¼ 3 þ C
Integrating we get ln x þ ln y ¼ C1 or lnðxyÞ ¼ C1

or xy ¼ C2 where C2 ¼ eC1 . or C ¼ ÿ 12 . Hence the particular solution is
arctan yx ¼ x ÿ 12

.
20. 4y dx ÿ 3x dy ÿ xÿ3 y2 dy ¼ 0. The first two terms
fit form 8 of Table 32.1. Using Iðx; yÞ ¼ x3 yÿ4
30. 2y dx þ 3x dy ¼ 0. Let Iðx; yÞ ¼ xy2 and multiply C ¼ 22 ðÿ2Þ3 ¼ ÿ32. The particular solution is
to get 2xy3 dx þ 3x2 y2 dy ¼ 0. Integration yields x2 y3 ¼ ÿ32.
x2 y3 ¼ C. Now setting y ¼ ÿ2 and x ¼ 2 we get
31.4 LINEAR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Ð ÿ1
1. dy þ 2xy dx ¼ 6x dx is equivalent to dy
dxRþ 2xy ¼ 6x. 11. y0 ÿ x12 y ¼ x12 . Iðx; yÞ ¼ e x2 dx ¼ e1=x . Now multi-
The integrating factor is Iðx; yÞ ¼ e 2x dx ¼ ex .
2
plying by e1=x we get dy dx e
1=x
ÿ x12 ye1=x ¼ x12 e1=x .
x2 x2 x2 1=x 1=x
Multiplying we get dy Integration yields ye ¼ ÿe þ C.
dx e þ 2xye ¼ 6xe . Now
2
taking the integral of both sides we get yex ¼ 12.
2 2
y0 ÿ 4xy ¼ xex . Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ2x and multiplication
2
3ex þ C. yields dy ÿ2x2 2 2
ÿ 4xyeÿ2x ¼ xeÿx . Now integration
dx e
ÿ2x2 1 ÿx2
y0 þ y ¼ 2 or dy x yields ye ¼ ÿ 2 e þ C.
2. dx þ y ¼ 2; Iðx; yÞ ¼ e . Multiplying
dy x
we get dx e þ ye ¼ 2e . Integrating yields yex ¼
x x
13. y dy ÿ 2y2 dx ¼ y sin 2x dx. Dividing by y dx we get
2ex þ C. dy
ÿ 2y ¼ sin 2x. Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ2x and multiplying we
dx
y0 ÿ 2y ¼ 4 or dy ÿ2x get dy
dx e
ÿ2x
ÿ 2yeÿ2x ¼ eÿ2x sin 2x. Integrating using
3. dx ÿ 2y ¼ 4. Iðx; yÞ ¼ e and mul-
ÿ2x
tiplying we get dy
dx e ÿ2x
ÿ 2ye ÿ2x
¼ 4eÿ2x
. Integrat- form 87 we get yeÿ2x ¼ e 8 ðÿ2 sin 2xþ 2 cos 2xÞþ
ing we get yeÿ2x ¼ ÿ2eÿ2x þ C. C or yeÿ2x ¼ ÿ 14 eÿ2x ðsin 2x þ cos 2xÞ þ C.
dy dy
4. dx ÿ 3y ¼ e4x , so Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ3x and multiplying we 14. x dy ÿ y dx ¼ 4x dx.
Ð Dividing by x dx we get dx ÿ
get dy ÿ3x ÿ1
dx e ¼ 3yeÿ3x ¼ ex . Now integration yields y
¼ 4. Iðx; yÞ ¼ e x dx ¼e ÿ ln x
¼e ln1x
¼ 1
x x. Multi-
ÿ3x x
ye ¼ e þ C. plying by this we get dy 1
ÿ y
¼ 4
R ÿ1 dx x x2 x. Integration
dy y 2 x dx
5. dx þ x ¼ x . Iðx; yÞ ¼ e ¼ eln x ¼ x. Multiply- now yields yx ¼ 4 ln x þ C.
dy 3
ing we get dx x þ y ¼ x . Integration yields
15. 4x dy ÿ y dx ¼ 8x dx.ÐDividing by 4x dx we get dy
dx ÿ
xy ¼ 14 x4 þ C. 1 ÿ1
¼ 2. Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ 4xdx
y 1 1
0 x ÿ6x 4x ¼ eÿ4 ln x ¼ eln x 4

¼ x ÿ4 .
6. y ÿ 6y ¼ e , so Iðx; yÞ ¼ e . Multiplying we get dy ÿ1=4
dy ÿ6x Multiplying by this we get dx x ÿ 4xy xÿ1=4
dx e ÿ 6yeÿ6x ¼ eÿ5x . Now integration yields
ÿ1=4 ÿ1=4
ye ÿ6x
¼ ÿ 15 eÿ5x þ C. ¼ 2x . Now integrating we get yx ¼ 83 x3=4
þ C.
7. y0 ÿ 6y ¼ 12x. Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ6x and multiplying we
get dy
dx e
ÿ6x
ÿ 6yeÿ6x ¼ 12xeÿ6x . The left-hand side 16. sec x dy ¼ ðy ÿ 1Þdx. Dividing by sec x dx we get
dy dy
integrates to yeÿ6x . The right-hand side we can dx ¼ ðy ÿ 1Þ cos x or dx ÿ y cos x ¼ ÿ cos x. The
integrating factor is Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ sin x and multiply-
integrate of parts with u ¼ 12x; du ¼ 12 dx; dv ¼
ing by this we get dy dx e ÿ ye
ÿ sin x
¼ ÿ cos xeÿ sin x .
eÿ6x dx; v ¼ ÿ1 eÿ6x . Hence 12xeÿ6x dx ¼
Ð
ÿÿ1 ÿ6x 6 Ð ÿ1 ÿ6x Integration yields yeÿ sin x ¼ eÿ sin x þ C.
12x 6 e ÿ 6 e 12 dx ¼ ÿ2xeÿ6x ÿ 13 eÿ6x . dy
Ð
ÿ sec2 x dx
17. 2 2
dx ÿ y sec x ¼ sec x. Iðx; yÞ ¼ e ¼ eÿ tan x .
Putting it all together we get yeÿ6x ¼ ÿ 13 eÿ6x ðÿ6x dy ÿ tan x
Multiplying we get dx e ÿ y sec xeÿ tan x ¼
2
ÿ1Þ þ C. ÿ tan x
3
2
sec xe . Now integration yields yeÿ tan x ¼
dy =3
8. dx þ x2 y ¼ x2 . Iðx; yÞ ¼ ex and multiplying we ÿe ÿ tan x
þ C.
x3 =3 3 3
get dy
dx e þ x2 yex =3 ¼ x2 ex =3
. Integration yields 2 ðx2 þ1Þ
2
18. x dx ¼ y þ ðx2Ð ÿ 1Þ is equivalent to dy

dy
dx ÿ y
x ¼ x .
x3 =3 x3 =3
ye ¼e þ C. 1
Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ x 2¼ eÿ ln x ¼ 1x. Multiplying we get dy dx
dy x
ÿ yx is equivalent to dy
þ yx ¼ ex . Iðx; yÞ ¼ ðx2 ÿ1Þ
dxÐ ¼ e
9. 1 y x4 ÿ2x2 þ1 y
dx x ÿ x 2 ¼ x 2 ¼ x 2 . Integrating we get x¼
1
e x dx ¼ eln x ¼ x. Multiplying we get dy
þy¼
dx x
1 3
3x ÿ 2x ÿ 1x þ C.
xex . Integration yields xy ¼ ex ðx ÿ 1Þ þ C. (Use 19. x dy þ ð1 ÿ 4xÞy dx ¼ 4x2 e4x dx. Dividing by x dx
form 84 from Appendix C).
we obtain dy 1ÿ4x 4x
dx þ x y ¼ 4xeÐ . To get the integrat-
dy 2 2
10. ÿ6xy ¼ 0; Iðx; yÞ ¼ eÿ3x , hence we get dy
dx e
ÿ3x
ÿ
ÿ1
dx ing factor we must find 1ÿ4x x dx ¼ x ÿ 4 dx ¼
2 2
6xyeÿ3x ¼ 0. Integration yields yeÿ3x ¼ C. ln x ÿ 4x. Hence Iðx; yÞ ¼ eln xÿ4x : Multiplying by
SECTION 31.5 617
this we obtain the equation dy dx e

ln xÿ4x
þ 1ÿ4x
x the general solution y sin x ¼ x þ C. Now substi-
yeln xÿ4x ¼ 4xe4x eln xÿ4x ¼ 4xeln x ¼ 4x2 . Now inte- tuting y ¼ and x ¼ 6 we solve for C and obtain
gration yields yeln xÿ4x ¼ 43 x3 þ C. The left side sin 6 ¼ 6 þ C and so 12 ÿ 6 ¼ C or C ¼ 3. The
of this equation is yeln x eÿ4x ¼ yx eÿ4x ¼ eyx4x . particular solution is y sin x ¼ x þ 3.
Hence the answer is eyx4x ¼ 43 x3 þ C. 25. 2
(a) The general solution is wðtÞ ¼ 35 C þ keÿ0:005t .
Substituting 160 for wð0Þ and 2,100 for C, we can
20. x dy ÿ y dx ¼ x3 sin x2 dx. Dividing by x dx we get 2
solve for k. 160 ¼ 35 ð2100Þ þ keÿ0:005ð0Þ ¼ 120 þ
dx
ÿ yx ¼ x2 sin x2 . Iðx; yÞ ¼ 1x and multiplying by
dx k, hence k ¼ 40. The particular solution is
this we get dy 1 y 2
dx x ÿ x2 ¼ x sin x . Integration yields wðtÞ ¼ 120 þ 40eÿ0:005t .
y 1 2
x ¼ ÿ 2 cos x þ C. (b) wð30Þ ¼ 120 þ 40eÿ0:005ð30Þ 154:4 lb
dy 2y
Ð2
2 ln x 2 (c) wðtÞ ¼ 150 ¼ 120 þ 40eÿ0:005t
21. dx þ x ¼ x. Iðx; yÞ ¼ e ¼ e
x ¼ eln x ¼ x2 . Mul-
30 ¼ 40eÿ0:005t
tiplying we obtain dy 2 3
dx x þ 2yx ¼ x . Integration
2 1 4
yields the general solution yx ¼ 4 x þ C. Substi- 0:75 ¼ eÿ0:005t
tuting y ¼ 3 and x ¼ 2 we solve for C. 3 4 ¼ 14 ln 0:75 ¼ ÿ0:005t
24 þ C or 12 ¼ 4 þ C or C ¼ 8. The particular ln 0:75
t¼ 57:5
solution is yx2 ¼ 14 x4 þ 8. ÿ0:005
dy It will take about 58 days for this person to lose

22. dxþ 3y ¼ eÿ2x has the integrating factor e3x. Multi-
10 lb.
plying we get dy 3x 3x x
dx e þ 3ye ¼ e . Integration yields
(d) limt!1 wðtÞ ¼ limt!1 120 þ 40eÿ0:005t ¼
ÿ
the general solution ye3x ¼ ex þ C. Substituting
120 þ 40ð0Þ ¼ 120.
y ¼ 2 and x ¼ 0 we solve for C. 2e0 ¼ e0 þ C or
(e) This person’s weight will approach 120 lb if
C ¼ 1. The particular solution is ye3x ¼ ex þ 1.
this diet is maintained for a long time.
23. y0Ð ÿ 2yx ¼ x2 sin 3x. The integrating factor is
26. (a) Here wð0Þ ¼ 200. Substituting 200 for wð0Þ, 0
ÿ2x dy
e ¼ eÿ2 ln x ¼ x12 . Multiplying by 1
x2 yields dx for t, and 2,100 for C, we can solve for k. 200 ¼
2 ÿ0:005ð0Þ
ÿ 2y 35 ð2100Þ þ ke ¼ 120 þ k, hence k ¼ 80.
1
x2 x3 ¼ sin 3x. Integrating we get the general
y The particular solution is wðtÞ ¼ 120 þ 80eÿ0:005t .
solution ¼ ÿ1
3 cos 3x þ C. Substituting y ¼
2
x2 (b) wð30Þ ¼ 120 þ 80eÿ0:005ð30Þ 188:9 lb
and x ¼ we solve for C. 1 ¼ ÿ13 cos 3 þ C. (c) wðtÞ ¼ 190 ¼ 120 þ 80eÿ0:005t
1 ¼ 13 þ C or C ¼ 23. The particular solution is 70 ¼ 80eÿ0:005t
ÿ2
yx ¼ ÿ 13 cos 3x þ 2
3. 0:875 ¼ eÿ0:005t
dy ln 0:875 ¼ ÿ0:005t
24. sin x dy þ ðy cos x ÿ 1Þdx ¼ 0 is equivalent Ð to dx þ ln 0:875
y cot x ¼ csc x. The integrating factor is e cot x dx ¼ t¼ 26:7
ÿ0:005
eln jsinxj ¼ sin x: Multiplying by sin x we obtain the It will take about 27 days for this person to lose
equation dy dx sin x þ y cos x ¼ 1. Integration yields 10 lb.
31.5 APPLICATIONS
1. As in example 32.22, dN
dt ÿ kN ¼ 0 has general solu- 2. The half-life is when N ¼ 50, hence we get 50 ¼
tion N ¼ Cekt . At t ¼ 0, N ¼ 100 which gives us 100eÿ0:192t ) 12 ¼ eÿ0:0192t ) ÿ0:0192t ¼ ln 12 )
that C ¼ 100. Now when t ¼ 15 days, N ¼ 75 g t ¼ 36:1413 days ¼ 36 days 3 hr 23 min 29.41 s.
75
and we can solve for k. 75 ¼ 100e15k , so 100 ¼ e15k
1
ÿ
and taking natural logarithms we get 15k ¼ ln 34 or 3. If the half-life is 1000 years, we get 2 ¼ ek1000 or
ln12 ÿ4
k ¼ ÿ0:0192. The equation is N ¼ 100eÿ0:0192t k¼ 1000 ¼ ÿ6:9314710 . When 10% has decayed
where N is in grams and t in days. ÿ6:9314710ÿ4 t
we have 0:9 ¼ e or ÿ6:9314710ÿ4 t ¼
lnð0:9Þ ) t ¼ 152:0031 yr.
4. As in example 32.22 dN kt
dt ¼ kN or N ¼ Ce . Now This yields the equation T ¼ 40 ÿ 53:33eÿkt .
substituting the particular values we get 2000 ¼ When t ¼ 0, T ¼ 40 ÿ 53:33 ¼ ÿ13:33 F.
Cek and 6000 ¼ Ce4k . Dividing the second equa-
11. As in example 32.23, T ¼ 40 þ Ceÿkt . At t ¼ 0,
tion by 2000 or Cek we get 3 ¼ e3k so T ¼ 375 F so C ¼ 375 ÿ 40 ¼ 335 F. Now, when
k ¼ 0:3662. Now back substituting into the first t ¼ 15 min, T ¼ 280 F so 280 ¼ 40 þ 335eÿ15k or
equation we get 2000 ¼ Ce0:3662 or C ¼ e2000 0:3662 ¼ 240 ÿ15k
335 ¼ e , and so k ¼ 0:02223. Thus, we get T ¼
1386:7 or 1387. The equation is N ¼ 1387e0:3662t , 40 þ 335eÿ0:02223t . Hence 75 ¼ 40 þ 335eÿÿ0:02223t ,
t in hours. ln 35
35
or 335 ¼ eÿ0:02223t , and as a result, t ¼ 335
¼
5. When t ¼ 0; N ¼ 1387. ÿ0:02223
101:6 min or 1 hr 41.6 min.
6. e0:3662t ¼ 2 ) 0:3662t ¼ ln 2 or t ¼ 0:3662
ln 2
¼
1:8928 h. 12. As in Example 32.23, T ¼ 20 þ Ceÿkt . When
t ¼ 0, T ¼ ÿ20 so ÿ20 ¼ 20 þ C or C ¼ ÿ40,
7. First we must find k in the equation N ¼ Cekt .
and hence T ¼ 20 ÿ 40ekt . At t ¼ 1, T ¼ ÿ16
Since the half-life is 5600 years, 12 ¼ e5600k or
or ÿ16 ¼ 20 ÿ 40eÿk , or 36 ÿk
40 ¼ e , or k ¼ 0:1054,
k ¼ ÿ1:23776 10ÿ4 . Now we solve for t in the so T ¼ 20 ÿ 40e ÿ0:1054t
. Now substituting 15 for T
ÿ4
equation 5001
¼ eÿ1:2377610 t , with the result t ¼ we get 15 ¼ 20 ÿ 40eÿ0:1054t or 18 ¼ eÿ0:1054t or
lnð500Þ
1
t ¼ 19:74 min ¼ 19 min 44 s.
ÿ1:2377610ÿ4 ¼ 50208:4 years 50210 years.
13. This is an RL circuit and so dI R E dI
dt þ L I ¼ L or dt þ
8. Since dI kt
dt ¼ kI we get I ¼ Ce where I is the light 10 100 dI
intensity and t is the thickness. At 3 ft, I ¼ 25% 2 I ¼ 2 or dt þ 5I ¼ 50. The general solution is
of the original intensity. Hence 0:25 ¼ e3k or I ¼ Ceÿ5t þ 10. At t ¼ 0; I ¼ 0 so C ¼ ÿ10. The
k ¼ lnð0:25Þ ¼ ÿ0:4621. At 18 ft, CI ¼ eÿ0:452118 ¼ particular solution is I ¼ ÿ10eÿ5t þ 10.
3
2:4414 10ÿ4 ¼ 0:0244% of the original inte- 14. In this problem, dI
dt þ 5I ¼ 10 cos 5t.ÿThe integrat-
5t
nsity. ing factor is e5t and so we get dI dt þ 5I e ¼
5t
(a) As in example 32.23 we have dT 10e5t cos 5t. Integrating we get Ie5t ¼ 10e
50 ð5 cos
9. dt þ kT ¼ 30k.
Solving this differential equation we get Tekt ¼ 5t þ 5 sin 5tÞ þ C or Iðcos 5t þ sin 5tÞ þ Ceÿ5t.
30ekt þ C or T ¼ 30 þ Cekt. When t ¼ 0, When t ¼ 0; I ¼ 0, so 0 ¼ 1 þ C or C ¼ ÿ1.
T ¼ 10 , hence C ¼ ÿ20 or T ¼ 30 ÿ 20ekt. The solution is I ¼ ðcos 5t þ sin 5tÞ ÿ eÿ5t .
Now when t ¼ 10; T ¼ 15 or 15 ¼ 30 ÿ 20eÿk10 15. dI
dtþ 50I ¼ 5. The integrating factor is e50t and we
lnð0:75Þ
or ÿ15 10k
ÿ20 ¼ e . Hence k ¼ ÿ10 ¼ 0:02877. The
get Ie50t ¼ 101 50t
e þ C. Hence I ¼ 0:1 þ Ce50t .
equation is T ¼ 30 ÿ 20e ÿ0:02877t When t ¼ 0; I ¼ 0, so C ¼ ÿ0:1 and the particular
ÿ8
(b) 22 ¼ 30 ÿ 20eÿ0:02877t , or ÿ20 ¼ eÿ0:02877t , and solution is I ¼ 0:1 ÿ 0:1eÿ50t
lnð0:4Þ
so t ¼ ÿ0:02877 ¼ 31:85 min. 16. dI
dt þ 20I ¼ 6 sin 2t. The integrating factor is e20t so
(c) t ¼ 30 ÿ 20eÿ0:0287760 ¼ 26:44 C we get dI dt e
20t
þ 20Ie20t ¼ 6e20t sin 2t. Integrating
20t
10. As in example 32.23, T ¼ 40 þ Ceÿkt . Substituting we obtain Ie ¼ 6e 20t

404 ð20 sin 2t ÿ 2 cos 2tÞ þ C or
the particular values we get 0 ¼ 40 þ Ce10k and I ¼ 101 ð10 sin 2t ÿ cos 2tÞ þ Ceÿ20t . When t ¼ 0;
3
3
10 ¼ 40 þ Ceÿ20k . These are equivalent to ÿ40 C ¼
I ¼ 6 so 6 ¼ 101 ðÿ1Þ þ C, and so C ¼ 606 101 þ
ÿ10k ÿ30 ÿ20k 3 609 609 ÿ20t
e and C ¼ e , respectively. Squaring both 101 ¼ 101 . The particular solution is I ¼ 101 e þ
3
sides of ÿ40
C ¼ e
ÿ10k
we get 1600
C2 ¼ e
ÿ20k
¼ ÿ30
C . 101 ð10 sin 2t ÿ cos 2tÞ
2 1600
Hence 1600C ¼ ÿ30C or C ¼ ÿ30 ¼ ÿ53:33.
SECTION 31.6 619
31.6 MORE APPLICATIONS
1. x2 þ y2 ¼ C is a family of circles with center at y

the origin. Taking the derivative implicitly we get 14 y = 4ex
2x þ 2yy0 ¼ 0 or dy x
dx ¼ ÿ y ¼ f ðx; yÞ. The orthogonal y = 2ex
12
trajectories satisfy the equation dy ÿ1 dy y
dx ¼ f ðx;yÞ or dx ¼ x.
y = ex
dy dx
Separating variables we get y ¼ x . Integration 10
gives ln y ¼ ln x þ C1 or y ¼ eln xþC1 ¼ eC1 x. Letting
8
eC1 ¼ k we get the family of curves y ¼ kx or the set
of lines through the origin. 6
y y = 4 – 2x
4
y = 2 – 2x
y = –4x 6 y = 2x
y = 1 – 2x 2
4 y=x
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 4
2
–2
x2 + y2 = 1
x
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
x2 + y2 = 4
4. x2 ÿ y2 ¼ C has implicit derivative 2x ÿ 2yy0 ÿ 0 or
–2
y0 ¼ xy. The equation we need to solve is dy y
dx ¼ ÿ x or
dy dy
–4 y ¼ ÿ x . This has solution ln y ¼ ÿ ln x þ C or y ¼
x2 + y2 = 25 1
k x or xy ¼ k.
–6
y
2. xy ¼ C is a family of hyperbolas with the x and y 6
y2 – x2 = 4 y2 – x2 = 2
axis as asymptotes. Taking the derivative implicitly
we obtain xy0 þ y ¼ 0 or y0 ¼ ÿ yx ¼ f ðx; yÞ. The 4 y2 – x2 = 1
xy = 1
family we need satisfies dy ÿ1 dy x
dx ¼ f ðx;yÞ or dx ¼ y. Separat- 2 xy = 2
xy = 4
ing variables we have y dy ¼ x dx. Integration yields
1 2 1 2 2 2 x
2 y ¼ 2 x þ C1 or equivalently y ÿ x ¼ k. –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2
y
6 –4
y2 – x2 = 4 y2 – x2 = 2
4 y2 – x2 = 1 –6
xy = 1
2 xy = 2
xy = 4 5. x2 þ 12 y2 ¼ C2 has implicit derivative 2x þ yy0 ¼ 0
x or y0 ¼ ÿ2xy . The orthogonal trajectories satisfy the
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
dy
–2 equation dx ¼ 2xy . Separating variables we get dy
y ¼
dx 1 2
2x. Integration yields ln y ¼ 2 ln x þ C1 or ln y ¼
–4
ln x þ C2 or y2 ¼ kx.
–6
6. x2 þ 2y2 ¼ C has the implicit derivative 2xþ4yy0 ¼ 0
dy 2y
or y0 ¼ ÿx
2y . We seek the solution to dx ¼ x . Separat-
3. y ¼ Cex had derivative dy x
dx ¼ Ce . Substituting ye
ÿx
dy dx
dy ing variables we obtain y ¼ 2 x . Integration yields
for C we obtain dx ¼ y. The family of curves we
ln y ¼ 2 ln x þ C1 or ln y ¼ ln x2 þ C1 or y ¼ kx2,
seek satisfies the equation dy 1
dx ¼ ÿ y or y dy ¼ ÿdx.
where k ¼ ln C1 .
Integrating we get 2 y ¼ ÿx þ C or y2 ¼ ÿ2x þ k
1 2
or y2 þ 2x ¼ k. 7. As in example 32.26 we start with the equation

dv 0:2v
dtþ kv dv
m ¼ g or dt þ 10 ¼ 9:8. This is of linear form
and the integrating factor is e0:02t . Hence we obtain
0:02t
ÿ
the equation dv
dt ðve Þ ¼ 9:8e0:02t . Integration yields Qet=2 ¼ 12et=2 . Integrating we get Qet=2 ¼
ve0:02t ¼ 490e0:02t þ C1 or v ¼ 490 þ C1 eÿ0:02t. 24et=2 þ C or Q ¼ 24 þ Ceÿt=2. Since Q ¼ 2 when
Since the initial velocity is 0, C1 ¼ ÿ490 and the t ¼ 0, C ¼ ÿ22 so the particular solution is QðtÞ ¼
ÿ0:02t
equation becomes
ÿ vðtÞ
ÿ50t
¼ 490ð1 ÿ e Þ m/s or 24 ÿ 22eÿt=2
vðtÞ ¼ 490 1 ÿ e m/s. (b) Qð8Þ ¼ 24 ÿ 22eÿ4 ¼ 23:597 lb.
1

8. After 10 seconds v ¼ 490 1 ÿ eÿ5 ¼ 88:82 m/s dQ 2 dQ
ÿ t=30
14. dt þ 60 Q ¼ 6; dt Qe ¼ 6et=30 ; Qet=30 ¼
9. (a) Using the general solution from problem 7 and 180e t=30
þ C1 or Q ¼ 180 þ Ceÿt=30. When t ¼ 0,
substituting 1 for v and 0 for t we find C1 ¼ 489 so
t Q ¼ 60 2 ¼ 120, so C ¼ ÿ60, and we have Q ¼
the particular solution is vðtÞ ¼ 490 ÿ 489eÿ50 ,
ÿ15 180 ÿ 60eÿt=30 . Now setting Q ¼ 150 we solve for
(b) vð10Þ ¼ 490 ÿ 489e ¼ 89:64 m/s,
t. 150 ¼ 180 ÿ 60eÿt=30 , or 12 ¼ eÿt=30 ; or 30t ¼ ln 12,
(c) v L ¼ 109:8
0:2 ¼ 490 m/s. (Note: limt!1 vðtÞ ¼
and t ¼ ÿ30 ln 12 ¼ 20:79 min.
490).
15. (a) This is a mixture problem with r1 ¼ r2 ¼
10. (a) Using v L ¼ mg mg
k we can solve for k. k ¼ v L ¼
1032 dv
10 m3 =hr; V0 ¼ 200 m3 ; a ¼ 10 kg, and
320 ¼ 1. This yields the differential equation dt þ b ¼ 1kg=5 m3 ¼ 0:2 kg=m3 . Thus,
0:1t
10 ¼ 32. The integrating factor is e and we
v
dQ 10
get dvdt ðve
0:1t
Þ ¼ 32e0:1t which has general solution þ Q ¼ ð0:2Þ10
dt 200 þ ð10 ÿ 10Þt
ve0:1t ¼ 320e0:1t þ C1 . Since v ¼ 0 when t ¼ 0,
dQ 1
C1 ¼ ÿ320 and the particular solution is vðtÞ ¼ þ Q¼2
320ð1 ÿ eÿ0:1t Þ ft/s. dt 20
ÿ
(b) The position withÐ respect to where it was The integrating factor is et=200 , so d
dt et=200 Q ¼
dropped is vðtÞ dt ¼ 320ð1ÿeÿ0:1t Þdt ¼ 320ðt þ
Ð
2et=200 , which leads to
10eÿ0:1t þC1 Þ. Since the position is 0 when t ¼ 0, ð
then C1 ¼ ÿ10, or dðtÞ ¼ 320ðt þ 10eÿ0:1t Þ. From et =200Q ¼ 2et=200 dt
the ground, hðtÞ ¼ 1000 ÿ dðtÞ ¼ 1000 ÿ 320ðt þ
et=200 Q ¼ 400et=200 þ C
10eÿ0:1t ÿ10Þ ¼ 1000þ3200 ÿ 320ðt ÿ 10eÿ0:1t Þ ¼
4200 ÿ 320ðt þ 10eÿ0:1t Þ ¼ 320ð13:125 ÿ tÿ Q ¼ 400 þ Ceÿt=200
10eÿ0:1t Þ. Since Qð0Þ ¼ 10; C ¼ ÿ390. Thus, the quantity of
11. As in Example 32.27, þ dQ 2
¼ 10 or ¼ dQ waste in the tank at any time t, in hr, is given by
50þð2ÿ2Þt Q
dt Q
QðtÞ ¼ 400 ÿ 390eÿt=200 .
dt
ÿ 25 . Separating variables we get dQ dt
Q þ 25 ¼ 0. (b) When t ¼ 3 hr, we have Qð3Þ ¼ 400 ÿ
Integration yields ln Q ¼ ÿ 25 t þC or Q ¼ keÿt=25.
1
390eÿ3=200 15:806 kg of waste in the tank.
When t ¼ 0; Q ¼ 25 so k ¼ 25 and Q ¼ 25eÿt=25 .
ÿt
After 15 minutes Q ¼ 25eÿ15=25 ¼ 13:72 lb. 16. Using separation of variables on dV dt ¼ e V
dV ÿt
produces V ¼ e dt. Integrating, we obtain
12. First we must find a formula for Q. As in Example ÿt
ln V ¼ ÿ eÿt þ k and so V ¼ eÿð=Þe þk ¼
32.27 we get dQ 5 dQ 1
dt þ 100 Q ¼ 0 or dt ¼ ÿ 20 dt. Inte- ÿð=Þeÿt k
e e . When t ¼ 0, we have Vð0Þ ¼ V0 , or
grating we get ln Q ¼ ÿ 20 t þ C or Q ¼ keÿt=20.
1
ÿð0Þ
Since Q ¼ 40 when t ¼ 0 the particular solution V0 ¼ eÿð=Þe ek ¼ eÿ= ek , so ek ¼ V0 e= .

is QðtÞ ¼ 40eÿt=20 Substituting, we get
(a) Qð10Þ ¼ 40eÿ10=20 ¼ 24:26 lb, ÿt
VðtÞ ¼ eÿe =
V0 e=
(b) Qð30Þ ¼ 40eÿ30=20 ¼ 8:93 lb, ÿt
(c) Qð1 hrÞ ¼ Qð60Þ ¼ 1:99 lb. ¼ V0 eð1ÿe Þ=
13. (a) dQ 4
dt þ 8 Q ¼ 12. This equation is linear and the
integrating factor is et=2 . Multiplying yields dQ
dt
CHAPTER
ER 31 REVIEW
1. We have y0 ¼ x þ y or dydx ÿ y ¼ x. This is linear 14. y0 þ 12y

x ¼ x
12
is linear first-order with integrating
with integrating factor eÿx. Hence we get factor e 12 ln x
¼ x12. Multiplying and integrating we
dy ÿx ÿx 25
dx ð ye Þ ¼ xe . Integrating with form 84 yields get yx12 ¼ x24 dx or yx12 ¼ x25 þ C.
Ð
ÿx ÿx
ye ¼ e ðÿx ÿ 1Þ þ C or y ¼ Cex ÿ ðx þ 1Þ.
15. y0 þ y ¼ sin x is linear first-order with integrating
2 1 2 1 3
2. x dx ÿ y dy ¼ 0 or 2x ÿ 3y ¼C factor Ð ex. Multiplying and integrating we get
dy yex ¼ ex sin x dx. Using form 87 this becomes
3. 0
y ¼ y x or ¼ x dx. Integrating produces ÿyÿ1
2 3
y2
3
x
yex ¼ e2 ðsin xÿcos xÞþC or y ¼ 12 ðsin xÿcos xÞþ
¼ 14 x2 þ C1 or x4 þ 4yÿ1 ¼ C.
Ceÿx .
4. y0 ¼ 8y or dyy ¼ 8 dx and integrating gives us ln y ¼
16. y0 ÿ 7y ¼ ex is linear first-order with integrating
8x þ C, or y ¼ ke8x.
factor eÿ7x. Multiplying and integrating we have
5. ex dx ÿ 2y dy ¼ 0 and integrating produces ex ÿ yeÿ7x ¼ eÿ6x dx or yeÿ7x ¼ 16 eÿ6x þ C which is
Ð
y2 ¼ C. equivalent to y ¼ ÿ 16 e þ Ce7x .
6. ðy2 ÿ yÞdx þ x dy ¼ 0 or þ 2dy ¼ 0. Integrating
dx
17. cos x dx þ y dy ¼ 0 has general solution sin x þ
yy ÿy
x
by Form 48 we get ln xÿln yÿ1 ¼ C or ln xðyÿ1Þ

¼ 1 2
¼ C. Substituting y ¼ 2 and x ¼ 0 we find
y 2y
C1 or ÿx þ xy ¼ C. C ¼ sin 0 þ 12 22 ¼ 2. The particular solution is
sin x þ 12 y2 ¼ 2.
7. ð y ÿ xy3 Þdx þ ð x ÿ 2x2 y2 Þdy ¼ 0 is equivalent to
y dx þ x dy ÿ xy3 dx ÿ 2x2 y2 dy ¼ 0. Now we mul- 18. ðx2 þ y þ y2 Þdx ÿ x dy ¼ 0 is equivalent to y dx ÿ
tiply by xy1 to get y dxþx dy
ÿ ðy2 dx þ 2xy dyÞ ¼ 0. x dy þ ðx2 þ y2 Þdx ¼ 0. Using the integrating factor
xy
ÿ1 y
The first part has integral ln jxyj. The second part x2 þy2 we get the general solution x þ arctan x ¼ C.

has integral ÿxy2 . Putting it together we get Substituting y ¼ 3 and x ¼ 3 we solve for C.
ln jxyjÿ xy2 ¼ C. C ¼ ÿ 3 þ arctan 1 ¼ ÿ 3 þ 4 ¼ ÿ 12

. The particu-
y
dy lar solution is x þ arctan x ¼ ÿ 12.
8. ðy þ 1Þdx ÿ x dy ¼ 0 is equivalent to dxx ÿ yþ1 ¼ 0.
This has solution ln x ÿ lnðy þ 1Þ ¼ ln C or yþ1x
¼ 19. y0 þ 2x y ¼ x is of linear first-order form with
yþ1
C or x ¼ C. integrating factor x2. Multiplying Ðand integrating
we get the general solution yx2 ¼ x3 dx or yx2 ¼
9. dx
y dx þ ð2 ÿ xÞdy ¼ 0 is equivalent to 2ÿx þ dyy ¼ 0. 1 4
4 x þ C. Substituting x ¼ 1 and y ¼ 0 we find
This has solution ÿ ln j2 ÿ xj þ ln y ¼ ln C or that C ¼ ÿ 14. The particular solution is yx2 ¼
y y
ln xÿ2 ¼ ln C or xÿ2 ¼ C or xÿ2
y ¼ C.
1 4 1 2 4
4 x ÿ 4 or 4yx ¼ x ÿ 1.
10. ð y þ x3 yÞdx þ x dy ¼ 0 or y dx þ x dy ¼ ÿx3 y dx. 20. dy þ 6xy dx ¼ 0: This is linear first-order with inte-
2
Multiplying by the integrating factor xy1 , we get grating factor e3x . Multiplying and integrating we
3 3x2
y dxþx dy
xy ¼ ÿxxy y dx ¼ ÿx2 dx. Integrating, we get get ye ¼ C. Substituting y ¼ 5 and x ¼ we get
2 2
ln xy ¼ ÿ 13 x3 þ C C ¼ 5e3 . Hence the particular solution is ye3x ¼
32 13
5e 3:6134 10 .
11. y2 dx þ xy dy ¼ 0. Multiplying by xy12 to separate
variables we get dxx þ dyy ¼ 0. Integration yields 21. (a) As in Example 32.22 we get N ¼ Cekt . After 2
ln jxj þ ln jyj ¼ ln C or ln jxyj ¼ C. years NC ¼ 0:9 so e2k ¼ 0:9, and so k ¼ ÿ0:05268.
NðtÞ ¼ Ceÿ0:0527t where C ¼ Nð0Þ;
12. dy ÿ 3y dx ¼ 6 dx is linear first-order and has in-
tegrating factor e3x. Multiplying we get eÿ3x dy ¼ (b) eÿ0:0527t ¼ 12 ) ÿ0:0527t ¼ ln 12 or t ¼ 13:15
3yeÿ3x dx ¼ 6eÿ3x dx and integrating we have years or 13 years 57 days 12 hours.
yeÿ3x ¼ ÿ2eÿ3x þ C or y ¼ ÿ2 þ Ce3x y ¼ cx2 had derivative dy 2 y
22. dx ¼ 3cx . Substituting x3
0 dy y 3y
13. y ÿ 4xy ¼ x in linear first-order and has integrating 2
for c we get dx ¼ 3 x3 x ¼ x . The family we
2 2 2
factor eÿ2x . Its solution is yeÿ2x ¼ xeÿ2x dx or
Ð
seek satisfies dy x 3 2
dx ¼ ÿ 3y or 3y dy ¼ ÿx dx or 2 y ¼
2
ÿ2x2 2x2
yeÿ2x ¼ ÿ14 e þ C or y ¼ ÿ14 þ Ce . ÿ 12 x2 þ k or 32 y2 þ 12 x2 ¼ k or 3y2 þ x2 ¼ C.
23. As in example 32.33 we get T ¼ 72 þ Ceÿkt . When (a) vð1Þ ¼ 13:83 ft/s. ÿ1
t ¼ 0; T ¼ 0 so C ¼ ÿ72 and hence T ¼ 72ÿ72eÿkt . ln 16
(b) 15 ¼ 16ð1 ÿ eÿ2t Þ ) eÿ2t ¼ 16
1
or t ¼ ¼
When t ¼ 15 min, T ¼ 20 F, so we get 20 ¼ 72ÿ ÿ2
1:386 s.
ln 52
72eÿ15t or eÿ15t ¼ 52 72
72 or t ¼ ÿ15 ¼ 0:021695. This 27. (a) As in example 32.28, dQ 100
dt þ 2000 Q ¼ 0:035.
gives T ¼ 72ð1ÿ eÿ0:021695t Þ. This is linear first-order with integrating factor
(a) Substituting 50 forÿ T and solving we get 1ÿ e0:05t . Multiplying and integrating we get
50 ÿ0:021695t
ln 20
72
Qe0:05t ¼ 0:7e0:05t þ C or Q ¼ 0:7 þ Ceÿ0:05t. The
72 e or t ¼ ¼ 59:04 min. initial quantity of CO2 is 2000 0:001 so C ¼ 1:3.
0:021695
(b) Tð60Þ ¼ 72 1 ÿ eÿ0:02169560 ¼ 52:41 F.
ÿ The particular solution is QðtÞ ¼ 0:7 þ 1:3eÿt=20 ft3 ,
(b) Qð60Þ ¼ 0:7547 ft3 ,
24. Using the formula dI R E dI
dt þ L I ¼ L we get dt þ 30I ¼ (c) Qð180Þ ¼ 0:7002 ft3 .
25
2. This equation is linear first-order with
28. (a) As in example 32.28, dQ 1
dt þ 250 Q ¼ 0:0005.
integrating factor e30t. Multiplying and integrating
t=250
we get Ie30t ¼ 25 30t 5
þ C or I ¼ 12 þ Ceÿ30t. The The general solution is Qe ¼ 0:125et=250 þ C
60 e
ÿt=250
5
initial current is 0, so C ¼ ÿ 12 and the particular or Q ¼ 0:125 þ Ce . Since Q0 ¼ 2:5; C ¼
solution is I ¼ 125
ð1 ÿ eÿ30t Þ. 2:375 and the solution is QðtÞ ¼ 0:125 þ
2:375eÿt=250 ft3 ,
25. Using the equation dq 1 E
dt þ RC q ¼ R we get dt þ
dq
(b) Qð60Þ ¼ 1:8807 ft3 .
1:25q ¼ 5 cos 2t. This is linear first-order with dQ 25
29. þ 100000 Q ¼ 0:0125 has solution Qet=4000 ¼
integrating factor e1:25t. Multiplying and integrat- dt
ing we get qe1:25t ¼ 5 e1:25t cos 2t. Using form

Ð 50eÿt=4000 þ C or Q ¼ 50 þ ceÿt=4000. Since Q0 ¼
1:25t 100;000 0:0001 ¼ 10, C ¼ ÿ40 and QðtÞ ¼ 50ÿ
5e
88 we get qe1:25t ¼ 17:5625 ð1:25 cos 2t þ 2 sin 2tÞþ
40eÿt=4000 m3 , (b) Solving 20 ¼ 50 ÿ 40e ÿt=4000
for
C or q ¼ 3:5125 1:25 cos 2t þ 2 sin 2t þ keÿ1:25t .
1
ÿ
ÿt=4000
3
ÿ3
t we get 4 ¼ e or t ¼ ÿ4000 ln 4 ¼ 1151
When t ¼ 0; q ¼ 0 so k ¼ ÿ1:25. Finally, multi- days or 3 years 56 days.
plying by 80 to clear up fractions and decimals dQ dQ Q
80 ÿ 30. (a) þ 500
106 Q ¼ 0:00074 500 or dt þ 20000 ¼
100 cos 2tþ160 sin 2tÿ100eÿ1:25t . dt
1

we get q ¼ 281
0:37 has solution Qet=20 000 ¼ 0:37et=20 000 ¼
Ð
26. First we convert 192 lb to slugs: 192 32 ¼ 6 slugs.
t
7400et=20 000 þ C or Q ¼ 7400 þ Ceÿ20 000. Since
Since the limiting velocity is 16 ft/s, we get k ¼ 3
Q0 ¼ 10 ; C ¼ ÿ6400. Hence QðtÞ ¼ 7400 ÿ
192 dv kv
16 ¼ 12. Now using the equation dt þ m ¼ g, we 6400eÿt=20 000 ,
12
have dv
dt þ 6 v ¼ 32. This is linear first-order with (b) Solving 2000 ¼ 7400 ÿ 6400eÿt=20 000 for t we
2t ÿt20 000
integrating factor e . Multiplying and integrating get 54
64 ¼ e or t ¼ ÿ20000 ln 54
64 ¼ 3398 days
we get ve2t ¼ 16e2t þC or v ¼ 16 þ Ceÿ2t. Since or 9 years 3.6 months,
v 0 ¼ 0; C ¼ ÿ16 and vðtÞ ¼ 16ð1 ÿ eÿ2t Þ (c) As t approaches infinity, Q approaches
7400 m3 .
R 31 TEST
CHAPTER
2
1. Differentiating y ¼ 4e2x þ 2eÿ3x we get dy dx ¼ 4. Dividing this equation by x2, we obtain x xþ1
2 dx þ
2
8e2x ÿ 6eÿ3x and ddxy2 ¼ 16e2x þ 18eÿ3x . Substituting 2
ÿ 1
2
y dy ¼ 0 or 1 þ x2 dx þ y dy ¼ 0. Integrating pro-
these in the given differential equation, we get duces the solution x ÿ 1x þ 13 y3 ¼ C.
ð16e2x þ18eÿ3x Þþ ð8e2x ÿ6eÿ3x Þÿ6ð4e2x þ2eÿ3x Þ ¼
ð16 þ 8 ÿ 24Þe2x þ ð18 ÿ 6ÿ 12Þeÿ3x ¼ 0. 5. Rewriting the given equation as ð1 þ y2 Þdx þ
ðx2 þ 1Þdy ¼ 0 we see that the equation is separ-
2. Here M ¼ y2 and N ¼ 2xy. Both M and N are con- able. If the variables are separated by dividing by
tinuous. Since @M @N
@y ¼ 2y ¼ @x , the equation is exact. y
ð1 þ y2 Þðx2 þ 1Þ, we obtain x2dxþ1 þ 1þy 2 dy ¼ 0. Inte-
4
3. Here y0 ¼ dy 5x 3 4
dx ¼ y3 can be rewritten as y dy ¼ 5x dx. grating we obtain the solution arctan x þ 12 lnð1 þ
1 4 5
Integrating, we obtain 4 y ¼ x þ C. y2 Þ ¼ C.
6. Dividing by sin x we obtain dy 1 cos x
dx ¼ sin x ÿ 2y sin x ¼
csc x ÿ 2y cot x, which can be written in the standard
CHAPTER 31 TEST 623
form for a linear first-order differential equation as Nekt ¼ C or N ¼ Ceÿkt. If N0 represents the amount
dy
dx þ Ðð2 cot xÞy ¼ csc x. This has an integrating factor when t ¼ 0, the equation becomes N ¼ N0 eÿkt . We
of e 2 cot x dx ¼ eln j sin xj ¼ sin x and the solution is are told that N ¼ 0:70 when t ¼ 40 years, and so
Ð Ð
y sin x ¼ ðsin xÞðcsc xÞdx ¼ dx ¼ x þ C, and so we get 0:7N0 ¼ N0 eÿ40k or 0:7 ¼ eÿ40k and so
the solution is y sin x ¼ x þ C. k ¼lnÿ40
0:7
0:008 917 and the desired equation is
N ¼ N0 eÿ0:008 917t . To find the half-life, we solve
7. The equation contains the combination x dy ÿ y dx eÿ0:008 917t ¼ 12 and obtain t 77:73 years.
¼ ÿðy dx ÿ x dyÞ. Using integrating factor (4) from
0:2v
Table 32.1, we multiply the given equation by ÿ x12 11. The body satisfies the equation dv dt þ 5 ¼ 32 or
dv
to obtain y dxÿx dy x6
¼ x2 dx ¼ 0 or y dxÿx dy
þ x4 dx ¼ 0. dt ¼32 ÿ 0:04v. Separating variables, we obtain
x2 x2 dv
32ÿ0:04v ¼ dt and integrating produces ÿ25 lnð32ÿ
The left-hand term is the derivative of ÿ yx so inte-
0:04vÞ ¼ t þ C1 which can be written as lnð32ÿ
grating produces the solution ÿ yx þ 15 x5 ¼ C.
0:04vÞ ¼ ÿ 25t þ C where ÿ25 ln C ¼ C1 . This is
8. The given equation contains the combination equivalent to 32 ÿ 0:04v ¼ Ceÿt=25 . At t ¼ 0, we
x dyþ y dx. Using integrating factor (1) from Table are given v ¼ 0 so C ¼ 32 which makes the equa-
1
32.1, we multiply given equation by Iðx;yÞ ¼ xy
the
tion 32 ÿ 0:04v ¼ 32eÿt=25 or v ¼ 0:04 1ÿeÿt=25 ¼
3s
ÿ

x dyþy dx 6x2 y x dyþy dx
obtaining 4 þ dx ¼ 4 þ 800 1 ÿ eÿt=25 . When t ¼ 6 s, v ¼ 800 1ÿeÿ6=25
ÿ ÿ
xy xy xy
2
6x dx ¼ 0. Integrating, we get 4 ln xyþx ¼ C. We 170:70 ft/s.
are given x ¼ 1 when y ¼ e. Substituting, we
obtain 4 ln e þ 3 ¼ 7 ¼ C, so the particular solu- 12. If T represents the temperature of the object at
tion is 4 ln xy þ 3x2 ¼ 7. some time t minutes and Tm the temperature of the
surrounding medium, then according to Newton’s
9. We have Fðx; y; cÞ ¼ y ÿ ceÿ2x . Differentiating the law of cooling, we have dT dt ¼ ÿkðT ÿ Tm Þ. Here
given equation, we get y0 ¼ ÿ2ceÿ2x . Solving the Tm ¼ 30 C and so dT þ kT ¼ 30k. The solution
dt
given equation for c, we obtain c ¼ ye2x and so
of this differential equation is Tekt ¼ 30ekt þ C or
y0 ¼ ÿ2ð ye2x Þeÿ2x ¼ ÿ2y. The orthogonal trajec-
T ¼ 30 þ Ceÿkt . Since T ¼ 50 C when t ¼ 0, we
tories are the solutions of dy ÿ1 1
dx ¼ ÿ2y ¼ 2y or 2y dy ÿ get C ¼ 20 and the equation becomes T ¼
dx ¼ 0. The solution of this differential equation is 30 þ 20eÿkt . When t ¼ 20, we are given T ¼ 45
y2 ÿ x ¼ k. which gives 45 ¼ 30 þ 20eÿ20k or 0:75 ¼ eÿ20k.
10. Let N represent the amount of the radioactive sub- Taking the natural logarithm we get ln ¼ 0:75 ¼
stance present at time t. Because the rate of decay ÿ20k or k ¼ 0:75
ÿ20 0:0144. The desired equation
is proportional to the amount of substance remain- is T ¼ 30 þ 20eÿ0:0144t .
ing we have dN dN
dt ¼ kN or dt ÿ kN ¼ 0. Using the
ÿkt
integrating factor e and integrating, we obtain
CHAPTER
32
Higher-Order Differential Equations
32.1 HIGHER-ORDER HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
1. ðD2 ÿ 7D þ 10Þy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 12. D2 y ÿ Dy þ 30y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ
7m þ 10 ¼ 0 which factors into ðm ÿ 2Þðm ÿ 5Þ ¼ m ÿ 30 ¼ 0 with roots 6 and ÿ5. The solution is
0 and so has roots m1 ¼ 2 and m2 ¼ 5. The gener- y ¼ c1 e6x þ c2 eÿ5x .
al solution is thus y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e5x .
13. y00 ¼ 6y has
pffiffiauxiliary
ffi pequation
ffiffiffi m2 ÿ 7 ¼ 0. This
2 2
2. ðD þ 7D ¼ 12Þy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m þ hasproots
ffiffi 7pffiffiand ÿ 7 so the solution is y ¼
7m þ 12 ¼ 0 which has roots ÿ3 and ÿ4. The c1 e 7x þ c2 eÿ 7x .
solution is y ¼ c1 eÿ3x þ c2 eÿ4x .
14. D2 y þ Dy ÿ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ
3. D2 y ÿ 8Dy þ 12y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ m ÿ 1 ¼ 0. Usingpffiffi the quadratic formula we get
8m þ 12 ¼ 0 which has roots 2 and 6. The solu- the roots ÿ1þ2 5. Hence the solution is y ¼
pffi pffi
tion is y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e6x . ÿ1þ 5 ÿ1ÿ¼ 5
c1 e 2 x þ c2 e 2 x .
4. 6D2 y þ Dy ¼ y has auxiliary equation 6m2 þ m ÿ 2
15. 2 ddxy2 þ dy 2
dx ÿ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation 2m þ
1 ¼ 0 which factors into ð3m ÿ 1Þð2m þ 1Þ ¼ 0
m ÿ 1 ¼ 0. This factors into ð2m ÿ 1Þðm þ 1Þ ¼
and has roots 13 and ÿ 12. Hence the solution is
1 1
0 and has roots 12 and ÿ1. Hence the solution is
y ¼ c1 e3x þ C2 eÿ2x . y ¼ c1 ex=2 þ c2 eÿx .
2
5. 2 ddxy2 þ dy 2
dx ÿ 5y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation 2m þ 16. D2 y þ 2Dy ÿ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ
9m ÿ 5 ¼ 0 which factors into ð2m ÿ 1Þðm þ 5Þ 2m ÿ 1 ¼ p0.ffiffi Using the
pffiffiffiquadratic formula we get
¼ 0. The roots are 12 and ÿ5 so the solution is roots ÿ2þ2 8p¼ ffiffi ÿ1 2. pHence
ffiffi the solution is
1
y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿ5x . y ¼ c1 eðÿ1þ 2Þx þ c2 eðÿ1ÿ 2Þx .
d2 y
6. dx2¼ 9 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 9 ¼ 0. This 17. D3 y ÿ 6D2 y þ 11Dy ÿ 6y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equa-
has roots ÿ3 and 3 so the solution is y ¼ c1 eÿ3x tion m3 ÿ 6m2 þ 11m ÿ 6 ¼ 0. This factors into
þ c2 e3x . ðm ÿ 1Þðm ÿ 2Þðm ÿ 3Þ ¼ 0 and has roots 1, 2
and 3. The solution is y ¼ c1 ex þ c2 e2x þ c3 e3x .
7. 4D2 y þ 7Dy ÿ 2y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation
4m2 ÿ 7m ÿ 2 ¼ 0. This factors into ð4m þ 1Þ 18. D3 y ÿ D2 y ÿ 4Dy þ 4y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation
ðm ÿ 2Þ ¼ 0 and has roots ÿ 14 and 2. The solution m3 ÿ m2 ÿ 4m þ 4 ¼ 0. Factoring by grouping we
1
is y ¼ c1 eÿ4x þ c2 e2x . get m2 ðm ÿ 1Þ ÿ 4ðm ÿ 1Þ or ðm2 ÿ 4Þðm ÿ 1Þ or
ðm þ 2Þðm ÿ 2Þðm ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0. The solution is y ¼
8. 4y00 þ 11y0 ÿ 3y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation 4m2 þ
c1 ex þ c2 e2x þ c3 eÿ2x .
11m ÿ 3 ¼ 0 which factors into ð4m ÿ 1Þðm þ
3Þ ¼ 0. The roots are 14 and ÿ3 so the solution is 19. y000 þ 6y00 þ 11y0 þ 6y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation
1
y ¼ c1 e4x þ c2 eÿ3x . m3 þ 6m2 þ 11m þ 6 ¼ 0. This has only negative
roots. With synthetic division we can verify that
9. y00 ÿ 5y0 þ 4y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ
the roots are ÿ1; ÿ2; and ÿ3. Hence the solution
5m þ 4 ¼ 0. This has roots 1 and 4 so the solution
is y ¼ c1 eÿx þ c2 eÿ2x þ c3 eÿ3x .
is y ¼ c1 ex þ c2 e4x .
d2 y
þ dy 2 20. D3 y ÿ D2 y ÿ 17Dy ¼ 15y has auxiliary equation
10. dx2 dx þ 3y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m þ
4m þ 3 ¼ 0 with roots ÿ1 and ÿ3. Hence the solu- m3 ÿ m2 ÿ 17m ÿ 15 ¼ 0. Using synthetic divi-
tion is y ¼ c1 eÿx þ c2 eÿ3x . sion we see 5 is a root. The other two roots are
ÿ3 and ÿ1. Hence the solution is y ¼ c1 eÿx þ
11. y00 ÿ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 1 ¼ 0. The c2 eÿ3x þ c3 e5x .
roots are 1 and ÿ1 so the solution is y ¼ c1 ex þ
c2 eÿx .
624
SECTION 32.1 625
21. D2 y þ 2Dy ÿ 15y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ 25. The differential equation y00 þ 2y0 ÿ 15y ¼ 0 has
2m ÿ 15 ¼ 0. This has roots 3 and ÿ5 and so the auxiliary equation m2 þ 2m ÿ 15 ¼ 0. Its roots
general solution is y ¼ c1 e3x þ c2 eÿ5x . When x ¼ 0 are 3 and ÿ5. Hence, the general solution is y ¼
we have y ¼ 2 so 2 ¼ c1 þ c2 or c1 ¼ 2 ÿ c2 find- c1 e3x þ c2 eÿ5x . When x ¼ 0 we are given that
ing y0 ¼ 3c1 ; e3x ÿ 5c2 eÿ5x we also have that y ¼ 5 which produces
y0 ¼ 6 when x ¼ 0. Hence 6 ¼ 3c1 ÿ 5c2 . Substi-
c1 þ c2 ¼ 5 ð1Þ
tuting 2 ÿ c2 for c1 we get 6 ¼ 3ð2 ÿ c2 Þ ÿ 5c2
or 6 ¼ 6 ÿ 3c2 ÿ 5c2. Hence c2 ¼ 0 and c1 ¼ 2. Differentiating the general solution gives y0 ¼
The particular solution is y ¼ 2e3x . 3c1 e3x ÿ 5c2 eÿ5x . When x ¼ 0, we know that
y0 ¼ ÿ1, and so
22. 3D2 y ÿ 14Dy þ 8y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation
3m2 ÿ 14m þ 8 ¼ 0. This factors into ð3m ÿ 2Þ 3c1 ÿ 52 ¼ ÿ1 ð2Þ
ðm ÿ 4Þ ¼ 0. Hence the general solution is
y ¼ c1 e4x þ c2 e2x=3 . When x ¼ 0; y ¼ 3 so 3 ¼ Multiplying equation (1) by 5 and adding it to
c1 þ c2 or c1 ¼ 3 ÿ c2. Also, y0 ¼ 4c1 e4x þ 23 c2 e2x=3 equation (2) produces 8c1 ¼ 24; c1 ¼ 3. Back-sub-
and y0 ¼ 12 when x ¼ 0. This gives 12 ¼ 4c1 þ stitution gives c2 ¼ 2. The particular solution is
2 y ¼ 3e3x þ 2eÿ5x .
3 c2 . Substituting this for c1 we have 12 ¼
4ð3 ÿ c2 Þ þ 23 c2 of 12 ¼ 12 ÿ 3 23 c2 . Hence, c2 ¼ 26. The differential equation y00 ÿ 4y0 ÿ 32y ¼ 0 has
0 and c1 ¼ 3. The particular solution is y ¼ 3e4x . auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 4m ÿ 32 ¼ 0 with roots
23. D2 y þ 2Dy ÿ 8y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ 8 and ÿ4. The general solution is y ¼ c1 e8x þ
2m ÿ 8 ¼ 0. Its roots are ÿ4 and 2. Hence the gen- c2 eÿ4x and y0 ¼ 8c1 e8x ÿ 4c2 eÿ4x . When x ¼ 0,
eral solution is y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿ4x . When x ¼ 0 we then y ¼ 15 and y0 ¼ 0, giving the equations
are given that y ¼ 0 which produces c1 þ c2 ¼ 15 ð1Þ
0 ¼ c1 þ c2 ð1Þ 8c1 ÿ 4c2 ¼ 0 ð2Þ
Differentiating that general solution gives y0 ¼ Multiplying equation (1) by 4 and adding it to
2c1 e2x ÿ 4c2 eÿ4x . When x ¼ 0, we know that equation (2) produces 12c1 ¼ 60 or c1 ¼ 5. Back-
y0 ¼ 6, and so substitution gives c2 ¼ 10. The particular solution
is y ¼ 5e8x þ 10eÿ4x .
6 ¼ 2c1 ÿ 4c2
ð2Þ 27. The differential equation y000 þ y00 ÿ 4y0 ÿ 4y ¼ 0
or 3 ¼ c1 ÿ 2c2
has auxiliary equation m3 þ m2 ÿ 4m ÿ 4 ¼ 0.
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1) yields Removing common factors gives m2 ðm þ 1Þ ÿ
3c2 ¼ ÿ3, and so c2 ¼ ÿ1. Back-substitution into 4ðmþ 1Þ ¼ ðm2 ÿ 4Þðm þ 1Þ. So, the roots are ÿ1,
equation (1) gives c1 ¼ 1. The particular solution 2, and ÿ2. The general solution is y ¼ c1 eÿx þ
is y ¼ e2x ÿ eÿ4x . c2 e2x þ c3 eÿ2 , its derivative is y0 ¼ ÿc1 eÿx þ
2c2 e2x ÿ 2c3 eÿ2 , and its second derivative is y00 ¼
24. D2 y þ 2Dy ÿ 8y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ
c1 eÿx þ 4c2 e2x þ 4c3 eÿ2 . When x ¼ 0, we are
2m ÿ 8 ¼ 0. Its roots are ÿ4 and 2. Hence, the
given y ¼ 3; y0 ¼ 7, and y00 ¼ ÿ3. Substituting
general solution is y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿ4x . When
these in the appropriate equations generate the
x ¼ 0 we are given that y ¼ 3 which produces
system of equations
3 ¼ c1 þ c2 ð1Þ
c1 þ c2 þ c3 ¼ 3
0
Differentiating the general solution gives y ¼ ÿc1 þ 2c2 ÿ 2c3 ¼ 7
2c1 e2x ÿ 4c2 eÿ4x . When x ¼ 0, we know that
y0 ¼ ÿ12, and so c1 þ 4c2 þ 4c3 ¼ ÿ3
ÿ12 ¼ 2c1 ÿ 4c2 The solutions of this system are c1 ¼ 5; c2 ¼ 2,

ð2Þ and c3 ¼ ÿ4. The particular solution is y ¼
or ÿ 6 ¼ c1 ÿ 2c2
5eÿx þ 2e2x ÿ 4eÿ2x .
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1) yields 28. The differential equation y000 þ y00 ÿ 17y0 þ 15y ¼
3c2 ¼ 9, and so c2 ¼ 3. Back-substitution into 0 has auxiliary equation m3 þ m2 ÿ 17m þ 15 ¼
equation (1) gives c1 ¼ 0. The particular solution 0. Inspection shows that 1 is a root. Synthetic
is y ¼ 3eÿ4x . division produces
626 CHAPTER 32 HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1j 1 1 ÿ17 15 are given y ¼ 0; y0 ¼ ÿ12, and y00 ¼ 0 which leads

1 2 ÿ15 to the system of equations
1 2 ÿ15 0
c1 þ c2 þ c3 ¼ 0
Thus, m2 þ m2 ÿ 17m þ 15 ¼ ðm ÿ 1Þðm2 þ 2m ÿ c1 þ 3c2 ÿ 5c3 ¼ ÿ12
15Þ ¼ ðm þ 1Þðm þ 5Þðm ÿ 3Þ. The roots are 1, 3, c1 þ 9c2 þ 25c3 ¼ 0
and ÿ5. Hence, the general solution is y ¼
c1 ex þ c2 e3x þ c3 eÿ5x , its derivative is y0 ¼ c1 ex þ The solutions of this system are c1 ¼ 2; c2 ¼ ÿ3,
3c2 e3x ÿ 5c3 eÿ5x , and its second derivative is and c3 ¼ 1. The particular solution is y ¼ 2ex ÿ
y00 ¼ c1 ex þ 9c2 e3x þ 25c3 eÿ5x . When x ¼ 0, we 3e3x þ 3ÿ5x .
32.2 AUXILIARY EQUATIONS WITH REPEATED OR COMPLEX ROOTS
1. D2 y þ 2Dy þ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ 11. D2 y þ 9Dy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ 9m ¼

2m þ 1 ¼ 0 This has ÿ1 as a double root. Hence 0. This has 0 and ÿ9 for its roots and hence the
the general solution is y ¼ c1 eÿx þ c2 xeÿx or solution is y ¼ c1 þ c2 eÿ9x .
y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿx .
12. D2 y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m3 ¼ 0. This has 0
2. ð D2 y ÿ 2D þ 1Þy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ as a triple roots so the solution is y ¼ c1 þ c2 x þ
2m þ 1 ¼ 0. This has 1 as a double root. Hence c3 x2 .
the general solution is y ¼ c1 ex þ c2 xex or y ¼
13. D3 y ¼ y has auxiliary equation m3 ÿ 1 ¼ 0. 1 is
ðc1 þ c2 xÞex .
real solution and synthetic division yields m2 þ
3. D2 y ÿ 4Dy þ 4y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ m þ 1 as the depressed
pffiffi quotient. The other two
4m þ 4 ¼ 0. This has 2 as a double root and hence roots are ÿ 12 23 p j.ffiffi Hence thepffiffi solution is y ¼
the solution is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe2x . c1 ex þ eÿx=2 c2 cos 23 x þ c3 sin 23 x .
ÿ
4. y00 ÿ 10y0 þ 25y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 14. d2 y

þ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m3 þ 1 ¼ 0. We
dx3
10m þ 25 ¼ 0. 5 is a double root and the solution can determine that ÿ1 is a real root and, using syn-
is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe5x . thetic division, we get m2 ÿ m þ 1 as thepffiffidepressed
3
5. 9y00 ÿ 6y0 þ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation 9m2 ÿ quotient. This has complex roots 12 2 j. Hence
pffiffi
6m þ 1 ¼ 0. 13 is a double roots and the solution the solutions are y ¼ c1 eÿx þ ex=2 c2 cos 23 x þ
pffiffi
is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞex=e . c3 sin 23 xÞ.
6. 1600 þ 8y00 þ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation 16m2 þ d3 y
15. dx3þ 8y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m3 þ 8 ¼ 0.
8m þ 1 ¼ 0. ÿ 14 is a double root and so the solu-
tion is y ¼ ðc1 þ xc2 Þeÿx=4 . We can see that ÿ2 is one root. Using synthetic
division we get the depressed
pffiffiffi quotient m2 ÿ2m þ
7. 4y00 þ 12y0 þ 9y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation 4m3 þ 4 which has roots 1 3j. Hence the solution is
12m þ 9 ¼ 0. This has ÿ 32 as a double root and pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
y ¼ c1 eÿ2x þ ex c2 cos 3 þ c3 sin 3x .
ÿ
hence the solution is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿ3x=2 . d3 y
16. dx3ÿ 27y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m3 ÿ 27 ¼ 0.
00 0 2
8. 9y ÿ 12y þ 4y ¼ 0 has 9m ÿ 12m þ 4 ¼ 0 as its This equation factors into ðm ÿp3Þ 2
auxiliary equation. This has 23 as a double root and ffiffi ðm þ 3m þ 9Þ
ÿ3 3 3
¼ 0 so the roots are ÿ3; 2 2 j. The solution
hence the solution is y ¼ ðc1 þ xc þ 2Þe2x=3 . pffiffi pffiffi
is y ¼ c1 eÿ3x þ eÿ3x=2 c2 cos 3 2 3 x þ c3 sin 3 2 3 x .
9. y00 þ 4y0 þ 5y ¼ 0 has m2 þ 4m þ 5 ¼ 0 as its aux-
iliary equation. By the quadratic formula, this has 17. y000 ÿ 6y00 þ 11y0 ÿ 6y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation
ÿ4 16ÿ20
¼ ÿ2 j as its complex roots. Hence m3 ÿ 6m2 þ 11m ÿ 6 ¼ 0. Using the rational root
2
the solution is y ¼ eÿ2x ð c1 cos x þ c2 sin xÞ. theorem and synthetic division we find the roots
are 1, 2 and 3. Hence the solution is y ¼ c1 ex þ
10. y00 þ 4y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ 4 ¼ 0. c2 e2x þ c3 e3x .
This has complex roots 2j and ÿ2j so a ¼ 0 and
b ¼ 2. The solution is y ¼ c1 cos 2x þ c2 sin 2x. 18. D4 y ÿ 9D2 y þ 20y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation
m4 ÿ 9m2 þ 20 ¼ 0. This factors as ðm2 ÿ 4Þðm2
ÿ 5Þ ¼ 0 and the roots are 2, ÿ2; 5 and ÿ 5.
SECTION 32.2 627
pffiffi
Hence the solution is y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿ2x þ c3 e 5x 4ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿ4x . When x ¼ 0; y0 ¼ c2 ÿ 4c1 ¼ ÿ6
pffiffi
þ c4 eÿ 5x . so ÿ6 þ 16 ¼ 10. The particular solution is y ¼
ð4 þ 10xÞeÿ4 .
19. D4 y þ 8D3 y þ 24D2 y þ 32Dy þ 16y ¼ 0 has aux-
iliary equation m4 þ 8m3 þ 24m2 þ 32m þ 16 ¼ 29. ð4D2 ÿ 12D þ 9Þy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation with
0. This has ÿ2 as a root four times. Hence the solu- double root 32. Hence the general solution is
tion is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 x þ c3 x2 þ c4 x3 Þeÿ2x . y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe3x=2 . When x ¼ 0; y ¼ 1 so c1 ¼ 1
or y ¼ ð1 þ c2 xÞe3x=2, which means that c2 ¼ ÿ1.
20. y000 ÿ y00 þ y0 ÿ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m3 ÿ 3
Hence the particular solution is y ¼ ð1 ÿ xÞe2x .
m2 þ m ÿ 1 ¼ 0. The real root is 1 and using syn-
thetic division we get the depressed quotient 30. ðD2 ÿ 4D þ 5Þy ¼p0ffiffiffiffiffi has auxiliary equation with
m2 þ 1 which has complex roots j. Hence the complex roots 4 2 ÿ4 ¼ 2 j. Hence the general
solution is y ¼ c1 ex þ c2 cos x þ c3 sin x. solution is y ¼ e2x ð c1 cos x þ c2 sin xÞ. When x ¼
0; y ¼ 1 yields c1 ¼ 1, so y ¼ e2x ð cos x þÿ c2 sin xÞ.
21. ðD ÿ 1Þ2 ðD þ 2Þ3 y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equations
Now when x ¼ 2 ; y ¼ 3e so 3e ¼ 3 cos 2 þ c2
with 1 as a double root and ÿ2 as a triple root.
sin 2Þ and so c2 ¼ 3. Hence the particular solution
Hence the solution is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞex þ ðc3 þ
is y ¼ e2x ðcos x þ 3 sin xÞ.
c4 x þ c5 x2 Þeÿ2x .
31. The differential equation y00 þ 2y0 þ y ¼ 0 has aux-
22. ðD ÿ 2Þ4 ðD þ 5Þy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation with
iliary equation m2 þ 2m þ 1 ¼ 0. This equation
roots 2 of multiplicity four and ÿ5. The solution is
has ÿ1 as a double root. Hence, the general solu-
y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 x þ c3 x2 þ c4 x3 Þe2x þ c5 eÿ5x .
tion is y ¼ c1 eÿx þ c2 xeÿx and its derivative is
23. ðD ÿ 3Þ2 ðD2 ÿ 6D ÿ yÞy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equa- y0 ¼ ÿc1 eÿx ÿ c2 eÿx ÿ c2 xe. When x ¼ 0, we are
tion with 3 as a double root and irrational roots given y ¼ 1 and y0 ¼ ÿ3 which leads equations
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
6 36þ36
¼ 3 3 2. Hence the solution is y ¼ c1 ¼ 1 and ÿc1 þ c2 ¼ ÿ3. Hence, c2 ¼ ÿ2 and
2 pffiffi pffiffi
ðc1 þ c2 xÞe3x þ c3 eð3þ3 3Þx þ c4 eð3ÿ3 3Þx . the particular solution is y ¼ eÿx ÿ 2xeÿx .
32. The differential equation y00 ÿ 10y0 þ 25y ¼ 0 has
24. ðD þ 1Þ2 ðD2 þ 4D þ 9Þy ¼ 0 has auxiliary equa-
the auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 10m þ 25 ¼ 0. This
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1 aspaffiffiffidouble root and complex roots
tionpwith
equation has ÿ5 as a double route. Hence, the
ÿ4 16ÿ36
¼ ÿ2 5j. Hence the solution is given by
2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi general solution is y ¼ c1 eÿ5x þ c2 xeÿ5x and its
y ¼ ðc1 þc2 xÞeÿx þ eÿ2x c3 cos 5x þ c4 sin 5x .
ÿ
derivative is y0 ¼ ÿ5c1 eÿ5x þ c2 eÿ5x ÿ 5c2 x3ÿ5x .
25. ð3D2 ÿ 2D þ 1Þy ¼ 0 has 3m2 ÿ 2m þ 1 ¼ 0 as its When x ¼ 0, we are given y ¼ ÿ4 and y0 ¼ 4.
auxiliary equation. This equation has complex These lead to c1 ¼ ÿ4 and ÿ5c1 þ c2 ¼ 20 þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffi c2 ¼ 4, and so c2 ¼ ÿ16 and the particular solu-
roots 2 64ÿ12 ¼ 13 32 j. Hence the solution is tion is y ¼ ÿ4eÿ5x ÿ 16xeÿ5x .
pffiffi pffiffi
y ¼ ex=3 c1 cos 32 x þ c2 sin 32 x .
33. ðD2 ÿ 6D þ 34Þy ¼ 0 has the auxiliary equation
d2 y
26. dx2 ÿ 2 dy
dxþ 3y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation
m ÿ 2 m2 ÿ 6m þ 34 ¼ 0. This has the complex roots
2m þ 3. This has complex roots 2 24ÿ12 ¼ 1 3 5j, so the general solution is y ¼ e3x ðc1
pffiffiffi ÿ pffiffiffi cos 5x þ c2 cos 5xÞ and y0 ¼ 3e3x ðc1 cos 5x þ c2
2j. Hence the solution is y ¼ ex c1 cos 2 þ
pffiffiffi sin 5xÞ þ e3x ðÿ5c1 sin 5x þ 5c2 cos 5xÞ. When x ¼
c2 sin 2xÞ.
0, we are given y ¼ 0:5 and y0 ¼ 1:5 and so,
27. y00 ÿ 2y0 þ 5y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ÿ2m þ c1 ¼ 4 and 3c1 þ 5c2 ¼ ÿ3. Hence, c2 ¼ ÿ3 and
5 ¼ 0. This has complex roots 1 2j. Hence the the particular solution is y ¼ e3x ð4 cos 5xÿ
general solution is y ¼ ex ðc1 cos 2x þ c2 sin 2xÞ. 3 sin 5xÞ.
When x ¼ 0, y is 4 and so c1 ¼ 4. When
34. ðD2 þ 10D þ 29Þy ¼ 0 has the auxiliary equation
x ¼ 0; y0 ¼ 7 so y0 ¼ ex ðc1 cos 2x þ c2 sin 2xÞ þ
m2 þ 10m þ 29 ¼ 0. This has the complex roots
ex ðÿ2c1 sin 2x þ 2c2 cos 2xÞ ¼ ex ½ðc1 þ 2c2 Þcos 2x ÿ5 2j, so the general solution is y ¼ eÿ5x
þðc2 ÿ 2c1 Þ sin 2x. Hence c1 þ 2c2 ¼ 7 or 4 þ
ðc1 cos 2x þ c2 sin 2xÞ and y0 ¼ ÿ5e3x ðc1 cos 2x þ
2c2 ¼ 7 or c2 ¼ 32. The particular solution is y ¼
ÿ c2 sin 2xÞ þ eÿ5x ð2c1 sin 2x þ 2c2 cos 2xÞ. When
ex 4 cos 2x þ 32 sin 2x . x ¼ 0, we are given y ¼ 0:5 and y0 ¼ 1:5 and so,
28. y00 þ 8y0 þ 16y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 þ c1 ¼ 0:5 and ÿ5c1 þ 2c2 ¼ 1:5. Hence, c2 ¼ 2
8m þ 16 ¼ 0. We see that ÿ4 is a double root and the particular solution is y ¼ eÿ5x ð0:5
and the general solution is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿ4x . cos 2x þ 2 sin 2xÞ.
When x ¼ 0, y ¼ 4 and so c1 ¼ 4. y0 ¼ c2 eÿ4x ÿ
32.3 SOLUTIONS OF NONHOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
1. ðD2 ÿ10D þ 25Þy ¼ 4. To find yc we solve the aux- 841A ¼ 63 or A ¼ 63

841. Also, B ¼ 20A 60
21 ¼ 841. The
iliary equation m2 ÿ 10m þ 25 ¼ 0. This has dou- 63
solution is y ¼ ðC1 þC2 xÞe5x þ 841 60
sin 2xþ 841 cos 2x.
ble root 5. Hence yc ¼ ðc1 þ xc2 Þe5x . For yp, we
use Case 1 and yp ¼ A0 ; y0p ¼ 0. Substituting into 7. ðD2 ÿ 10D þ 25Þy ¼ 29 sin 2x. Again yc ¼ ðC1 þ
the original equation we get 25A0 ¼ 4 or A0 ¼ 25 4
. C2 xÞe5x . Using Case 3 we set yp ¼ A sin 2x þ
5x 4
Hence the solution is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞ þ 25. B cos 2x, and so y0p ¼ 2A cos 2x ÿ 2B sin 2x, and
y00p ¼ ÿ4A sin 2x ÿ 4B cos 2x. Substituting into the
2. ðD2 ÿ 10D þ 25yÞy ¼ 4x2 . Using the auxiliary
original equation we get ðÿ4A þ 20B þ 25AÞ
equation m2 ÿ10m þ 25 ¼ 0, we get a double root
sin 2x þ ðÿ4B ÿ 20A þ 25BÞ cos 2x ¼ 29 sin 2x.
5. Hence yc ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞx5x . To find yp we use Case
Hence 21A þ 20B ¼ 29 and ÿ20A þ 21B ¼ 0.
1 and set yp ¼ A2 x2 þ A1 x þ A0 ; y0 ¼ 2A2 x þ A1 , Eliminating B we get ð441 þ 440ÞA ¼ 29 21 or
and y00 ¼ 2A2 . Substituting into the original equa-
A ¼ 609 21 20A 20 21 20
841 ¼ 29. Also, B ¼ 21 ¼ 21 29 ¼ 29. The solu-
tion we get 2A2 ÿ10ð2A2 þ A1 Þ þ 25ðA2 x2 þ
A1 x þ A0 Þ ¼ 4x2 or 25A2 x2 þ ð25A1 ÿ 20A2 Þxþ tion is y ¼ ðC1 þ C2 xÞe þ 29 sin 2x þ 20
5x 21
29 cos 2x.
25A0 ÿ10A1 þ 2A2 ¼ 4x2 . Hence A2 ¼ 25 4
; A1 ¼ 8. ðD2 ÿ 9Þy ¼ 3 cos x has complementary solution
160 8
ÿ
20A2
25 ¼ 80
625 ¼ 16
125,and A0 ¼ 10A125ÿ2A2 ¼ 12525 25 24
¼ 625 . yc ¼ c1 e3x þ c2 eÿ3x . To find yp we use Case 4
The solution is 4 2
¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe5x þ 25 16
x þ 125 24
þ 625. with yp ¼ A sin x þ B cos x; y0p ¼ A cos x ÿ B sin x
and y00p ¼ ÿA sin x ÿ B cos x. Substituting into the
3. ðD2 ÿ 10D þ 25Þy ¼ e3x has the same complen- original equation we get ÿ10A sin x ÿ 10B cos x ¼
3
tary solution as problems 1 and 2, namely 3 cos x. Solving we get A ¼ 0 and B ¼ ÿ 10 . The
yc ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe5x . To find the particular solution solution is y ¼ c1 e3x þ c2 eÿ3x ÿ 10
3
cos x.
yp , we use Case 2 with yp ¼ A0 e3x , y0 ¼ 3A0 e3x ,
9. ðD2 ÿ 4Þ ¼ x2 ex ÿ 3x has complementary auxili-
and y00 ¼ 9A0 e3x . Substituting into the original
ary equation with roots 2. Hence yc ¼ c1 e3x þ
equation we get 9A0 e3x ÿ 10 3A0 e3x þ 25A0 e3x ¼
c2 eÿ2x . yp will have 2 parts. x2 ex is Case 2 so we
33x or 4A0 e3x ¼ e3x. Hence A0 ¼ 14. The solution
set yp1 ¼ ex ðA2 x2 þ A1 x þ A0 Þ, with y0p1 ¼ ex
is y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe5x þ 14 e3x .
ðA2 x2 þ A1 x þ A0 Þ þ ex ð2A2 x þ A1 Þ ¼ A2 ex x2 þ
4. ðD2 ÿ10D þ 25Þy ¼ 2xe3x . Again yc ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞ ðA1 þ 2A2 Þex x þ ðA0 þ A1 Þex and y00p1 ¼ A2 ex x2 þ
e5x . To find yp we use Case 2 with yp ¼ 2xA2 ex þ ðA1 þ 2A2 Þex x þ ðA1 þ 2A2 Þex þ ðA0 þ
e3x ð A1 x þ A0 Þ; y0p ¼ 3e3x ð A1 x þ A0 Þ þ A1 e3x ¼
A1 Þex ¼ A2 ex x2 þ ð2A2 þ A1 þ 2A2 Þex x þ ð2A2 þ
3A1 xe3x þ ðA1 þ 3A0 Þe3x , and y00p ¼ 0A1 xe3x þ
3A1 e3x þ 3ðA1 þ 3A0 Þe3x . Substituting into the ori- 2A1 þ A0 Þex . Substititing into the original equation
ginal equation we get 9A1 xe3x þ ð6A1 þ 3A0 Þe3x yields ðA2 ÿ 4A2 Þex x2 þ ð4A2 þ A1 ÿ 4A1 Þex x þ
ÿ30A1 xe3x ÿ ð10A1 þ 30A0 Þe3x þ 25ð A1 x þ A0 Þ ð2A2 þ 2A1 þ A0 ÿ 4A0 Þex ¼ x2 ex . Hence ÿ3A2 ¼ 1
e3x ¼ 2xe3x . Hence 9A1 ÿ 30A1 þ 25A1 ¼ 2 and or A2 ¼ ÿ 13. Next, ÿ 43 ÿ 3A1 ¼ 0 or A1 ¼ ÿ 49 and
6A1 þ 9A0 ÿ 10A1 ÿ 30A0 þ 25A0 ¼ 0. So A1 ¼ 12 ÿ 2ÿ 8
and 4A0 ¼ 4A1 ¼ 2,ÿ so A0¼ 12. The solution is finally 3A0 ¼ 2A2 þ 2A1 and so A1 ¼ 3 9 ¼ ÿ14 27 .
3
y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe5x þ 12 x þ 12 e3x . For the second part of yp , we have yp2 ¼ B1 x þ
5. ðD2 ÿ 10D þ 25Þy ¼ 10 þ ex . Again yc ¼ ðc1 þ B0 ; y0p2 ¼ B and y00p2 ¼ 0. Hence ÿ4B1 x ¼ ÿ3x
c2 xÞe5x . The yp has two parts. Case 1 yp1 ¼ A0 and B1 ¼ 34 B0 ¼ 0. The solution is y ¼ c1 e2x þ
and we get 25A0 ¼ 10 or A0 ¼ 25. Case 2, yp2 ¼ c2 eÿ2x ÿ 13 x2 þ 49 þ 14
ÿ x 3
29 e þ 4 x.
B0 ex ; y0p2 ¼ B0 ex ; y00p2 ¼ B0 ex . Substituting we get
16B0 ex ¼ ex or B0 ¼ 16 1
. The solution is y ¼ 10. ðD2 þ r Þy ¼ 6x þ 3. The auxiliary equation for yc
has complex roots 2j. Hence yc ¼ c1 cos 2x þ
ðc1 þ c2 xÞe5x þ 25 þ 16
1 x
e. c2 sin 2x. For yp we use Case 1 with yp ¼ A1 x þ
6. ðD2 ÿ 10D þ 25Þy ¼ 3 sin 2x. This is Case 3 so we A0 ; y0p ¼ A1 , and y00p ¼ 0. Substituting into the ori-
set yp ¼ A sin 2x þ B cos 2x; y0p ¼ 2A cos 2x ÿ 2B ginal equation we get 4ð A1 x þ A0 Þ ¼ 6x þ 3. So
sin 2x; y00p ¼ ÿ4A sin 2x ÿ 4B cos 2x. Substituting 4A1 ¼ 6 gives A1 ¼ 32 and 4A0 ¼ 3 gives A0 ¼ 34.
into the original equation and collecting like terms The solution is y ¼ c1 cos 2x þ c2 sin 2x þ 32 x þ 34.
we get ðÿ4Aþ20B þ 25AÞ sin 2x þ ðÿ4B ÿ 20Aþ 11. ðD2 þ 9Þy ¼ 4 cos x þ 2 sin x. yc has auxiliary
25BÞ cos 2x ¼ 3 sin 2x. Hence 21A þ 20B ¼ 3 and equation with roots 3j. Hence yc ¼ c1 cos 3x ÿ
ÿ20A þ 21B ¼ 0. Eliminating the B term we get c2 sin 3x. yp fits Cases 3 and 4 so we set yp ¼
A cos x þ B sin x; y0p ¼ ÿA sin x þ B cos x and y00p ¼
SECTION 32.3 629
ÿ A cos x ÿ B sin x. Substituting into the original yc ; yp1 , and yp2 together we get y ¼ eÿ2x
equation we get ðÿA cos xÿB sin xÞ þ 9ðA cos x þ ðc1 cos x þ c2 sin xÞ þ 12 eÿx þ 2x ÿ 85.
B sin xÞ ¼ 4 cos x þ 2 sin x so 8A ¼ 4 and 8B ¼ 2
giving A ¼ 12 and B ¼ 14. The solution is y ¼ 17. D2 y þ y ¼ 4 þ cos 2x. yc ¼ c1 cos x þ c2 sin x. Set
c1 cos 3x þ c2 sin 3x þ 12 cos x þ 14 sin x. yp1 ¼ A and we get A ¼ 4 so yp1 ¼ 4. Now set
yp2 ¼ A sin 2x þ B cos 2x; y0p2 ¼ 2A cos 2x ÿ 2B
12. y00 ÿ 5y0 þ 6y ¼ 9x þ 2ex . yc has auxiliary equa- sin 2x, and y00p2 ¼ ÿ4A sin x ÿ 4B cos 2x. Hence,
tion with roots 2 and 3. Hence yc ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e3x . ÿ4A þ A ¼ 0 and ÿ4B þ B ¼ 1. Thus, we see
yp fits Case 1 and 2. We set yp1 ¼ A1 x þ A0 with that A ¼ 0 and B ¼ ÿ 13. The solution is y ¼ c1
y0p1 ¼ A1 , and y00p1 ¼ 0. Substituting we get cos x þ c2 sin x ÿ 13 cos 2x þ 4.
ÿ5ðA1 Þ þ 6ð A1 x þ A0 Þ ¼ 9x. Hence 6A1 ¼ 9, and
18. 3D2 y þ 2Dy ÿ y ¼ 4 þ 2x þ 6x2 . The auxiliary
so A1 ¼ 32 and 6A0 ÿ 5A1 ¼ 0, which means that
equation for yc is 3m2 þ 2m ÿ 1 ¼ 0 which factors
A0 ¼ 5A6 1 ¼ 54. Now we set yp2 ¼ Bex and y0p2 ¼
into ð3m ÿ 1Þðm þ 1Þ ¼ 0 so it has roots 13 and ÿ1.
y00p2 ¼ Bex . Substituting into the original equation
Hence yc ¼ c1 eÿx þ c2 ex=3 . Now we set yp ¼ Ax2 þ
and collecting like terms, we obtain 2Bex ¼ 2ex
Bx þ C, with y0p ¼ 2Ax þ B, and y00p ¼ 2A. Substi-
so B ¼ 1. Putting these all together we get
tuting we get 3 2A þ 2ð2Ax þ BÞ ÿ ð Ax2 þ Bx þ
y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e3x þ 32 x þ 54 þ e2 .
CÞ ¼ 4 þ 2x þ 6x2 . Collecting like terms we get
13. y00 þ y ¼ 2e3x . yc has auxiliary equation with roots ÿAx2 þ ð4A ÿ BÞx þ ð6A þ 2B ÿ CÞ ¼ 4 þ 2x þ
j. Hence yc ¼ c1 cos x þ c2 sin x; yp fits Case 2 so 6x2 . Hence ÿA ¼ 6, or A ¼ ÿ6. We also have
we set yp ¼ Ae3x ; y0p ¼ 3Ae3x , and y00p ¼ 9Ae3x . 4A ÿ B ¼ 2 or B ¼ 4A ÿ 2 ¼ ÿ26 and 6A þ 2B
Substituting we get 9Ae3x þ Ae3x ¼ 2e3x or ÿC ¼ 4 or C ¼ 6A þ 2B ÿ 4 ¼ ÿ36 ÿ 52 ÿ 4 ¼
10A ¼ 2 ) A ¼ 15. The solution is y ¼ c1 cos x þ ÿ92. So yp ¼ ÿ6x2 ÿ 26x ÿ 92. The solution is
c2 sin x þ 15 e3x . y ¼ yc þ yp ¼ c1 eÿx þ cÿ2ex=3 ÿ 6x2 ÿ 26x ÿ 92.
14. ðD2 þ 2D þ 1Þy ¼ 4 sin 2x. The auxiliary equation 19. 3D2 y þ 2Dy þ y ¼ 4 þ 2x þ 6x2 . Here the auxili-
m2 þ 2m þ 1 ¼ 0 has ÿ1 for a double roots. Hence ary equation is 3m2 þ 2m þ
pffiffi 1 ¼ 0 phas complex
yc ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿx . Now, yp fits Case 3, so we set
ffiffi
roots ÿ1 2
j so y c ¼ eÿx=3
c 1 cos 2
x þ c2
yp ¼ A sin 2x þ B cos 2x, with y0p ¼ 2A cos 2x ÿ pffiffi 3 3 3
2 2
2B sin 2x, and y00p ¼ ÿ4A sin 2x ÿ 4B cos 2x. Sub- sin 3 xÞ. As in problem 18 set yp ¼ Ax þ Bx þ C
stituting we get ðÿ4A sin 2x ÿ 4B cos 2xÞ þ 2 with y0p ¼ 2Ax þ B and y00p ¼ 2A. Now substituting,
ð2A cos 2x ÿ 2B sin 2xÞ þ ðA sin 2x þ B cos 2xÞ ¼ we get 3 2A ¼ 2ð2A þ BÞ þ ð Ax2 þ Bx þ CÞ ¼
4 sin 2x. Hence ÿ4A ÿ 4B þ A ¼ 4 and ÿ4B ¼ 4 þ 2x þ 6x2 . Collecting like terms we obtain
4A þ B ¼ 0. These simplify to ÿ3A ÿ 4B ¼ 4 Ax2 þ ð4A þ BÞx þ ð6Aþ2B þ CÞ ¼ 4 þ 2x þ 6x2 .
and A ¼ ÿ3B ¼ 0 with A ¼ ÿ 12 16
25 and B ¼ ÿ 25. The So A ¼ 6; 4A þ B ¼ 2, and so B ¼ 2 ÿ 4A ¼
solution is therefore y ¼ ðc1 ÿ c2 xÞeÿx ÿ 12 2 ÿ 24 ¼ ÿ22. We also obtain 6A þ 2B þ C ¼ 4
25 sin 2x
or C ¼ 4 ÿ 6A ÿ 2B ¼ 4 ÿ 36 pffiffi þ 44 ¼ 12.
pffiffi The
ÿ 16

25 cos 2x. solution is y ¼ eÿx=3 c1 cos 32 x þ c2 sin 32 x þ
15. y00 ÿ 4y ¼ 8x2 . First, yc ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿ2x . Now set 6x2 ÿ 22x þ 12.
yp ¼ A2 x2 þ A1 x þ A0 ; y0p ¼ 2A2 x þ A1 , and y00p ¼ 20. y00 þ 9y0 ÿ y ¼ x2 þ 6e2x . The auxiliary equation is
2A2 . Substituting we get 2A2 ÿ 4ðA2 x2 þ A1 þ m2 þ 9m ÿ 1 ¼ pffiffiffi0ffi and the quadratic formula yields
A0 Þ ¼ 8x2 . Hence ÿ4A2 ¼ 8 and A2 ¼ ÿ2. Also, the roots ÿ92 85 which are real. Hence yc ¼ c1
A1 ¼ 0. Finally, 2A2 ÿ 4A0 ¼ 0, so A0 ¼ 12 A2 ¼ ÿ9þ 85 ÿ9ÿ 85
e 2 x þ c2 e 2 x . Now set yp1 ¼ Ax2 þ Bx þ C;
ÿ1. The solution is y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿ2x ÿ 2x2 ÿ 1. y0p1 ¼ 2Ax þ B and y00p2 ¼ 2A. Substituting we get
2A þ 9ð2Ax þ BÞÿ ð Ax2 þ Bx þ CÞ ¼ x2 . Collect-
16. y00 þ 4y0 þ 5y ¼ eÿx þ 10x. The auxiliary equation
ing like terms ÿAx2 þ ð18A ÿ BÞx þ ð2A þ 9B
for yc is m2 þ 4m þ 5 and has complex roots
ÿ CÞ ¼ x2 . Hence ÿA ¼ 1 or A ¼ ÿ1; 18A ÿ B ¼
ÿ2 j. Hence yc ¼ eÿ2x ð c1 cos x þ c2 sin xÞ. yp
0, and so B ¼ ÿ18 and 2A þ 9B ÿ C ¼ 0, which
fits Cases 1 and 2. Set yp1 ¼ ÿAeÿx ; y0p1 ¼
means that C ¼ ÿ2 ÿ 162 ¼ ÿ164. So yp1 ¼ ÿx2
ÿAeÿx , and y00p1 ¼ Aeÿx . Substituting we get
ÿ18x ÿ 164. Now set yp2 ¼ Ae2x ; y0p2 ¼ 2Ae2x ;
Aeÿx ÿ 4Aeÿx þ 5Aeÿx ¼ eÿx or 2A ¼ 1 and so
y00p2 ¼ 4Ae2x . Substituting we have ð4A þ 9
A ¼ 12. Thus, yp1 ¼ 12 eÿx . Now set yp2 ¼
2A ÿ AÞe2x ¼ 6x2x or 21A ¼ 6, or A ¼ 21 6
¼ 27. So
B1 x þ B0 , with y0p2 ¼ B1 and y00p2 ¼ 0. Substituting pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
ÿ9ÿ 85
ÿ9þ 85 x
we get 4B1 þ 5ðB ÿ 1x þ B0 Þ ¼ 10x. Hence yp2 ¼ 27 e2x . The answer is y0 ¼ c1 e 2 x þ c2 2
5B1 ¼ 10 ) B1 ¼ 2 and 4B1 þ 5B0 ¼ 0 and so 2 2x 2
þ 7 e ÿ x ÿ 18x ÿ 164.
B0 ¼ 45 B1 ¼ ÿ 85. Hence yp2 ¼ 2x ÿ 85. Putting
21. y00 ÿ 2y0 þ x ¼ x2 ÿ 1. The auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 0. This has the double root ÿ1, so yc ¼ c1 eÿx þ
2m þ 1 ¼ 0 has 1 as a double root. Hence yc ¼ c2 xeÿx ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿx . This is Case 1, so yp ¼
ðc1 þ c2 xÞex . Now set yp ¼ Ax2 þ Bx þ C; y0p ¼ A2 x2 þ A1 x þ A0 , with y0p ¼ 2A2 x þ A1 , and y00p ¼
2Ax þ B, and y00p ¼ 2A. Substituting we get 2Aÿ 2A2 . Substituting, we get
2ð2Ax þ BÞ þ Ax2 þ Bx þ C ¼ x2 ÿ 1. Collecting
like terms we have Ax2 þ ðÿ4A þ BÞx þ ð2Aÿ 2A2 þ 2ð2A2 x þ A1 Þ þ A2 x2 þ A1 x þ A0
2B þ CÞ ¼ x2 ÿ 1. Hence, A ¼ 1; ÿ4A þ B ¼ 0, ¼ 3x2 þ 2x ÿ 1
and 2A ÿ 2B þ C ¼ ÿ1. B ¼ 4A ¼ 4, and C ¼
ÿ1þ2B ÿ 2A ¼ ÿ1 þ 8 ÿ 2 ¼ 5. Thus, yp ¼ x2 þ Eliminating parentheses and collecting like terms
4x þ 5. Now to find c1 and c2 of yc when produces
x ¼ 0; y ¼ ðc1 þ 0Þ1 þ 5 ¼ 7 and so c1 ¼ 2. y0 ¼ A0 x2 þ ð4A1 þ A1 Þx þ 2A2 þ 2A1 þ A0
ð2 þ c2 xÞex þ c2 ex þ 2x þ 4 and when x ¼ 0; y0 ¼
2 þ c2 þ 4 ¼ 15, or c2 ¼ 9. Hence the particular ¼ 3x2 þ 2x ÿ 1
solution is y ¼ ð2 þ 9xÞex þ x2 þ 4x þ 5. Hence, A2 ¼ 3; 4A1 þ A1 ¼ 2 or 4ð3Þ þ A1 ¼ 2
22. y00 ÿ 2y0 þ y ¼ 10. Here yc ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞex . Also, and A1 ¼ ÿ10, and 2A2 þ 2A1 þ A0 ¼ ÿ1 or 2ð3Þ
yp ¼ A; y0p ¼ 0, so A ¼ 10. Thus, y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞex þ2ðÿ10Þ þ A0 ¼ ÿ1 and A0 ¼ 13. This gives the
þ10. When x ¼ 0; y ¼ c1 þ 10 ¼ 20, so c1 ¼ 10. general solution
Also y0 ¼ ð10 þ c2 xÞex þ c2 ex . When x ¼ 0; y0 ¼ y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿx þ 3x2 ÿ 10x þ 13
10 þ c2 ¼ 5, and so c2 ¼ ÿ5. The particular solu-
tion is y ¼ ð10 ÿ 5xÞex þ 10. and its derivative is
23. y00 ÿ y0 ÿ 2y ¼ sin 2x. yc ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿx . Now set y0 ¼ ÿðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿx þ c2 eÿx þ 6x ÿ 10
yp ¼ A sin 2x þ B cos 2x, with y0p ¼ 2A cos 2x ÿ
We are told that when x ¼ 0, then y ¼ 3 and y0 ¼
2B sin 2x and y00p ¼ ÿ4A sin 2x ÿ 4B cos 2x. Substi-
5. Substituting these in the general solution and its
tuting we obtain the equation ðÿ4A sin 2xÿ
derivative produce c1 þ 13 ¼ 3 or c1 ¼ ÿ10. Next,
4B cos 2xÞÿð2A cos 2x ÿ 2B sin 2xÞ ÿ 2ðA sin 2x þ
10 þ c2 ÿ 10 ¼ 5 or c2 ¼ 5. The particular solu-
B cos 2xÞ ¼ sin 2x. This yields ÿ4A þ 2B ÿ 2A ¼ 1
tion is y ¼ ðÿ10 þ 5xÞeÿx þ 3x2 ÿ 10x þ 13 or
or ÿ6Aþ2B ¼ 1 and ÿ4Bÿ2Aÿ2B ¼ 0 or
3 1 y ¼ ÿ10eÿx þ 5xeÿx þ 3x2 ÿ 10x þ 13.
ÿ2A ÿ 6B ¼ 0. Solving we get A ¼ ÿ 20 ; B ¼ 20 .
2x ÿx 3
Hence y ¼ c1 e þ c2 e ÿ 20 sin 2x þ 20 cos 2x. 1 26. The differential equation y00 ÿ 5y0 ÿ 6y ¼ e3x has
When x ¼ 0; y ¼ c1 þ c2 þ 20 1
¼ 1, or c1 þ c2 ¼ 19 the auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 5m ÿ 6 ¼ 0. This
20.
Differentiating, we obtain y0 ¼ 2c1 e2x ÿc2 eÿx ¼ has the roots 6 and ÿ1, so yc ¼ c1 e6x þ c2 eÿx .
6 1 This is Case 2, so yp ¼ A0 e3x , with y0p ¼ 3A0 e3x ,
20 cos 2x ÿ 10 sin 2x, and when x ¼ 0, we know
that y0 ¼ 2c1 ÿ c2 ÿ 20 6
¼ 74 or 2c1 ÿ c2 ¼ 41 and y00p ¼ 9A0 e3x . Substituting, we obtain the
20. So,
3c1 ¼ 20 and c1 ¼ 1; also c2 ¼ 19
60
ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ 1 equation
20 20. The
2x 1 ÿx 3
particular solution is y ¼ e þ 20 e ÿ 20 sin 2x 9A0 e3x ÿ 15A0 e3x ÿ 6A0 e3x ¼ e3x
1
þ 20 cos 2x. 1
or 9A0 ÿ 15A0 ÿ 6A0 ¼ 1 and A0 ¼ ÿ 12 . Hence,
24. y00 ÿ y0 ÿ 2y ¼ e3x ; yc ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿx . Now set 6x ÿx 1 3x
we obtain y ¼ c1 e þ c2 e ÿ 12 e and its deriva-
yp ¼ Ae3x , with y0p ¼ 3Ae3x , and y00p ¼ 9Ae3x . Sub- tive y0 ¼ 6c1 e6x ÿ c2 eÿx ÿ 14 e3x . When x ¼ 0, we
stituting we get 9Ae3x ÿ 3Ae3x ÿ 2 AE3x ÿ e3x so are given y ¼ 1 and y0 ¼ 1. Substituting these in
9A ÿ 3A ÿ 2A ¼ 1 and A ¼ 14. Hence the general the general solution and its derivative produce
solution is y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 eÿx þ 14 e3x . When x ¼ 0; the equations c1 þ c2 ÿ 12 1
¼ 2 and 6c1 ÿ c2 ÿ 14
y ¼ c1 þ c2 þ 14 ¼ 2 and so, c1 þ c2 ¼ 74. Differen- ¼ 1. Adding these equations leads to 7c1 ÿ 13 ¼ 3
tiating, we obtain y0 ¼ 2c1 e2x ÿ c2 eÿx þ 34 e3x . or 7c1 ¼ 3 13 ¼ 10 10
3 and so c1 ¼ 21. Back-substituting
When x ¼ 0; y0 ¼ 2c1 ÿ c2 þ 34 ¼ 11, so 2c1 ÿ c2 into the first equation yields 10 1
21 þ c2 ÿ 12 ¼ 2 or
¼ 41 48
4 . This gives 3c1 ¼ 4 ¼ 12 or c1 ¼ 4. Thus, 45
c2 ¼ 28. Hence, the particular solution is
c2 ¼ 74 ÿ 4 ¼ ÿ94. The particular solution is y ¼ 45 ÿx
y ¼ 10 6x
21 e þ 28 e
1 3x
ÿ 12 e .
4e2x ÿ 94 eÿx þ 14 e3x .
25. The differential equation y00 þ 2y0 þ y ¼ 3x2 þ
2x ÿ 1 has the auxiliary equation m2 þ 2m þ 1 ¼
SECTION 32.4 631
27. The differential equation y00 þ 9y ¼ 8 cos x has the auxiliary equation m2 þ 9 ¼ 0 with roots 3j. Hence,
yc ¼ c1 cos 3x þ c2 sin 3x. This is a Case 4 equation, so yp ¼ A0 sin x þ B0 cos x, with y0p ¼ A0 cos x ÿ B0 sin x
and y00p ¼ ÿA0 sin x ÿ B0 cos x. Substituting, we obtain the equation
ÿA0 sin x ÿ B0 cos x þ ð A0 sin x þ B0 cos xÞ ¼ 8 cos x
Hence, 8A0 ¼ 0 and A0 ¼ 0 as well as 8B0 ¼ 8 and B0 ¼ 1. This leads to
y ¼ yc þ yp ¼ c1 cos 3x þ c2 sin 3x þ cos x
y0 ¼ ÿ3c1 sin 3x þ 3c2 cos 3x ÿ sin x
When x ¼ 2, we are given y ¼ ÿ1, so ÿc2 ¼ ÿ1 and c2 ¼ 1. We are also told that when x ¼ 2, then y0 ¼ 1 and so
ÿ3c1 ÿ 1 ¼ 1 and c1 ¼ 23. Putting it all together, we see that the particular solution is y ¼ cos x þ 23 cos 3x þ sin 3x.
28. y00 ÿ 5y0 þ 6y ¼ ex ð2x ÿ 3Þ has the auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 5m þ 6 ¼ 0 with roots 2 and 3. Hence yc ¼
c1 e2x þ c2 e3x . This is a Case 2 problem, so yp ¼ ex ð A1 x þ A0 Þ, with y0p ¼ ex ð A1 x þ A0 Þ þ A1 ex ¼ ex ð A1 x þ
A1 þ A0 Þ and y00p ¼ ex ð A1 x þ A1 þ A0 Þ þ A1 ex ¼ ex ð A1 x þ 2A1 þ A0 Þ. Substituting, we obtain
ex ð A1 x þ 2A1 þ A0 Þ ÿ 5ex ð A1 x þ A1 þ A0 Þ þ 6ex ð A1 x þ A0 Þ ¼ ex ð2x ÿ 3Þ
Collecting like terms and dividing by ex leads to
ðA1 ÿ 5A1 þ 6A1 Þx þ ½ð2A1 þ A0 Þ þ ÿ5ðA1 þ A0 Þ þ 6A0 ¼ ð2x ÿ 3Þ
Hence, 2A1 ¼ 2 and A1 ¼ 1 and ÿ3A1 þ 2A0 ¼ ÿ3 and A2 ¼ 0 giving yp ¼ xex .
y ¼ yc þ y þ p ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e3x þ xex
32.4 APPLICATIONS
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1. Since F ¼ kx, we have k ¼ Fx ¼ 20 lb
5 in: ¼ 4 lb=in: ¼ eÿ16t=15 c1 cos 1904 þ 1904
15 t c 2 sin 15 t . Since xð0Þ ¼
48 lb/ft.
0, we find that c1 ¼ 0, and since x0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 16
Since F ¼ kx, we have k ¼ Fx ¼ 15 lb qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi15
2. 3 in: ¼ 5 lb=in: ¼
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
eÿ16t=15 c2 sin 1904 t þ c 2
1904 ÿ16=15t
e cos 1904
15 t
60 lb/ft. 15
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 15
pffiffiffiffi
Here F ¼ mg and F ¼ kx or k ¼ Fx ¼ mg and x0 ð0Þ ¼ c2 1904 2 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

15 ¼ 2, we determine that c2 1904.
p 15
3. x ¼
598 N Thus, we have found thatqthe
0:2 m ¼ 245 N/m. pffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiparticular solution is
2 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
15 ÿ16t=15 ÿ1:0667t
k ¼ mg 898 x ¼ p e sin 1904
15 t 0:1775e
4. x ¼ 0:4 ¼ 176 N/m 1904
sin 11:2665t.
5. We know that m ¼ 20 32 ¼ 0:625 Slugs, ‘ ¼ 2 and
k ¼ 48; 2b ¼ m‘ ¼ 3:2, and !2 ¼ mk ¼ 0:625 48
¼ 76:8. 7. m ¼ 5; ‘ ¼ 40; and k ¼ 245, so 2b ¼ 8 and !2 ¼
2
So the auxiliary equation is m þ 3:2m þ 76:8 ¼ 0. 49. The auxiliary equation isffi m2 þ 8mpþffiffiffiffiffi49 ¼ 0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
This has solutions ÿ1:6 1:62 ÿ 76:8 ¼ ÿ1:6 has solutions ÿ4 16 ÿ 49 ¼ ÿ4 ÿ 33 pjffiffiffiffiffiand
75:2j. Hence the general solution is x ¼ eÿ1:6t the general
pffiffiffiffiffi solution is x ¼ eÿ4t c1 cos 33t þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi c2 sin 35tÞ. Since xð0Þ pffiffiffiffiffi¼ 0; c1 ¼ 0, and wephave
ÿ
c1 cos 75:2t þ c2 sin 75:2t . Since xð0Þ ¼ 0; pffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ4eÿ4t cp sin 33t þ c2 33eÿ4t cos 33t.
ffiffiffiffiffi
2 ffiffiffiffiffi
c ¼ 0, and x0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ1:6c2 eÿ1:6t sin 75:2t þ c2
p1ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ1:6t pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
Also, x ð0Þ ¼ c2 33 ¼ 2, so c2 ¼ pffiffiffi 2 ffi. The particu-
75:2e cos 75:2t and since x0 ð0Þ ¼ c2 75:2 pffiffiffiffiffi33
p lar solution is x ¼ 33 e sin 33t 0:3482eÿ4t
p2ffiffiffiffi ÿ4t
eÿ1:6t sin 75:2t
4 4
¼ 4, then c2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi . So, x ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi
75:2 75:2 sin 5:7446t.
0:4613eÿ1:6t sin 8:6178t.
8. m ¼ 8; ‘ ¼ 80, and k ¼ 196, so 2b ¼ 10 and !2 ¼
6. m ¼ Fg ¼ 15
32 ¼ 0:46875 slugs, ‘ ¼ 1; k ¼ 60, so 2b ¼ is m2 þ
‘ 32
24:5. The auxiliary equation ffi 10m þ 24:5
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi¼ffi
m ¼ 15 and !2 ¼ mk ¼ 128. The auxiliary
qequation
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi is 0 has solutions ÿ5 25 ÿ 24:5 ¼ ÿ5 pffiffiffiffiffi 0:5.
m2 þ 32 þ 128 ¼ 0 has roots ÿ 16 162 The pgeneral solution is x ¼ c1 eðÿ5þ 0:5tÞ þ c2
qmffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
15 15 15 ÿ128 ¼ ffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ16
1094
Hence, the general solution is x ¼ eðÿ5ÿ 0:5tÞ . Since xð0Þ ¼ 0, p ffiffiffiffiffi c1 þ c2 ¼
then 0. Also,
15 15 j. 0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðÿ5þ 0:5Þt
x ðtÞ ¼ ðÿ5 þ 0:5Þc1 e ÿ ð5 þ 0:5Þc2
pffiffiffiffiffi
eðÿ5ÿ 0:5Þt . It is given that x0 ð0Þ ¼ 3, and so ðÿ5 þ
320
640001 cos t. Since qð0Þ ¼ 0; c1 ¼ 640001320
; q0 ðtÞ ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ20t ÿ20t
0:5Þc1 ÿ ð5 þ 0:5Þc2 ¼ 3, or, after substituting ÿ20e ðc1 cos 20tþc2 sin 20tÞþe ðÿ20c1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 6392 320
ÿc1 for c2, we have ðÿ5 þ 0:5Þc1 þ ð5 þ sin 20t þ 20c2 cos 20tÞ þ 640001 cos t þ 640001 sin t:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
0:5Þc1 ¼ 3. Hence, 2 0:5c1 ¼ 3, and so c1 ¼ q0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ20c1 þ 20c2 þ 6392
640001 ¼ 0 means that
p3ffiffiffiffiffi, and c2 ¼ ÿ p3ffiffiffiffiffi. The particular solution c2 ¼ 320 319:6 0:4
ÿ 640001 ¼ 640001. The particular solu-
2 0:5 2 0:5 640001
tion is qðtÞ ¼ eÿ20t 640001
ÿ 320 0:4

is x ¼ 2p3ffiffiffiffi ffi eðÿ5þ 0:5Þt ÿ p3ffiffiffiffiffi eðÿ5ÿ 0:5Þt or x ¼ cos 20t þ 640001 sin 20t
0:5 2 0:5
6392 320
2:1213eÿ4:2929t ÿ 2:1213eÿ5:7071t . þ 640001 sin t ÿ 640001 cos t.
2 2 2 2
9. EðtÞ ¼ L ddt2q þ R dq q d q
dt þ c so 50 sin 100t ¼ 0:1 dt2 þ
11. (a) EðtÞ ¼ L ddt2q þ R dq q 1 d q 100
dt þ c so we get 10 dt2 þ 4 q
dq
6 dt þ 100q. qc has auxiliarypffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
equation
ffi 0:1m2 þ ¼ 180 cos 60t. The auxiliary equation is 0:1m2 þ
ÿ6 36ÿ40 1000
6m þ 100 ¼ 0 with roots 0:2 ¼ ÿ30 10j. 4 ¼ 0, so m ¼ 50j and as a result, qc ¼ c1
The general complementary solution is qc ¼ cos 50t þ c2 sin 50t. Now we get qp ¼ A sin 60t þ
eÿ30t ðc1 cos 10t þ c2 sin 10tÞ. For qp we get qp ¼ B cos 60t; q0p ¼ 60A cos 60t ÿ 60B sin 60t, and q00p ¼
A sin 100t þ B cos 100t; q0p ¼ 100A cos 100tÿ100B ÿ3600 A sin 60t ÿ 3600 cos 60t. Substituting we
sin 100t, and q00p ¼ ÿ104 A sin 100t ÿ 104 cos 100t. get ÿ360A sin 60t ÿ 360B cos 60t þ 250A sin 60t þ
Substituting we get ðÿ103 A sin 100tÿ103 cos 100tÞ 250B cos 60t ¼ 180 cos 60t. Hence we have the
þ6ð100A cos 100t ÿ 100B sin 100tÞ þ 100 equations ÿ360Aþ 250A ¼ 0 or A ¼ 0 and ÿ360B
180
ðA sin 100tþB cos 100tÞ ¼ 50 sin 100t so ÿ1000Aÿ þ 259B ¼ 180 or B ¼ ÿ110 ¼ ÿ 1811. The general
600B þ 100A ¼ 50 and ÿ1000B þ 600A þ 100B equation is qðtÞ ¼ c1 cos 50t þ c2 sin 50t ÿ 18 11
0
¼ 0; ÿ900A ÿ 600B ¼ 50, so ÿ18A ÿ 12B ¼ 1. cos 60t. Since qð0Þ ¼ 0; c1 ¼ 1811. Also, since q ðtÞ ¼
Also, 600A ÿ 900B ¼ 0 or 2A ÿ 3B ¼ 0. Hence, ÿ50c1 sin 50t þ 50c2 cos 50t þ 1811 60 sin 6t, and
1
A ¼ ÿ 26 1
; B ¼ ÿ 39 . So 1
qp ¼ ÿ 26 sin 100t ÿ q0 ð0Þ ¼ 50c1 ¼ 0, we find that c2 ¼ 0. The particu-
1
The general solution is q ¼ eÿ30t lar solution is qðtÞ ¼ 18 18
11 cos 50t ÿ 11 cos 60t
39 cos 100t. dq
ðc1 cos 10t þ c2 sin 10tÞÿ 1 1 (b) The steady-state current is i ¼ dtp ¼ dtd
26 sin 100t ÿ 39 cos 100t. ÿÿ18 1080
Since qð0Þ ¼ c1 ÿ 1 1 11 cos 60t ¼ 11 sin 60t.
39 ¼ 0,
then c1 ¼ 39. Also, iðtÞ ¼ 2
0
q ðtÞ ¼ ÿ30e ÿ30t
ðc1 cos 10t þ c2 sin 10tÞ þ eÿ30t 12. (a) 1 ddtq þ 10 dq
dt þ 100q ¼ 50 cos 10t. The auxili-
ary equation is m2 þ 10m þ 100 ¼ 0 which has
ðÿ10c1 sin 10t þ 10c2 cos 10tÞ ÿ 100
26 cos 100t þ
roots ÿ5 5 3j. Hence qc ¼ eÿ5t c1 cos 5 3t þ
ÿ
100
Since q0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ30c1 þ 10c2 ÿ 100 pffiffiffi
39 sin 100t. 26 ¼ 0, c2 sin 5 3t . To find qp we set qp ¼ A sin 10t þ
30 100
39ÿ 26
3
we have c2 ¼ ¼ 39
10 ÿ 10 24 4
26 ¼ ÿ 78 ¼ ÿ 13. The B cos 10t; g0p ¼ 10A cos 10t ÿ 10B sin 10t, and q00p ¼
ÿ30t 1
ÿ
particular solution is qðtÞ ¼ e 39 cos 10t ÿ ÿ100A sin 10t ÿ 100B cos 10t. Substituting, we get
4 1 1 ðÿ100A sin 10t ÿ 100B cos 10tÞ þ 10ð10A cos 10t
13 sin 10tÞ ÿ 26 sin 100t ÿ 39 cos 100t.
2 ÿ10B sin 10tÞ þ 100ðA sin 10t þ B cos 10tÞ ¼
10. EðtÞ ¼ L ddt2q þ R dq 9
dt þ c so we get the equation
1 d2 q dq 50 cos 10t. This yields the linear equations
8 dt2 þ 5 dt þ 100q ¼ sin t. The auxiliary equation
ÿ100Aÿ100B þ 100A ¼ 0 or B ¼ 0 and ÿ100B þ
is 18 m2 þ 5m þ 100 ¼ 0 is equivalent to m2 þ 100A þ 100B ¼ 50 or A ¼ 12. The general solution
40m þ 800 ¼ 0 and it has solutions ÿ20 20j pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
is qðtÞ ¼ eÿ5t c1 cos 5 3t þ c2 sin 5 3t þ 12 sin 10t.
ÿ
and so qc ¼ eÿ20t ðc1 cos 20t þ c2 sin 20tÞ. Now dq
we set qp ¼ A sin t þ B cos t, q0p ¼ A cos tÿB sin t, (b) The steady-current is dtp ¼ 5 cos 10t.
and q00p ¼ ÿA sin t ÿ B cos t. Substituting, we have 2
The differential equation ddt2g þ 2 dg 2
1
13. dt þ !0 g ¼ 0
8 ðÿA sin t ÿ B cos tÞ þ 5ðA cos t ÿ B sin tÞ þ100 2
has auxiliary equation m þ 2m þ !0 ¼ 0. Com- 2
ðA sin tþB cos tÞ ¼ sin t. Hence ÿ A8 ÿ 5B þ 100A ¼
1 and ÿ B8 þ 5A þ 100B ¼ 0 or 779 pleting the square, we get m2 þ 2m þ 2 ¼
8 A ÿ 5B ¼ 1 and
5A þ 779 B ¼ 0 or 799Aÿ 40B ¼ 8 and 40A ¼ 2 ÿ !20 and so ðm þ Þ2 ¼ 2 ÿ !20 and m þ
8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
799B ¼ 0. Using Cramer’s rule A ¼ 640001 6392
and ¼ 2 ÿ !20 , which means that m ¼ ÿ
ÿ320
B ¼ 640001 . The general solution is qðtÞ ¼ 2 ÿ !20 . Since 2 ÿ !20 < 0, these are complex
eÿ20t ðc1 cos 20t þ c2 sin 20tÞ þ 640001
6392
sin t ÿ
roots with m ¼ ÿ !20 ÿ 2 j. Thus, the
2
1 d q dq
general solution is 16. Substituting the given data produces 20 dt2 þ 1 dt þ
d2 q dq
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 505q ¼ 0 or dt2 þ 20 dt þ 10;000q ¼ 0. Its auxili-
gðtÞ ¼ eÿt c1 cos !20 ÿ 2 t þ c2 sin !20 ÿ 2 t ary equation is m2 þ 20m þ 10;100 ¼ 0 which
has roots ÿ10 100j. Hence, q ¼ eÿ10t
14. The differential equation d
2
d z
2 þ z ¼ k has auxiliary
ðc1 cos 100tþc2 sin 100tÞ. Thus, i ¼ dqdt ¼ ÿ10e
ÿ10t

ÿ10t
2
equation m þ 1 ¼ 0 with roots j. Hence, zc ¼ ðc1 cos 100t þ c2 sin 100tÞ þ e ðÿ100c1 sin 100t
c1 cos þ c2 sin . Here, zp ¼ A0 and substitution þ100c2 cos 100tÞ. When t ¼ 0, we were given
yields A0 ¼ k. Hence, the general solution is q ¼ 1 and i ¼ 0. Substituting these values into
z ¼ c1 cos þ c2 sin þ k. the equations for q and i produces c1 ¼ 1 and
ÿ10c1 þ 100c2 ¼ 0 which leads to c2 ¼ 0:1. So,
15. Substituting L, R, and C, produces the differential
2 the particular solutions
equation 1:2 ddt2q þ 5 dq 1
dt þ 0:025 q ¼ 15. This has
2
auxiliary equation 1:2m þ 5m þ 40 ¼ 0 with roots q ¼ eÿ10t ðcos 100t þ 0:1 sin 100tÞ
ÿ2:083 5:3845j or about ÿ2:1 5:4j. Hence, i ¼ ÿ10eÿ10t ðcos 100t þ 0:1 sin 100tÞ
qc ¼ eÿ2:1t ðc1 cos 5:4t þ c2 sin 5:4tÞ. Here, qp ¼ þ eÿ10t ðÿ100 sin 100t þ 10 cos 100tÞ
A0 and 40A0 ¼ 15 so A0 ¼ 15 40 ¼ 0:375. Hence,
When t ¼ 0:01, we get qð0:01Þ ¼ 0:565 or about
the general solution is qðtÞ ¼ eÿ2:1t ðc1 cos 5:4t þ
0.57 C and ið0:01Þ ¼ ÿ76:9. Hence, at t ¼ 0:01 s,
c2 sin 5:4tÞ þ 0:375. the charge is 0.57 C and the current is ÿ76:9 A.
CHAPTER
ER 32 REVIEW
1. D2 y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m2 ¼ 0 with 0 as 9. ðD2 þ 3D ÿ 4Þy ¼ 9x2 . The auxiliary equation is
a double root. Hence y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞe0x or more m2 þ 3m ÿ 4 ¼ 0 and it has roots ÿ4 and 1. Hence
simply y ¼ c1 þ c2 x. yc ¼ c1 ex þ c2 eÿ4x . Now we set yp ¼ Ax2 þ Bx þ
2. ðD2 ÿ 9Þy ¼ 0. The auxiliary equation m2 ÿ 9 ¼ 0 C; y0p ¼ 2Ax þ B, and y00p ¼ 2A. Substituting we
has roots 3 and ÿ3. Hence y ¼ c1 e3x þ c2 eÿ3x . get 2Aþ3ð2A þ BÞÿ 4ð Ax2 þ BxþCÞ ¼ 9x2 so
ÿ4A ¼ 9 or A ¼ ÿ 94, and also 6A ÿ 4B ¼ 0 so
3. ðD2 ÿ 5D þ 6Þy ¼ 0. The auxiliary equation m2 ÿ27
ÿ5m þ 6 ¼ 0 has roots 2 and 3. Hence y ¼ B ¼ 6A 4 ¼ 8 . Now, since 92A þ 3B ÿ 4C ¼ 0, we
ÿ ÿ81
c1 e2x þ c2 e3x . see that C ¼ 2Aþ3B 4 ¼ 24 8 ¼ ÿ117
32 . So yp ¼
ÿ 94 x2 ÿ 27 117
3 x ÿ 32 and y ¼ yc þ yp ¼ c1 e þ
x
4. ðD2 ÿ 5D ÿ 14Þy ¼ 0. The auxiliary equation m2 ÿ ÿ4x 9 2 27 117
5m ÿ 14 ¼ 0 has roots 7 and ÿ2. Hence the solution c2 e ÿ 4 x ÿ 8 x ÿ 32 .
is y ¼ c1 e7x þ c2 eÿ2x . 10. ðD2 ÿ 4D ÿ 5Þy ¼ 3e2x . The auxiliary equation
5. ðD2 ÿ 6D þ 25Þy ¼ 0. The auxiliary equation m2 ÿ has roots 5 and ÿ1 so yc ¼ c1 e5x þ c2 eÿx . Now
6m þ 25 ¼ 0 has complex roots 3 þ 4j. Hence the we set yp ¼ Ae2x ; y0p ¼ 2Ae2x and y00p ¼ 4Ae2x . Sub-
solution is y ¼ e3x ðc1 cos 4x þ c2 sin 4xÞ stituting we get 4Ae2x ÿ 4ð2Ae2x Þ ÿ 5ð Ae2x Þ ¼
ðD2 þ 2D ÿ 2Þy ¼ 0. The auxiliary 2 3e2x . Hence 4A ÿ 8A ÿ 5A ¼ 3 or ÿ9A ¼ 3 or
6. pffiffiffi equation m þ
2m ÿ 2 p¼ffiffi 0 has proots
ffiffi ÿ1 3 . Hence y ¼ A ¼ ÿ 13. The solution is y ¼ c1 e5x þ c ÿ 2ex
ðÿ1ÿ 3Þx
c1 eðÿ1þ 3Þx þ c2 ÿ 13 e2x
7. ðD3 ÿ 8Þy ¼ 0; m3 ÿ 8 factors as ðm ÿ p2Þffiffiffi 11. ðD2 þ 7D þ 12Þy ¼ cos 5x. The auxiliary equation
ðm2 þ 2m þ 4Þ ÿand hasproots 2, ÿ1 m2 þ 7m þ 12 ¼ 0, has roots ÿ3 and ÿ4. So
pffiffiffi 3j. Hence
y ¼ c1 e2x þ eÿx c2 cos 3x þ c3 sin 3x yc ¼ c1 eÿ3x þ c2 eÿ4x . Now we set yp ¼ A sin 5x þ
ffiffiffi
B cos 5x; y0p ¼ 5A cos 5x ÿ 5B sin 5x, and y00p ¼
8. y000 þ y00 ÿ y0 ÿ y ¼ 0 has auxiliary equation m3 þ ÿ25A sin 5x ÿ 25B cos 5x. Substituting we get
m2 ÿ m ÿ 1 ¼ 0. This factors by grouping into ðÿ25A sin 5x ÿ 25B cos 5xÞ þ 7ð5A cos 5xÿ
ðm2 ÿ 1Þðm þ 1Þ ¼ 0 and has roots ÿ1 twice and 5B sin 5xÞ þ 12ðA sin 5x þ B cos 5xÞ ¼ cos 5x. This
1. Hence, the solution is y ¼ c1 ex þ c2 eÿx þ c3 xeÿx yields the linear equations ÿ25A ÿ 35Bþ 12A ¼ 0
and ÿ25B þ 35A þ 12B ¼ 1. These simplify to
ÿ13A ÿ 35B ¼ 0 and 35A ÿ 13B ¼ 1. Using
35 ÿ13
Cramer’s Rule we get A ¼ 1394 and B ¼ 1394. So Solving the first and third equations with Cramer’s
35 13
yp ¼ 1394 sin 5x ÿ 1394 cos 5x. The solution is y ¼ Rule yields A1 ¼ ÿ13 ÿ8
233 and B1 ¼ 223. Substituting
yc þ yp ¼ c1 eÿ3x þ c2 eÿ4x þ 1394
35
sin 5x ÿ these results into the 2nd and 4th equations we get
13
1394 cos 5x.
20
13A0 þ 8B0 ¼
12. ðD2 ÿ 6D þ 8Þy ¼ 6x2 ÿ 2. The auxiliary equation 233
has roots 2 and 4 so yc ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e4x . Now we 84
8A0 ÿ 13B0 ¼
set yp ¼ Ax2 þ Bx þ C; y0p ¼ 2Ax þ B; y00p ¼ 2A. 233
Substituting we get 2A ÿ 6ð2Ax þ BÞ þ 8ð Ax2 þ 932
Again using Cramer’s Rule we have A0 ¼ 54289 and
Bx þ CÞ ¼ 6x2 ÿ 2. Hence 8A ¼ 6 or A ¼ 34 and 932
B0 ¼ 54289 . Putting this all together we have
since ÿ12A þ 8B ¼ 0, we obtain B ¼ 12A 3 3
8 ¼ 24
pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
ðÿ2þ 13Þx
9
¼ 8, and since 2A ÿ 6B þ 8C ¼ ÿ2, we find y ¼ c1 e þ c2 eðÿ2ÿ 13Þx ÿ 233
x
ð13 sin 2x þ
ÿ2ÿ3þ27 932
8 cos 2xÞ þ 54289 ðsin 2x þ cos 2xÞ.
C ¼ ÿ2ÿ2Aþ6B8 ¼ 82 4 ¼ 13 32. So we get yp ¼
3 2 9 13
x þ x þ and y ¼ y þ yp ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e4x First we find the spring constant k ¼ mg 4 9:8
15. x ¼ 0:2 ¼
4 8 32 c
3 2 9 13
þ 4 x þ 8 x þ 32. 196 N/m. So m ¼ 4 kg, k ¼ 196 N/m and
‘ ¼ 10. Hence we get auxiliary equation
13. ðD2 þ 4D þ 4Þy ¼ 4x þ e2x . The auxiliary equa-
4m2 þ 10m þ 196 ¼p0. ffiffiffiffiffiffi This auxiliary equation
tion has double root at ÿ2, so yc ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞ ÿ5 759j
eÿ2x . Now yp has two parts. Set yp1 ¼ Ax þ B, has roots 4 4ffiffiffiffiffi.ffi Hence x ¼ eÿ5t=4
pffiffiffiffiffiffi p
with y0p1 ¼ A, and y00p1 ¼ 0. Substituting we get 759 759
c1 cos 4 t þ c2 sin r t . Assuming xð0Þ ¼ 0,
4Aþ 4Ax þ 4B ¼ 4x. so A ¼ 1 and B ¼ ÿ1. Next we obtain c1 ¼ 0. Now, differentiating,
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
we see
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
we set yp2 ¼ Ae2x so y0p2 ¼ 2Ae2x and y00p2 ¼ 4Ae2x .
that x0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 54 eÿ5t=4 c1 sin 759 4 t þ c 2 4
759
Substituting we have ð4A þ 8A þ 4AÞe2x ¼ e2x or pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
eÿ5t=4 cos 759 0
4 t. Since vð0Þ ¼ x ð0Þ ¼ c2 4 ¼ 1,
759
A ¼ 16 1
. y ¼ yc þ yp1 þ yp2 ¼ ðc1 þ c2 xÞeÿ2x þ x ÿ
4 ffi
1 2x
1 þ 16 e . we have c2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi 759
. Hence the solution is x ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 ffi ÿ5t=4
14. ðD2 þ 4D ÿ 9Þy ¼ x sin 2x. The auxiliary pffiffiffiffiffi e sin 759 4 t.
pffiffiffiequation 759
m2 þ 4m ÿ 9p¼ ffiffiffiffi 0 has solutions
pffiffiffiffi
ÿ2 3 and so 16. (a) The given information yields the equation
yc ¼ c1 eðÿ2þ 13Þx þ c2 eðÿ2ÿ 13Þx . Now we set d2 q
dt2 þ 6 dq dt þ 2500q ¼ 16 cos 10t. The auxiliary
yp ¼ A1 sin 2x þ A0 sin 2x þ B1 x cos 2xþB0 cos 2x; 2
equation m þ 6m þ 2500 has solutions ÿ3
y0p ¼ 2A1 x cos 2x þ A1 sin 2x þ 2A0 cos 2x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2491j. So, we see that qc ¼ eÿ3t ðc1 cos 2491t
ÿ2B1 x sin 2x þ B1 cos 2x ÿ 2B0 sin 2x, and y00p ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ c2 sin 2491tÞ. To find qp we set qp ¼
2A1 x cos 2xÿ4A1 x sin 2xþ2A1 cos 2xÿ4A0 x sin 2x
A sin 10tþB cos 10t, q0p¼ 10A cos 10tÿ10B sin 10t,
ÿ2B1 sin 2xÿ4B1 x cos 2xÿ2B1 sin 2xÿ4B0 cos 2x.
and q00p ¼ 100A cos 10t ÿ 100B sin 10t. Substituting
Substituting we get y00p þ 4y0p ÿ 9y ¼ x sin 2x.
we get ðÿ100A sin 10t ÿ 100B cos 10tÞ þ 6ð10A
Collecting like terms we have the following four
cos 10tÿ10B sin 10tÞþ2500ðA sin 10t þB cos 10tÞ
linear equations.
¼ 16 cos 10t. As a result, ÿ100A ÿ60B þ 2500A
ÿ4A1 þ 4ðÿ2B1 Þ ÿ 9A1 ¼ 1 x sin 2x ¼ 0 and ÿ100B þ 60A þ 2500B ¼ 16. These sim-
ÿ4B1 ÿ 4A0 þ plify to 2400A ÿ 60B ¼ 0 and 60Aþ 2400B ¼ 16.
960
4ðÿ2B0 þ A1 Þ ÿ 9A0 ¼ 0 sin 2x Using Cramer’s Rule we get A ¼ 5763600 and B ¼
38400 4 160
ÿ4B1 þ 4 2A1 ÿ 9B1 ¼ 0 x cos 2x 5763600 which reduce to A ¼ 24015 and B ¼ 24015.
1
ÿ4B0 þ 4A1 þ 4ðB1 þ 2A0 Þ ÿ 9B0 ¼ 1 cos 2x Thus, qp ¼ 24015 ð4 sin 10t þ160 cos 10tÞ. Hence
the general solution is qðtÞ ¼ eÿ3t c1 cos 2491t
ÿ
These simplify to þc2 sin 2491tÞ þ 24015 1
ð4 sin 10t þ 160 cos 10tÞ.
160 ÿ160
ÿ13A1 ÿ 8B1 ¼ 1 Since qð0Þ ¼ c1 þ 24015 ¼ 0; c1 ¼ 24015 . Also iðtÞ ¼
0 ÿ3t
ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4A1 ÿ 13A0 ÿ 4B1 ÿ 8B0 ¼ 0 q ðtÞ ¼ ÿ3e c1 cos 2491t þ c2 sin 2491t þ
p p p
eÿ3t
ÿ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
8A1 ÿ 13B1 ¼ 0 ÿ 2491c1 sin 2491t þ 2491c2 cos
ð2491tÞ þ 24105 cos 10tÿ 24015 1600
sin 10t. So q0 ð0Þ ¼
4A1 þ 8A0 þ 4B1 ÿ 13B0 ¼ 0 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 40 ÿ520
ÿ3c1 þ 2491c2 þ 24015 ¼ 0 and so c2 ¼ 24015 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi.
2491
CHAPTER 32 TEST 635
dqp
Putting it all together we get qðtÞ ¼ 24015 1
½eÿ3t (b) The steady state current is dt ¼ 1
24015
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
½40 cos 10t ÿ 1600 sin 10t.
ÿ160 cos 2491t ÿ p520 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin 2491t þ
2491
4 sin 10t þ 160 cos 10t.
ER 32 TEST
CHAPTER
The auxiliary equation is formed by replacing the and b ¼ 4, so yp ¼ A0 sin 4x þ B0 cos 4x. Differen-
operators, D, with place-holders for the roots, usu- tiating, produces y0p ¼ 4A0 cos 4x ÿ 4B0 sin 4x and
ally m and replacing the variable, y, with 1. In this y00p ¼ ÿ16A0 sin 4x ÿ 16B0 cos 4x. Substituting in
problem the resulting auxiliary equation is the given differential equation we get ðÿ16A0
5m2 þ 2m ÿ 3 ¼ 0. sin 4x ÿ 16B0 cos 4xÞ þ 6ð4A0 cos 4x ÿ 4B0 sin 4xÞ
ÿ 7ðA0 sin 4x þ B0 cos 4xÞ ¼ 3 cos 4x. Multiplying
1. The auxiliary equation is m2 ÿ 25 ¼ 0. This factors
and collecting terms produces ÿ23ðA0 þ B0 Þ sin
as m2 ÿ 25 ¼ ðm ÿ 5Þðm þ 5Þ ¼ 0 and has roots
4xþ24ðA0 ÿB0 Þ cos 4x ¼ 3 cos 4x. Thus, A0 þ B0 ¼
m1 ¼ 5 and m2 ¼ ÿ5. So, the general solution of
0 and A0 ÿ B0 ¼ 3. Solving these two equations
this differential equation is y ¼ c1 e5x þ c2 eÿ5x .
we determine that A0 ¼ 32 and B0 ¼ ÿ 32 and so
2. The auxiliary equation is m2 þ 8m ÿ 20 ¼ 0 which the general solution is y ¼ c1 eÿ7x þ c2 ex þ 32 sin 4x
factors as ðm þ 10Þðm ÿ 2Þ ¼ 0. The roots of the ÿ 32 cos 4x.
auxiliary equation are m1 ¼ ÿ10 and m ¼ 2. The
8. Again the complementary solution is yc ¼ c1 eÿ7x þ
solution of the differential equation is y ¼
c2 ex . This is a nonhomogeneous equation with
c1 eÿ10x þ c2 e2x .
f ðxÞ ¼ 8x, a Case 1 problem using the Method of
3. The auxiliary equation is ðm ÿ 5Þ3 ðm2 þ 4Þ ¼ 0. Undetermined Coefficients, so yp ¼ A1 x þ A0 . Dif-
This has the real root 5 with multiplicity 3 and the ferentiating, we obtain y0p ¼ A1 and y00p ¼ 0. Substi-
complex roots 2j. So, the general solution is tuting these in the given differential equation
y ¼ ðc1 þ c2 x þ c3 x2 Þe5x þ c4 cos 2x þ c5 sin 2x. produces 0 þ 6ðA1 Þ ÿ 7ð A1 x þ A0 Þ ¼ 8x. Multiply-
ing and collecting terms produces ÿA1 x þ A0 ¼
4. The auxiliary equation is m2 þ 6m þ 13 ¼ 0. Using
8x. Thus, A1 ¼ ÿ8 and A0 ¼ 0 and so the general
the quadratic formula we get the roots m ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi solution is y ¼ c1 eÿ7x þ c2 ex ÿ 8x.
ÿ6 62 ÿ4ð13Þ
¼ ÿ62 ÿ16 ¼ ÿ3 2j. So the general
2 9. Once again the complementary solution is yc ¼
solution to this differential equation is y ¼ eÿ3x
c1 eÿ7x þ c2 ex . This is a nonhomogeneous equation
ðc1 cos 2x þ c2 sin 2xÞ.
with f ðxÞ ¼ e4x , a Case 2 problem using the Meth-
5. The auxiliary equation is m2 þ 6m ÿ 7 ¼ 0 which od of Undetermined Coefficients with a ¼ 4, and
factors as ðm þ 7Þðm ÿ 1Þ ¼ 0. The roots of this pn ¼ 1, so yp ¼ A0 e4x . Differentiating, we get
auxiliary equation are m ¼ ÿ7 and m ¼ 1. The gen- y0p ¼ 4A0 e4x and y00p ¼ 16A0 e4x . Substituting these
eral solution is y ¼ c1 eÿ7x þ c2 ex . in the given differential equation produces 16A0
e4x þ 6ð4A0 e4x Þ ÿ 7ðA0 e4x Þ ¼ e4x . Collecting terms
6. From Exercise 0 we have the complementary solu-
produces 33A0 e4x ¼ e4x . Thus, A0 ¼ 33 1
and the
tion yc ¼ c1 eÿ7x þ c2 ex . The given equation is a ÿ7x x 1 4x
general solution is y ¼ c1 e þ c2 e þ 33 e . To
nonhomogeneous equation with f ðxÞ ¼ 6e2x and so
find the particular solution, we find y0 ¼ ÿ7c1
this is a Case 2 problem using the Method of Unde-
termined Coefficients with a ¼ 2 and pn ¼ 6 so eÿ7x þ c2 ex þ 33 4 4x
e . Substituting x ¼ 0 and y ¼ 11 4
4 1
yp ¼ A0 e2x . Differentiating, we obtain y0p ¼ 2A0 e2x in the general solution produces 11 ¼ c1 þ c2 þ 33
and y00p ¼ 4A0 e2x . Substituting this in the given 0 5
and substituting x ¼ 0 and y ¼ 11 in the derivative
differential equation produces 4A0 e2x þ 12A0 e2x gives 115
ÿ 7c1 þ c2 þ 33 4
. Solving these two equa-
ÿ 7A0 e2x ¼ 6e2x . Solving for A0, we determine
tions we find c1 ¼ 0 and c2 þ 13. Thus, the particu-
that A0 ¼ 23 and so the general solution is
lar solution of the given differential equation is
y ¼ c1 eÿ7x þ c2 ex þ 23 e2x .
y ¼ 13 ex þ 33
1 4x
e .
7. Again the complementary solution is yc ¼ c1 eÿ7x þ
c2 ex . This is a nonhomogeneous equation with 10. Here EðtÞ ¼ 5 sin 10t and the desired differential
2
f ðxÞ ¼ 3 cos x, a Case 4 problem using the Method equation is 5 sin 10t ¼ 0:5 ddt2q þ 30 dq q
dt þ 210ÿ3 ¼
2
of Undetermined Coefficients with a ¼ 0, pn ¼ 3, 0:5 ddt2q þ 30 dq
dt þ 500q. The auxiliary equation is
0:5m2 þ 30m þ 500 ¼ 0 or m2 þ 60m þ 1000 ¼ 0. cos 10tÞ ¼ 5 sin 10t. Multiplying and collecting
Using the quadratic equation we get m ¼ ÿ30 terms, we get ð450A0 ÿ300B0 Þ sin 10t þ ð450B0 þ
20j. These are complex roots and so the comple- 300A0 Þ cos 10t ¼ 5 sin 10t. Hence, 450A0 ÿ300B0 ¼
mentary solution is qc ¼ eÿ30t ðc1 cos 20t þ c2 5 and 450B0 þ 300A0 ¼ 0. Solving these two
sin 20tÞ. For the particular solution we have a equations simultaneously gives A0 ¼ 0:02 and
1
case 3 situation with a ¼ 0; b ¼ 10; and pn ¼ 5, B0 ¼ 75 . Thus, the general solution is qðtÞ ¼
ÿ30t 1
and so qp ¼ A0 sin 10t þ B0 cos 10t. Differentiat- e ðc1 cos 20t þ c2 sin 20tÞ þ 0:02 sin 10t þ 75
ing, we get q0p ¼ 10A0 cos 10t ÿ 10B0 sin 10t and cos 10t. The steady-state solution is qp ¼ 0:02
q00p ¼ ÿ100A0 sin 10t ÿ 100B0 cos 10t. Substituting sin 10t þ 751
cos 10t. Consequently, the steady-state
these in the differential equation, we have dq
current is i ¼ dtp ¼ 0:2 cos 10t ÿ 1075 sin 10t.
0:5ð100A0 sin 10t ÿ 100B0 cos 10tÞ þ 30ð10A0
cos 10t ÿ 10B0 sin 10tÞ þ 500ðA0 sin 10t þ B0
CHAPTER
33
Numerical Methods and LaPlace
Transforms
33.1 EULER’S OR THE INCREMENT METHOD
1. y Correct solution 2. y Correct solution

1 1 1
x h ¼ 0:1 h ¼ 0:05 y ¼ x2 þ 2x þ 1:5 x h ¼ 0;1 h ¼ 0:05 y ¼ ex þ e3x
2 2 2
1:00 4 4 4 0 0 0 0
1:05 ÿ 4:15 4:15125 0:5 ÿ 0:5 0:05528
1:10 4:3 4:3025 4:305 0:10 0:1 0:1101 0:12234
1:15 ÿ 4:575 4:46125 0:15 ÿ 0:1818 0:2032
1:20 4:61 4:615 4:62 0:20 0:2405 0:2672 0:3004
1:25 ÿ 4:775 4:78125 0:25 ÿ 0:3683 0:4165
1:30 4:93 4:9375 4:95 0:30 0:4348 0:4878 0:5549
1:35 ÿ 5:1025 5:11125 0:35 ÿ 0:6285 0:7193
1:40 5:26 5:27 5:28 0:40 0:7002 0:7937 0:9141
1:45 ÿ 5:44 5:45125 0:45 ÿ 0:9873 1:1446
1:50 5:6 5:6125 5:625 0:50 1:0595 1:2138 1:4165
1:55 ÿ 5:7875 5:780125 0:55 ÿ 1:4784 1:7369
1:60 5:95 5:965 5:98 0:60 1:5422 1:7868 2:1138
1:65 ÿ 6:145 6:16125 0:65 ÿ 2:1459 2:5566
1:70 6:31 6:3275 6:345 0:70 2:1871 2:5636 3:0762
1:75 ÿ 6:5125 6:53125 0:75 ÿ 3:0488 3:6854
1:80 6:68 6:7 6:72 0:80 3:0046 3:6120 4:3988
1:85 ÿ 6:89 6:91125 0:85 ÿ 4:2650 5:2337
1:90 7:06 6:0825 7:105 0:90 4:1805 5:0218 6:2101
1:95 ÿ 7:2775 7:30125 0:95 ÿ 5:8980 7:3510
2:00 7:45 7:475 7:5 1:00 5:6807 6:9120 8:6836
3. y Correct solution
2
x h ¼ 0:1 y ¼ ÿ1 þ 2ex
0 1 1
0:1 1 1:0201
0:2 1:04 1:0816
0:3 1:1216 1:1883
0:4 1:2489 1:3470
0:5 1:4288 1:5681
0:6 1:6717 1:8667
0:7 1:9923 2:2646
0:8 2:4112 2:7930
0:9 2:9570 3:4958
1:0 3:6693 4:4366
637
638 CHAPTER 33 NUMERICAL METHODS AND LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
4. y Correct solution 5. y0 ¼ 2x ÿ y ÿ 4; x0 ¼ 1; y0 ¼ 5; 1 x 2; h ¼ 0:1

1
x h ¼ 0:05 y ¼ ð55e7x ÿ 2cos2x ÿ 7sin2xÞ y Exact answer
53 x h ¼ 0:1 y ¼ 2x ÿ 6 þ 9eÿxþ1
0 1 1 1:0 5 5
0:05 1:35 1:4219 1:1 4:3 4:3435
0:10 1:8275 2:0265 1:2 3:69 3:7686
0:15 2:4770 2:8904 1:3 3:161 3:2674
0:20 3:3588 4:1220 1:4 2:7049 2:8329
0:25 4:5538 5:8753 1:5 2:31441 2:4588
0:30 6:1717 8:3686 1:6 1:98297 2:1393
0:35 8:3600 11:9117 1:7 1:70467 1:8693
0:40 11:3182 16:9442 1:8 1:47420 1:6440
0:45 15:3154 24:0898 1:9 1:28678 1:4591
0:50 20:7149 34:2336 2:0 1:13811 1:3109
6. x y 9. x y 11. x y
0 0 0 0 =2 1:57 1
0:1 0:5 0:1 0:1 1:62 1:0270
0:2 1:005 0:2 0:2010 1:67 1:0507
0:3 1:5251 0:3 0:3051 1:72 1:0711
0:4 2:0709 0:4 0:4147 1:77 1:0882
0:5 2:6537 0:5 0:5327 1:82 1:1022
0:6 3:2864 0:6 0:6633 1:87 1:1130
0:7 3:9836 0:7 0:8121 1:92 1:1209
0:8 4:7624 0:8 0:9887 1:97 1:1259
0:9 5:6434 0:9 1:2092 2:02 1:1281
1:0 6:6513 1:0 1:5062 2:07 1:1277
2:12 1:1249
7. x y 10. x y 2:17 1:1197
0 1 0 1 2:22 1:1123
0:1 1:1 0:05 1:1 2:27 1:1028
0:2 1:222 0:1 1:2007 2:32 1:0913
0:3 1:3753 0:15 1:3022 2:37 1:0779
0:4 1:5735 0:20 1:4046
0:5 1:8371 0:25 1:5080 12. x y
0:6 2:1995 0:30 1:6126 3:14 2
0:7 2:7193 0:35 1:7185 3:19 2:05
0:8 3:5078 0:40 1:8258 3:24 2:1026
0:9 4:8023 0:45 1:9345 3:29 2:1579
1:0 7:1895 0:50 2:0449 3:34 2:2164
3:39 2:2782
8. x y 3:44 2:3437
0 1 3:49 2:4131
0:1 1:4 3:54 2:4868
0:2 2:185 3:59 2:5651
0:3 4:0987 3:64 2:6483
0:4 10:8274 3:69 2:7368
0:5 57:7364 3:74 2:8311
0:6 1391:1571 3:79 2:9313
0:7 175;518:399 3:84 3:0381
0:8 2:406 1019 3:89 3:1518
0:9 2:316 1022 3:94 3:2728
1:0
SECTION 33.2 639
Substituting Tm ðtÞ ¼ 70 in the given formula, pro-

ÿ ÿ
13. 14. Here, dT
dt ¼ ÿk T ÿ Tm , or dT ¼ ÿk T ÿ Tÿm dt.
¼ 40ÿ4 704 ÿ T 4 . By
ÿ 4 4
ÿ
duces dTdt ¼ k Tm ÿ T By Euler’s method, we have Tnþ1 ¼ Tn ÿ Tn ÿ
Euler’s method, we have Tnþ1 ¼ 40ÿ4 704 ÿ Tn 4
ÿ
70 0:1, which leads to the following table.
h þ Tn n t TðtÞ
n t TðtÞ 0 0 100
0 0 100 1 0:1 97
1 0:1 97:0316 2 0:2 94:3
2 0:2 94:5068 ..
.
..
. 10 1:0 80:4604 Tð1Þ 80:460
10 1 82:6936 Tð1Þ 82:694 ..
.
11 1:1 81:8049 20 2:0 73:6473 Tð2Þ 73:647
..
.
20 2 76:4459 Tð2Þ 76:446
33.2 SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS
1. y0 ¼ x þ 2; ð1; 4Þ; x ¼ 2. Integrating we get y ¼ 4. y0 ¼ 7y þ sin 2x. Substituting 1 for y we have y0 ¼

ðx þ 2Þdx ¼ 12 x2 þ 2x þ C. Now substituting 1 for 7 þ sin 2x. Integration yields y ¼ 7x ÿ 12 cos 2x þ
R
x and 4 for y we obtain C ¼ 4 ÿ 2 12 ¼ 32. Hence y ¼ C1 . Substituting (0, 1) we obtain C1 ¼ 32 so the first
1 2 3 approximation is y ¼ 7x ÿ 12 cos 2x þ 32. Substituting
2 x þ 2x þ 2 ; yð2Þ ¼ 7:5 the exact value.
this into the original equation we have y0 ¼ 49x ÿ
2. y0 ¼ ÿ3y þ exR. Substituting 0 for y and integrating 7 21 49 2
we have y ¼ ex dx ¼ ex þ C1 . Substituting (0, 0) 2 cos 2xþ 2 þsin 2x. Integration yields y ¼ 2 x ÿ
7 21 1
we obtain C1 ¼ ÿ1 so the first approximation is 4 sin 2x þ 2 x ÿ 2 cos 2x þ C2 . Substituting (0, 1) we
y ¼ ex ÿ 1. Substitutingÿ this for
y in the original obtain C2 ¼ 32 and the second approximation is y ¼
equation we have y0 ¼ 3 ex ÿR1ÿ þ ex or y0 ¼ 4ex ÿ 49 2 7 21 1 3
2 x ÿ 4 sin 2x þ 2 x ÿ 2 cos 2x þ 2. Again substitut-
3. Integrating we have y ¼ 4ex ÿ 3 dx ¼ 4ex ÿ ing into the original equation we get y0 ¼ 343 2
2 x ÿ
3x þ C2 . Again substituting (0, 0) we obtain C2 ¼ 49 147 7 21
ÿ4 so y ¼ 4ex ÿ 3x ÿ 4 is the second approxima- 4 sin 2x þ 2 x ÿ 2 cos 2x þ 2 þ sin 2x. Integration
tion. Substituting this expression for y in the original yields y ¼ 343 3 49 147 2 7 21
6 x þ 8 cos 2xþ 4 x ÿ 4 sin 2x þ 2 x ÿ
1 343 3 45 147 2 7
equation yields y0 ¼ 3 4ex ÿ 3x ÿ 4 þ ex ¼ 13ex ÿ 2 cos 2xþC3 ¼ 6 x þ 8 cos 2x þ 4 x ÿ 4 sin 2x þ
ÿ
21 37
9x ÿ 12. Integrating once more y ¼ 13ex ÿ 92 x2 ÿ 2 x þ C3 . Substituting (0, 1) we obtain C3 ¼ ÿ 8
343 3 45
12x þ C3 . Substituting (0, 0) yields C3 ¼ ÿ13. The and the third approximation is y ¼ 6 x þ 8
third approximation is y ¼ 13ex ÿ 92 x2 ÿ 12x ¼ 13. cos 2x þ 147 2 7 21 37
4 x ÿ 4 sin 2x þ 2 x ÿ 8 . Thus, yð0:5Þ ¼
yð1Þ ¼ 13e ÿ 29:5 5:8377. This answer is not 18:5250. This compares poorly with the correct
very close to the correct solution, 8.6836. answer 34.2750.
3. y0 ¼ 2xy þ 2x. Substituting 1 for y we have y0 ¼ 4x 5. y0 ¼ x2 þ y2 . Substituting 1 for y we have y0 ¼ x2 þ
so y ¼ 2x2 þ C1 . Substituting (0, 1) we obtain C1 ¼ 1. By integration y ¼ 13 x3 þ x þ C1 . Substituting (0,
1. The first approximation is y ¼ 2x2 þ 1. Substitut-
1) we get C1 ¼ 1. The first approximation is y ¼
ingÿ this fory in the original equation we have y0 ¼ 1 3
2x 2x2 þ 1 þ 2x ¼ 4x3 þ 4x. Integration yields y ¼ 3 x þ x þ 1. Substituting this for y in the original
x4 þ 2x2 þ C2 . Substituting (0, 1) again we get C2 ¼ equation yields y0 ¼ x2 þ 19 x6 þ 23 x4 þ 23 x3 þ x2 þ
1 so the second approximation is y ¼ x4 þ 2x2 þ 1. 2xþ 1. Integration yields y ¼ 63 1 7
x þ 15 2 5
x þ 16 x4 þ
Substituting for yÿonce more inthe original equation 2 3 2
3 x þ x þ x þ C2 . Again, C2 ¼ 1 so the second
we have y0 ¼ 2x x4 þ 2x2 þ 1 þ 2x ¼ 2x5 þ 4x3 þ approximation is y ¼ 63 1 7 2 5
x þ 15 x þ 16 x4 þ 23 x3 þ x2 þ
4x. Integration yields y ¼ 13 x6 þ x4 þ 2x2 þ C3 . x þ 1.
Again C3 ¼ 1 so the third approximation is y ¼
1 6 4 2 1 6. y0 ¼ yex . Substituting 1 for y we have y0 ¼ ex . Inte-
3 x þ x þ 2x þ 1. yð1Þ ¼ 4 3 compares favorably gration yields y ¼ ex þ C1 . Substituting (0, 1) we get
with 4.4366, the correct solution. C1 ¼ 0, so y ¼ ex . Substituting this into the original
equation we have y0 ¼ e2x . Integrating we get y ¼ tion is y ¼ x2 þ ð2 ÿ 2Þx ÿ cos x þ sin x þ 1 ÿ

1 2x 1 2 þ 2 .
2 e þ C2 . This time C2 ¼ ÿ 2. The second

approxi-
mation is y ¼ 2 e þ 2 or 2 e2x þ 1 .
1 2x 1 1
11. The Maclaurin series for eÿx is 1 ÿ x þ x2! ÿ
2
x3 x4 x5 ÿx
7. y0 ¼ 4 þ xy. Substituting 1 for y and integrating 3! þ 4! ÿ 5! þÿ . Substituting into 3e þxÿ1
x2 x3 x4 x5

we have y ¼ 4x þ 12 x2 þ C1 . With the point (0, 1) we obtain 3 1 ÿ x þ 2 ÿ 6 þ 24 ÿ 120 þ x ÿ 1 ¼
we get C1 ¼ 1 and y ¼ 4x þ 12 x2 þ 1. Substituting 2 3 4
2 ÿ 2x þ 3x2 ÿ x2 þ x8 ÿ 40 x5
. The first four terms are
this for y in the original equation yields y0 ¼ the same.
4 þ 4x2 þ 12 x3 þ x. Integrating we get y ¼ 18 x4 þ 2 4
4 3 1 2 12. The Maclaurin series for ex is 1 þ x2 þ x2! þ
3 x þ 2 x þ 4x þ C2 . Again C2 ¼ 1 so the second
x6 8 2
approximation is y ¼ 18 x4 þ 43 x3 þ 12 x2 þ 4x þ 1. 3!þ x4! þ . Substituting into 2ex ÿ1 we get 1 þ
2 x6 x8
8. y0 ¼ x2 þ 4y2 ; ð0; 1Þ. Substituting 1 for y we have 2x þ 3 þ 12. The first four terms are the same.
y0 ¼ x2 þ 4. Integration yields y ¼ 13 x3 þ 4x þ C1 13. I 0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ2IðtÞ þ sin t is like I 0 ¼ ÿ2I þ sin t. Sub-
and C1 ¼ 1. Substituting into the original equation stitute 0 for I and integrate we get I ¼
yields y0 ¼ x2 þ 4 19 x6 þ 83 x4 þ 23 x3 þ 16x2 þ8xþ1
ÿ
ÿ cos t þ C1 . Using (0, 0) we get C1 ¼ 1. The first
or y0 ¼ 49 x6 þ 32 4 8 3 2
3 x þ 3 x þ 65x þ 32x þ 4. Integra- approximation is I ¼ ÿ cos t þ 1. Substituting into
4 7 32 5
tion yields y ¼ 63 x þ 15 x þ 12 8 4
x þ 65 3 2
3 x þ 16x þ
the original equation to get I 0 ¼ ÿ2ðÿ cos t þ 1Þ þ
4x þ C2 . Again C2 ¼ 1 so the second approximation sin t ¼ 2 cos t þ sin t ÿ 2. Integrating again yields
4 7 I ¼ 2 sin t ÿ cos t ÿ 2t þ C2 . Using (0, 0) again
is y ¼ 63 x þ 32 5 2 4 65 3 2
15 x þ 3 x þ 3 x þ 16x þ 4x þ 1. we obtain C2 ¼ 1. The second approximation is
y0 ¼ sin 2x þ y; 2 ; 1 . Substituting 1 for y and
ÿ
9. I ¼ 2 sin t ÿ cos t ÿ 2t þ 1. Substituting once more
integrating we get y ¼ ÿ 12 cos 2x þ x þ C1 . Using we have I 0 ¼ ÿ3 sin t þ 2 cos t þ 4t ÿ 2. Integrat-
ing we get I ¼ 3 cos t þ 2 sin t þ 2t2 ÿ 2t þ C3 .
ÿ
2; 1 we get C1 ¼ 1 ÿ 12 ÿ 2 ¼ 1ÿ 2 . The first
approximation is y ¼ ÿ 12 cos 2x þ x þ 1ÿ Using (0, 0) we obtain C3 ¼ ÿ3. The third approx-
2 . Substi-
imation is IðtÞ ¼ 3 cos t þ 2 sin t þ 2t2 ÿ 2t ÿ 3.
tuting this for y in the original equation we get
Ið0:5Þ 0:0916.
y0 ¼ sin 2x ÿ 12 cos 2x þ x þ 1ÿ 2 . Integration yields
y ¼ÿ 2 cos 2x ÿ 4 sin 2x þ 2 x þ 1ÿ
1 1 1 2 14. Since it is dropped from rest, when t ¼ 0, v ¼ 0.
2 x þ C2 . Using
ÿ 1 2 1ÿ Substituting we have v 0 ¼ 9:8 so v ¼ 9:8t þ C1 .
2 ; 1 again we get C2 ¼ 1 ÿ 2 ÿ 8 ÿ 2 2 ¼ C1 ¼ 0 and the first approximation is v ¼ 9:8t.
2
4ÿ2ÿ
8 . The second approximation is y ¼ ÿ 12 Substituting this into the original we get v 0 ¼
4ÿ2ÿ2
cos 2x ÿ 14 sin 2x þ 12 x2 þ 1ÿ 2 xþ 8 . 9:8 ÿ 0:4ð9:8tÞ2 ¼ 9:8 ÿ 38:416t2 . Integrating we
have v ¼ 9:8t ÿ 12:8053t3 þ C2 . Again C2 ¼ 0.
10. y0 ¼ y þ cos x; ð; 2Þ. y0 ¼ 2 þ cos x so y ¼ 2x þ The second approximation is vðtÞ ¼ 9:8tÿ
sin x þ C1 . Using ð; 2Þ we have C1 ¼ 2 ÿ 2. 12:8053t3 . Substituting again we have v 0 ¼
The first approximation is y ¼ 2x þ sin x þ 2 ÿ
9:8 ÿ 0:4ð9:8t ÿ 12:8053t3 Þ2 ¼ 9:8 ÿ 38:416t2 þ
2. Substituting this into the first equation we get
y0 ¼ 2x þ sin x þ 2 ÿ 2 þ cos x. Integration yields 100:39355t4 ÿ 65:59028t6 . Integrating we obtain
y ¼ x2 ÿ cos x þ ð2 ÿ 2Þx þ sin x þ C2 . Using v ¼ 9:8t ÿ 12:8053t3 þ 20:0787t5 ÿ 9:37t7 þ C3 .
ð; 2Þ again we obtain C2 ¼ 2 ÿ 2 ÿ 1 ÿ 2 þ Again C3 ¼ 0; vð0:5Þ ¼ 3:85359 m/s.
22 or C2 ¼ 1 ÿ 2 þ 2. The second approxima-
33.3 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

ð1 ð1
eÿst n dt f ðtÞ ¼ eÿat ; Lðf Þ ¼ L eÿat eÿst eÿat dt
ÿ
1. f ðtÞ ¼ n; Lðf Þ ¼ LðnÞ ¼ 2.
0 0
ðb ðb
¼ lim eÿst n dt ¼ lim eðÿsÿaÞt dt
b!1 0 b!1 0
n b
ÿn ÿst

ÿ1 ÿðsþaÞt
¼ lim e ¼ lim e
b!1 s 0 b!1 s þ a 0
ÿn ÿsb n n ÿ1 ÿðsþaÞb 1 1
¼ lim e þ ¼ ¼ lim e þ ¼
n!1 b s s b!1 s þ a sþa sþa
SECTION 33.4 641
Ð1
f ðtÞ ¼ cos at; Lð f Þ ¼ Lðcos atÞ ¼ 0 eÿst
ÿ ÿ ÿ
3. 14. L e3t sin 5t þ 4t8 ¼ L e3t sin 5t þ 4L t8 ¼
5
þ 48!
Ðb
cos at dt ¼ lim 0 eÿst cos at dt. By form 88, we see ðsÿ3Þ2 þ25 s9 . (forms 3 and 19)
b!1 ÿst b
that this is lim s2eþa2 ðÿs cos at þ a sin atÞ 0 ¼ 15. Lð3t sin 5t ÿ cos 4t þ 1Þ ¼ 3Lðt sin 5tÞ ÿ Lð1ÿ
b!1
lim eÿsb
2 2 ðÿs cos abþa sin abÞÿ s2 þa 1 s
2 ðÿsÞ ¼ s2 þa2 .
cos 4tÞ ¼ ÿ 30s 2 ÿ ÿ 216 . (forms 10 and 13)
b!1 s þa ÿ s2 þ25
ÿ s s þ16
ÿ
ÿ Ð1 16. L t3 e4t þ 4e3t ¼ L t3 e4t þ 4L e3t ¼ ðsÿaÞ 3! 4
4 þ sÿ3.
4. f ðtÞ ¼ teat ; Lð f Þ ¼ L teat ¼ 0 eÿst teat dt ¼
Ð t ðaÿsÞt (forms 7 and 5)
lim te dt. By form 84, we find that this is
b!1 0
L eÿ2t cos 3t ÿ 2e5t sin t ¼ L eÿ2t cos 3t ÿ 2L
ÿ ÿ
1 ðaÿsÞt b
1 17.
lim 2 ðða ÿ sÞt ÿ 1Þe 0
¼ lim ðaÿsÞ 2
b!1 ðaÿsÞ
ÿ 5t
b!1 e sin t ¼ ðsþ2Þ sþ2
2 ÿ ðsÿ5Þ2 2 þ1. (forms 19 and 20)
ðða ÿ sÞb ÿ 1ÞeðaÿsÞb ÿ ðaÿsÞ
1
1 þ9
2 ðÿ1Þ ¼ 2 or
ðaÿsÞ
1 18. Lðt cos 3tÿ 2t sin 2tÞ ¼ Lðt cos 3tÞ ÿ 2Lðt sin 2tÞ ¼
ðsÿaÞ2
.
2
3 ÿ t3 ÿ s ÿ92 ¼ ÿ 8s 2
5. t
f ðtÞ ¼ t3 ¼ 3! 3!. lðf Þ ¼ 3!L 3! ¼ 3! s14 ¼ s3!4 . s2 þ9 s2 þ4
(form 3)
ÿ ÿ
19. L 4 þ 3t þ 2et ¼ 4Lð1Þ þ 3LðtÞ þ 2L et ¼ 4s þ
3 2
f ðtÞ ¼ e2t ; Lðf Þ ¼ sÿ2 s2 þ sÿ1. (forms 1, 2 and 5)
1
6. . (form 5)
ÿ
7. 6
f ðtÞ ¼ sin 6t; Lðf Þ ¼ s2 þ36. (form 8) 20. L 6 ÿ 4t þ 2 sin 10t þ e5t ¼ 6s ÿ s42 þ s2 þ100
20 1
þ sÿ5
We need to use the trigonometric identity cos2 ¼
ÿ
8. f ðtÞ ¼ e2t sin 6t; L e2t sin 6t ¼ ðsÿ2Þþ36
6
. (form 19) 21.
1 2
9. 3!
f ðtÞ ¼ t3 e5t ; Lðf Þ ¼ ðsÿ5Þ4 . (form 7)
2 ð1 þ cos 2Þ with ¼ 3t. Thisÿleads to cos ÿ3t ¼
1 1
2 þ 2 cos 6t, and so we have L cos2 3t ¼ L 12 þ
10. f ðtÞ ¼ eÿ5t sin 10t; Lð f Þ ¼ ðsþ5Þ104 þ100. (form 19) 1
ÿ ÿ
2ÿcos 6t . By Table 33.1, L 12 ¼ 12 Lð1Þ ¼ 12 1s and
2
f ðtÞ ¼ sin 4t þ 4t cos 4t; Lðf Þ ¼ ÿ 24s 2 ¼
ÿ ÿ
11. L 12 cos 6t ¼ 12 Lðcos 6tÞ ¼ 12 s2 þ6s
2 ¼ 12 s2 þ36
s
.
s2 þ42 ÿ ÿ ÿ
8s2 2 . (form 14) Thus, L cos2 3t ¼ L 12 þ 12 cos 6t ¼ 12 1s þ 12
ÿs2 þ18
ÿ ÿ s
s2 þ36 ¼ s s2 þ36 .
s2 þ16
2 2 2
12. f ðtÞ ¼ 5 cos 75; Lðf Þ ¼ ÿ s ÿ7 2 ¼ ÿ s ÿ49
2 . ÿ
s2 þ72 s2 þ49 22. Using the linearity property, we have L 5e2t ÿ
(form 15) ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
t3 ¼ L 5e2t ÿ L t3 ¼ 5L e2t ÿ L t3 . By

ÿ
13. 5
Lðsin 5t þ cos 3tÞ ¼ Lðsin 5tÞ þ Lðcos 3tÞ ¼ s2 þ25 þ transform 5 of Table 33.1, L e2t ¼ sÿ2 1
and by
ÿ 3 3! 6 ÿ 2t
s
. (forms 8 and 9) transform 3, L t ¼ s3þ1 ¼ s4 . Thus, L 5e ÿ t3 ¼
s2 þ9 ÿ 2t ÿ 3 ÿ 1 ÿ6 5
5L e ÿ L t ¼ 5 sÿ2 ÿ s4 ¼ sÿ2 ÿ s64 .
33.4 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS AND TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES

2 2 2 2 2
1. 4
s ÿ a appears in the denominator of form 5.
sÿ5. 8. ÿs ÿ162 ¼ sÿ ÿ4ÿ12
2 ¼ ÿ s ÿ42 ÿ ÿ 12
2 ¼ ÿ s ÿ2 2
ÿ1 s2 þ4 s2 þ4 s2 þ4 s2 þ4 s2 þ22
L ðFÞ ¼ 4e5t . 3 ÿ 223 ÿ1
ÿ4 2 . By forms 15 and 12, L ðFÞ ¼
6 2 ÿ1 s2 þ22
2. s2 þ4 ¼ 3 s2 þ22. L ðFÞ ¼ 3 sin 2t (form 8)
2 t cos 2t ÿ 34 ðsin 2t ÿ 2t cos 2tÞ.
3. 16
s3 þ16s ¼ ÿ 216 ¼ ÿ 24 2 fits form 10. Lÿ1 ðFÞ ¼
s s þ16 s s þ4 2 2
1 ÿ cos 4t 9. ÿ2sþ6s2 ¼ 15 ÿ 25s 6

2 ¼ 10 ÿ 25s 2 . By forms 13 and
s2 þ25 s2 þ52 s2 þ52
4 1 1 ÿ9t
4. ðsþ9Þ2
¼ 4 ðsÿðÿ9ÞÞ 2 fits form 6. L ðFÞ ¼ 4te . 14, Lÿ1 ðFÞ ¼ 15 t sin 5t þ 35 ðsin 5t þ 5t cos 5tÞ.
3s s ÿ1 sþ5 sþ5 sþ5
5. s2 þ9 ¼ 3 s2 þ3 2. L ðFÞ ¼ 3 cos 3t. (form 9) 10. s2 þ10sþ26 ¼ s2 þ10sþ25þ1 ¼ ðsþ5Þ2
þ1
. By form 20,
L ðFÞ ¼ eÿ5t cos t
ÿ1
6. sþ6
ðsþ16Þ2
¼ 2þ16ÿ10
ðsþ16Þ2
1
¼ sþ16 10
ÿ ðsþ16Þ2 . By forms 5 and 6
Lð f 00 Þ þ 4Lð f 0 Þ ¼ s2 Lð f Þ ÿ sf ð0Þ ÿ f 0 ð0Þ þ

11.
we get Lÿ1 ðFÞ ¼ eÿ16t ÿ 10teÿ16t ¼ eÿ16t ð1 ÿ10tÞ ÿ
4½sLð f Þ ÿ f ð0Þ ¼ s2 þ 4s Lð f Þ ÿ s ÿ 4 ¼
5s 5s
7. ¼ ðsþ7Þðsþ2Þ . Using form 18 with a ¼ ÿ2
ÿ2
s2 þ9sþ14 s þ 4s Lð f Þ ÿ ðs þ 4Þ
and b ¼ ÿ7 we get ÿ2eÿ2t þ 7eÿ7t
12. Lð f 00 Þÿ6Lð f Þ ¼ s2 Lð f Þ ÿ sf ð0Þ ÿ f 0 ð0Þ ÿ 6Lð f Þ ¼
ÿ2 ÿ
s ÿ 6 Lð f Þ ÿ 3s ÿ 2 ¼ s2 ÿ 6 Lð f Þ ÿ ð3s þ 2Þ
2Lð f 00 Þ ÿ 3Lð f 0 Þ þ Lð f Þ ¼ 2 s2 Lð fÿÞ ÿ sf ð0Þ ÿ Lð f 00 Þþ6Lð f 0 ÞÿLð f Þ ¼ s2 Lð f Þ ÿ sf ð0Þ ÿ f 0 ð0Þ þ

13. 15.
f 0ð0Þ ÿ 3½sLð f Þ ÿ f ð0Þ þ Lð f Þ ¼ 2s2 ÿ 3s þ
ÿ2
6½sLð f Þÿ f ð0Þ ÿ Lð f Þ ¼ s þ 6s ÿ1 Lð f Þ ÿ s þ
1 Lð f Þ ÿ ð2s ÿ 3Þ ÿ
1 ÿ 6 ¼ s2 þ 6s ÿ 1 Lð f Þ ÿ ðs þ 5Þ
14. Lð f 00 Þ ÿ 4Lð f 0 Þ ¼ s2 Lð f Þ ÿ sf ð0Þ ÿ f 0 ð0Þ ÿ 16. Lð f 00 Þ ÿ 3Lð f 0 Þ þ 4Lð f Þ ¼ s2 Lð f Þÿsf ð0Þÿ f 0 ð0Þ ÿ
ÿ
4½sLð f Þ ÿ f ð0Þ ¼ s2 ÿ 4s Lð f Þ ÿ 2s ÿ 1 þ ÿ
3½sL9f Þÿf ð0Þþ4Lð f Þ ¼ s2 ÿ 3s þ 4 Lð f Þþ 2s ÿ
ÿ2
8 ¼ s ÿ 4s Lð f Þ ÿ ð2s ÿ 7Þ ÿ2
1 ÿ 6 ¼ s ÿ 3s þ 4 Lð f Þþ ð2s ÿ 7Þ
33.5 PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1
1. xðxþ1Þ ¼ Ax þ xþ1
B
. Multiplying by xðx þ 1Þ we get Using the x-term we see A ¼ 1. The answer is
1 ÿ2
1 ¼ Aðx þ 1Þ þ Bx. If x ¼ 0 we get A ¼ 1. If xþ1 þ ðxþ1Þ2 .
x ¼ ÿ1, we get B ¼ ÿ1. The partial fraction x A B C
ÿ1 8. ¼ xþ1 þ ðxþ1Þ 2 þ xÿ2. This is equivalent
decomposition is 1x þ xþ1 . ðxþ1Þ2 ðxÿ2Þ
to x ¼ Aðx þ 1Þðx ÿ 2Þ þ Bðx ÿ 2Þ þ Cðx þ 1Þ2 .
4
2. þ Ax þ xÿ3
B
. Multiplying by xðx ÿ 3Þ we get Setting x ¼ ÿ1 we obtain B ¼ ÿ1 1
ÿ3 ¼ 3. Setting
xðxÿ3Þ
4 ¼ Aðx ÿ 3Þ þ Bx. Setting x ¼ 0 we get A ¼ ÿ 43. x ¼ 2 we obtain 2 ¼ 9C or C ¼ 29. The expansion
Setting x ¼ 3 we get B ¼ 43. The partial fraction
ÿ4=3 4=3
of the equation (1) yields an x2 -term of
decomposition is x þ xÿ3 . ðA þ CÞx2 ¼ 0 so A ¼ ÿ 29. The partial fraction
4
decomposition is ÿ2=9 1=3 2=9
xþ1 þ ðxþ1Þ2 þ xÿ2.
3. ¼ Ax þ xÿ1
xðxÿ1Þðxþ1Þ
B C
þ xþ1. Multiplying by the LCD
ÿ x3 þxÿ
2
þxþ2
¼ AxþB CxþD 3
9. x2 þ1 þ x2 þ2 is equivalent to x þ
ÿ 2 ÿ ÿ
we get 4 ¼ A x ÿ 1 þ B x2 þ x þ C x2 ÿ x ¼ x2 þ1 x2 þ2
ðA þ B þ CÞx2 þ ðB ÿ CÞx ÿ A. Hence A ¼ ÿ4.
ÿ ÿ
x2 þ x þ 2 ¼ ðAxþBÞ x2 þ2 þðCx þ DÞ x2 þ1 ¼
Substituting this we have B þ C ÿ 4 ¼ 0 and B ÿ ðA þ CÞx3 þ ðB þ DÞx2 þ ð2A þ CÞx þ ð2B þ DÞ.
C ¼ 0. Solving we get B ¼ 2 and C ¼ 2. The par- So A þ C ¼ 1 and 2A þ C ¼ 1 yield A ¼ 0 and
tial fraction decomposition is ÿ4 2
þ xÿ1 2
þ xþ1 . C ¼ 1. Also, B þ D ¼ 1 and 2B þ D ¼ 2 yield
x
B ¼ 1 and D ¼ 0. The partial fraction decomposi-
5x A B
4. ¼ ðxÿ2Þ þ ðxþ3Þ . Multiplying by the LCD
ðxÿ2Þðxþ3Þ tion is x21þ1 þ x2 xþ2.
we get 5x ¼ Aðx þ 3Þ þ Bðx ÿ 2Þ. Setting x ¼ 2
2
we find A ¼ 10 10. ÿ3x þ52 ¼ AxþB ÿCxþD2 is equivalent to 3x2 þ 5 ¼

x2 þ1 þ 2
5 ¼ 2. Setting x ¼ ÿ3 we obtain x2 þ1 x þ1
B ¼ ÿ15
ÿ15 ¼ 3. The answer is
2 3
þ xþ3.
ÿ
xÿ2 ðAx þ BÞ x2 þ 1 þ Cx þ D ¼ Ax3 þ Bx2 þ Ax þ
3x 3x A B B þ Cx þ D ¼ Ax3 þ Bx2 þ ðA þ CÞx þ ðB þ DÞ.
5. ¼ ðxÿ3Þðxÿ5Þ
x2 ÿ8þ15 ¼ xÿ3 þ xÿ5 . Multiplying by the
Hence A ¼ 0; A þ C ¼ 0 ) C ¼ 0; B ¼ 3, and
LCD we get 3x ¼ Aðx ÿ 5Þ þ Bðx ÿ 3Þ. Setting B þ D ¼ 5 so D ¼ 5 ÿ 3 ¼ 2. The partial function
9
x ¼ 3 yields A ¼ ÿ2 ¼ ÿ 92. Setting x ¼ 5 yields decomposition is x23þ1 þ ÿ 2 2 .
B ¼ 15=2. Hence the answer is ÿ9=2 15=2
xÿ3 þ xÿ5 .
x2 þ1
ÿ1
Lÿ1 1s
þ Lÿ1 sþ1
ÿ1
¼ 1 ÿ eÿt .
1

4x A B C 11. L ¼
6. ¼ xþ1
ðxþ1Þðxþ2Þðxþ3Þ þ xþ2 þ xþ3 . This is equivalent sðsþ1Þ
¼ Lÿ1 ÿ4=3
4=3
Lÿ1 sðsÿ3Þ þ Lÿ1 sÿ3
ÿ 2 ÿ 2 ÿ
to 4x ¼ A x þ 5x þ 6 þ B x þ 4x þ 3 þ C x2 þ
4
12. s ¼ ÿ 43 þ 43 e3t .

3x þ 2 . Collecing like terms we have ðA þ B þ
Lÿ1 sðsÿ1Þðsþ1Þ ¼ Lÿ1 ÿ4 þ Lÿ1 sÿ1
4
2
13. s þ
CÞx2 þ ð5A þ 4B þ 3CÞx þ 6A þ 3B þ 2C ¼ 4x.
Lÿ1 sþ1 ¼ ÿ4 þ 2et þ 2eÿt .
2

This gives the linear systems A þ B þ C ¼ 0;
Lÿ1 ðsÿ2Þðsþ3Þ ¼ Lÿ1 sÿ2 þ Lÿ1 sþ3
5s
2 3
14. ¼ 2e2t þ
5A þ 4B þ 3C ¼ 4; and 6A þ 3B þ 2C ¼ 0. The
3eÿ3t .
solution is A ¼ ÿ2; B ¼ 8 and C ¼ ÿ6. The partial
Lÿ1 s2 ÿ8sþ15 ¼ Lÿ1 ÿ9=2 ÿ1 15=2
3s
fraction decomposition is ÿ2 8
þ xþ2 ÿ6
þ xþ3 . 15. sÿ3 þ L sÿ5 ¼
xþ1
ÿ 92 e3t þ 15 5t
2 e .
xÿ1 xÿ1 A B
7. x2 þ2xþ1 ¼ ðxþ1Þ 2 þ xþ1 þ
ðxþ1Þ2
. This is equivalent to
Lÿ1 ðsþ1Þðsþ2Þðsþ3Þ ¼ Lÿ1 sþ1
ÿ2
þ Lÿ1 sþ2
4s
8
16. þ
x ÿ 2 ¼ Aðxþ1Þ þ B. Setting x ¼ 1 yields B ¼ ÿ2. ÿ6
Substituting this we have x ÿ 1 ¼ Ax þ A ÿ 2. Lÿ1 sþ3 ¼ ÿ2eÿt þ 8eÿ2t ÿ 6eÿ3t .
SECTION 33.5 643
Lÿ1 s2 sÿ1 ÿ1 1 ÿ1
ÿ2
¼ eÿt ÿ

17. þsþ1 ¼ L sþ1 þ L . Lÿ1 ÿ1 ¼ Lÿ1 1=25 þ Lÿ1
4

ðsþ1Þ2 C ¼ 25
ÿt sþ4
2te 2
ðsþ4Þ s þ9
ÿs=25þ4=25 1 ÿ4t 1 4
Lÿ1 ðsþ1Þ2sðsÿ2Þ ¼ Lÿ1 ÿ2=9
ÿ1
1=3 ¼ 25 e ÿ 25 cos 3t þ 25 sin 3t.
18. sþ1 þ L þ s2 þ9
ðsþ1Þ2
1 A 1
B
2=9
Lÿ1 sÿ2 ¼ ÿ 29 eÿt þ 13 teÿt þ 29 e2t .
24. ÿ ÿ ¼ÿ¼ sþ1 þ sÿ1 þ CsþD
s2 þ1 .
s2 þ1 s2 ÿ1 s2 þ1 ðsþ1Þðsÿ1Þ
ÿ2
Multiplying by theÿ LCD we get 1 ¼ Aÿ s þ 1

3 2
Lÿ1 ÿ s2 þsÿþsþ2 ¼ Lÿ1 2 1 þ Lÿ1 2 s ¼

19. s þ1 s þ2 ðs ÿ 1Þ þ Bðs þ 1Þ s2 þ 1 þ ðCs þ DÞ s2 ÿ 1 .
s þ1 s2 þ2
pffiffiffi Setting s ¼ 1 we obtain 1 ¼ Bð2 2Þ or B ¼ 14.
sin t þ cos 2t.
Setting s ¼ ÿ1 we obtain 1 ¼ Að2Þðÿ2Þ or A ¼
Lÿ1 ÿ 3sþ52 ¼ Lÿ1 s2 3þ1 þ Lÿ1 ÿ 2 2 ¼ ÿ 14. The s3 -term of the expansion is ðA þ B þ

20.
s2 þ1 s2 þ1 CÞs3 and this is 0 so C ¼ ÿA ÿ B ¼ 0. The con-
3 sin t þ sin t ÿ t cos t ¼ 4 sin t ÿ t cos t. stant term of the expansion is ÿA þ B ÿ D ¼ 1
21. First we must find the partial fraction decomposi- so D ¼ B ÿ A ÿ 1 ¼ ÿ 12. Lÿ1 ÿ 2 ÿ 1 ¼
2 s þ1 s2 ÿ1
tion of s2 ðsÿ1Þ. We set it equal to As þ sB2 þ sÿ1 C
.
Lÿ1 ÿ1=4 ÿ1 1=4 ÿ1 ÿ1=2 1 ÿt

Multiplying by the LCD we obtain 2 ¼ Asðsÿ sþ1 þ L sÿ2 þ L s2 þ1 ¼ ÿ 4 e þ
1 t 1
1Þ þ Bðsÿ1Þ þ Cs2 . Setting s ¼ 0 yields B ¼ ÿ2. 4 e ÿ 2 sin t.
Setting s ¼ 1 yields c ¼ 2. Expanding the s2 -term 25. ÿ 1 A

¼ sÿ1 B
þ ðsÿ1Þ CsþD
2 þ s2 þ1 . Multiplying by
s2 þ1 ðsÿ1Þ2
is ðAþCÞs2 so A ¼ ÿC ¼ ÿ2. Lÿ1 s2 ðsÿ1Þ
2
¼ ÿ
the
ÿ 2 LCD we obtain 1 ¼ Aðs ÿ 1Þ s2 þ 1 þ
ÿ1 ÿ2
ÿ1 ÿ2 ÿ1 2
t 2
L s þL s2 þ L sÿ1 ¼ ÿ2 ÿ 2t þ 2e . B s þ 1 þ ðCs þ DÞðs ÿ 1Þ . Setting s ¼ 1 we
get B þ 12. Expanding the right-hand side of the
ÿ
22. ÿs ¼ sþ1 A
þ s2 þ1 is equivalent to s ¼ A s2 þ
BsþC
ðsþ1Þ s2 þ1
equation we get As3 ÿ As2 þ As ÿ A þ Bs2 þ B þ
1 þðBsþCÞðsþ1Þ ¼ ðAþBÞs2 þ ðB þ CÞs þ ðA þ
Cs3 ÿ 2Cs2 þ Cs þ Ds2 ÿ 2Ds þ D. Collecting
CÞ. So A þ B ¼ 0; B þ C ¼ 1, and A þ C ¼ 0.
like terms we have ðAþCÞs3 þðÿA þ Bÿ2C þ DÞ
Solving we get A ¼ ÿ 12 ; B ¼ 12 and C ¼ 12. Hence
s2 þðAþCÿ2DÞsþðAþB þ DÞ. So A þ C ¼ 0,
Lÿ1 ÿs ¼ Lÿ1 ÿ1=2 ÿ1 s=2þ1=2

sþ1 þ L s2 þ1 ¼ ðÿA þ B ÿ 2C þ DÞ ¼ 0; ðA þ C ÿ 2DÞ ¼ 0, and
2
ðsþ1Þ s þ1
ðÿA þ B þ DÞ ¼ 1. Solving we get A ¼ ÿ 12 ; B ¼ 12 ;
ÿ 12 eÿt þ 12 cos t þ 12 sin t.
1 ÿ1 ÿ 1
ÿ1 A
ÿ2 C ¼ 2 ; and D ¼ 0. Hence L ¼
23. ¼ sþ4 þ BsþC
s2 þ9 is equivalent to 1 ¼ A s þ

s2 þ1 ðsÿ1Þ2
ðsþ4Þ s2 þ9
ÿ1=2 1=2 s=2
Lÿ1 sÿ1 þ Lÿ1 ðsÿ1Þ2 þ Lÿ1 s2 þ1 ¼ ÿ 12 et þ

9 þ ðBs þ CÞðs þ 4Þ ¼ ðA þ BÞs2 þ ð4B þ CÞs þ
1 t 1
9A þ 4C. Hence A þ B ¼ 0; 4B þ C ¼ 0 and 9Aþ 2 te þ 2 cos t.
1 1
4C ¼ 1. Solving we find A ¼ 25 ; B ¼ ÿ 25 , and
1 A
ÿ2
26. ÿ ¼ sþ1 þ s2BsþC
þ4Sþ7. Multiplying by the LCD we get 1 ¼ A s þ 4s þ 7 þ ðBs þ CÞðs þ 1Þ. Expanding
s2 þ4sþ7 ðsþ1Þ
we have 1 ¼ As2 þ 4As þ 7A þ Bs2 þ Bs þ Cs þ c. Collecting like terms we have ðA þ BÞs2 þ ð4A þ B þ CÞs þ
ð7A þ CÞ ¼ 1. Hence A þ B ¼ 0; 4A þ B þ C ¼ 0, and 7A þ C ¼ 1. Solving this system we get A ¼ 14 ; B ¼ ÿ 14,
1
ÿ 4s ÿ 34

3 ÿ1 ÿ 1 ÿ1 4 ÿ1
and C ¼ ÿ 4. Thus, L ¼L þL . The first inverse Laplace transform
s2 þ4sþ7 ðsþ1Þ sþ1 s2 þ 4s þ 7
1 3 1 3
ÿ sÿ4 ÿ4s ÿ 4 ÿ 14 s ÿ 34
is 14 eÿt but the second needs work. So, 2 4 1
ÿ sþ3
¼ 2 ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ ÿ 4 ðsþ2Þ2 þpffiffi32 ¼
s þ 4s þ 7 s þ 4s þ 4 þ 3 ðs þ 2Þ2 þ 32
pffiffi ÿ 14 s ÿ 34

ÿ1
3 pffiffi
¼ ÿ 14 Lÿ1
ÿ sþ2þ1 ÿ ÿ sþ2
ÿ 14 pffiffi2 ¼ ÿ 4
1 sþ2 pffiffi
2 2 ÿ 1 ffiffi
p 2 2 . Hence, L pffiffi2 ÿ
2
ðsþ2Þ þ 3 ðsþ2Þ þð 3Þ 4 3 ðsþ2Þ þð 3Þ s2 þ 4s þ 7 ðsþ2Þ2 þ 3
pffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi

1 ffiffi ÿ1 1 ÿ2t
p
4 3
L 2
3
pffiffi2 ¼ ÿ 4 e cos 3t ÿ 4p1 ffiffi3 eÿ2t sin 3t. Putting these answers together we get 14 eÿt ÿ
ðsþ2Þ þ 3
1 ÿ2t
4e cos 3t ÿ 4p1 ffiffi3 eÿ2t sin 3t.
33.6 USING LAPLACE TRANSFORMS TO SOLVE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
y0 ÿ y ¼ 1; yð0Þ ¼ 0; Lðy0 Þ ¼ sLðyÞ ÿ yð0Þ ¼ sLðyÞ. ÿ1

3 1
3 1

1. Hence Y ¼ sþ5 þ ðsþ5Þ 3 and y ¼ L sþ5 þ ðsþ5Þ3 ¼
Hence the Laplace Transform is sY ÿ Y ¼ 1s or 3eÿ5t þ 12 t2 eÿ5t .

Yðs ÿ 1Þ ¼ 1s or Y ¼ sðsÿ1Þ1
. The partial fraction
1 6. y0 þ y ¼ sin t; yð0Þ ¼ ÿ1. The Laplace Transform
decomposition for sðsÿ1Þ ¼ As þ sÿ1
B
or 1 ¼ Aðs ÿ1Þ 2
is sY þ1 þ Y ¼ s2 1þ1 so ðs þ 1ÞY ¼ s2 1þ1 ÿ 1 ¼ sÿs
þ Bs. Setting s ¼ 0 yields A ¼ ÿ1. Setting s ¼ 1 2
2 þ1
ÿs A BsþC
yields B ¼ 1 so Y ¼ ÿ1 1 ÿ1 ÿ1 and Y ¼ ¼ sþ1 þ s2 þ1 . Multiplying by
s þ sÿ1 and L ðYÞ ¼ L
ÿ
ðsþ1Þ s2 þ1
ÿ
the LCD yields ÿs ¼ A s2 þ1 þ ðBs þ CÞðs þ 1Þ.
2
ÿ ÿ1 ÿ1 1
t
s þL sÿ1 or y ¼ ÿ1 þ e .
Setting s ¼ ÿ1 we get A ¼ ÿ 12. Expanding, the s2 -
2. y0 þ 2y ¼ t, yð0Þ ¼ ÿ1. The Laplace Transform is
term yields A þ B ¼ ÿ1, so B ¼ ÿ 12. The constant
Lðy0 Þ þ 2LðyÞ ¼ LðtÞ or sLðyÞ ÿ yð0Þ þ 2LðyÞ ¼ s12 ÿ1
term is A þ C ¼ 0 so C ¼ 12. Hence Y ¼ sþ12 þ
or ðS þ 2ÞY þ 1 ¼ s12. This yields ðs þ 2ÞY ¼ ÿ12s 1
1 ÿ1 1
s 1

s2 þ1 þ s2 þ1 and y ¼ ÿ 2 L sþ1 þ s2 þ1 ÿ s2 þ1 ¼
2
2 2
1
s2 ÿ 1 ¼ 1ÿs
s2 or Y ¼ s21ÿs
ðsþ2Þ. The partial fraction
ÿ 12 eÿt þ cos t ÿ sin t

1ÿs2 A
decomposition is as follows: s2 ðsþ2Þ ¼ sþ2 þ Bs þ sC2
2 2
or 1 ÿ s ¼ As þ Bðs þ 2Þs þ Cðs þ 2Þ. Setting 7. y00 þ 4y ¼ 0; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 3; yð0Þ ¼ 2. The Laplace
s ¼ ÿ2 yields A ¼ ÿ 34. Setting s ¼ 0 yields C ¼ 12. Transform is s2 Y ÿ syð0Þ ÿ yð0Þ þ 4Y ¼ 0 or
ÿ2
s þ 4 Y ÿ2s ÿ 3 ¼ 0. Hence Y ¼ 2sþ3 s
s2 þ4 ¼ 2 s2 þ22 þ
The s2 -term of the expansion yields ÿ1 ¼ A þ B
3 3
ÿ3 ÿ14 s2 þ22 and y ¼ 2 cos 2t þ 2 sin 2t.
1
so B ¼ ÿ1 ÿ A ¼ ÿ 14. Thus, Y ¼ sþ24 þ s þ s22
and y ¼ ÿ 34 eÿ2t ÿ 14 þ 12 t ¼ ÿ 14 þ 12 t ÿ 3 ÿ2t
e . 8. y00 ÿ 5y0 þ 4y ¼ 0 has Laplace Transformÿ s2 Yÿ
4
syð0Þ ÿ y0 ð0Þ ÿ 5sY þ 5yð0Þ þ 4y ¼ 0 or s2 ÿ5s
3. y0 þ 6y ¼ eÿ6t ; yð0Þ ¼ 2. The Laplace Transform þ 4ÞY þ 2s ÿ 4 ÿ 10 ¼ 0. Hence Y ¼ sÿ2sþ14
2 ÿ5sþ4 ¼
1 1 ÿ2sþ14 A B
is sY ÿ yð0Þ þ 6Y ¼ sþ6 or ðs þ 6ÞY ÿ 2 ¼ sþ6. ðsÿ4Þðsÿ1Þ ¼ sÿ4 þ sÿ1. Multiplying by the LCD
1
So ðs þ 6ÞY ¼ sþ6 þ 2 ¼ 1þ2sþ12
sþ6 ¼ 2sþ13
sþ6 . Hence yields ÿ2sþ14 ¼ Aðsÿ1Þþ Bðsÿ 4Þ. Setting s ¼ 4
2sþ13 A B
Y¼ ðsþ6Þ2
¼ sþ6 þ ðsþ6Þ2
. Multiplying by the LCD we get 3A ¼ 6 or A ¼ 2. Setting s ¼ 1 we get
we have 2s þ 13 ¼ Aðsþ6Þ þ B ¼ As þ 6A þ B. 2 ÿ4
ÿ3B ¼ 12 or B ¼ ÿ4. Hence Y ¼ sÿ4 þ sÿ1 . The
Hence A ¼ 2 and 6A þ B ¼ 13 or B ¼ 1; y ¼ inverse Laplace transform yields y ¼ 2e4t ÿ 4et .
Lÿ1 sþ6 þ Lÿ1 ðsþ6Þ ¼ 2eÿ6t þ teÿ6t .
2 1
2 9. y00 þ 4y ¼ et ; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The Laplace trans-
form is s2 Y þ 4y þ sÿ1 1
or Y ¼ ÿ1 ¼ sÿ1 A
þ
4. y0 ÿ y ¼ sin 10t; yð0Þ ¼ 0. The Laplace Transform ðsÿ1Þ s2 þ4
10 10 BsþC
ÿ 2

is sY ÿ yð0Þ ÿ Y ¼ s2 þ100 or ðs ÿ 1ÞY ¼ s2 þ100 . s2 þ4 . Multiplying by the LCD we get A s þ 4 þ
Hence Y ¼ ÿ10 A BsþC
¼ sÿ1 þ s2 þ100. This yields ðBs þ CÞðs ÿ 1Þ ¼ 1. Setting s ¼ 1 we get A ¼ 15.
ðsÿ1Þ s2 þ100
ÿ2 Expanding we get ðA þ BÞs2 þ ðÿB þ CÞs þ ð4Aÿ
10 ¼ A s þ 100 þ ðBs þ cÞðs ÿ1Þ. Letting s ¼ 1
10
CÞ ¼ 1. Hence B ¼ ÿA ¼ ÿ 15, and C ¼ B ¼ ÿ 15.
we get A ¼ 101 . Expanding the s2 -term is ðA þ
þ ÿsÿ1
ÿ 1
So the Laplace becomes Y ¼ 15 sÿ1 s2 þ4 ¼
BÞs2 which is zero so B ¼ ÿA ¼ ÿ 101 10
. The s-term 1
ÿ 1 s 1

5 sÿ1 ÿ s2 þ22 ÿ s2 þ22 and the inverse Laplace
is ðÿB þ CÞs which is also 0 so C ¼ B ¼ ÿ10 . ÿ
101 transform yields y ¼ 15 et ÿ cos 2t ÿ 12 sin 2t .
þ sÿ1sÿ1 10 ÿ1 1
10
ÿ 1
Hence y ¼ 101 sÿ1 2 þ100 and y ¼ 101 L sÿ1 ÿ
10. y00 þ 2y0 ÿ 3y ¼ 5e2t ; yð0Þ ¼ 2; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 3. The
sþ1
10
t 1

s2 þ100 ¼ 101 e ÿ cos 10t ÿ 10 sin t .
Laplace transform is s2 Y ÿ syð0Þ ÿ y0 ð0Þ þ 2sY ÿ
5. y0 þ 5y ¼ teÿ5t ; yð0Þ ¼ 3. The Laplace Transform is 5
ÿ
1 1
2yð0Þ ÿ 3Y ¼ sÿ2 of s2 þ 2s ÿ 3 Y ÿ 2s ÿ 3 ÿ
sY ÿ yð0Þ þ 5Y ¼ ðsþ5Þ 2 . Hence ðs þ 5ÞY ¼
ðsþ5Þ2
þ 5
ÿ 5
4 ¼ sÿ2 or s2 þ 2s ÿ s Y ¼ sÿ2 þ ð2s þ 7Þ ¼
2 2
þ30sþ75 þ30sþ76
3 ¼ 1þ3sðsþ5Þ2 ¼ 3s ðsþ5Þ 2 . This yields Y ¼ 5þ2s2 þ3sÿ14 2
2s þ3sÿ9
so Y ¼ ðsÿ2Þðsþ3Þðsÿ1Þ A
¼ sÿ2 B
þ sþ3 C
þ sÿ1 .
sÿ2
3s2 þ30sþ76 A B C 2
ðsþ5Þ3
¼ sþ5 þ ðsþ5Þ 2þ
ðsþ5Þ3
or 3s þ 30s þ 76 ¼ Multiplying by the LCM we get 2s2 þ 3s ÿ 9 ¼
2
Aðs þ 5Þ þ Bðs þ 5Þ þ C. Letting s ¼ ÿ5 we get Aðsþ3Þðsÿ1Þ þ Bðsÿ2Þðs ÿ1Þ þ Cðs ÿ2Þðs þ 3Þ.
C ¼ 1. The s2 -term gives A ¼ 3. The s-term yields Setting s ¼ 2 we get A ¼ 55 ¼ 1. Setting S ¼
10A þ B ¼ 30, so B ¼ 30 ÿ 10A ¼ 30 ÿ 30 ¼ 0. 0
ÿ3; B ¼ 20 ¼ 0 and setting s ¼ 1; C ¼ ÿ4
ÿ4 ¼ þ1.
SECTION 33.6 645
1 0 1
Hence Y ¼ sÿ2 þ sþ3 þ sÿ1 and the inverse Laplace 6
B ¼ 45 3
¼ 10. The s3 -term of the expansion is A þ
transform yields y ¼ e2t þ et . 6
B þ C ¼ 0 so C ¼ ÿ 10 ¼ ÿ 35. The constant term
11. y00 ÿ 6y0 þ 9y ¼ t; yð0Þ ¼ 0; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 1. The of the expansion is ÿ2A þ 2B ÿ 4D ¼ 0 so D ¼
Laplace Transform is s2 Y ÿsyð0Þ ÿ y0 ð0Þ ÿ 6ðsYÿ ÿ2Aþ2B 3
¼ 0. Hence Y ¼ 10 1
sþ2 3
þ 10 1
sÿ2 ÿ 35 s2 þ1
s
ÿ ÿ 4
yð0ÞÞ þ 9 ¼ s12 or s2 ÿ 6s þ 9 Y ÿ 1 ¼ s12 or s2 ÿ 3 ÿ2t
2 2
s þ1
and the inverse Laplace Transform is y ¼ 10 e þ
6s þ 9 Y ¼ s12 þ1 ¼ 1þs s2 . Hence Y ¼ s2 ðsÿ3Þ2 ¼ s þ
A
3 2t
B C jQ 10 e ÿ 35 cos t.
s2 þ sÿ3 þ ðsÿ3Þ2 . Multiplying by the LCD we have
s2 þ1 ¼ Asðsÿ3Þ2 þBðs ÿ 3Þ2 þ Cðs ÿ 3Þs2 þ Ds2 . 16. y00 ÿ y ¼ et ; yð0Þ ¼ 1; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The Laplace
Setting s ¼ 0, we find B ¼ 19, and setting s ¼ 3, we Transform is s2 Y ÿ s ÿ Y ¼ sÿ1 1
. This is equivalent
s2 ÿsþ1 2
to s ÿ 1 Y ¼ sÿ1 þ s sÿ1 or Y ¼ ÿ 2s ÿsþ1
ÿ2 1
get D ¼ 10 9 . The s-term yields 9A ÿ 6B ¼ 0 so
¼
s ÿ1 ðsÿ1Þ
A ¼ 6B 9 ¼ 6 2 3
81 ¼ 27. The s -term yields A þ C ¼ 0
s2 ÿsþ1
. Finding the partial fraction decomposi-
2 2 1 11 2 1 10 ðsÿ1Þðsÿ1Þ2
so C ¼ ÿA ¼ ÿ 27. Y ¼ 27 s þ 9 s2 ÿ 27 sÿ3 þ 9 s2 ÿsþ1 A B C
1
tion we have ¼ sþ1
ðsÿ1Þðsÿ1Þ2
þ sÿ1 þ ðsÿ1Þ 2 . This
ðsÿ3Þ2
. The inverse Laplace Transform yields
2 2 ÿ 2

y ¼ 27 2
þ 19 t ÿ 27
2 3t
e þ 10 3t becomes s ÿ s þ 1 ¼ Aðs ÿ 1Þ þ B s ÿ 1 þ
9 te .
12. y00 þ y ¼ 1; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 1. The Laplace Trans- Cðs þ 1Þ. Setting s ¼ ÿ1 we get A ¼ 34. Setting
ÿ
form is s2 Y ÿ s 1 ÿ 1 þ Y ¼ 15 so s2 þ 1 Y ¼ s ¼ 1 we get C ¼ 12. The s2 -term yields A þ
2 2
s þsþ1
1
s þ sþ1¼ s and Y ¼ sÿ þsþ1 ¼ As þ BsþC
s2 þ1 . B ¼ 1 or B ¼ 1 ÿ A ¼ 1 ÿ 34 ¼ 14. Hence Y ¼ 34
s s2 þ1
2
ÿ 2

Multiplying we get s þs þ1 ¼ A s þ1 þ ðBs þ 1
þ 14 sÿ1
1
þ 12 ðsÿ1Þ
1
2 . The inverse Laplace trans-
sþ1
CÞðsÞ ¼ ðA þ BÞs2 þ Cs þ A. So A ¼ 1; C ¼ 1,
and AþB ¼ 1 ) B ¼ 0. Y ¼ 1s þ s2 1þ1. The inverse form yields the answer y ¼ 34 eÿt þ 14 et þ 12 tet.
Laplace Transform is y ¼ 1 þ sin t. 17. y00 þ 2y0 þ 5y ¼ 3eÿ2t ; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 1. The
ÿ
13. 00 0 00
y þ 6y þ 13y ¼ 0; yð0Þ ¼ 1; y ð0Þ ¼ ÿ4. The Laplace transform is s2 Y ÿ s ÿ 1 þ 2sY ÿ 2 þ
3
ÿ
Laplace Transform is s2 Y ÿs 1þ 4 þ 6ðsY ÿ 1Þþ 5Y ¼ sþ2 . This is equivalent to s2 þ 2s þ 5 Yÿ
ÿ
13Y ¼ 0 which simplifies to s2 þ 6s þ 13 Y ¼ ðs þ 3Þ ¼ sþ2 3
ÿ
. So s2 þ 2s þ 5 Y ¼ sþ2 3
þ ðs þ 3Þ ¼
sþ2 sþ2 sþ3ÿ1
s þ 2, so Y ¼ s2 þ6sþ13 ¼ s2 þ6sþ9þ4 ¼ ðsþ3Þ2
þ22
¼ ÿ
2
3þ s þ5sþ6
ÿ
s2 þ5sþ9

s2 þ5sþ9
sþ3 1 2
ÿ 2 ðsþ3Þ2 þ22 . The inverse Laplace Trans- sþ2 ¼ sþ2 . Hence Y ¼ ÿ ¼
ðsþ3Þ2 þ22 ðsþ2Þ s2 þ2sþ5
form yields y ¼ eÿ3t cos 2t ÿ 12 sin 2t .
ÿ ÿ ÿ
A BsþC 2 2
sþ2 þ s2 þ2sþ5. This gives s þ 5s þ 9 ¼ A s þ
y00 þ 2y0 þ 5y ¼ 8et ; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The

14. 2s þ 5 þðBsþCÞðs þ 2Þ ¼ ðAþBÞs2 þð2A þ 2B þ
Laplace Transform is s2 Y þ 2sY þ 5Y ¼ sÿ1 8
, so CÞs þ 5A þ 2C. And we have linear equations
Y¼ ÿ8 A
¼ sÿ1 þ BsþC
, and 8 ¼ A
ÿ2
s þ A þ B ¼ 1; 2A þ 2B þ C ¼ 5 and 5A þ 2C ¼ 9.
s2 þ2sþ5
ðsÿ1Þ 2
s þ2sþs Solving we obtain A ¼ 35 ; B ¼ 25, and C ¼ 3. So
2s þ 5 þ ðBs þ CÞ ðs ÿ 1Þ ¼ ðA þ BÞs2 þ ð2A ÿ 2
sþ3
B þ CÞs þ 5A ÿ C. So A þ B ¼ 0; 2A ÿ B þ C ¼ Y ¼ 35 sþ21
þ 25 . The second fraction is
s þ 2s þ 5
15
0, and 5A ÿ C ¼ 8. This system yields A ¼ 1; 2
s þ 2 2
s þ 1 þ 132
5 s2 þ 2s þ 1 þ 4 ¼ 5 ¼ 2 sþ12 2 ¼
B ¼ ÿ1; C ¼ ÿ3 so Y ¼ sÿ1 1 sþ3
ÿ s2 þ2sþ5 1
¼ sÿ1 ÿ ðs þ 1Þ2 þ 22 5 ðsþ1Þ þ2
1
sþ2þ1
s2 þ2sþ1þ4 ¼ sÿ1
sþ2
ÿ ðsþ1Þ2
þ22
ÿ 12 ðsþ1Þ22 þ22 . The inverse 13 2
The inverse Laplace transform is y ¼
10 ðsþ1Þ2 þ22 .
t ÿt
Laplace Transform yields y ¼ e ÿ e cos 2t ÿ 3 ÿ2t
þ eÿt 25 cos 2t þ 13
ÿ
5e 10 sin 2t .
1 ÿt
2e sin 2t.
18. y00 ÿ 6y0 þ 9y ¼ 12t2 e3t ; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The
00 0
15. y ÿ 4y ¼ 3 cos t; yð0Þ ¼ y ð0Þ ¼ 0. The Laplace Laplace transform is s2 Y ÿ 6sY þ 9Y ¼ ðsÿ3Þ 24
3 or
Transform is s2 Y ÿ 4Y ¼ s23sþ1 so Y ¼ ÿ 2 ÿ
3s ÿ2 24 24 4!
2

s þ1 s ÿ1
s ÿ 6s þ 9 Y ¼ ðsÿ3Þ 3 . Hence Y ¼ ðsÿ3Þ5
¼ ðsÿ3Þ5
.
¼ ÿ 2 3s A
¼ sþ2 B
þ sÿ2 þ CsþD
s2 þ1 . Multiplying
The inverse Laplace Transform yields the answer
s þ1 ðsþ2Þðsÿ2Þ
ÿ y ¼ t4 e3t .
by the LCD we get 3s ¼ Aðs ÿ 2Þ s2 þ 1 þ B
ÿ ÿ2 ÿ2 19. y00 þ 2y0 ÿ 3y ¼ te2t ; yð0Þ ¼ 2; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 3. The
ðs þ2Þ s þ1 þ Cs þ DÞ s ÿ 4 . Setting s ¼ ÿ
ÿ6 3 Laplace transform is s2 Y ÿ 2s ÿ 3 þ 2sY ÿ 4 ÿ
ÿ2, we get A ¼ ðÿ4Þð5Þ ¼ 10 . Setting s ¼ 2, we get ÿ
1
3Y ¼ ðsÿ2Þ 2 . Regrouping we get s2 þ 2s ÿ 3 Yÿ
1
ð2s þ 7Þ ¼ ðsÿ2Þ
ÿ2 1
s þ 2s ÿ 3ÞY ¼ ðsÿ2Þ 22. y00 þ 2y0 þ 5y ¼ 10 cos t; yð0Þ ¼ 0; y0 ¼ ð0Þ ¼ 3.
2 . Hence 2 þ ÿ
3 2 3 2 The Laplace transform is s2 Y ÿ 3 þ 2sY þ 5Y ¼
ð2s þ 7Þ ¼ 2s ÿsðsÿ2Þ
ÿ20sþ29
2
2s ÿs ÿ20sþ29
or Y ¼ ðsÿ2Þ2 ¼ 10s
ÿ 2
10s
ÿ2
s2 þ1 of s þ 2s þ 5 Y ÿ 3 ¼ s2 þ1. Thus s þ 2s
ðsþ3Þðsÿ1Þ
A B C jQ 3s2 þ10sþ3
þ sÿ1 þ sÿ2 þ ðsÿ2Þ2 . Multiplying by the LCD þ 5 Y ¼ s10s 2 þ1 þ 3 ¼
sþ3 s2 þ1 . This gives Y ¼
2
we get 2s3 ÿ s2 ÿ 20s þ 29 ¼ Aðs ÿ 1Þðs ÿ 2Þ2 þ ÿ 3sÿ þ10sþ3
¼ s2 þ1 þ s2CsþD
AsþB
þ2sþ5. Multiplying we
s2 þ1 s2 þ2sþ5
Bðsþ3Þðs ÿ 2Þ2 þ Cðs þ 3Þðs ÿ1Þðs ÿ 2Þ þ Dðs þ 2
ÿ
3Þðs ÿ 1Þ. Setting s ¼ ÿ3 we get A ¼ ÿ100 26
¼ ÿ13 getÿ3s þ 10s þ 3 ¼ ðAs þ BÞ s2 þ 2s þ 5 þ ðCs þ
50 .

10 5
Setting s ¼ 1 we get B ¼ 4 ¼ 2. Setting s ¼ 2, DÞ s2 þ 1 ¼ As3 þ ð2A þ BÞs2 þ ð5A þ 2BÞs þ
we get D ¼ 15. the s3 -term yields A þ B þ C ¼ 2 5B þ Cs3 þ Ds2 þ Cs þ D. The four like terms
6 yield the four linear equations A þ C ¼ 0; 2A þ
or C ¼ 2 ÿ A ÿ B ¼ 25 . Hence we have Y ¼ ÿ 13 50
1 5 1 6 1 1 1
B þ D ¼ 3; A þ 2B þ C ¼ 10, and 5B þ D ¼ 3.
sþ3 þ
2 sÿ1 ÿ
25 sÿ2 þ
5 ðsÿ2Þ2 . The inverse Solving this system we get A ¼ 2; B ¼ 1; C ¼ ÿ2,
ÿ3t
Laplace Transform gives the answer y ¼ ÿ 15
50 e þ and D ¼ ÿ2. So the partial fraction decomposition
5 t 6 2t
ÿ 25 e þ 15 te2t . of Y ¼ 2sþ1 sþ1 s 1 sþ1
s2 þ1 ÿ2. s2 þ2sþ5 ¼ 2 s2 þ1 þ s2 þ1 ÿ 2 ðsþ1Þ2 þ22 .
2e
The inverse Laplace transform yields the answer
20. y00 þ 2y0 ÿ 3y ¼ sin 2t; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The y ¼ 2 cos t þ sin t ÿ 2eÿt cos 2t.
Laplace Transform is s2 Y þ 2sY ÿ 3Y ¼ s2 2þ4. This 2
ÿ 23. We start with the equation L ddt2q þ R dq 1
dt þ C q ¼ EðtÞ
is equivalent to s2 þ 2s ÿ 3 Y ¼ s2 2þ4 or Y ¼
ÿ 2 A B which becomes q00 þ 20q0 þ 200q ¼ 150. The
¼ sþ3 þ sÿ1 þ CsþD
s2 þ4 . Multiplying by
s2 þ4 ðsþ3Þðsÿ1Þ ÿ Laplace transform is s2 Q þ 20sQ þ 200Q ¼ 150 s .
the LCD we have 2 ¼ Aðs ÿ 1Þ s2 þ 4 þ Bðs þ ÿ
ÿ2 Hence s2 þ 20s þ 200 Q ¼ 150 s or Q ¼
3Þ s þ 4 þ ðCs þ DÞðs þ 3Þðs ÿ 1Þ. Setting s ¼ ÿ 150 ¼ As þ 2 BsþC . Multiplying by the
s þ20sþ200
ÿ3, we get A ¼ ÿ52 2
¼ ÿ126 . Setting s ¼ 1, we get
s s2 þ20sþ200
ÿ
2 1 3
B ¼ 20 ¼ 10. The s -term yields the equation LCD we get 10 ¼ A s2 þ 20sþ 200 þ ðBs þ CÞ ¼
ðA þ BÞs2 þ ð20A þ CÞs þ 200A. The constant
A þ B þ C ¼ 0 or C ¼ 26 1
ÿ 101
¼ ÿ16 ÿ4
260 ¼ 65 . The
term yields A ¼ 150 3 2
200 ¼ 4. The s -term yields A þ
constant term yields the equation ÿ4A þ 12Bÿ 3
ÿ 2 ÿ 6 þ 2 ÿ14 B ¼ 0 so B ¼ ÿ 4. The s-term yields 20A þ C ¼
3D ¼ 2 or D ¼ ÿ4Aÿ12Bþ2 ÿ3 ¼ 13 5 ¼ 65 . ÿ 3 s ÿ 15
ÿ3 0 or C ¼ ÿ15. Hence Q ¼ 34 1s þ 2 4 ¼
Hence Y ¼ ÿ 26 sþ3 þ 10 sÿ1 ÿ 65 s2 þ4 ÿ 65 s2 2þ4.
1 1 1 1 4 s 7 s þ 20s þ 200
3
3 1
ÿ 4 ðs þ 20Þ 3 1 3 sþ10þ10
The inverse Laplace Transform yields the answer 4 s þ s2 þ 20s þ 100 þ 100 ¼ 4 s ÿ 4 ðsþ10Þ2 þ102 ¼
1 ÿ3t 1 6 4 7
y ¼ ÿ 26 e þ 10 e ÿ 65 cos 2t ÿ 65 sin 2t. 31 3 sþ10 3 10
4 s ÿ 4 ðsþ10Þ2 þ102 ÿ 4 ðsþ10Þ2 þ102 . The inverse Laplace
21. y00 þ 2y þ 5y ¼ 10 cos t; yð0Þ ¼ 2; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 1. The transform yields the answer qðtÞ ¼ 34 ÿ 34 eÿ10t
Laplace transform is ðs2 Y ÿ 2s ÿ1Þ þ ð2sY ÿ 4Þ þ ðcos 10tþ sin 10tÞ. iðtÞ ¼ q0 ðtÞ ¼ 15 2 e
ÿ10t
ðcos 10t þ
ÿ2
5Y ¼ s10s
2 þ1. This is equivalent to s þ 2s þ 5 Yÿ 15 ÿ10t
sin 10tÞ ÿ 2 e ðÿ sin 10t þ cos 10tÞ ¼ 15eÿ10t
ÿ
ð2s þ 5Þ ¼ s10s
2 þ1 or s2 þ 2s þ 5 Y ¼ s10s
2 þ1 þ ð2s þ sin 10t. The steady state current is 0.
3 2 3 2
5Þ ¼ 2s þ5ss2 þ1
þ12sþ5
or Y ¼ ÿ 2s2 þ5s
ÿ þ12sþ5 ¼ AsþB
2 s2 þ1 þ 24. We begin with the equation i0 þ 10i ¼ sin t. The
s þ1 s þ2sþ5
Laplace transform is SI þ 10I ¼ s2 1þ1. Hence
CsþD
s2 þ2sþ5. Multiplying by the LCD we get 2s3 þ
ÿ I ¼ ÿ 2 1 A
¼ sþ10 þ BsþC
s2 þ1 . Multiplying by the
5s þ 12s þ 5 ¼ ðAs þ BÞ s2 þ 2s þ 5 þ ðCs þ
2
s þ1 ðsþ10Þ ÿ2
ÿ2
DÞ s þ 1 ¼ As3 þ ð2A þ BÞs2 þ ð5A þ 2BÞs þ LCD we get 1 ¼ A s þ 1 þ ðBs þ CÞðs þ 10Þ ¼
5B þ Cs3 þ ds2 þ Cs þ D. The yields the linear ðA þ BÞs2 þ ð10B þ CÞs þ ðA þ 10CÞ. This yields
equations A þ C ¼ 2; 2A þ B þ D ¼ 5; 5A þ 2B þ the linear equation A þ B ¼ 0; 10B þ C ¼ 0, and
1 ÿ1
C ¼ 12, and 5B þ D ¼ 5. Solving this system we A þ 10C ¼ 1. Solving we get A ¼ 101 ; B ¼ 101 ;
10 1 1 1 ÿsþ10 1
get A ¼ 2; B ¼ 1; C ¼ 0; and D ¼ 0. Hence the and C ¼ 101. So I ¼ 101 sþ10 þ 101 s2 þ1 ¼ 101
ÿ 1 s 10

partial fraction decomposition is Y ¼ 2sþ1 s2 þ1 ¼ sþ10 ÿ s2 þ1 þ s2 þ1 . The inverse ÿLaplace trans-
s
2 s2 þ1 þ s2 1þ1. The inverse Laplace transform yields form yields the answer iðtÞ ¼ 101 1
eÿ10t ÿ cos t þ

the answer y ¼ 2 cos t þ sin t. (Note: 2s3 þ 5s2 þ 10 sin t .
ÿ
12s þ 5 factors into ð2s þ 1Þ s2 þ 2s þ 5 so we 25. We begin with the equation 0:9q00 þ 6q0 þ 50q ¼ 6.
3 2
could have reduced ÿ 2s2 þ5s ÿ þ12sþ5 to 2sþ1
2 s2 þ1 and not The Laplace transform is 0:1s2 Q þ 6sQ þ 50 ¼ 6s
s þ1 s þ2sþ5
used partial fractions.) so Q ¼ ÿ 2 6 or Q ¼ ÿ 60
2
or
s 0:1s þ6sþ50 s s þ60sþ500
SECTION 33.6 647
60
Q ¼ sðsþ10Þðsþ50Þ ¼ As þ sþ10
B C
þ sþ50. Multiplying by c2 eðÿ64ÿ2 1022Þt
. When t ¼ 0; then x ¼ 2, so c1 þ
c2 ¼ 2. When t ¼ 0; x0 ¼ 0, so ðÿ64 þ2 1022Þc1 þ
the LCD we get 60 ¼ Aðs þ 10Þðs þ 50Þ þ Bsðsþ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
50Þ þ Csðs þ 10Þ. Setting s ¼ 0, we get A ¼ ðÿ64 ÿ 2 1022Þc2 ¼ 0. Substituting 2 ÿ c2 for
60 3 60
500 ¼ 25. Setting s ¼ ÿ10, we get B ¼ ÿ400 ¼ c1 , we get ðÿ64 þ 2 1022Þð2 ÿ c2 Þ þ ðÿ64 ÿ
3
ÿ 20. Setting s ¼ ÿ50, yields C ¼ 2000 ¼ 100 60 3
. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 1022Þc2 ¼ 0 or ÿ128 þ 4 1022 þ 64c2 ÿ
3 1 3 1 3 1
Hence we get Q ¼ 25 s ÿ 20 sþ10 þ 100 sþ50. The pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 1022c2 ÿ64c2 ÿ2 1022 ¼ 0 or ÿ4 1022c2 ¼
inverse Laplace transform yields the answer qðtÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 32
3 ÿ10t 3 ÿ50t 128 ÿ 4 1022, and so c2 ¼ 1 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi . Thus, c1 ¼
3
25 ÿ 20 e þ 100 e . Thus, iðtÞ ¼ q0 ðtÞ ¼ 32 eÿ10t ÿ ÿ 1022
32 32
3 ÿ50t
¼ 32 eÿ50t ÿ eÿ50t .
ÿ 2 ÿ c2 ¼ 2 ÿ 1 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1 þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi. Thus, the
2e 1022ÿ 1022 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
32 ðÿ64þ2 1022Þt
final solution is x ¼ 1 þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e þ
26. We begin with the equation 0:05q00 þ 20q0 þ p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1022
ðÿ64ÿ2 1022Þt
ÿ 32

10;000q ¼ 100 cos 200t. Multiplying by 20 to 1ÿ p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1022
e .
eliminate decimals yields q00 þ 400q0 þ200;000q ¼ 28. As in Exercise #27, we have the differential equa-
200 cos 200t. The Laplace transform is s2 Q þ tion 12 x00 þ 64x0 þ 4x ¼ cos 4t. This has the same
2;000s
400sQ þ 200;000Q ¼ s2 þð200Þ 2 . Solving for Q,
complementary solution as in Exercise #27. To
we get Q ¼ ÿ 2 ÿ2;000s AsþB
¼ s2 þ40;000 þ complete the particular solution, we assume
s þ40000 s2 þ400sþ200;000
x ¼ 4 cos 4t þ B sin 4t. Then, x0 ¼ ÿ4A sin 4t þ
CsþD
s2 þ400sþ200;000. Multiplying by the LCD we get
ÿ 4B cos 4t and x00 ¼ ÿ16A cos 4t ÿ 16B sin 4t. Sub-
2000s ¼ ðAs þ BÞ s2 þ 400s þ 200;000 þ ðCs þ stituting, we obtain ÿ8A cos 4tÿ8B sin 4tÿ256A
sin 4tþ256B cos 4t þ 4A cos 4t þ4B sin 4t ¼ cos 4t.
ÿ2
DÞ s þ 40;000 ¼ ðA þ CÞs3 þð400AþBþ DÞs2 þ
ð200;000A þ 400B þ 40;000CÞ þ ð200;000B þ Collecting like functions, we obtain the equations
40;000DÞ: This yields the linear equations A þ ÿ8A þ 256B þ 4A ¼ 1
C ¼ 0; 400A þ B þ D ¼ 0; 200000A þ 400B þ
and
40000C ¼ 2000, and 200000B þ 4000D ¼ 0. Sol-
ving we get A ¼ 100 1 ÿ1
; B ¼ 1; C ¼ 100 , and D ¼ ÿ5. ÿ8B ÿ 256A þ 4B ¼ 0
1
ÿ sþ100 1
ÿ sþ500

Hence Q ¼ 100 s2 þ2002 ÿ 100 s2 þ400sþ200;00 ¼ or
1 s 1 200 1
ÿ sþ200þ300
100 s2 þ200s2 þ 200 s2 þ2002 ÿ 100 ðsþ200Þ2 þ160;000 ¼ 0:01 ÿ4A þ 256B ¼ 1
s 200 sþ200
s2 þ2002 þ 0:005 s2 þ200 2 ÿ 0:01 ðsþ200Þ2 þ4002
ÿ and
400
0:0075 ðsþ200Þ2
þ4002
. The inverse Laplace transform ÿ256A ÿ 4B ¼ 0
yields qðtÞ ¼ 0:01 cos 200t þ 0:005 sin 200t ÿ Solving the last equation for B, we have B ¼
0:01eÿ200t cos 400t ÿ0:0075eÿ200t sin 400t ¼ 0:01 ÿ64A. Substituting, we get ÿ4A þ 256ðÿ64AÞ ¼
1 ÿ200t
cos 200t þ 0:005 sin 200t ÿ 400 e ð4 cos 400t þ 1 or A ¼ 16;388 ÿ1
. Back substituting, we find ÿB ¼
0
3 sin 400tÞ. Thus, iðtÞ ¼ q ðtÞ ¼ ÿ2 sin 200t þ 64
. Hence, the final solution is x ¼ 1þ
16;388
cos 200t þ 12 eÿ200t ð4 cos 400t þ 3 sin 400tÞ ÿ 32
ðÿ64þ2pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1022Þt
ÿ 32
ðÿ64ÿ2pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1022Þt
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e þ 1 ÿ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi e ÿ
eÿ200t ðÿ4 sin 400tÿ þ 3 cos 400tÞ ¼ ÿ2 sin 200t þ 1022 1022
1 64
cos 200t þ eÿ200t 11 2 sin 400t ÿ cos 400t . The 16;388 cos 4t þ 16;388 sin 4t.
steady-state current is ÿ2 sin 200t þ cos 200t or
29. The Laplace transform of the left-hand side of the
cos 200t ÿ 2 sin 200t.
differential equation y00 þ 2y0 þ 17y ¼ eÿt cos 4t is
27. First, a 16 pound weight has a mass of 14 slug. The s2 Y ÿ syð0Þ ÿ yÿ0 ð0Þ þ 2½sY ÿyð0Þ þ 17Y ¼ s2 Yþ
2
differential equation is 12 ddt2x ¼ ÿ4x ÿ 64 dx dt , we
2sY þ 17Y ¼ Y s2 þ 2s þ 17 . The Laplace trans-
sþ1 sþ1
need not bother changing to slugs. The differential form of the right-hand side is ðsþ1Þ 2
þ42
¼ s2 þ2sþ17
2
equation is 16 ddt2x ¼ ÿ4x ÿ 64 dx dt which is equiva-
ÿ2 sþ1 sþ1
Hence, Y s þ 2s þ 17 ¼ s2 þ2sþ17 ¼ ðsþ1Þ 2
þ42
or
lent to x00 þ 128x0 þ 8x ¼ 0. This has auxiliary sþ1 sþ1 s
Y ¼ÿ 2 ¼ 2 ¼ 2 þ
equation m2 þ 128m þ 18 ¼ 0, which has roots s2 þ2sþ17 ðsþ1Þ2 þ42 ðsþ1Þ2 þ42
ÿ128 1282 ÿ32
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1
2 ¼ ÿ64 4088 ¼ ÿ64 2 1022. 2 . Using formulas 21 and 22 in
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðsþ1Þ2 þ42
Hence the general solution is x ¼ c1 eðÿ64þ2 1022Þt þ
Table 33.1, we obtain

sþ1
y ¼ Lÿ1 2
ðs þ 1Þ2 þ 42

sþ1
¼ Lÿ1 2
ðs þ 1Þ2 þ 42

sþ1
þ Lÿ1 2
ðs þ 1Þ2 þ 42

1 ÿt
¼ e 4t cosð4tÞ þ 16t sinð4tÞ ÿ sinð4tÞ
128
1 ÿt
þ e sinð4tÞ ÿ 4t cosð4tÞ
128
1
¼ teÿt sin 4t
8
CHAPTER
R 33 REVIEW
1. y 2. y
x h ¼ 0:1 h ¼ 0:05
x h ¼ 0:1 h ¼ 0:05
0 2 2
0 1 1
0:05 ÿ 1:8
0:05 ÿ 1:1
0:10 1:6 1:6299
0:10 1:2 1:2052
0:15 ÿ 1:4838
0:15 ÿ 1:3157
0:20 1:3184 1:3572
0:20 1:4218 1:4313
0:25 ÿ 1:2467
0:25 ÿ 1:5520
0:30 1:1098 1:1495
0:30 1:6649 1:6778
0:35 ÿ 1:0636
0:35 ÿ 1:8088
0:40 0:9497 0:9873
0:40 1:9288 1:9448
0:45 ÿ 0:9190
0:45 ÿ 2:0859
0:50 0:8234 0:8578
0:50 2:2133 2:2321
0:55 ÿ 0:8026
0:55 ÿ 2:3833
0:60 0:7217 0:7527
0:60 2:5183 2:5395
0:65 ÿ 0:7074
0:65 ÿ 2:7001
0:70 0:6384 0:6661
0:70 2:8436 2:8671
0:75 ÿ 0:6284
0:75 ÿ 3:0385
0:80 0:5691 0:5938
0:80 3:1892 3:2149
0:85 ÿ 0:5621
0:85 ÿ 3:3963
0:90 0:5108 0:5329
0:90 3:5549 3:5827
0:95 ÿ 0:5059
0:95 ÿ 3:7742
1:00 0:4612 0:4809
1:00 3:9408 3:9706
y 3
3. ðx ÿ 9Þ2 þ C1 . Substituting (10, 1)we get 1 ¼ 23 ð1Þ
x h ¼ 0:05
0 60 þ C1 or C1 ¼ 13. The first approximation is y ¼ 23
0:05 59:9 ðx ÿ 9Þ3=2 þ 13. Now substitutingÿ this for y in the ori-
ginal equation we obtain y0 ¼ 23 ðx ÿ 9Þ3=2 þ 13

0:10 59:8
0:15 59:6990 ðx ÿ 9Þ1=2 ¼ 2
3 ðx ÿ 9Þ2 þ 13 ðx ÿ 9Þ1=2 . Integrating
0:20 59:5961 3
again we get y ¼ 29 ðx ÿ 9Þ3 þ 29 ðx ÿ 9Þ2 . Solving
0:25 59:4905
0:30 59:3812 for C2 we have 1 ÿ 29 ÿ 29 ¼ 59. The second approx-
3
0:35 59:2678 imation is y ¼ 29 ðx ÿ 9Þ3 þ 29 ðx ÿ 9Þ2 þ 59.
0:40 59:1496
y0 ¼ y þ cos x; 2 ; 0 . Substituting 0 forÿy wehave
ÿ
0:45 59:0263 8.
0:50 58:8975 y0 ¼ cos x so y ¼ sin x þ C1 . Using 2 ; 0 we
0:55 58:7630 obtain C1 ¼ ÿ1 so y ¼ sin x ÿ 1. Substituting this
0:60 58:6228 in the original equation we get y0 ¼ sin x þ cos x ÿ 1.
0:65 58:4767 Integration yields y ¼ ÿ cos x þ sin x ÿ x þ C2 .
0:70 58:3249 C2 ¼ 2 ÿ 1 and the second approximation is
0:75 58:1675 y ¼ ÿ cos x þ sin x ÿ x þ 2 ÿ 1.
0:80 58:0047 9. 2y0 ÿ y ¼ 4; yð0Þ ¼ 1 has Laplace transform 2sYÿ
0:85 57:8366 2 ÿ Y ¼ 4s or ð2s ÿ 1ÞY ¼ 4s þ 2 ¼ 4þ2s
s . So we get
0:90 57:6635 4þ2s
Y ¼ sð2sÿ1Þ ¼ As þ 2sÿ1
B
. Multiplying by the LCD
0:95 57:4857
1:00 57:3034 we have 4 þ 2s ¼ Að2s ÿ 1Þ þ Bs. Setting s ¼ 0,
4
we obtain A ¼ ÿ1 ¼ ÿ4. Setting s ¼ 12, we obtain
4. B ¼ 1=2 ¼ 10. So we have Y ¼ ÿ4 1s þ 10 2sÿ1
5 1
¼
y 1
x h ¼ 0:01 ÿ4 1s þ 5 . The inverse Laplace transformation
s ÿ 12
0 0 yields the solution y ¼ ÿ4 þ 5et=2 .
0:01 0:06
0:02 0:1200 10. 3y0 þ y ¼ t; yð0Þ ¼ 2. The Laplace transform is
2
0:03 0:1800 3sY ÿ 6 þ Y ¼ s12 so ð3s þ 1ÞY ¼ s12 þ 6 ¼ 1þ6s
s2
2
0:04 0:2400 and Y ¼ s21þ6s A B C
ð3sþ1Þ ¼ 3sþ1 þ s þ s2 . Multiplying by
0:05 0:2999
the LCD we have 1 þ 6s2 ¼ As2 þ Bsð3s þ 1Þþ
0:06 0:3598
0:07 0:4197 Cð3s þ 1Þ. Setting s ¼ ÿ 13, we obtain A ¼ 5=3 1=9 ¼
0:08 0:4796 15. Setting s ¼ 0, we obtain C ¼ 1. The s2 -term
0:09 0:5394 ÿ9
yields 6 ¼ A þ 3B so B ¼ 6ÿA 3 ¼ 3 ¼ ÿ3. So the
0:10 0:5991 partial fraction decomposition is Y ¼ 3sþ1 15
ÿ 3s þ
5
5. y0 ¼ xy þ 4; ð0; 1Þ. Substituting 1 for y we get 1 1 1
s2 ¼ ÿ 3 s þ s2 . The inverse Laplace trans-
y0 ¼ x þ 4. Integrating we have y ¼ 12 x2 þ 4x þ C1 . s þ 13
Solving for C1 we get C1 ¼ 1, so the first approxi- form yields the answer y ¼ 5eÿt=3 ÿ 3 þ t.
mation is y ¼ 12 x2 þ 4x þ 1. Now we substitute this
11. y0 þ 2y ¼ et ; yð0Þ ¼ 1. The Laplace transform is
for y and get y0 ¼ 12 x3 þ 4x2 þ x þ 4. Integrating 1 1 s
this we get y ¼ 18 x4 þ 43 x3 þ 12 x2 þ 4x þ C2 . Again sY ÿ 1 þ 2Y ¼ sÿ1 or ðs þ 2ÞY ¼ sÿ1 þ 1 ¼ sÿ1.
s A B
C2 ¼ 1 so the second approximation is y ¼ 18 x4 þ So Y ¼ ðsÿ1Þðsþ2Þ ¼ sÿ1 þ sþ2. This gives s ¼ Aðs
4 3 1 2
3 x þ 2 x þ 4x þ 1. þ 2Þ þ Bðs ÿ 1Þ. Setting s ¼ 1, we get A ¼ 13. Set-
0 0
6. y ¼ 2x þ y. Substituting 0 for y we have y ¼ 2x. ting s ¼ ÿ2, we get B ¼ 23. Hence Y ¼ 13 sÿ1
1
þ 23
Integration yields y ¼ x2 þ C1 . C1 ¼ 0 so the first 1
sþ2. The inverse Laplace transform yields y ¼ 13 et þ
approximation is y ¼ x2 . Substituting into the origi-
2 ÿ2t
nal equation we get y0 ¼ 2x þ x2 . Integration we 3e .
have y ¼ x2 þ 13 x3 þ C2 . Again C2 ¼ 0 so the sec- 12. y0 þ 5y ¼ 0; yð0Þ ¼ 1. The Laplace transform is
ond approximation is y ¼ x2 þ 13 x3 . sY ÿ 1 þ sY ¼ 0 or ðs þ 5ÞY ¼ 1 or Y ¼ sþ5 1
. The
7. y0 ¼py ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ÿffi 9; ð10; 1Þ. Substituting 1 for y we get inverse Laplace transform yields y ¼ eÿ5t .
y ¼ x ÿ 9 ¼ ðx ÿ 9Þ1=2 . Integration yields y ¼ 23
0
13. y00 ÿ y ¼ 0; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 1. Theÿ Laplace

trans-
2
þ3sÿ9
ÿ
so s2 þ 2s ÿ 3 Y ¼ sÿ2
5
þ ð2s þ 7Þ ¼ 2s sÿ2 .
form is s2 Y ÿ s ÿ 1 ÿ Y ¼ 0 or s2 ÿ 1 Y ¼ s þ 2
2sÿþ3sÿ9 ð2sÿ3Þðsþ3Þ
1 This yields Y ¼ ¼ ðsÿ2Þðsþ3Þðsÿ1Þ ¼
1. Hence Y ¼ ssþ1 2 ÿ1 ¼ sÿ1. The inverse Laplace
2 ðsÿ2Þ s þ2sÿ3
2sÿ3 A B
transform yields y ¼ e .t
ðsÿ2Þðsþ1Þ ¼ sÿ2 þ sÿ1. Multiplying we have 2s ÿ 3
14. y00 ÿ y ¼ et ; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The Laplace trans- ¼ Aðs ÿ 1Þ þ Bðs ÿ 2Þ. Setting s ¼ 2 we get
form is s2 Y ÿ Y ¼ sÿ1 1 1
or Y ¼ ðsÿ1Þðs 2 ÿ1Þ ¼ A ¼ 1. Setting s ¼ 1, we get B ¼ 1. The partial
s 1
1
2 . Getting partial fractions we have fraction decomposition of Y is sÿ2 þ sÿ1. The
ðsÿ1Þ ðsþ1Þ
1 A
¼ sÿ1 B
þ ðsÿ1Þ C inverse Laplace transform yields the answer
2 þ sþ1. Multiplying we get
ðsÿ1Þ2 ðsþ1Þ y ¼ e2t þ et .
1 ¼ A s ÿ 1 þ Bðs þ 10Þ þ Cðs ÿ 1Þ2 . Setting
ÿ2
19. y00 þ 4 ¼ sin t; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The Laplace
s ¼ 1, we obtain B ¼ 12. The s2 -term yields
transform is s2 Y þ 4s ¼ s2 1þ1. So s2 Y ¼ s2 1þ1 ÿ 4s and
A þ C ¼ 0. The constant term yields ÿA þ B þ
Y ¼ ÿ 1 ÿ 43 . The inverse Laplace transform
C ¼ 1 or ÿA þ C ¼ 12. Solving, we get C ¼ 14 and s2 þ1 s2 s
A ¼ ÿ 14. Hence Y ¼ ÿ 14 sÿ1 1

þ 12 ðsÿ1Þ
1 1 1 (by forms 11 and 3) is y ¼ t ÿ sin t ÿ 2t2 .
2 þ 4 sþ1.
The inverse Laplace transform yields y ¼ ÿ 14 et þ 20. y00 þ 4 ¼ t; yð0Þ ¼ ÿ1; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The Laplace
1 t
þ 14 eÿt . transform is s2 Y þ s þ 4s ¼ s12 . So s2 Y ¼ s12 ÿ 45 ÿ s
2 te
and Y ¼ s14 ÿ s43 ÿ 1s . The inverse Laplace transform
15. y00 þ 2y0 þ 5y ¼ 0; yð0Þ ¼ 1; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0. The 3
is y ¼ t6 ÿ 2t2 ÿ 1.
Laplace transform is s2 Y ÿ s þ 2sY ÿ 2 þ 5y ¼ 0
We begin with the equation 12 q00 þ 10q0 þ 1001 ¼
ÿ sþ2
or s2 þ 2s þ 5 Y ¼ s þ 2. So Y ¼ s2 þ2sþ5 ¼ 21.
ÿ
sþ2 sþ1
¼ ðsþ1Þ þ 12 ðsþ1Þ22 þ22 . The inverse 10 sin t. The Laplace transform is 12 s2 Q ÿ 10 þ
ðsþ1Þ2 þ22 2
þ22 ÿ
Laplace transform yields the answer y ¼ eÿt cos 2t 10ðsQÞ þ 100Q ¼ s210 þ1 or
1 2
2 s þ 10s þ 100 Q ¼
10 5s2 þ15
þ 5 ¼ . Multiplying by 2 to clear frac-
þ 12 eÿt sin 2t. s2 þ1 s2 þ1
ÿ 2
þ30
tions we have s2 þ 20s þ 200 Q ¼ 10ss2 þ1 . Hence
16. y00 þ y0 þ y ¼ 0; yð0Þ ¼ 4; y0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ2. The Laplace Q ¼ ÿ 2 ÿ
2
10s þ30 ¼ AsþB þ CsþD
. Multi-
ÿ s þ1 2 s þ20sþ100 s2 þ1 s2 þ20sþ200
transform is s2 Y ÿ 4s þ 2 þ ðsY ÿ 4Þ þ Y ¼ 0
ÿ2 plying by the LCD we obtain the equation
or s þ s þ 1 Y ¼ 4s þ 2. Hence Y ¼ s24sþ2 þsþ1 ¼
ÿ
s þ 12 10s2 þ30 ¼ ðAs þ bÞ s2 þ 20s þ 200 þðCsþDÞ
4s þ 2
¼ 4ÿ . The inverse
ÿ2
s þ 1 ¼ ðAþCÞs3 þð20A þ B þ DÞs2 þ ð200Aþ
s2 þ s þ 14 þ 34
2
s þ 12 þ 34 pffiffi
20B þ CÞs þ 200B þ D. Hence we have linear
Laplace transform gives y ¼ 4eÿt=2 cos 23 t.
equations A þ C ¼ 0; 20A þ B þ D ¼ 10; 200A þ
17. y00 þ 2y0 þ 5y ¼ 3eÿ2tÿ; yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 1. The 20B þ C ¼ 0, and 200B þ D ¼ 30. Solving this
Laplace transform is s2 Y ÿ s ÿ 1 þ 2sY ÿ 2 þ 5 ÿ400
system, we obtain A ¼ 40;001 3980
; B ¼ 40;001 400
; C ¼ 40;001
3
ÿ
¼ sþ2 or s2 þ 2s þ 5 Y ÿ ðs þ 3Þ ¼ sþ2 3
. Hence and D ¼ 404;030 10
. Substituting, we obtain Q ¼ 40;001
ÿ2
s þ 2s þ 5 Y ¼ sþ2 3 2
þ s þ 3 ¼ s þ5sþ9 and Y¼ ÿ40sþ398 40;001
40sþ40;403

sþ2 2
s þ1 þ 2
s þ20sþ200 . Working each part sepa-
s2ÿþ5sþ9 A BsþC
¼ sþ2 þ s2 þ2sþ5. Multiplying we rately, we have: ÿ40sþ398 s
¼ ÿ40 s2 þ1 þ 398 s2 1þ1.
ðsþ9Þ s2 þ2sþ5 s2 þ1
ÿ
obtain s þ 5s þ 9 ¼ A s2 þ 2s þ 5 þ ðBs þ CÞ
2
The inverse Laplace transform yields q ¼ ÿ40
ðs þ 2Þ ¼ ðA þ BÞs2 þ ð2A þ 2B þ CÞs þ ð5A þ cos t þ 398 sin t. For 40sþ40;403
s2 þ20sþ200, we complete the
2CÞ. Hence we get the linear equation 40sþ40;403
A þ B ¼ 1; 2A þ 2B þ C ¼ 5, and 5A þ 2C ¼ 9. square in the denominator, getting s2 þ20sþ200 ¼
40sþ40;403 40sþ40;403
Solving we obtain A ¼ 35 ; B ¼ 25, and C ¼ 3. Thus sþ10
s2 þ20sþ100þ100 ¼ ðsþ10Þ2 þ102 ¼ 40 ðsþ10Þ2 þ102
we have Y ¼ 35 sþ2 1
þ 25 s2 þ2sþ5
s 3
þ s2 þ2sþ5 ¼ 35 40;003 sþ10
þ ðsþ10Þ2 þ102 ¼ 40 ðsþ10Þ 40;403
þ 10 ðsþ10Þ102 þ102 .
2
1 þ10
sþ2 þ 25 ðsþ1Þ
sþ1
2
þ22
þ 13 2
10 ðsþ1Þ2 þ22 . The inverse Laplace The inverse Laplace transform yields 40e ÿ10t

transform yields the answer y ¼ 35 eÿ2t þ 25 eÿt cos 10t þ 40;003 ÿ10t
sin 10t. Hence, we get
10 e
ÿt
cos 2t þ 13
10 e sin 2t. 10 ÿ
qðtÞ ¼ ÿ 40 cos 5 þ 398 sin 5
18. y00 þ 2y0 ÿ 3y ¼ 5e2t ; uð0Þ ¼ 2; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 3. The 40; 001
Laplace transform is ðs2 Y ÿ 2s ÿ 3Þ þ ð2sY ÿ 4Þ 40; 003 ÿ10t
þ 40eÿ10t cos 10t þ

5
ÿ e sin 10t
ÿ 3Y ¼ sÿ2 or s2 þ 2s ÿ 3 Y ÿ ð2s þ 7Þ ¼ sÿ2 5 10
CHAPTER 33 TEST 651
1
Thus, we have 2 sin t. Collecting like terms produces ÿ2A ÿ
9B þ 70A ¼ 12 and ÿ2B þ 9A þ 70B ¼ 0. These
iðtÞ ¼ q0 ðtÞ equations are equivalent to 68A ÿ 9B ¼ 12 and
68 34
10
9A þ 68B ¼ 0. Solving, we get A ¼ 9410 ¼ 4705
¼ 40 sin t þ 398 cos t 9 1
40; 001 and B ¼ ÿ 9410. This produces xp ¼ 9410 ð68 sin t ÿ
ÿ 400eÿ10t cos 10t 9 cos tÞ. Hence, the general solution is x ¼ xc þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
ÿ 400eÿ10t sin 10t ÿ 40; 003eÿ10t sin 10t xp ¼ eÿ9t=4 c1 cos 479 479
ÿ 1
4 t þ c2 sin 4 t þ 9410
9

ð68 sin t ÿ 9 cos tÞ. Now, xð0Þ ¼ 0 yields c1 ¼ 9410 .
þ 40; 003eÿ10t cos 10t pffiffiffiffiffiffi
We find that x0 ðtÞ ¼ ÿ 94 e9t=4 9410 cos 479
ÿ 9
t þ c2
pffiffiffiffiffiffi ÿ 9pffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi p4ffiffiffiffiffiffi
10 sin 479 t þ e ÿ9t=4
ÿ 479
sin 479
t þ 479
c
¼ 40 sin t þ 398 cos t p4ffiffiffiffiffiffi 94104 4 4 2
40; 001
cos 479 1
4 t þ 9410 ð68 cos t þ 9 sin tÞ. Now, using
þ 39; 603eÿ10t cos 10t
the fact that vð0Þ ¼ ÿ1 or x0 ð0Þ ¼ ÿ1, (recall,
ÿ 40; 403eÿ10t sin 10t down is positive), we obtain ÿ1 ¼ ÿ 94 9410
9
þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
479 68
10 4 c2 þ 9410 and we obtain c2 ÿ0:183692.
The steady-state current is 40;001 ð40 sin t þ
398 cos tÞ. The particular solution is
The initial differential equation is 20x00 þ 90x0 þ

22. ÿ9t=4 9 479
xðtÞ ¼ e cos t
700x ¼ 5 sin t. This is equivalent to 2x00 þ 9x0 þ 9410 4
70x ¼ 12 sin t with auxiliary equation 2m2 þ 9m þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 479
70 ¼ 0. This has solutions ÿ9 81ÿ560
¼ ÿ 94 ÿ 0:1837 sin t
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 4
479
4 j. Hence, ÿthe general
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
complementary
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
solution 1
is xc ¼ eÿ9t=4 C1 cos 479 t þ C sin 479
t . For xp þ ð68 sin t ÿ 9 cos tÞ
4 2 4 9410
we set xp ¼ A sin t þ B cos t. Thus, x0p ¼ A cos t ÿ eÿ2:25t ð0:0009564 cos 5:4715t
B sin t. Substituting these expressions into the ÿ 0:1837 sin 5:4715tÞ þ 0:007226 sin t
equivalent equation above, we have 2ðÿA sin t ÿ
ÿ 0:0009564 cos t
B cos tÞþ9ðA cos tÿB sin tÞþ70ðA sin tþB cos tÞ ¼
CHAPTER
ER 33 TEST
1. From Entry 5 in Table 33.1, we see that the Laplace any of the entries in Table 33.1, but it is close to
1
transform of eat is sÿa. Here a ¼ ÿ3, so the Laplace Entry 20. If we rewrite FðsÞ by adding 0 ¼
ÿ3 þ 3 to the numerator and regrouping, we obtain
ÿ 1 5
transform is 5 sþ3 ¼ sþ3 .
sÿ3þ3
FðsÞ ¼ ðsÿ3Þ 2
þ22
sÿ3
¼ ðsÿ3Þ2
þ22
þ ðsÿ3Þ32 þ22 ¼ ðsÿ3Þ
sÿ3
2
þ22
þ
2. From Entry 3, we have the Laplace transform of ÿ
3 2
2 ðsÿ3Þ2 þ22 . Applying Entries 20 and 19 of Table
ÿ 3 ÿ
2t3 ¼ 6 t3 as 6 s14 and from Entry 8, the Laplace
8
transform of sin 8t is s2 þ8 2 . Adding these together, 33.1, respectively, we get Lÿ1 ðFÞ ¼ eÿ3t cos 2t þ
we get the Laplace transform of 2t3 þ sin 8t as 3 ÿ3t
sin 2t.
2e
6 8
s4 þ s2 þ64.
7. Using partial fraction decomposition we have
3. From Entry 20, we have a ¼ ÿ5 and b ¼ 4, so the 5 A BsþC
sÿ5 ðsþ3Þðs2 þ1Þ ¼ sþ3 þ s2 þ1 . Multiplying by ðs þ 3Þ
Laplace transform is ðsÿ5Þ2
þ42
. ÿ2 ÿ
s þ1 produces 5 ¼ A s2 þ1 þðBsþ CÞðs þ 3Þ ¼
4. From Entry 7, we haveÿn ÿ 1 ¼ 9 and a ¼ 5, so the
9 72 As2 þ A þ Bs2 þ Cs þ 3Bs þ 3C ¼ ðA þ BÞs2 þ
Laplace transform is 8 ðsÿ5Þ10 ¼ ðsÿ5Þ 10 .
ð3B þ CÞs þ ðA þ 3CÞ. Solving the simultaneous
5. We see that this is of the form p
inffiffiffiEntry 19 of Table
33.1 with a ¼ 6 and B ¼ 7. So, Lÿ1 ðFÞ ¼ equations A þ B ¼ 0; 3B þ C ¼ 0, and A þ 3C ¼ 5
p
eÿ6t sin 7t.
ffiffi
ffi
we obtain A ¼ 0:5; B ¼ ÿ0:5; and C ¼ 1:5. So we
6. Completing the square of the denominator we get can rewrite FðsÞ as 0:5
sþ3 þ ÿ0:5sþ1:5
s2 þ1
0:5
¼ sþ3 ÿ s0:5s
2 þ1 þ
s 1:5
FðsÞ ¼ ðsÿ6sþ9Þþ4 ¼ ðsÿ3Þs2 þ22 . This does not satisfy s2 þ1. From Entries 5, 9, and 8 of Table 33.1, respec-
2
tively, we obtain Lÿ1 ðFÞ ¼ 0:5eÿ3t ÿ 0:5 cos t þ 11. Using the formula L ddt2q þ R dq q
dt þ C ¼ EðtÞ we have
q
1:5 sin t. 00 0
0:2q þ 8q þ 0:0025 ¼ 0:2q þ 8q0 þ 400q ¼
00
8. Taking Laplace transforms of both sides produces 12 sin 20t. Taking the Laplace transform of this
Lðy0 Þ þ 5LðyÞ ¼ Lð0Þ. Since Lðy0 Þ ¼ sY ÿ yð0Þ ¼ equation, we get 0:2Lðq00 Þ þ 8Lðq0 Þ þ 400LðqÞ ¼
sY ÿ 2, this equation becomes sY ÿ 2 þ 5Y ¼ 0 Lð12 sin 20tÞ. Since Lðq0 Þ ¼ sQ ÿ qð0Þ ¼ sQ;
2
or Yðs þ 5Þ ¼ 2 and so Y ¼ sþ5 . Taking the inverse Lðq00 Þ ¼ s2 Q ÿ sqð0Þ þ q0 ð0Þ ¼ s2 Q, and L
Laplace ÿ transform of both sides we obtain ÿ 20
ð12 sin 20tÞ ¼ 12 s2 þ20 ¼ s2 240
þ400, we can rewrite
y ¼ Lÿ1 sþ5 ¼ eÿ5t .
2
2
our equation as 0:2s2 Q þ 8sQ þ 400 ¼ s2 240 þ400 or

9. Taking the Laplace transformÿ of the given equation
ÿ 2
240 ÿ400
0:2s þ8s Q ¼ ÿ400þ s2 þ400 and so Q ¼ 0:2s2 þ8s þ
produces Lðy00 Þ þ 2LðyÞ ¼ L eÿ2t . Since Lðy00 Þ ¼ 240 ¼ ÿ2000 þ ÿ 1200 . Using
s2 Y ÿ syð0Þ ÿ y0 ð0Þ; yð0Þ ¼ 0 and y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0 and 2
ÿ ÿ ÿ
0:2s2 þ8s s2 þ202 s þ40s s2 þ40s s2 þ202
y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0, we can rewrite this as s2 Y ÿ s þ 2Y partial fraction decomposition, we can rewrite
1
ÿ 1 s
¼ sþ2 or s2 þ 2 Y ¼ s þ sþ2 and so Y ¼ s2 þ2 þ
this as Q ¼ ÿ50
ÿ 50
ÿ 0:075 ÿ0:015
1 s þ sþ40 þ s þ sþ40 ÿ
2
ðs þ2Þðsþ2Þ . Using partial fractions, we determine ÿ49:925 49:985
0:06sþ0:6 0:06s 0:6
1
that ðs2 þ2Þðsþ2Þ 1=6 ÿs=6þ1=3 1 ÿ 1 1 ÿ s
¼ sþ2 þ s2 þ2 ¼ 6 sþ2 ÿ 6 s2 þ2 þ s2 þ400 ¼ s þ sþ40 ÿ s2 þ400 ÿ s2 þ400 . Taking
1
ÿ 1 the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain
3 s2 þ2 . Combining this partial fraction with the
ÿ 1 5ÿ s 1 q ¼ Lÿ1 ðQÞ ¼ ÿ49:925 þ 49:985eÿ40t ÿ
first s2 þ2, we obtain Y ¼ 12 sþ2
s
þ 2 þ
ÿ 1 1 ÿ1
ÿ 1 5 ÿ1 ÿ 6s sþ2 1 ÿ13 0:06 cos 20t ÿ 0:03 sin 20t.
2 . So, y ¼ L þ L 2 þ L
ÿ s 1þ2 1 ÿ1 ÿ 61 5sþ2ÿ1 ÿ 6s s 1þ2 ÿ1 ÿ3 pffiffi2
ÿ
12. Using Euler’s method where ynþ1 ¼ yn þ f xn ; yn h
2
s þ2 ¼ 6 L sþ2 þ 6 L 2
s þ2 þ pffiffi L
3 2 s2 þ2 . we have f ðx; yÞ ÿ¼ 2x þ y.Thus we get the formula
Using Entries 5, 9, and 8 in Table 33.1 we deter- ynþ1 ¼ yn þ 0:2 2xn þ yn . We are given x0 ¼ 0,
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi y0 ¼ 2, and h ¼ 0:2. Using this data and applying
mine that y ¼ 16 eÿ2t þ 56 cos 2t þ 3p1 ffiffi2 sin 2t.
the results successively, we obtain the following:
10. Taking the Laplace transform of the given equa-
tion produces Lðy00 Þ þ 2Lðy0 Þ þ LðyÞ ¼ 0. Since y
Lðy0 Þ ¼ sY ÿyð0Þ ¼ sY ÿ1 and Lðy00 Þ ¼ s2 Y ÿsyð0Þÿ x h ¼ 0:02
y0 ð0Þ ¼ s2 Y ÿ s þ 1, we can rewrite this as 0 2
ÿ2 ÿ 0:2 2:4
s Y ÿ s þ 1 þ 2sY þ Y ¼ 0 or s2 þ 2s þ 1 Y ¼
sþ1 1 0:4 2:96
s þ 1 and so Y ¼ s2 þ2sþ1 ¼ ðsþ1Þ and y ¼ 0:6 3:712
ÿ1 ÿ1 ÿt
ÿ 1
L ðYÞ ¼ L ðsþ1Þ . By form 5, we get y ¼ e . 0:8 4:6944
1:0 5:95328

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CHAPTER

22.1 THE TANGENT QUESTION AND THE DERIVATIVE

The average rate of change is The average rate of change is

9. Rate of change is between points

10. Rate of change is between points

12. Rate of change is between points

19. to be rising until about x ¼ 0:5, then it falls until

The graph of y2 is a straight line with a slope of 2

The graph of y2 is a straight line with a slope of 2

28. Step 1: gðt þ hÞ ¼ 6 ÿ 4ðt þ hÞ ¼ 6 ÿ 4t ÿ 4h.

Step 4: limð4x þ 2hÞ ¼ 4x : y0 ¼ 4x 1 ÿ 9t2 .

35. Step 1: ÿ4ðxþhÞ3 ¼ ÿ4ðx3 þ 3x2 h þ 3xh2 þ h3 Þ ¼ 4 4 4ð1ÿx2 Þÿ4½1ÿðxþhÞ2 

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi

Step 4: limð32tþ16hÿ6Þ ¼ 32t ÿ 6 : s0 ¼ 32t ÿ 6 Step 4: lim pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

t3 þ 3t2 h þ 3th2 þ h3 ÿ 4ðt2 þ 2th þ h2 Þþ y0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

22.2 DERIVATIVES OF POLYNOMIALS

19. hðxÞ ¼ 13 x3 þ 12 x2 ÿ 5x þ 23 xÿ2 þ 5; h0 ðxÞ ¼ x2 þ pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi

3;000ð20Þ þ 30ð20Þ2 ¼ 27;000 gal. 58. V 0 ðtÞ ¼ 2 0:04t ¼ 0:08t in V/s

ÿ0:00017ð135Þ ¼ ÿ0:02295 lb/ F. (c) vðtÞ ¼ 0 when 84:5 ÿ 12 t2 ¼ 0 or when t2 ¼

22.3 DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCT AND QUOTIENTS

s0 ðtÞ ¼ ð6 ÿ 4tÞð6t ÿ 7Þ þ ðÿ4Þð3t2 ÿ 7tÞ

þ 1 þ 3y5 ÿ 3y4 ÿ 3y3 þ 3y2 ¼

ð2ÿx2 Þð3xÿx3 Þðÿ3x2 Þÿ

22.4 DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

3. h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ5ð5x ÿ 7Þÿ6 ð5Þ ¼ ÿ25ð5x ÿ 7Þÿ6 ¼ 3½ðx ÿ 2Þð3x2 ÿ xÞ2

15. h0 ðvÞ ¼ ðv 2 þ 1Þ2 ½3ð2v ÿ 5Þ2 ð2Þ

ðv 3 ÿ9Þ2 3ðv 2 ÿ4vÞ2 ð2vÿ4Þÿðv 2 ÿ4vÞ3 2ðv 3 ÿ9Þð3v 2 Þ

28. f 0 ðuÞ ¼ 2ðu þ 1Þ; u0 ¼ ÿ2xÿ2 40. y ¼ ð2x5 ÿ x3 Þ4=3

y0 ¼ ½15ð6t2 ÿ 8tÞ2 ÿ 14ð6t2 ÿ 8tÞ ÿ 5 dy du dx

ðtþ1Þ2 ð0:3Þð16tþ11Þÿð0:6ð8t2 þ11tþ60Þ2ðtþ1Þ

2 2 55. (a) Substituting the given information into the for-

ðt2 þ15Þ1=2 ð500tÞÿð250t2 Þ12ðt2 þ15Þÿ1=2 ð2tÞ 120XC

ðt2 þ15Þ1=2 ð900þð25Þ2 Þ3=2

ðt2 þ 15Þ1=2 56. (a) We are given L ¼ 1 þ 0:25x þ 0:001x2 and

22.5 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

y0 ¼ 2x x 19. Here dxd

6xyy0 . Solving for y0, we get y0 ¼ 3y2xyÿ3y

yx þ x y þ xy ÿ y ¼ x2 which can be written

22.6 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

dy f ðxÞ ¼ xðx þ 1Þÿ1 ;

29. 2x ÿ 8yy0 ¼ 1; 32. xð2yy0 Þ þ y2 ÿ 5 ¼ 4y0 ;

(Note: In the last step, remember that x2 ÿ y2 ¼

34. xy0 þ y þ 2yy0 ¼ 4x;

1. Step 1: 2ðxþhÞ2 ÿðxþhÞ ¼ 2x2 þ 4xh þ 2h2 ÿ x ÿ h 4. 4

Step 2: ½2x2 þ 4xh þ 2h2 ÿ x ÿ hÿ 2 2

2. Step 1: ðx þ hÞ3 ÿ 1 ¼ x3 þ 3x2 h þ 3xh2 þ h3 ÿ 1 Step 4: lim xÿ8xÿ4h

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi

2 ¼ 6x5 ÿ 10x4 þ 16x3 ÿ 30x2 þ 8x ÿ 8

25. Here y ¼ 5ðx2 þ 1Þÿ3 , and so y0 ¼ ÿ15ðx2 þ

ð3x þ 4Þ2 4 ÿ 4x 2ð3x þ 4Þ 3 d 2 d

41. gðxÞ ¼ 4x3 ÿ 5x þ 2xÿ1 ; 48. 2yy0 ¼ 2xyy0 þ y2 þ 3x2

1. f 0 ðxÞ ¼ 15x2 8. Taking the derivative of g we obtain g0 ðxÞ ¼ 12x2 ÿ

23.1 RATES OF CHANGE

t=3 t=3 t=5 t=4 t=5

–10–7 –4 0 5 10 20 –17–14 –10 –5 0 5 10 15

3. sðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 12t þ 2; vðtÞ ¼ s0 ðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 12; aðtÞ ¼ s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6t

4. sðtÞ ¼ t3 ÿ 27t þ 20; vðtÞ ¼ 3t2 ÿ 27; aðtÞ ¼ s00 ðtÞ ¼ 6t

pﬃ 13. (a) The rate of change of FðsÞ is dF

vð3Þ ¼ 10 3 þ 2 ¼ 32 mm/s; að3Þ ¼ 10 mm/s2 ; 25. (a) P ¼ Vk or 5:21 ¼ 1:23

23.2 EXTREMA AND THE FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

23.3 CONCAVITY AND THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

3. gðxÞ ¼ x3 ÿ 12x þ 12; g0 ðxÞ ¼ 3x2 ÿ 12 ¼ 0 when

7. hðxÞ ¼ ÿ2x3 þ 3x2 ÿ 12x þ 5; h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ6x2 þ 6x ÿ

35. Step 1: ÿ4ðxþhÞ3 ¼ ÿ4ðx3 þ 3x2 h þ 3xh2 þ h3 Þ ¼ 4 4 4ð1ÿx2 Þÿ4½1ÿðxþhÞ2

ÿ0:00017ð135Þ ¼ ÿ0:02295 lb/ F. (c) vðtÞ ¼ 0 when 84:5 ÿ 12 t2 ¼ 0 or when t2 ¼

3. h0 ðxÞ ¼ ÿ5ð5x ÿ 7Þÿ6 ð5Þ ¼ ÿ25ð5x ÿ 7Þÿ6 ¼ 3½ðx ÿ 2Þð3x2 ÿ xÞ2

15. h0 ðvÞ ¼ ðv 2 þ 1Þ2 ½3ð2v ÿ 5Þ2 ð2Þ

y0 ¼ ½15ð6t2 ÿ 8tÞ2 ÿ 14ð6t2 ÿ 8tÞ ÿ 5 dy du dx

Step 2: ½2x2 þ 4xh þ 2h2 ÿ x ÿ hÿ 2 2

therefore S 144:91 ft2 s0 ðtÞ ¼ 0, when 1 ÿ 18t ¼ 0 ) t ¼ 181

x3 ¼ 32 ) x ¼ 3 32 3:175. Height is p332 ffiffiffiffi2 ¼ (b) This time our equation is x2 þ y2 ¼ r 2 so

Critical values are when the numerator is 0 or the w 2þ

p0:025 0:0124 m/min ¼ 12:4 mm/min.

Hence, one solution is x ÿ1:2838.

8. y ¼ f ð2:1Þ ÿ f ð2Þ ¼ 11:361 ÿ 10 ¼ 1:361; dy ¼ ð0:4%Þ ¼ 200%

23. V ¼ 43 r 3 ; dV ¼ 4r 2 dr; dV ¼ 4ð1:5Þ2 ð0:01Þ ¼ dA

y undefined at 3. Maximum: none; Minimum: (0, 0),

25. f and g intersect at ð2; 0Þ. On ½ÿ2; 2; gðxÞ

60 þ 2 6 ÿ 35 62=3 ¼ 70:018 or 70 F pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

128½0:02083 ¼ 2:6667. Hence, P ¼ ðVrms Þ2 R ¼

9. y ¼ 2x þ 3½0; 3 12. y ¼ x4 ½ÿ1; 2

18. The graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1) 1

¼ ÿ8:988 10ÿ4 ð233:33Þ 8300:6½109:9 ¼ 912 236 J ¼ 2 866 000 J ¼