ch23 ptg01 HR 23-1-23-52 PDF

23 The Derivative
Bork
When working with lenses, optical technicians need to be able to determine the
line perpendicular to the surface of the lens at the point where the light enters the
lens. Section 23.5 explains how to determine the equations of these normal lines.
I n Chapter 22, we looked at one of the questions that led to the

development of calculus—the tangent question. The answer to that
question depends on the use of limits. As you pursue the answer to
the tangent question, you will develop an understanding of a part of
calculus called the derivative. In this chapter, you will not only develop
an understanding of a derivative but you will develop techniques for
finding derivatives of functions.
When manufacturing a lens for eyeglasses, an optical technician needs

to determine the line perpendicular to the surface of the lens at the
point where the light enters the lens. Section 23.5 explains how to
determine the equations of these normal lines.
23-1
23.1 The Tangent Question and the Derivative 23-2
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
= Find the derivative of an algebraic function using the limit method of taking a
derivative.
= Find the derivative of algebraic functions using the rules for derivatives.
= Find the derivatives of implicit algebraic functions.
= Find the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a given point.
= Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to a curve at a given point.
= Find higher-order derivatives of algebraic functions.
23.1 THE TANGENT QUESTION AND THE DERIVATIVE
We will begin with the graph of the function we examined in Section 22.1. The
graph is shown again in Figure 23.1. The curve has two points, P and Q. P has
the coordinates (x1, y1) and Q the coordinates (x2, y2). The slope of the secant
line through P and Q is
y2 2 y1
mPQ 5
x2 2 x1
But, we are not really interested in the slope of a secant line. What we
want to determine is the slope of the line that is tangent to this curve at the
point P. To do this we are going to look at the various secant lines that we
get by leaving P fixed. Figure 23.2 contains the same curve as in Figure 23.1,
© Cengage Learning 2013 again with the points P and Q. A series of points, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, has
Figure 23.1 been selected, with each of these points lying between P and Q, each closer
to P than the previous point. As each point gets closer to P, the slope of the
secant line through that point and P approaches the slope of the tangent to
the curve at P.
A similar thing happens if points QI, QII, QIII, and QIV are on the curve
but on the opposite side of P, as shown in Figure 23.3. As each point gets
closer to P, the slope of the secant line through that point and P approaches
the slope of the tangent line through P. Both of these examples lead us to the
idea that the slope of a curve at a point P is the slope of the tangent to the
curve at P.
It looks as if both of these examples involve the idea of a limit. Let’s look at
a more general case for the slope of these secant lines. Again, we will examine
a function y 5 f (x) as shown by the curve in Figure 23.4. We want to find an
© Cengage Learning 2013 expression for the slope of the curve, or the slope of the tangent to the curve, at
Figure 23.2 the point P.
23-3 CHAPTER 23 The Derivative
© Cengage Learning 2013

Figure 23.3 Figure 23.4
The point P has the coordinates (x1, y1) 5 (x1, f (x1)). We will let Q be any
other point on the curve and let its coordinates be (x2, f (x2)). The slope of the
secant line through P and Q is
f 1 x2 2 2 f 1 x1 2
mPQ 5
x2 2 x1
Now draw a line through Q parallel to the y-axis and a line through P paral-
lel to the x-axis. These two lines intersect at the point R, which has the coordi-
nates (x2, f (x1)). The distance from P to R is x2 2 x1. If we let h 5 x2 2 x1, then
x2 5 x1 1 h. This allows us to write the slope of the secant line through P and
Q as
f 1 x1 1 h 2 2 f 1 x1 2
mPQ 5
1 x1 1 h 2 2 x1
f 1 x1 1 h 2 2 f 1 x1 2
5
h
We know that h is not 0 because x1  x2. This is the average rate of change
of a function at a point. We saw it in the last chapter when we talked about the
average slope.
Average Rate of Change at a Point

The average rate of change of the function f from (x1, y1) 5 (x1, f (x1)) to
(x2, y2) 5 (x1 1 h, f (x1 1 h)) is the ratio
Change in y Dy y2 2 y1
5 5
Change in x Dx x2 2 x1
f 1 x1 1 h 2 2 f 1 x1 2
5
h
where h  0.
Example 23.1 Find the average rate of change of the function f (x) 5 2x2 1 5x 2 6 from
x1 5 24 to x1 1 h.
Solution We are given the x-value of the point as x1 5 24, so f (x1) 5 f (24)
5 6. The x-value of the second point is x1 1 h 5 24 1 h, so the y-value at the
second point is f (24 1 h):
f 1 24 1 h 2 5 2 1 24 1 h 2 2 1 5 1 24 1 h 2 2 6
5 2 3 1 24 2 2 1 2 1 24 2 h 1 h2 4 1 5 1 24 1 h 2 2 6
5 32 2 16h 1 2h2 2 20 1 5h 2 6
5 6 2 11h 1 2h2
The average rate of change is
Dy f 1 x1 1 h 2 2 f 1 x1 2
5
Dx h
f 1 24 1 h 2 2 f 1 24 2
5
h
1 6 2 11h 1 2h2 2 2 6
5
h
2
2h 2 11h
5 5 2h 2 11
h
So, the average rate of change of f (x) 5 2x2 1 5x 2 6 from x1 5 24 to x1 1 h
is 2h 2 11.
Example 23.2 Find the average rate of change of the function f (x) 5 2x2 1 5x 2 6 from
x 5 24 to x 5 24.3.
Solution This is the same function f as in Example 23.1. One of the x-values
is in Example 23.1. We found that the average rate of change of f (x) 5 2x2 1
5x 2 6 from x1 5 24 to x1 1 h is 2h 2 11. Since h 5 20.3, the average rate of
change of f from x 5 24 to x 5 24.3 is 2h 2 11 5 2(20.3) 2 11 5 211.6.
As Q is picked closer to P, x2 approaches x1. This means that h is getting

closer to 0. The slope of the tangent line will be the limit
f 1 x1 1 h 2 2 f 1 x1 2
lim
hS0 h
This formula gives us the slope of the curve at the point (x1, f (x1)).
Slope of a Tangent to a Graph

The slope of a tangent to the graph of y 5 f (x) at the point (x1, f (x1)) is
f 1 x1 1 h 2 2 f 1 x1 2
lim
hS0 h
provided that this limit exists.
Example 23.3 Find the slope of f (x) 5 x2 at the point (3, 9).

Solution
f 13 1 h2 2 f 132 1 3 1 h 2 2 2 32
lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
9 1 6h 1 h2 2 9
5 lim
hS0 h
2
6h 1 h
5 lim
hS0 h
h16 1 h2
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim 1 6 1 h 2 5 6
hS0
So, the slope of the tangent line to y 5 x2 at (3, 9) is 6.
The process that we have been describing will determine the slope of a tan-
gent to a graph or the slope of the graph at a point. This process can be used to
describe how any function is changing at a particular point. In other words, we
have been using the method for finding the average change in a function and
then the limit of that average change as the denominator approaches 0. This
gives the instantaneous rate of change of the function at that point. We will see
this by taking a different look at Example 22.4.
APPLICATION G EN ERAL TECH N OLO GY
Example 23.4 A tank is filled with water by opening an inlet pipe. The volume V in liters of
water in the tank t minutes after the valve is opened is given by V(t) 5 5t2 1 4t.
What is the instantaneous rate of increase in the volume at the first minute?
Solution We want to find the instantaneous rate of change R in the vol-
ume when t 5 1. We can do this by using the formula for the rate of change
V 1 t2 2 2 V 1 t1 2
RVol 5 and letting t1 5 1 and t2 5 t1 1 h 5 1 1 h, then finding
t2 2 t1
the limit when h approaches 0.
V11 1 h2 2 V112
RVol 5 lim
hS0 h
35 1 1 1 h 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 h 2 4 2 35 1 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 2 4
5 lim
hS0 11 1 h2 2 1
3 5 1 1 1 2h 1 h 2 1 4 1 1 1 h 2 4 2 3 5 1 4 4
2
5 lim
hS0 h
1 5 1 10h 1 5h 1 4 1 4h 2 2 1 9 2
2
5 lim
hS0 h
9 1 14h 1 5h2 2 9
5 lim
hS0 h
14h 1 5h2
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim 1 14 1 5h 2 5 14
hS0
When t 5 1, the volume of the tank is increasing at the rate of 14 L/min.
The Derivative
All of this discussion about instantaneous change of a function leads us to the
following definition of the derivative at a point.
Derivative of a Function f at a Number c

If y 5 f (x) defines a function f and if the point c is in the domain of f, then the
derivative of f at c, written as f 9(c), is defined as
f 1c 1 h2 2 f 1c2
f 9 1 c 2 5 lim
hS0 h
provided that this limit exists.
We used the notation f 9(c) to indicate the derivative of the function at the
point c. In general, the derivative of the function is the following.
Derivative of a Function
The derivative of a function f is the function f 9defined as
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
f 9 1 x 2 5 lim
hS0 h
if the limit exists.
[ ] Note The notation f 9(x) is not a unique notation for the derivative. Other nota-
dy d
tions include Dx y,
df
, 3 f 1 x 2 4 , y 9, Df (x), , and Dx[ f (x)]. There are times when
dx dx dx
a meaning is clearer if one of these notations is used instead of f 9(x).
dy df
[ ] Caution The symbols

derivative. The symbol
d dx
dx
and
dx
are not fractions but are symbols for a
indicates that we are going to find a derivative.
Four-Step Method
We can calculate the derivative of a function f at the point c by using the follow-
ing four steps.
Four Steps for Calculating f 9(c)

Step 1: Find f (c 1 h).
Step 2: Subtract f (c) from f (c 1 h).
Step 3: Divide the result in Step 2 by h to get the difference quotient.
Step 4: Find the limit, if it exists, of the difference quotient in Step 3, as h
approaches 0.
Example 23.5 Find the derivative of f (x) 5 x3 at x 5 3 by using the four-step method.

Solution
Step 1: f (3 1 h) 5 (3 1 h)3 5 27 1 27h 1 9h2 1 h3
Step 2: Since f (3) 5 33 5 27, f (3 1 h) 2 f (3) 5 [27 1 27h 1 9h2 1 h3] 2 27
5 27h 1 9h2 1 h3
f 13 1 h2 2 f 132 27h 1 9h2 1 h3
Step 3: 5 5 27 1 9h 1 h2
h h
Step 4: lim 1 27 1 9h 1 h2 2 5 27.
hS0
So, the derivative of f (x) 5 x3 at x 5 3 is f 9(3) 5 27.
We can also use the four-step method to find the derivative of a function at
any point x, rather than at a particular point.
Example 23.6 Find the derivative of g (x) 5 3x2 1 5x using the four-step method.
Solution
Step 1: g 1 x 1 h 2 5 3 1 x 1 h 2 2 1 5 1 x 1 h 2
5 3 1 x2 1 2xh 1 h2 2 1 5 1 x 1 h 2
5 3x2 1 6xh 1 3h2 1 5x 1 5h
Step 2: g 1 x 1 h 2 2 g 1 x 2 5 1 3x2 1 6xh 1 3h2 1 5x 1 5h 2 2 1 3x2 1 5x 2
5 6xh 1 3h2 1 5h
g 1x 1 h2 2 g 1x2 6xh 1 3h2 1 5h
Step 3: 5 5 6x 1 3h 1 5
h h
g 1x 1 h2 2 g 1x2
Step 4: lim 5 lim 1 6x 1 3h 1 5 2 5 6x 1 5
hS0 h hS0
So, the derivative of g (x) 5 3x2 1 5x is g 9(x) 5 6x 1 5.
Once you have the derivative of a function, you can evaluate it at any par-
ticular point.
Example 23.7 If g (x) 5 3x2 1 5x, what are (a) g 9(2), (b) g 9(0), and (c) g 9(23)?
Solutions In Example 23.6, we learned that the derivative of g is g 9(x) 5
6x 1 5. As a result, we have
(a) g 9(2) 5 6(2) 1 5 5 17
(b) g 9(0) 5 6(0) 1 5 5 5
(c) g 9(23) 5 6(23) 1 5 5 213
1
Example 23.8 Use the four-step method to find the derivative of y 5 .
x12
Solution
1
Step 1: y 5 f (x), so f (x 1 h) 5
x1h12
1 1
Step 2: f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) 5 2
x1h12 x12
In order to conduct the subtraction, we need to first find a common de-
nominator and then subtract. The common denominator is (x 1 2) (x 1 h 1 2):
1 1 1 x12 1 x1h12
2 5 a b2 a b
x1h12 x12 x1h12 x12 x12 x1h12
x12 x1h12
5 2
1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22 1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22
Example 23.8 (cont.) 1x 1 22 2 1x 1 h 1 22
5
1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22
2h
5
1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22
2h
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2 1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22
Step 3: 5
h h
2h
5
h1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22
21
5
1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22
21 21
Step 4: lim 5
hS0 1x 1 h 1 22 1x 1 22 1x 1 222
21
So, y9 5 .
1x 1 222
Example 23.9 Use the four-step method to find the derivative of f (x) 5 !x 2 3 at x 5 4.

Solution We will first find the general expression for f 9(x) and then deter-
mine f 9(4):
Step 1: f (x 1 h) 5 !x 1 h 2 3
Step 2: f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) 5 !x 1 h 2 3 2 !x 2 3
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2 !x 1 h 2 3 2 !x 2 3
Step 3: 5
h h
In order to simplify this expression, we will rationalize the numerator by
multiplying both numerator and denominator by !x 1 h 2 3 1 !x 2 3:
"x 1 h 2 3 2 "x 2 3 1 "x 1 h 2 3 2 "x 2 3 2 1 "x 1 h 2 3 1 "x 2 3 2
5
h h 1 "x 1 h 2 3 1 "x 2 3 2
1x 1 h 2 32 2 1x 2 32
5
h 1 "x 1 h 2 3 1 "x 2 3 2
h
5
h 1 "x 1 h 2 3 1 "x 2 3 2
1
5
"x 1 h 2 3 1 "x 2 3
1 1
Step 4: lim 5
hS0 !x 1 h 2 3 1 !x 2 3 !x 2 3 1 !x 2 3
1
5
2"x 2 3
1 1
Now that we know f 9(x) 5 , we can find f 9(4) 5 5 1.
2!x 2 3 2!4 2 3 2
Thus, the derivative of f (x) 5 !x 2 3 at x 5 4 is 12.
Using a Calculator to Approximate

Graphs of Derivatives
You can use your calculator and the definition for the derivative of a function
to draw an approximate graph of the function’s derivative. To do this we have
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
the calculator graph for some function f and some value of h.
h
The next example shows how this can be done.
Example 23.10 Use your graphing calculator to draw the graphs of g (x) 5 3x2 1 5x and its
derivative.
Solution We will enter g in the calculator as y1. For y2 we will enter
y1 1 x 1 h 2 2 y1 1 x 2
. You should enter it as (Y1(X1H)2Y1(X))/H. When
h
you are finished your calculator screen should look something like the TI-83/84
screen in Figure 23.5a.
Figure 23.5a Next, quit the graphing menu and go to the home screen. You need to store
a value for H. We will use 0.001, so press .001 STOc ALPHA H ENTER . Finally,
we will have the calculator graph y1 and y2, so set the window setting and press
GRAPH . The result is the two graphs in Figure 23.5b. If you watched the calcula-
tor graph the functions, you saw it first graph y1 (or g) and then graph y2, the
approximation of g 9. We saw in Example 23.6 that g 95 6x 1 5, and the graph of
the line in Figure 23.5b looks like the graph of y 5 6x 1 5.
Now that you have an approximate graph of g 9 you can use it to give
[24, 4, 1] 3 [220, 20, 2]
© Cengage Learning 2013 approximate values of g 9at different points. To determine the approximate value
Figure 23.5b of g 9(2), press TRACE c 2 ENTER . The result, shown in Figure 23.5c, indicates
that g 9(2) ≈ 17.003. In Example 23.7(a) we determined that g 9(2) 5 17, not 17.003.
You will be asked in Exercise Set 23.1 to explain why these two values are different.
Using a Spreadsheet to Approximate

Graphs of Derivatives
[24, 4, 1] 3 [220, 20, 2] A spreadsheet and the definition of the derivative of a function can be used to
draw an approximate graph of the function’s derivative.
Figure 23.5c
Example 23.11 Use your spreadsheet to draw the graphs of g (x) 5 3x2 1 5x and its derivative.
Solution We will construct a table of values as shown in Figure 23.6. The
formula in Column C comes from the definition of the derivative.
Notice that we set an h-value in Cell F3 and use that in the definition of the
derivative entered in Column C.

Figure 23.6
Exercise Set 23.1
In Exercises 1–4, compute the average rate of change from x1 to x1 1 h.
1. f (x) 5 7x 1 3.4 at x1 5 2. 3. f (x) 5 3x2 1 5x 2 4 at x1 5 22.5.
2. g (x) 5 9.3 2 2.6x at x1 5 23. 4. f (x) 5 22.1x2 1 4.3x 2 7 at x1 5 1.75.
In Exercises 5–8, compute the average rate of change from x1 to x2.

5. f (x) 5 7x 1 3.4 at x1 5 2 to x2 5 2.15. 7. f (x) 5 3x2 1 5x 2 4 at x1 5 22.5 to x2 5 22.58.
6. g (x) 5 9.3 2 2.6x at x1 5 23 to x2 5 22.8. 8. f (x) 5 22.1x2 1 4.3x 2 7 at x1 5 1.75 to x2 5 2.82.
In Exercises 9–14, several points are labeled. Between which pairs of consecutive points is the
average rate of change positive? Negative? Zero?
9. y 10.
A
D
D C
B
B
E A
x x
11. y 13. y
B C

E
A D
A B
x x
14. y
B
12. y
B E
C E

A
C D D
x
x
For Exercises 15–24, use the method of Example 23.10 or 23.11 with H 5 0.001 and have the calcu-
lator or spreadsheet draw the graph of a function and an approximation of its derivative function.
For each function in Exercises 15–24, enter it in your calculator as y1 and then graph y1 and y2.
For each exercise, write a sentence describing how the graph of y2 compares with the graph of y1.
15. f (x) 5 2x 21. g (x) 5 0.5x3 2 3x2 1 2x
16. g (x) 5 23.5x 22. h(x) 5 0.5x3 2 3x2 1 2x 1 5
17. h(x) 5 x2 23. j(x) 5 sin x (Make sure your calculator is in
18. j(x) 5 x2 2 7 radian mode and use the ZTRIG window
settings.)
19. k(x) 5 x2 2 4x
24. k(x) 5 sin x 1 2.7
20. f (x) 5 x2 2 4x 1 2
In Exercises 25–48, use the definition of the derivative (i.e., use the four-step method) to
differentiate the given function.
25. f (x) 5 3x 1 2 32. j(x) 5 3x2 2 x 1 2 1 43. s 5 16t2 2 6t 1 3
39. f (x) 5
26. g (x) 5 5x 2 7 33. k(x) 5 3 2 4x2 x11 44. q 5 t3 2 4t2 1 5t 2 2
27. f (x) 5 4 2 3x 34. g (x) 5 2x 2 7x2 5 45. y 5 "x2 1 4
40. g (x) 5
28. g (t) 5 6 2 4t 35. y 5 24x3 2x 2 3
46. y 5 !5 2 x
29. y 5 3x2 36. y 5 x2 2 2x3 4
41. j(x) 5 47. y 5 "2x 2 x2
30. y 5 25t2 37. y 5 t 2 3t3 1 2 x2
9 48. y 5 "5x 2 4x3
31. y 5 2x2 1 5 2x 1 1 42. f (x) 5 2
38. f (x) 5 x 1 2x
3
In Exercises 49–60, evaluate the derivative at each of the indicated points.

4
49. f (x) 5 3x 1 7; f 9(2), f 9(9) 56. f (x) 5 2 ; f 9(0), f 9(3), f 9(25)
x 11
50. g (x) 5 x2 2 2; g 9(2), g 9(9)
57. j(t) 5 "5t 2 t2; j9(1), j9(4)
51. s(t) 5 16t2 1 2t; s9(3), s9(2), s9(0)
1
52. s(t) 5 2t2 2 1; s9(1), s9(5) 58. g (x) 5 ; g 9(0), g 9(5), g 9(22)
!x 1 4
53. q(t) 5 t3 2 4t2; q9(0), q9(3)
5
1 9 59. f (x) 5 ; f 9(0), f 9(3), f 9(24)
54. j(x) 5 ; j (4), j9(9) "25 2 x 2
!x
1 60. h(x) 5 "x2 1 4x 1 9; h9(24), h9(0), h9(4)
55. k(x) 5 2 ; k9(5), k9(25)
x 24
Solve Exercises 61–64.
61. Transportation Table 22.1 shows the distance in feet that a Porsche 911 Carrera traveled as it accelerated
from a standing start.
Table 23.1 Distance Traveled by Porsche 911 Carrera

Time (s) 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Distance (ft) 0 47 99 166 246 335 435 544 660 784
(a) Find a quadratic model for the distance traveled, in feet, of the Carrera a function of the number of
seconds after t 5 0.
(b) Use your model from (a) to determine the average speed, in feet per second, of the Carrera from 8.9 s
to 9.0 s.
(c) Use your model from (a) to determine the average speed, in feet per second, of the Carrera from 8.99 s
to 9.0 s.
(d) Rewrite your model with the coefficients rounded to two decimal places and use the four-step method
to determine the derivative of this function.
(e) Use your derivative from (d) to determine the speed, in feet per seconds, of the Carrera at t 5 9.0 s.
62. Transportation Table 23.2 shows the distance in feet that a Dodge Viper GTS traveled as it accelerated
from a standing start.
Table 23.2 Distance Traveled by Dodge Viper GTS

Time (s) 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Distance (ft) 0 48 104 179 271 377 497 628 768 915
(a) Find a quadratic model for the distance traveled, in feet, of the Viper as a function of the number of
seconds after t 5 0.
(b) Use your model from (a) to determine the average speed, in feet per second, of the Viper from 7.9 to
8.0 s.
(c) Use your model from (a) to determine the average speed, in feet per second, of the Viper from 7.99 to 8.0 s.
(d) Rewrite your model with the coefficients rounded to two decimal places and use the four-step method
(e) Use your derivative from (d) to determine the speed, in feet per second, of the Viper at t 5 8.0 s.
63. Environmental science Table 23.3 shows the atmospheric concentration (in ppm) of carbon dioxide
(CO2) taken at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, every 5 years from 1960 to 2005.
Table 23.3 Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1960–2005

Year 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Concentration (ppm) 317 320 326 331 339 346 354 361 369 380
(a) Find a quadratic model that predicts the atmospheric concentration (in ppm) of carbon dioxide
(CO2) for year t, where t is the number of years since 1900.
(b) Use your model from (a) to determine the average annual change of the atmospheric concentration
of carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1995 to 2000.
(c) Rewrite your model with the coefficients rounded to two decimal places and use the four-step method
(d) Use your model from (c) to determine the annual rate of change of the atmospheric concentration of
carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2000.
64. Business Table 23.4 shows the number of periodical mail pieces delivered by the U.S. Postal Service from
2000 through 2008.
Table 23.4 U.S. Postal Service Periodical Mail Deliveries: 2000–2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
No. of periodicals
(millions) 10,365 10,077 9,690 9,320 9,135 9,070 9,023 8,796 8,605
(a) Find a linear model for these data.

(b) What is the rate of change of the amount of periodical mail delivered?
(c) What does your answer in part (b) mean?
(d) Use your model to estimate the amount of periodical mail that will be delivered this year.
[ In Your Words ]
65. Without looking in the book, write the four 67. Write a complete sentence describing what is
steps used to calculate f 9(c). meant by the average rate of change of a func-
66. Explain the relationship between the slope of a tion at a point.
curve at some point x0 and the derivative of the 68. In Example 23.7 we found that for g (x) 5 3x2
function that graphs that curve at x0. 1 5x, then g 9(2) 5 17. In Example 23.10 the
calculator found g 9(2) ≈ 17.003. Why are these
two values different?
23.2 DERIVATIVEs OF POLYNOMIALS
At this point, the definition by the four-step method is our only way to take
derivatives. The four-step method is a very important process and a method
that we will use again and again. But because of its length, it is time consuming
and there are many opportunities to make mistakes. In this section, we are go-
ing to use the definition to develop some formulas for taking the derivative of
any polynomial. In the remainder of the chapter, we will develop some rules for
taking more involved derivatives.
Constant Function
This first polynomial we will study is the constant function, f (x) 5 k. A look at
the graph of this function in Figure 23.7 will show us what to expect. The slope
of a constant function is 0; therefore, since the derivative is a measure of the
slope of the tangent to the curve, we should expect the derivative to be 0. Let’s
use the four-step method to confirm our theory:
Step 1: f (x 1 h) 5 k
Step 2: f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) 5 k 2 k 5 0
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2 0
© Cengage Learning 2013 Step 3: 5 50
h h
Figure 23.7
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
Step 4: lim 5 lim 0 5 0
hS0 h hS0
Thus, we have determined the following derivative of a constant function.
Rule 1: Derivative of f (x) 5 k

For the function f (x) 5 k, where k is a constant, the derivative is f 9(x) 5 0.
y
Linear Function
mx
+b The next polynomial is the linear function f (x) 5 mx 1 b, as shown in
= m
)
f( e =
x
p
Figure 23.8. Notice that we have written this function in the slope-intercept
slo
form of the equation. We know that the slope of this line is m. The derivative is
supposed to give the slope of a tangent to the curve. Since this curve is a line,
x
and its tangent is the same line, we expect that its derivative is also m. We use
the four-step method:
Step 1: f (x 1 h) 5 m(x 1 h) 1 b 5 mx 1 mh 1 b
Step 2: f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) 5 (mx 1 mh 1 b) 2 (mx 1 b) 5 mh
Figure 23.8
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2 mh
Step 3: 5 5m
h h
23.2 Derivatives of Polynomials 23-16
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
Step 4: lim 5 lim m 5 m
hS0 h hS0
Again, we confirm our expectation and have shown the following for the
derivative of a straight line.
Rule 2: Derivative of f (x) 5 mx 1 b

For the linear function f (x) 5 mx 1 b, the derivative is f 9(x) 5 m.
Example 23.12 Find the derivative of (a) f (x) 5 28 and (b) g (x) 5 9x 2 4.

Solutions
(a) f (x) 5 28 is a constant function, so f 9(x) 5 0.
(b) g (x) 5 9x 2 4 is a linear function, so g 9(x) 5 9.
Polynomials of the Form f (x ) 5 x n

We will now consider higher-degree polynomials. This will be done in three
steps. The first step will consider two specific forms of xn, where n is 2 and 3.
The second step will generalize this for any real number n. The third step will
consider the sums and differences of these terms.
In order to develop the rule for the derivative of xn, we will determine
derivatives for x2 and x3. We begin with f (x) 5 x2:
Step 1: f (x 1 h) 5 (x 1 h)2 5 x2 1 2xh 1 h2
Step 2: f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) 5 (x2 1 2xh 1 h2) 2 x2 5 2xh 1 h2
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2 2xh 1 h2
Step 3: 5 5 2x 1 h
h h
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
Step 4: lim 5 lim 1 2x 1 h 2 5 2x
hS0 h hS0
So, the derivative of f (x) 5 x2 is f 9(x) 5 2x.

Next, we find the derivative of g (x) 5 x3.
Step 1: g (x 1 h) 5 (x 1 h)3 5 x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3

Step 2: g (x 1 h) 2 g (x) 5 (x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3) 2 x3 5 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3
g 1x 1 h2 2 g 1x2 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3
Step 3: 5 5 3x2 1 3xh 1 h2
h h
g 1x 1 h2 2 g 1x2
Step 4: lim 5 lim 1 3x2 1 3xh 1 h2 2 5 3x2
hS0 h hS0
Thus, the derivative of g (x) 5 x3 is g 9(x) 5 3x2.

If we continued this process, we could show that the derivative of x4 is 4x3, the
derivative of x5 is 5x4, the derivative of x6 is 6x5, and so on. We could also show
that the derivative of x27 is 27x28, the derivative of x5/2 is 52 x3/2, and the deriva-
tive of x27/3 is 273 x210/3.
What we have demonstrated is how to find the derivative of xn, when n is a
rational number. Thus, we now have
Rule 3: Derivative of f (x) 5 xn

The derivative of any function f (x) 5 xn, n a rational number, is f 9(x) 5 nxn 21.
Example 23.13 Find the derivative of (a) f (x) 5 x 7, (b) g (x) 5 x23, (c) h 1 x 2 5 x 2/3, and
(d) j 1 x 2 5 x25/2.
Solutions
(a) f (x) 5 x7 and so f 9(x) 5 7x7 2 1 5 7x6
(b) g (x) 5 x23 and g 9(x) 5 23x23 2 1 5 23x24
2 1
21
(c) h 1 x 2 5 x2/3 and h9 1 x 2 5 23 x 3 5 23 x23
5
(d) j 1 x 2 5 x25/2 and j9 1 x 2 5 252 x22 21 5 252 x27@2
The next example demonstrates the usefulness of fractional exponents—

both positive and negative.
1
Example 23.14 Find the derivatives of (a) y 5 x2 !x and (b) f 1 x 2 5 .
x 5@2
Solutions
(a) y 5 x2 !x. To find the derivative of y, or Dx y, we must first rewrite x2 !x
as x2x 1@2 5 x 5@2. So, y 5 x 5@2 and
5 5
Dx y 5 x 3@2 5 x "x
2 2
1
(b) f 1 x 2 5 . To apply rule 3, first write f (x) as f 1 x 2 5 x25@2. In
x 5@2
Example 23.13(d), we showed that f 9 1 x 2 5 252x27@2.
[ ]
Caution Be careful. Do not just differentiate the denominator. If you do,
you get
1 1
Dx a 5@2
b2 5 3@2
5 25 x23@2
x 2x
which is not the correct answer.

Three General Formulas

Suppose we have a function F (x) 5 k f (x), where k is a constant and f 9(x) exists.
[This might be a function such as G(x) 5 9x3, where k 5 9 and g (x) 5 x3.] We
will use the four-step method to find the derivative of F (x):
Step 1: F (x 1 h) 5 k f (x 1 h)
Step 2: F (x 1 h) 2 F (x) 5 k f (x 1 h) 2 k f (x) 5 k[ f (x 1 h) 2 f (x)]
F1x 1 h2 2 F1x2 k3 f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2 4
Step 3: 5
h h
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
5 kc d
h
F 1x 1 h2 2 F 1h2 f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
Step 4: lim 5 lim k c d
hS0 h hS0 h
f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
5 k lim
hS0 h
5 kf91x2
Rule 4: Derivative of f (x) 5 k f (x)

If F (x) 5 k f (x), k is a constant, and f 9(x) exists, then
F � (x) 5 k f 9(x)
Example 23.15 Find the derivative of (a) f (x) 5 9x3, (b) g (x) 5 7x25, and (c) h 1 x 2 5 23 x 5@2.
Solutions
(a) f (x) 5 9x3 so f 9(x) 5 9(3x2) 5 27x2
(b) g (x) 5 7x25 and g 9(x) 5 7(25x26) 5 235x26
(c) h 1 x 2 5 23 x 5@2 and h9 1 x 2 5 23 1 52 x 3@22 5 53 x 3@2
The next two formulas have to do with the sum and difference of two func-
tions. These last two rules will allow us to find derivatives of higher-degree
polynomials.
If f and g are two functions that can be differentiated, then what is the de-
rivative of their sum or difference? It turns out that the derivative of a sum (or
difference) is the sum (or difference) of the derivative of each term. These are
stated formally in the following box, which contains the last two rules for this
section.
Rules 5 and 6: Derivative of f (x) 5 f (x) 6 g (x)

Rule 5: If F (x) 5 f (x) 1 g (x) and f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist, then
F9 1 x 2 5 f 9 1 x 2 1 g 9 1 x 2
Rule 6: If F (x) 5 f (x) 2 g (x) and f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist, then
F9 1 x 2 5 f 9 1 x 2 2 g 9 1 x 2
Example 23.16 Find the derivative of f (x) 5 7x5 2 4x3 1 2x 2 8.

Solution According to the last two rules, the derivative of a sum (or
difference) is the sum (or difference) of the individual derivatives. We will
differentiate this term by term:
f 9 1 x 2 5 7 1 5x4 2 2 4 1 3x2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 0
5 35x4 2 12x2 1 2
Exercise Set 23.2
In Exercises 1–37, find the derivative of the function by using the six rules given in this section.
1. f (x) 5 19 18. n(x) 5 7x7 2 5x5
2. g (x) 5 24 19. h(x) 5 13 x3 1 12 x2 2 5x 1 23 x22 1 5
3. h(x) 5 7x 2 5 20. j(x) 5 34 x4 2 23 x3 1 54 x2 2 12 x 1 2x23 1 x24 1 7
4. j(x) 5 23x 1 7 21. f (x) 5 45 x5 2 32 x3 2 7x0 1 12 x22 2 23x23
5. k(x) 5 9x2 22. k(x) 5 !2x5 2 !3x3 1 3x 1 p
6. m(x) 5 15x3
23. l(x) 5 3!3x4 1 3!5x 1 "4x4
7. f (x) 5 13 x15
24. m(x) 5 !7x6 2 !4x3 1 5!3x2 2 !7
8. g (x) 5 25 x10 25. s(t) 5 16t2 2 32t 1 5
9. h(x) 5 5x 22
26. q(t) 5 4.3t3 2 2.7t 1 3.0
10. j(x) 5 23x24 27. a 1 t 2 5 30 2 4.0t2 1 2t1/2
11. k(x) 5 223 x3/2 28. s(t) 5 53t4 1 7!2t3 2 8t2/3 1 7t21/2
4!x 3 2
12. j(x) 5 29. q(t) 5 !6t 2 4t!3t 1 " t
3
30. f (x) 5 3x!x
13. h(x) 5 4!3x
3
31. g (x) 5 5x2" x
14. m(x) 5 34 x25/3
3
3x
3 32. j(x) 5 3
15. g (x) 5 3 "x
"x
4
16. f (x) 5 4x3 2 5x2 1 2 33. h(x) 5 2
x
17. g (x) 5 9x2 1 3x 2 4
5 3"x3
34. j(x) 5 7x2 1 2x!x 1 36. M(x) 5
x3 !3x
3
4" x 4!3x 1 3x2 2 7 "x3 1 2x21
35. K(x) 5 37. f (x) 5
!x !x
38. Derive Rule 6. 42. If v 1 t 2 5 4.0t2 2 2.0!t, find the values of t for
39. Find all values of x where f 9(x) 5 0, if f (x) which v9(t) 5 0.
5 x3 1 3x2. 1
43. If j 1 t 2 5 4t3 1 , for what values of t is
40. Find all values of t where u9(t) 5 0, if u(t) t
j9(t) 5 0?
5 3t3 2 t.
1 8
41. Find all values of x where g 9(x) 5 0, if g (x) 5 44. If h 1 x 2 5 4 1 2 3 , for what values of x is
x x
2x3 1 x2 2 4x. h9(x) 5 0?
In Exercises 45–48, determine the derivative f 9 of the given function f. Then graph f and f 9 on the
same set of axes. Describe the behavior of f as the graph of f 9 crosses the x-axis.
45. f (x) 5 0.3x2 2 2x 1 5.4 47. f (x) 5 x3 2 3x 1 1
46. f (x) 5 20.25x2 1 x 1 5.6 48. f (x) 5 0.25x4 2 2x2 2 2x 1 1
49. Demography The population of a certain city 52. Petroleum engineering When an oil tank is
t months from now can be estimated by the drained for cleaning, the volume, V, of oil in
formula P(t) 5 146,000 1 64t 2 0.04t2. Find gallons left in the tank t minutes after the drain
(a) The population of the city 6 months from valve is opened is given by the formula V(t) 5
now 75,000 2 3,000t 1 30t2.
(b) The rate of change in the city’s population (a) How much oil is left in the tank 20 min after
6 months from now the drain is opened?
50. Business A manufacturer estimates that the (b) What is the average rate that the oil drains
revenue in dollars from the sale of c cellular during the first 20 min?
telephone is R(c) 5 120c 2 c2. Find (c) What is the rate of change that the oil is
(a) The revenue from the sale of 30 telephones draining when t 5 20?
(b) The rate of change in the revenue when 53. Demography A certain city’s population t
c 5 30 years from now can be estimated by using the
51. Physics A ball is rolled down an incline. The function P 1 t 2 5 125,000 1 1,500t 2 36!t.
distance in feet of the ball from the starting Find
point after t seconds is given by s(t) 5 15t 1 (a) The city’s population 6 years from now
7t2. Find (b) The rate at which the city’s population is
(a) The distance the ball has traveled when growing 6 years from now
t 5 4 s (c) The city’s population 10 years from now
(b) The velocity (rate of change) of the ball (d) The rate at which the city’s population is
when t 5 4 s growing 10 years from now
54. Business The total cost, C, in dollars, of 59. Physics The altitude, h, of a rocket fired from
producing n units of a certain product is an airplane flying over the ocean can be de-
given by C(n) 5 5,000 1 25n 2 0.4n2, where scribed by the function h(t) 5 2t4 1 12t3 2
0 # n # 60. 16t2 1 605, where t is in seconds and the alti-
(a) Determine the rate of change in the cost tude is in feet above sea level. The velocity of
when n 5 10. the rocket at time t is y(t) 5 h9(t).
(b) Determine the rate of change in the cost (a) From what altitude was the rocket
when n 5 30. launched?
(c) Determine the rate of change in the cost (b) At what time does the rocket fall into the
when n 5 50. ocean?
55. Electronics The power, P, in watts, delivered (c) What is the rocket’s altitude and velocity at
to a 25 V resistor is P 5 25i2. Find the instan- t 5 2 s?
taneous rate of change of P with respect of i (d) What is the rocket’s altitude and velocity at
when i 5 2.4 A. t 5 4 s?
56. Material science For certain temperatures, (e) What is the rocket’s altitude and velocity at
the tensile strength, S, in pounds, of a piece t 5 6 s?
of material as a function of its temperature (f) What is the rocket’s altitude and velocity at
in degrees fahrenheit is described by S(T) 5 t 5 10 s?
520 2 0.000085T2. Find the rate of change of S
(g) What is the rocket’s velocity when it falls
at the instant that T 5 135°F.
into the ocean?
57. Business A manufacturer has determined
60. Navigation Upon reversing the engines,
that the revenue in dollars from the sale of n
the distance traveled in meters by a super-
cellular telephones is given by R(n) 5 78n 2
tanker in a straight line before coming to a
0.025n2. The cost of producing n telephones is
stop is given by s 1 t 2 5 84.5t 2 16 t3, where t is
C(n) 5 9,800 1 22.5n.
in minutes.
(a) If the profit, P, is the difference between
(a) If the velocity of the supertanker at time
the revenue and the cost, what is the profit
t is y(t) 5 s9(t), find an equation for the
function?
velocity.
(b) Find the marginal profit function, P9.
(b) What was the velocity of the tanker when
(c) Find P9(50). the engines were put in reverse?
58. Electronics The output voltage, V, in volts, (c) How long does it take for the supertanker
of a circuit increases gradually with time t, to stop? That is, when is y(t) 5 0?
in seconds, according to the function V(t)
(d) How far does the supertanker travel from
5 30.0 1 0.04t2. Find an expression for the
the time the engines are reversed until it
instantaneous rate of change of the voltage
comes to a stop?
with time.
[ In Your Words ]
61. Describe how to find the derivative of 62. Describe how to find the derivative of the sum
f (x) 5 kxn. of two functions.
23.3 Derivatives of Product and Quotients 23-22
23.3 DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCT AND QUOTIENTS
In this section, we will learn general formulas for finding the derivatives of
functions that are products or quotients.
The Product Rule

As before, we will assume that we have two functions, f (x) and g (x), and that
their derivatives f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist. If we let F be the product of f and g, then
F (x) 5 f (x) g (x). We want to find F 9(x). Again, we will use the four-step method.
The first two steps will be quite straightforward. In the third step, we will have
to employ some more complicated algebra, which will be explained at that time:
Step 1: F (x 1 h) 5 f (x 1 h) g (x 1 h)
Step 2: F (x 1 h) 2 F (x) 5 f (x 1 h) g (x 1 h) 2 f (x) g (x)
F 1x 1 h2 2 F 1x2 f 1x 1 h2 g 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2 g 1x2
Step 3: 5
h h
This does not look too promising. But, what we will do is add a fancy ver-
sion of 0 to the numerator. We will add 2f (x 1 h) g (x) 1 f (x 1 h) g (x) to
the numerator. Since this is equal to 0, the value of the numerator is not
changed and we get
f 1x 1 h2 g 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x 1 h2 g 1x2 1 f 1x 1 h2 g 1x2 2 f 1x2 g 1x2
h
g 1x 1 h2 2 g 1x2 f 1x 1 h2 2 f 1x2
5 f 1x 1 h2 1 g 1x2
h h
Now we will go to Step 4 and take the limit of the quantity. Remember that
the limit of a product is the product of the limits:
F1x 1 h2 2 F1x2 g 1x 1 h2 2 g 1x2
Step 4: lim 5 lim f 1 x 1 h 2 lim
hS0
h hS0 hS0 h
1 2
f x1h 2f x 1 2
1 lim lim g 1 x 2
hS0 h hS0
5 f 1x2 g91x2 1 f91x2 g 1x2

This gives us the product rule for derivatives.
Product Rule for Derivatives

If F (x) 5 f (x) g (x) and f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist, then
F 9(x) 5 f (x) g 9(x) 1 f 9(x) g (x)
In words, this can be stated as “the derivative of the product of two func-
tions, whose derivatives exist, is equal to the first function times the derivative
of the second plus the second function times the derivative of the first.”
[ ] Note Note carefully that the derivative of a product does not behave as nicely
as the limit of a product. The derivative of a product is not the product of the
derivatives.
Example 23.17 Find the derivative of F (x) 5 (x2 1 x)(x3 2 1).

Solution Here the function F (x) is the product of f (x) 5 x2 1 x and g (x) 5
x3 2 1. We calculate the derivatives of each of these two functions as f 9(x) 5 2x
1 1 and g 9(x) 5 3x2. According to the new rule
F9 1 x 2 5 f 1x2 g91x2 1 f91x2 g 1x2
5 1 x2 1 x 2 1 3x2 2 1 1 2x 1 1 2 1 x3 2 1 2
5 3x4 1 3x3 1 2x4 1 x3 2 2x 2 1
5 5x4 1 4x3 2 2x 2 1
[ ]
Caution Once again we stress that F 9(x)  f 9(x) g 9(x). In Example 23.17 we
found that if F (x) 5 (x2 1 x)(x3 2 1), then F 9(x) 5 5x4 1 4x3 2 2x 2 1. But,
f 9(x) g 9(x) 5 (2x 1 1)(3x2) 5 6x3 1 3x2  F 9(x).
Example 23.18 Find G 9(x), if G (x) 5 (x3 1 2x2 1 x)(x2 2 5x).

Solution We could multiply these two polynomials and then take the de-
rivative of that product, but we will use the product rule instead. The time will
come when we will have to use the product rule, so we might as well get some
practice. Also, the product rule makes the task somewhat easier. We will let
f 1 x 2 5 x3 1 2x2 1 x and g 1 x 2 5 x2 2 5x
so f 9 1 x 2 5 3x2 1 4x 1 1 and g 9 1 x 2 5 2x 2 5
G9 1 x 2 5 f 1 x 2 g 9 1 x 2 1 f 9 1 x 2 g 1 x 2
5 1 x3 1 2x2 1 x 2 1 2x 2 5 2 1 1 3x2 1 4x 1 1 2 1 x2 2 5x 2
5 5x4 2 12x3 2 27x2 2 10x
The Quotient Rule

f 1x2
Suppose now that F (x) 5 , where g (x)  0, and f 9(x) and g 9(x) both ex-
g 1x2
ist. What is f 9(x)? There are a couple of ways to develop this formula. One way
uses the four-step method. We are going to use a slightly different approach that
depends on the assumption that F 9(x) exists.
f 1x2
If F (x) 5 , then F (x) g (x) 5 f (x). Now, using the product rule on the
g 1x2
second equation, we see that
F (x) g 9(x) 1 F 9(x) g (x) 5 f 9(x)
Solving this for F 9(x) we get
f91x2 2 F1x2 g91x2
F (x) 5
9
g 1x2
f 1x2
But, F (x) 5 , and so
g 1x2
f 1x2 9
f91x2 2 g 1x2
g 1x2 g 1x2 f91x2 2 f 1x2 g91x2
F 9(x) 5 5
g 1x2 3 g 1 x 2 42
And so we have the second, and last, rule of this section, the quotient rule.
Quotient Rule for Derivatives

f 1x2
If F (x) 5 , g (x)  0, and both f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist, then
g 1x2
g 1x2 f91x2 2 f 1x2 g91x2
F (x) 5
9
3 g 1 x 2 42
x2 1 1
Example 23.19 If F (x) 5 , find F 9(x).
3x 2 2
Solution According to the quotient rule,
g 1x2 f91x2 2 f 1x2 g91x2
F 9(x) 5
3 g 1 x 2 42
We will let f (x) 5 x2 1 1 and g (x) 5 3x 2 2, so f 9(x) 5 2x and g 9(x) 5 3. Thus,
1 3x 2 2 2 1 2x 2 2 1 x2 1 1 2 1 3 2
F 1x2 5
9
1 3x 2 2 2 2
1 6x2 2 4x 2 2 1 3x2 1 3 2
5
1 3x 2 2 2 2
3x2 2 4x 2 3
5
1 3x 2 2 2 2
[ ] Note Note that the derivative of the quotient of two functions is not the quo-
tient of the derivatives. Thus, if F (x) 5
f91x2 2x
f 1x2
g 1x2
f91x2
, then F (x)  9 . In Example 23.19,
9
g 1x2
5  F (x).
9
g91x2 3
1
Example 23.20 If y 5 , find y 9.
x3
Solution Here y can be considered a quotient with f (x) 5 1 and g (x) 5 x3.
This means that f 9(x) 5 0 and g 9(x) 5 3x2. Using the quotient rule, we get
x3 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 1 3x2 2
yr 5
1 x3 2 2
0 2 3x2 23
5 6 5 4
x x
1
We could have used rule 3 to solve this by rewriting y 5 3 5 x23. Then we
x
23
would have gotten y 95 23x24 5 4 .
x
4x2 2 8!x
Example 23.21 If f (x) 5 , find f 9(x).
3 5
x 1 "x
Solution We begin by writing the radicals with fractional exponents. Thus,
we get
4x2 2 8x1/2
f (x) 5
x3 1 x5/2
We now use the quotient rule:
1 x3 1 x5/2 2 1 8x 2 4x21/2 2 2 1 4x2 2 8x1/2 2 1 3x2 1 52 x3/2 2
f91x2 5
1 x3 1 x5/2 2 2
1 8x4 2 4x5/2 1 8x7/2 2 4x2 2 2 1 12x4 1 10x7/2 2 24x5/2 2 20x2 2
5
1 x3 1 x5/2 2 2
24x4 2 2x7/2 1 20x5/2 1 16x2
5
1 x3 1 x5/2 2 2
Normal Lines
Until now we have concentrated on finding the slope of a line that is tangent to
a curve at a particular point. We are also interested in the line that is perpen-
dicular to the curve at a given point. This is called the normal line. If the slope
of the tangent line is m1 and the slope of the normal line is m2, then, since the
21
lines are perpendicular, we know that m1 5 .
m2
1 1
Example 23.22 Find an equation of the tangent and normal lines to y 5 3 at the point (2, 8 ).
x
Solution In Example 23.20, we found that the derivative of this function is
23
y 95 4 . The derivative is used to find the slope of a line tangent to y. Evaluating
x
y at the point (2, 18), we find that the line tangent to y at this point will have slope
9
23 3 1
m 5 4 5 23 16 . We now know that the slope is 216 at (2, 8 ), so the equation of
2
the tangent line is
y 2 y 0 5 m 1 x 2 x0 2
1 3
y 2 5 2 1x 2 22
8 16
3 1
or y 5 2 x 1
16 2
1 16
The slope of the normal line is 2 5 . The equation of the normal
23/16 3
1 1
line to y 5 3 at the point (2, 8) is
x
1 16
y2 5 1x 2 22
8 3
16 253
or y 5 x 2
3 24
The next example will require the use of the quotient rule to find the slope
of a normal line to a curve.
x2 1 3x 2 1
Example 23.23 Determine the equation for the normal line to f (x) 5 at (3, 2).
x14
Solution We begin by finding the slope of the tangent line at this point. To
do this, we find the derivative of f. Using the quotient rule,
1 x 1 4 2 1 2x 1 3 2 2 1 x2 1 3x 2 1 2 1 1 2
f 9(x) 5
1x 1 422
To find the slope of f at (3, 2), we evaluate f 9at x 5 3. Notice that it is not neces-
sary to simplify the derivative in order to evaluate it:
1 7 2 1 9 2 2 1 17 2 1 1 2 46
f 9(3) 5 2 5
7 49
Example 23.23 (cont.) Since the slope of the tangent line is 46 1

49 , the slope of the normal line is 246/49 5
249
46 . We now know the slope of the normal line to f at (3, 2), and so the equation
of that normal line is
49
y2252 1x 2 32
46
49 239
or y 5 2 x 1
46 46
Example 23.24 Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the curve
1 x 1 1 2 1 x2 1 2x 1 5 2
y5
32x
at the point (1, 8).
Solution We have one point on the line, (1, 8). What we need to find is
the slope. To do this, we will find the derivative y 9 and evaluate it at the point
f 1x2
(1, 8). While y is in the form , the function f is a product of two functions.
g 1x2
We will use the quotient rule, but indicate the derivatives that need to be taken
by using the notation Dx. This way we get
1 3 2 x 2 Dx 3 1 x 1 1 2 1 x2 1 2x 1 5 2 4 2 1 x 1 1 2 1 x2 1 2x 1 5 2 Dx 1 3 2 x 2
y9 5
13 2 x22
We use the product rule to find
Dx[(x 1 1)(x2 1 2x 1 5)] 5 (x 1 1)(2x 1 2) 1 (1)(x2 1 2x 1 5)
We also have Dx(3 2 x) 5 21, so
1 3 2 x 2 3 1 x 1 1 2 1 2x 1 2 2 1 1 x2 1 2x 1 5 2 4 2 1 x 1 1 2 1 x2 1 2x 1 5 2 1 21 2
y9 5
13 2 x22
To find the slope of y at (1, 8), we need to evaluate y 9 when x 5 1. It is not
necessary to simplify the derivative to do this. When x 5 1,
1 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 2 2 1 8 2 1 21 2 2 1 16 2 1 16 48
y9 5 2 5 5 5 12
2 4 4
We now know that the slope of the tangent line is 12 and a point on the line
is (1, 8), so an equation of the line is
y 2 8 5 12(x 2 1)
21 21
The slope of the normal line is , so an equation of that line is y 2 8 5 (x 2 1).
12 12
Exercise Set 23.3
In Exercises 1–38, differentiate the function.
1. f (x) 5 (3x 1 1)(2x 2 7) 3x3 2 x 1 1
23. h 1 x 2 5
2. g (x) 5 (6x 2 2)(5 2 4x) x3 2 3x 2 1
3. h(x) 5 (2x2 1 x 2 1)(3x 2 5) x2 1 5x 1 6
24. m 1 x 2 5 2
4. k(x) 5 (4x3 2 1)(x2 2 7x) x 2 5x 1 6
5. j(x) 5 (4 2 3x)(6x2 1 6x 2 4) 3t2 2 t 2 1
25. f 1 t 2 5 3
6. s(t) 5 (6 2 4t)(3t2 2 7t) " t
7. q(t) 5 4(t2 2 3t)2 2x 2 4x1/2
3/2
1
26. F x 5 2
8. r (p) 5 (4p 2 3p2)(2p 2 4) 4x1/2 2 2
9. f (w) 5 (3w3 2 4w2 1 2w 2 5)(w2 2 w21) w21
27. g 1 w 2 5 12w2 1
10. g (r) 5 (2r4 2 4r2 1 2r)(r2 1 2r 2 1) w11
2
4x 2 1 t 11 t21
11. f 1 x 2 5 28. j 1 t 2 5 1
2x 1 3 2t 1 1 2t 1 1
12. h(y) 5 (y3 2 1)(y2 2 1)(y 2 1) 1
29. h 1 x 2 5 2
9x2 1 2 x 11
1
13. g x 5 2 5
4x 2 1 30. k 1 x 2 5 3
4 x 21
14. h 1 x 2 5 4x2 2 2 4 2 x3
x 31. H 1 x 2 5
1 1 2 2 x2 2 1 3x 2 x3 2
15. j 1 s 2 5 6s2 2 2 1 2x 1 1 2 1 3x2 2 4x 2
6s 32. L 1 x 2 5
3 2 4s 7x 2 1
16. K 1 s 2 5 2s3
5s 2 2s2 1
33. n s 5 2 2
2t 1s 2 12 1s 2 12
17. f 1 t 2 5 4t3 2 1 z 2 5 2 1 z2 1 7 2
t22 34. m 1 z 2 5
1 1 2x z2 1 3z
18. j 1 x 2 5 1 2x 2 3 2 1 x2 2 4x 1 1 2
1 2 2x
35. y 5
x3 2 1 3x3 1 1
19. H 1 x 2 5 5x
x21 36. y 5 1 25 2 x2 2
x4 1 4 52x
1
20. k x 5 2
3x 1 t2 2 1 2 # 1 t 2 1 2
37. y 5
f2 1 2t 1 1 2 1 2t 1 1 2
21. f 1 f 2 5 2 12x
3f 2 1 38. y 5 a b 1 1 2 x2 2
2
t 1 3t 1 2 x
22. L 1 t 2 5 2
t 2 4t 2 4
Solve Exercises 39 and 40.

x3
39. Find the slope of the curve y 5 (3x2 1 2x 2 1) 40. Find the slope of the curve y 5 2 at
x 11
3 (x3 2 x 1 1) at (1, 4). 1
1 21, 22 2 .
In Exercises 41–46, find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the curves at the given
points.
8 44. y 5 (x2 2 3x 2 6)(2x 2 6) at (21, 16)
41. y 5 at (3, 2)
x11 9x 1 2
45. y 5 2 at (22, 22)
4x 1 1 x 1x 1 42
42. y 5 at (1, 1)
5x 46. y 5 (x3 1 5x2 2 1)(x2 2 2x) at (1, 25)
5x 1 4
43. y 5 at (1, 3)
2x 1 1
47. Demography It is estimated that t years from and s9 is the image distance. If f is a constant,
now the population of a certain city, in thou- find the rate of change of s with respect to s9; that
sands of people, will be P(t) 5 (0.8t 2 6)(0.5t ds
1 9) 1 87. How fast will the population be is, find 9 . (Note that in this standard optics
ds
growing in 5 years? formula, s9 does not indicate the derivative of s.)
48. Business The profit from the sale of n items of
a certain product is given by P(n) 5 (4 2 0.2n) 53. Agriculture At the beginning of 1993 the
3 (2.6n 1 7), where P(n) is in hundreds of dol- number of farms in the United States was given
lars and 1 # n # 20. If the marginal profit is by f (t) 5 20.00437t 1 2.218 million farms t
P9(n), find the marginal profit when n 5 7. years after 1990. At the same time the aver-
age acreage of farms was given by the function
49. Electronics In a voltage divider circuit the
a(t) 5 0.013t4 2 0.291t3 1 2.166t2 2 7.328t 1
output, V, in volts, depends on the value of a
449.384 acres t years after 1990.
variable resistor, R, in ohms, according to the
110R dV (a) Let T(t) 5 f (t) · a(t). What does T represent?
function V 5 . Find V9 5 . (b) Calculate T (11). Express the answer in a
R 1 60 dR
50. Electronics The impedance, Z, in ohms, of complete sentence. Make sure you indicate
a Wein bridge depends on the resistance, the units.
R, in ohms, of one arm of the bridge so that (c) Determine T9(t).
1 1 1 8R 2 2 1 8R dZ (d) Calculate T9(11). Express the answer in a
Z5 . Find Z9 5 .
8 1 1 1 8R 2 dR complete sentence. Make sure you indicate
51. Medical technology It is estimated by a medi- the units.
cal research team that the population of a bac- 54. Robotics The van der Pol equation
terial culture after t hours is approximately y
y5 , where a and b are con-
t2 2 2t 1 1 a 1 1 2 y2 2 2 b
1
N t 52 , where N(t) is in thou-
3!t 1 2 stants, is a model of electronic circuits that
sands and 0 # t # 12. first appeared in early radios that had vacuum
(a) Find N9(t). tubes. Today it is important in semiconductors
dy
(b) Find the rate of growth after 5 h. and robotics. Determine .
dy
52. Optics For thin lenses the object distance, s, is
s9f
given by s 5 9 , where f is the focal length
s 2f
23.4 Derivatives of Composite Functions 23-30
[ In Your Words ]
55. Without looking in the text, explain how to 56. Without looking in the text, explain how to
determine the derivative of the product of two determine the derivative of the quotient of
functions. two functions.
23.4 Derivatives of Composite Functions
None of the functions that we have differentiated have involved composite

functions. In this section, we will learn how to find the derivative of a function
that is the composite of two differentiable functions. The rule for finding these
derivatives is called the chain rule.
We will begin by briefly reviewing composite functions. We will then look
at a special case of the chain rule, called the power rule.
Suppose that f and g are two functions. The composite function of f and g is
( f + g)(x) 5 f ( g (x)), where the domain of f is the range of g.
Example 23.25 (a) If f (x) 5 x2 and g (x) 5 x 1 1, then ( f + g)(x) 5 (x 1 1)2

(b) If f (x) 5 2x3 1 5x and g (x) 5 x4, then
1 f + g 2 1 x 2 5 2 1 x4 2 3 1 5 1 x4 2
5 2x12 1 5x4
(c) If g (w) 5 sin 2w and h(w) 5 3w2 1 1, then

1 g + h 2 1 w 2 5 sin 3 2 1 3w2 1 1 2 4
5 sin 1 6w2 1 2 2
It is just as important to be able to recognize a composite function and to

decompose it into its individual functions. In this case, you begin with y 5 f + g
and determine f and g.
Example 23.26 (a) y 5 1 f + g 2 1 x 2 5 1 x2 2 2x 1 1 2 3, where f (x) 5 x3 and g (x) 5 x2 2 2x 1 1

(b) y 5 1 f + g 2 1 x 2 5 1 x5 2 4 2 22, where f (x) 5 x22 and g (x) 5 x5 2 4
(c) y 5 1 f + g 2 1 x 2 5 "x3 2 2x, where f 1 x 2 5 !x 5 x1/2 and g (x) 5 x3 2 2x
(d) y 5 1 f + g 2 1 x 2 5 ln x5, where f (x) 5 ln x and g (x) 5 x5
(e) y 5 1 f + g 2 1 x 2 5 tan 2x, where f 1 x 2 5 tan x and g (x) 5 2x
The Power Rule

We will begin our exploration of the chain rule by looking at some special cases.
In each of these cases, f (x) 5 xn and so ( f + g)(x) 5 [ g (x)]n. We will use the
product rule to look at the derivatives when n 5 2, 3, and 4. Because it is easier,
d
we will use the notation to indicate what is being differentiated:
dx
d d
n 5 2 3 g 1 x 2 42 5 3 g 1x2 g 1x2 4
dx dx
5 g 1x2 g91x2 1 g91x2 g 1x2
5 2g 1 x 2 g 9 1 x 2
d d
n 5 3 3 g 1 x 2 4 3 5
5 3 g 1 x 2 4 2g 1 x 2 6
dx dx
d
5 3 g 1 x 2 4 2g 9 1 x 2 1 3 g 1 x 2 4 2g 1 x 2
dx
From the example when n 5 2, we know that
d
3 g 1 x 2 4 2 5 2g 1 x 2 g 9 1 x 2
dx
and so we get
d
3 g 1 x 2 4 3 5 3 g 1 x 2 4 2g 9 1 x 2 1 2g 1 x 2 g 9 1 x 2 g 1 x 2
dx
5 3 3 g 1 x 2 4 2g 9 1 x 2
d d d
n 5 4 3 g 1 x 2 44 5 5 3 g 1 x 2 4 3g 1 x 2 6 5 3 g 1 x 2 4 3g 9 1 x 2 1 b 3 g 1 x 2 4 3 r g 1 x 2
dx dx dx
5 3 g 1x2 4 g 1x2 1 33 g 1x2 4 g 1x2 g 1x2
3 9 2 9
5 4 3 g 1 x 2 4 3g 9 1 x 2
Look at these results:
d
3 g 1 x 2 42 5 2g 1 x 2 g 9 1 x 2
dx
d
3 g 1 x 2 43 5 3 3 g 1 x 2 4 2g 9 1 x 2
dx
d
3 g 1 x 2 44 5 4 3 g 1 x 2 4 3g 9 1 x 2
dx
These results seem to indicate a pattern. It is possible to show that the pat-
tern results in the following rule, called the general power rule.
Rule 9: General Power Rule for Derivatives

If g is a function and its derivative g9 exists, then
d
3 g 1 x 2 4 n 5 n 3 g 1 x 2 4 n21g 9 1 x 2 .
dx
Notice that this is very similar to rule 3, which states that if f (x) 5 xn, then
f 9(x) 5 nxn 21. The main difference is the last factor, g 9(x). If g (x) 5 x, then
g 9(x) 5 1, and rule 9 is the same as rule 3.
Example 23.27 Find the derivatives of (a) (x2 1 1)3, (b) (4 2 x3)5, and (c) (x3 2 2x2 1 1)24.
Solutions
(a) If y 5 (x2 1 1)3, then this is [ g (x)]3, where g (x) 5 x2 1 1. Since g 9(x) 5 2x
we have
y 9 5 3[ g (x)]2 g 9(x) 5 3(x2 1 1)2(2x)
(b) Here y 5 (4 2 x3)5 5 [ g (x)]5, where g (x) 5 4 2 x3 and g 9(x) 5 23x2.
y9 5 5 3 g 1 x 2 4 4 g 9 1 x 2
5 5 1 4 2 x3 2 4 1 23x2 2
5 215x2 1 4 2 x3 2 4
(c) y 5 (x3 2 2x2 1 1)24 5 [ g (x)]24, where g (x) 5 x3 2 2x2 1 1 and g 9(x) 5
3x2 2 4x.
y9 5 24 3 g 1 x 2 4 25g 9 1 x 2
5 24 1 x3 2 2x2 1 1 2 25 1 3x2 2 4x 2
The general power rule is not always used alone. It can be used with other
rules, such as the product rule or the quotient rule.
4x 1 1 3
Example 23.28 Find the derivatives of (a) f (x) 5 3x(x3 2 1)4 and (b) f (x) 5 a b.
x2 2 2
Solutions
(a) Here we have a product of 3x and (x3 2 1)4. We will first use the product
rule:
d 3
f 9(x) 5 3x c 1 x 2 1 2 4 d 1 (x3 2 1)4(3)
dx
Now we use the general power rule to determine that
d 3
(x 2 1)4 5 4(x3 2 1)3(3x2) 5 12x2(x3 2 1)3
dx
Putting this value into the formula for f 9(x), we get
f91x2 5 3x 3 12x2 1 x3 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 x3 2 1 2 4 1 3 2
5 36x3 1 x3 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 x3 2 1 2 4
5 3 36x3 1 3 1 x3 2 1 2 4 1 x3 2 1 2 3
5 1 39x3 2 3 2 1 x3 2 1 2 3
Example 23.28 (cont.) 4x 1 1
(b) Here g 1 x 2 5 and f 1 x 2 5 3 g 1 x 2 4 3
x2 2 2
Using the general power rule, we see that
f 9 1 x 2 5 3 3 g 1 x 2 4 2g 9 1 x 2
4x 1 1 2 9
5 3a b g 1x2
x2 2 2
We will use the quotient rule to get
1 x2 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 4x 1 1 2 1 2x 2
g91x2 5
1 x2 2 2 2 2
1 4x2 2 8 2 2 1 8x2 1 2x 2
5
1 x2 2 2 2 2
24x2 2 2x 2 8
5
1 x2 2 2 2 2
Putting this value for g 9(x) into the answer for f 9(x), we get
4x 1 1 2 24x2 2 2x 2 8
f 1 x 2 5 3a
9
b a b
x2 2 2 1 x2 2 2 2 2
1 4x 1 1 2 2 1 4x2 1 2x 1 8 2
5 23
1 x2 2 2 2 4
[ ]
Note In Example 23.28(a), after we found the derivative as f 9(x) 5 3x[12x2
(x3 2 1)3] 1 (x3 2 1)4(3), we continued until it was factored as f 9(x) 5 (39x3 2 3)
(x3 2 1)3 because the factored form is more useful in applications.
The Chain Rule

The power rule is a special case of the chain rule. Another way of writing the
composition function y 5 ( f + g)(x) 5 f ( g (x)) is
y 5 f (u), where u 5 g (x)
The major change here is that y is now a function of u and u is a function of x.
By substituting, we can get y as a function of x.
Rule 10: Chain Rule

If y 5 f (u) and u 5 g (x), and both f 9(u) and g 9(x) exist, then
y9 5 f 9 1 u 2 g 9 1 x 2
or
y9 5 f 9 3 g 1 x 2 4 # g 9 1 x 2
[ ] Note The chain rule is often written as

dy
5
dy du
#
dx du dx
Example 23.29 Find y 9, if y 5 (x3 2 2x2 1 1)24.

Solution If y 5 (x3 2 2x2 1 1)24, then we will let y 5 f (u) 5 u24 and
u 5 g (x) 5 x3 2 2x2 1 1. f 9(u) 5 24u25 and g 9(x) 5 3x2 2 4x, so
y9 5 f 9 1 u 2 g 9 1 u 2
5 24u25 1 3x2 2 4x 2
Substituting for u, we get
y 9 5 24(x3 2 2x2 1 1)25(3x2 2 4x)
This is the same answer we got when we worked this problem in
Example 23.27(c).
3 5
Example 23.30 Find y 9, if y 5 " x 2 4x.
3
Solution y 5 f (u) 5 " u 5 u1/3 and u 5 g (x) 5 x5 2 4x. f 9(u) 5 13 u22/3 and
4
g (x) 5 5x 2 4, and so
9
y 5 f91u2 g91x2
1
5 u 22/3 1 5x4 2 4 2
3
1
5 1 x5 2 4x 2 22/3 1 5x4 2 4 2 substitute for u.
3
[ ]
Hint It is possible to extend the chain rule. For example, suppose y 5 f (u),
u 5 g (y), and y 5 h(x). Then the composite function
y 5 ( f + g + h)(x) 5 f ( g (h(x)))

has a derivative
y9 5 f 9 1 u 2 g 9 1 y 2 h9 1 x 2
dy dy du dy
or 5
dx du dy dx
10
4
5
Example 23.31 If y 5 £ 6a 2 b 2 7 § , find y 9.
x
5
Solution This looks more difficult than it is. First, if we let y 5 h(x) 5 5
x2
5x22, then we have y 5 (6y4 2 7)10. Now let u 5 g (y) 5 6y4 2 7 and we have
y 5 f (u) 5 u10. So, if f (u) 5 u10, g (y) 5 6y4 2 7, and h(x) 5 5x22, then
Example 23.31 (cont.) y9 5 f 9 1 u 2 g 9 1 y 2 h9 1 x 2
5 10u9 1 24y3 2 1 210x 23 2
5 10 1 6y4 2 7 2 9 1 24y3 2 1 210x23 2 substitute for u.
5 10 3 6 1 5x22 2 4 2 7 4 9 3 24 1 5x22 2 3 4 1 210x23 2 substitute for y.
9
625 125 2 10
5 10 c 6a 8 b 2 7d a24 # 6 b a 3 b
x x x
9
300,000 625
52 c 6 a b 2 7d
x9 x8
APPLICATION EN VIRO nMEN TAL SCIENCE
Example 23.32 After a sewage spill, the level of pollution in Herd Weyer Bay is estimated by
100t 1 25
P(t) 5 parts per million (ppm), where t is the time in days since the
"5t2 1 10
spill occurred.
(a) What is the rate of change in the level of pollution?

(b) What is the rate of change in the level of pollution after 1.5 days?
(c) What is the rate of change in the level of pollution after 2.5 days?
Solutions
(a) We find the rate of change in the level of pollution by finding the derivative
100t 1 25 100t 1 25
of the level of pollution function P(t) 5 5 .
2
"5t 1 10 1 5t2 1 10 2 1/2
1
1 5t2 1 10 2 1/2 1 100 2 2 1 100t 1 25 2 1 5t2 1 10 2 21/2
2
P9 1 t 2 5 2
a 1 5t2 1 10 2 1/2 b
25
1 5t2 1 10 2 1/2 1 100 2 2 a50t 1 b 1 5t2 1 10 2 21/2
2
5
5t2 1 10
25
1 5t2 1 10 2 1/2 1 100 2 2 a50t 1 b 1 5t2 1 10 2 21/2
# 1 5t 1 10 2
2 1/2
2
5
5t2 1 10 1 5t2 1 10 2 1/2
25
1 5t2 1 10 2 1 100 2 2 a50t 1 b
2
5
1 5t2 1 10 2 3/2
25
500t2 1 1000 2 50t 1
2 500t2 2 50t 1 1012.5
5 5
1 5t2 1 10 2 3/2 1 5t2 1 10 2 3/2
500t2 2 50t 1 1012.5

Thus, the pollution is changing at the rate of P9(t) 5
1 5t2 1 10 2 3/2
ppm/day.
(b) The rate of change in the level of pollution after 1.5 days is
500 1 1.5 2 2 2 50 1 1.5 2 1 1012.5
P9 1 1.5 2 5 < 21.055 ppm/day.
1 5 1 1.5 2 2 1 10 2 3/2
(c) The rate of change in the level of pollution after 2.5 days is
500 1 2.5 2 2 2 50 1 2.5 2 1 1012.5
P9 1 2.5 2 5 < 15.145 ppm/day.
1 5 1 2.5 2 2 1 10 2 3/2
So far, we have had 10 rules for derivatives. These are summarized in the
following box.
Ten Rules for Derivatives

1. If f 1 x 2 5 k, k a constant, then f 9(x) 5 0.
2. If f 1 x 2 5 mx 1 b, then f 9(x) 5 m.
3. If f 1 x 2 5 xn, n a rational number, then f 9(x) 5 nxn 21.
4. If F 1 x 2 5 kf 1 x 2 , k a constant, and f 9(x) exists, then F9(x) 5 kf 9(x).
5. If F 1 x 2 5 f 1 x 2 1 g 1 x 2 and f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist, then F9(x) 5 f 9(x) 1 g 9(x).
6. If F 1 x 2 5 f 1 x 2 2 g 1 x 2 and both f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist, then F9(x) 5 f 9(x)
2 g 9(x).
7. Product rule: If F(x) 5 f (x) g (x), and both f 9(x) and g 9(x) exist, then
F9(x) 5 f (x) g 9(x) 1 f 9(x) g (x)
8. Quotient rule: If F 1 x 2 5 f 1 x 2 /g 1 x 2 , g (x)  0, and both f 9(x) and g 9(x)

exist, then
g 1x2 f91x2 2 f 1x2 g91x2
F (x) 5
9
3 g 1 x 2 42
9. General power rule: If g 9(x) exists, then

d
[ g (x)]n 5 n[ g (x)]n 21g 9(x)
dx
10. Chain rule: If y 5 f (u), u 5 g (x), and both f 9(u) and g 9(x) exist, then
y 9 5 f 9(u) g 9(x) or
dy dy du
5 #
dx du dx
Exercise Set 23.4
In Exercises 1–22, find the derivative of the given function by using the general power rule.
1. f (x) 5 (3x 2 6)4 13. g (x) 5 [(x 2 2)(3x2 2 x)]3
2. g (x) 5 (7 2 2x)3 14. j(t) 5 4t3 "t2 2 4
3. h(x) 5 (5x 2 7)25 15. h(y) 5 (y2 1 1)2(2y 2 5)3
4. k(x) 5 (9x 1 5)23 16. g (x) 5 [(x2 2 4x)(2x3 2 7)]3
5. f (x) 5 (x2 1 3x)4 17. h(x) 5 [(x3 2 6x2)(5x 2 6x2 1 x3)]4
6. h(x) 5 "4x2 1 7 18. j(w) 5 (w3 1 2w)4(3w 2 5)22
1 19. k(x) 5 (3x3 1 2)3 "x3 2 7x
7. H(x) 5
"4x2 1 7 3x 1 4 4
8. g (x) 5 (x7 2 9)6 20. h(x) 5 a b
2x2 2 1
9. s(t) 5 (t4 2 t3 1 2)3 1 y2 2 4y 2 3
10. g (t) 5 (3t5 1 2t3 2 t)10 21. g (y) 5
1 y3 2 9 2 2
11. f (u) 5 (u3 1 2u24)3 4u2 1 5 5
22. f (u) 5 a b
12. f (u) 5 (4u2 2 3u21)2 6u3 2 3u
In Exercises 23–42, find the derivative of the given function by using the chain rule.
23. y 5 f (u) 5 u6, u 5 g (x) 5 x5 1 4 34. y 5 f (u) 5 5u3 2 7u2 2 5u 1 1, u 5 6t2 2 8t
24. y 5 f (u) 5 u3, u 5 g (x) 5 2x3 2 5x 35. y 5 (9x2 1 4x)6
25. y 5 f (u) 5 !u, u 5 g (x) 5 4x2 2 5 36. y 5 3(2x2 2 5x 1 1)5/3
26. y 5 f (u) 5 4u5, u 5 g (x) 5 "3x2 1 5x 37. y 5 (11x5 2 2x 1 1)10
3 2 8
27. y 5 f (u) 5 " u , u 5 g (x) 5 7x3 2 9x 38. y 5 3
1 x 2 5x 1 2 2 4
2
28. y 5 f (u) 5 (u 1 1)2, u 5 g (x) 5 7
x 39. y 5
1 9x2 2 4 2 8
1
29. y 5 f (u) 5 (u2 1 1)3, u 5 g (x) 5 3
4
x13 40. y 5 a" 2x5 2 x3 b
30. y 5 f (u) 5 u3 2 4u, u 5 x4 1 5
4
3 2 41. y 5 " 1 2x2 2 5 2 3
31. y 5 f (u) 5 " u 2 2u, u 5 x3 1 4
1
32. y 5 f (u) 5 2u3 2 8u, u 5 6x2 2 5x 2 1 42. y 5 5
33. y 5 g (x) 5 4x4 2 3x, x 5 3t2 2 4t " 1 7x 2 4x3 2 2
dy 4 dy 4
43. Find , if y 5 u4, u 5 2y3 2 1, and y 5 2 . 45. Find , if y 5 3u2, u 5 , and y 5 x5.
dx x dx y
dy 46. Find an equation of the tangent line to y at
44. Find , if y 5 4u2 2 u, u 5 x3 2 8, and x 5 6t 3
dx (4, 1), if y 5 " 1 x 2 5 2 2.
1 4.
47. Find an equation of the tangent line to y at reflection for the medium. Find the derivative
(2, 28), if y 5 (4x2 2 18)3. of R with respect to n.
48. Find an equation for the normal line to y at 54. Electronics The charge on a capacitor over a
4 short interval of time, t, in seconds, is given
(23, 1), if y 5 .
"25 2 x2 by q 5 5t2 1 !2 2 5t. The formula for the
49. Energy technology The energy output of an current is the derivative of the formula for the
electrical heater varies with time t according to charge, that is, I 5 q9.
the equation E 5 6(1 1 4t2)3. (a) What is the formula for the current?
(a) Find the power, P, in watts, generated by (b) Find the value of I when t 5 0.25 s.
dE 55. Electronics In an RC circuit the current, I, is
the heater if P 5 E9 5 .
dt V
given by I 5 , where V is the volt-
(b) The answer in (a) is in watts. Rewrite your "R2 1 XC 2
answer so that it is in kilowatts. age in volts, R is the resistance in ohms, and XC
(c) Find the power, in kilowatts, at t 5 2.5 s. is the capacitative resistance in ohms. For this
exercise, assume that V 5 120 V and R 5 30 V.
50. Demography It is estimated that t years from
now the population of a certain city will be (a) What is the rate of change in the current
P(t) 5 10(45 1 3.5t)2 2 1750t. with respect to the capacitative resistance?
(a) What is the rate of change in the population? (b) Find the value of I9 when XC 5 25 V.
(b) How fast will the population be growing in 56. Environmental technology Some studies have
5 years? shown that the average level of certain pollut-
51. Environmental science After a sewage spill, ants in the air is given by L 5 1 1 0.25x 1
the level of pollution in San Juan Pedro Bay is 0.001x2 ppm when the population is x thou-
250t2 sand people. It is estimated that t years from
estimated by P(t) 5 parts per mil-
"t2 1 15 200
now the population will be x 5 , in
lion (ppm), where t is the time in days since the !9 2 0.4t
spill occurred. thousands of people.
(a) What is the rate of change in the level of (a) Find the rate of change in the level of pol-
pollution? lutants with respect to the number of years
(b) What is the rate of change in the level of from now.
pollution after 5.0 days? (b) Find the rate of change in the level of
52. Environmental science It has been estimated pollutants when t 5 5 years.
that t years from now the level of pollution in the (c) Find the rate of change in the level of pol-
0.6 "8t2 1 11t 1 60 lutants when t 5 10 years.
air will be P(t) 5 ppm.
1t 1 122 57. Business The number n of cars produced at
(a) What is the rate of change in the level of a certain factory each day is given by n(t) 5
pollution? 85t 2 5t2, where t represents the hours since
midnight and 0 # t , 24. If the cost C in dol-
(b) Find the rate of change in the level of pollu-
lars of producing n cars is given by C(n) 5
tion in 10.0 years.
16,250 1 9,500n,
53. Optics When light passes from air into a
(a) Write C as a function of time since midnight.
transparent medium, the ratio of reflected
light to incident light is given approximately by (b) Determine the derivative of C(t).
n21 2 (c) Use the chain rule to find the derivative of
R 5 a b , where n is the index of C(n) + n(t) 5 C(n(t)).
n11
58. Environmental science The A(V ) surface area second, c1 5 1 in the metric system and c1 5
in square feet covered by an oil spill on still wa- 1.486 in the English system, n is a friction fac-
ter is given by the formula A(V ) 5 105V3/4C, tor based on the roughness of the pipe, A is the
where C 5 0.1643 is a constant and V is the cross-sectional area, R is the hydraulic radius,
volume of the spill in gallons. The volume of a and s is the slope of the pipe. Consider a half-
particular spill is given by the function V(t) 5 full sewer pipe with s, A, and R all known con-
225!t, where t is the number of hours since stants. If n 5 0.015 1 0.0014t, where t is the
the spill began. Determine the surface area of age of the pipe in t years, determine Q9(t).
this spill as a function of t. 60. Environmental science When a rectangular
(a) Write A as a function of time. channel is used, the Chézy-Manning equation
(b) Determine the derivative of A(t). becomes
2/3
(c) Use the chain rule to find the derivative of whc1 wh
A (V) + V (t) 5 A (V(t)).
Q5 a b "s
n w 1 2h
59. Environmental science The Chézy-Manning Consider a channel with a slope of 0.5% (i.e.,
equation s 5 0.005), w 5 3.2 ft, and n 5 0.017 1 0.0012t,
where t is the age of the channel in t years.
c1 2/3
Q5 AR "s (a) Determine Q9(t) when h 5 1.2 ft.
n
is used to estimate the fluid flow in a pipe, (b) Determine Q9(t) when h 5 2.8 ft.
where Q is the flow rate in cubic units per
[ In Your Words ]
61. Explain how to use the chain rule to differenti- function where you could use the chain rule
ate the composition of two functions. but not the general power rule to find its
62. The general power rule for differentiation derivative.
is a special case of the chain rule. Describe a
23.5 Implicit Differentiation

So far, we have considered only functions in the explicit form y 5 f (x). If the
functional relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent
variable y is not of this form, they we say that x and y are related implicitly.
Examples of x and y being implicitly related are
4x 2 8y 1 6 5 0 4x2 1 9y2 2 36 5 0 y # 0 xy 1 9 5 0
Sometimes it is possible to form an explicit function from an expression
where x and y are related implicitly. When this can be done, the relationship is
solved for y, and a function y 5 f (x) results. For example, the implicit equation
4x 2 8y 1 6 5 0 results in the explicit function y 5 12 x 1 34. In this section, we
will learn how to take derivatives of implicit functions. The result of differen-
tiating an implicit function is called an implicit derivative and the process is
called implicit differentiation.
23.5 Implicit Differentiation 23-40
For many equations it is very difficult, or even impossible, to solve for y in

terms of x. In these cases, implicit differentiation is a much easier method of
finding the derivative. We will begin by taking the derivative in both the explicit
and the implicit form.
We will begin with the implicit function 4x 2 8y 1 6 5 0, which we write in
the explicit form y 5 12 x 1 34. The derivative of the explicit form is y 95 12.
In taking an implicit derivative, it is not necessary to solve for y in terms of
x. Instead, we will use the general power rule or the chain rule. One important
realization is the different way to take the derivative of x2 and of y2. At present
dx2 dy2 dy
we know that 5 2x. But 5 2y because we are differentiating with
dx dx dx
respect to x. This is an application of the general power rule with g (x) replaced
by y. In general, if y 5 f (x), then
d d
3 f 1 x 2 4 n 5 n 3 f 1 x 2 4 n21 3 f 1x2 4
dx dx
dy
5 nyn21
dx
5 nyn21yr
Let’s return to our example, 4x 2 8y 1 6 5 0. We will differentiate each
term with respect to x and get
d d d d
1 4x 2 2 1 8y 2 1 162 5 102
dx dx dx dx
dy
428 1050
dx
dy
Solving this for , we get
dx
dy 24 1
5 yr 5 5
dx 28 2
This is the same answer we got before. Notice that we used the chain rule to dif-
d d dy dy
ferentiate 8y. Thus 1 8y 2 5 1 8y 2 5 8 .
dx dy dx dx
In general, use the following four steps in order to differentiate implicitly.
Four Steps for Implicit Differentiation

In the list below, we assume that x is the independent variable and that we are
trying to determine dy/dx.
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to the independent
variable, x.
2. Collect the terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation and collect the
remaining terms on the other side of the equals sign.
(Continues)
(Continued)
3. Factor out dy/dx.
4. Solve for dy/dx.
In the next example, we will again find the derivative using both the explicit
and implicit methods.
dy
Example 23.33 Find of 4x2 1 9y2 2 36 5 0.
dx
Solution
Explicit form
This is the equation of an ellipse. If we solve this for y in terms of x, we get
36 2 4x2 1
y5 6 5 6 "36 2 4x2
Å 9 3
This can be written as two expressions:
1 1
y 5 "36 2 4x2 and y 5 2 "36 2 4x2
3 3
Each separate expression is now a function. As you can see in Figure 23.9,
y 5 13 "36 2 4x2 is the upper half of the ellipse and y 5 213 "36 2 4x2 is the
lower half.
If you want to find the slope of the tangent at a given point, you need to first
© Cengage Learning 2013 determine which half of the ellipse the point is on and then differentiate the ap-
Figure 23.9 propriate equation. We will differentiate the equation for the upper half:
1 1
y 5 "36 2 4x2 5 1 36 2 4x2 2 1/2
3 3
1
yr 5 1 36 2 4x2 2 21/2 1 28x 2
6
24x
5
3"36 2 4x2
Let’s compare this process to the implicit method.
Implicit form
The original equation is 4x2 1 9y2 2 36 5 0. We will differentiate both sides
with respect to x:
d d
1 4x2 1 9y2 2 36 2 5 102
dx dx
dy
8x 1 18y 5 0
dx
8x 1 18yy9 5 0
Solving for y 9, we get

28x 24x
yr 5 5
18y 9y
This is certainly a much simpler equation. But, do we get the same results?
The easiest way to find out is to substitute one of the other equations for y.
You will see that when y 5 13 "36 2 4x2 is substituted, you get
24x
y5
3 "36 2 4x2
It works! The results are not only the same, but by using implicit differentiation,
we got an easier result to use.
Example 23.34 Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of 9x2 2 4y2 5 2x.
Solution We differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x:
d d
1 9x2 2 4y2 2 5 1 2x 2
dx dx
dy
18x 2 8y 5 2
dx
dy 2 2 18x
5
dx 28y
dy 18x 2 2 9x 2 1
5 5 , if y 2 0
dx 8y 4y
dy
Example 23.35 Find , if xy2 2 x2y 1 4x 2 5y 5 16.
dx
Solution
d d
1 xy2 2 x2y 1 4x 2 5y 2 5 1 16 2
dx dx
d d 2 d d d
1 xy2 2 2 1x y2 1 1 4x 2 2 1 5y 2 5 1 16 2
dx dx dx dx dx
We must use the product rule on the first two terms:
d 2 d d d d d d
x 1 y 2 1 y2 1 x 2 2 x2 y 2 y 1 x2 2 1 1 4x 2 2 1 5y 2 5 1 16 2
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy dy
x a2y b 1 y2 1 1 2 2 x2 2 y 1 2x 2 1 4 2 5 5 0
dx dx dx
Example 23.35 (cont.) dy
If 5 yr, then we get
dx
2xyyr 1 y2 2 x2yr 2 2xy 1 4 2 5yr 5 0
1 2xy 2 x2 2 5 2 yr 5 2xy 2 y2 2 4
2xy 2 y2 2 4
yr 5
2xy 2 x2 2 5
if the denominator is not 0.
3 2
Example 23.36 Find yr, if "x 2 y 5 x.
Solution
d 2 d
1 x 2 y 2 1/3 5 1x2
dx dx
1 2 d d
1 x 2 y 2 22/3 c 1 x2 2 y 2 d 5 1x2
3 dx dx
1 2 dy
1 x 2 y 2 22/3 c 2x 2 d 5 1
3 dx
dy
Writing as y9 and, if x2 2 y 2 0, dividing both sides by 13 1 x2 2 y 2 22/3
dx
produces
1
2x 2 y9 5 1 2
31x2 y 2 22/3
2y9 5 3 1 x 2 y 2 2/3 2 2x
2
y9 5 2x 2 3 1 x2 2 y 2 2/3
Example 23.37 Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of x3 1 3xy 1 12y2 5 10 at the
point (22, 21).
Solution We first find the derivative, y9:
d 3 d
1 x 1 3xy 1 12y2 2 5 1 10 2
dx dx
d d
3x2 1 1 3xy 2 1 12 y2 5 0
dx dx
3x 1 1 3xy 1 3y 2 1 24yy9 5
2 9
0
1 3x 1 24y 2 y9 523x2 2 3y
23x2 2 3y
y 5
9
3x 1 24y
x2 1 y
52
x 1 8y
Now, at the point (22, 21), we see that

1 22 2 2 1 1 21 2 421 3
y9 5 2 52 5
22 1 8 1 21 2 22 2 8 10
Thus, the slope of the tangent line to the graph of x3 1 3xy 1 12y2 5 10 at the
point (22, 21) is 103 .
In Section 23.3, we learned how to use derivatives to calculate the equation

of tangent and normal lines to a curve. When light enters a lens, the light forms
an angle with the line perpendicular to the surface of the lens at the light’s entry
point.
The perpendicular line is normal to the surface of the lens. The next ex-
ample shows how to use implicit differentiation to determine the equation of
this normal line.
APPLICATION G EN ERAL TECH N OLO GY
Example 23.38 A profile of a lens is shown in Figure 23.10a. This particular lens is described by

the quadratic equation x2 2 xy 1 y2 5 13. Find the equation of the normal line
to this lens at the point (21, 3).
Solution The sketch in Figure 23.10a shows a lens, the tangent line, and
the normal line, where the normal line is the path of a “typical” light ray. In
Figure 23.10b, we have sketched the lens on a coordinate system and shown the
tangent and normal lines at the point (21, 3). We begin by implicitly differen-
tiating the equation that describes the lens:
d 2 d
1 x 2 xy 1 y2 2 5 1 13 2
dx dx
d 2 d d d
1x 2 2 1 xy 2 1 y2 5 1 13 2
dx dx dx dx
Tangent line
Lig
ht r
ay
Normal line
Light ray
Curve of
lens
Figure 23.10a Figure 23.10b
Example 23.38 (cont.) Using the product rule on the middle term, we obtain
d 2 d d d d
1 x 2 2 c x 1 y 2 1 y 1 x 2 d 1 y2 5 1 13 2
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
2x 2 x 2 y 1 2y 5 0
dx dx
dy
Letting 5 y9 produces
dx
2x 2 xy9 2 y 1 2yy9 5 0
or 1 2y 2 x 2 y9 5 y 2 2x
y 2 2x
and so, y9 5
2y 2 x
Now, at the point (21, 3), we see that
3 2 2 1 21 2 312 5
y9 5 5 5
2 1 3 2 2 1 21 2 611 7
Thus, the slope of the tangent line to the lens at (21, 3) is 57, so the slope of
the normal line at this point is 275. Using the point-slope form for the line, we
see that the equation of the normal line is
7
y 2 3 5 2 1x 1 12
5
or 7x 1 5y 5 8
Exercise Set 23.5
dy
In Exercises 1–34, use implicit differentiation to find .
dx
1. 4x 1 5y 5 0 11. xy 1 5xy2 5 x2 21. x2y 5 x 1 1 y
27. xy 1 5x
2. 6x 2 7y 5 3 12. x2y 2 3xy2 5 y3 1 x
22. x2 1 5 2x 28. x3 2 8x2y2 1 y 5 9x
3. x 2 y2 5 4 13. x2 1 4xy 1 y2 5 y y
4. x2 1 y2 5 9 14. x3y 2 3xy2 5 2x 1 1 29. x4 2 6x2y2 1 y2 5
23. 1 5 16 10x
5. x2 2 y2 5 16 15. x 1 5x2 2 10y2 5 3y x y
1 1 30. (x 1 2y)2 5 4x
6. x2 2 2y2 5 2x 16. x2 2 2xy 1 y2 5 x
24. 2 2 2 5 xy 2y
7. 9x2 1 16y2 5 144 17. 4x2 1 y3 5 9 x y 31. "x2 1 y2 5
x
8. 16x2 2 9y2 5 144 18. y4 2 9x2 5 9 3
25. 1 x2y 5 5 32. !x 1 xy 5 x2y2
9. 4x2 2 y2 5 4y 19. 6y3 1 x3 5 xy x11
x 33. (x2 1 y2)3 5 y
10. x2y 1 xy2 5 x 20. x2y 5 7y 26. y2 5
y11 34. (x2y 1 4)2 5 3x
23.6 Higher-Order Derivatives 23-46
35. Find the equation of the line tangent to the process, P, to labor and capital, where C is a
circle x2 1 y2 5 25 at the point (3, 24). constant. Suppose that a firm’s level of pro-
36. Find the equation of the line normal to the cir- duction is given by P 5 20x1/5y4/5, where x
cle x2 1 y2 2 2x 2 4y 5 20 at the point (22, 6). represents the units of labor and y the units
of capital. Currently, the company is using 32
37. Find the equation of the line tangent to the el-
units of labor and 243 units of capital. If labor
lipse 9x2 1 16y2 5 100 at the point (22, 2).
is increasing by 25% per month, what change
38. Find the slopes of the lines tangent and normal in units of capital is needed to maintain the
to the parabola y2 5 216x at the point (21, 4). same level of production?
39. Find the slopes of the lines tangent and nor- 43. Economics The manager of an electronics
mal to the hyperbola 12x2 2 16y2 5 192 at the store has determined that the number of digi-
point (28, 26). tal satellites and the number of television sets
40. Physics The position of a particle at time t is sold weekly are related by the equation 0.7y2
described by the relation s3 2 4st 1 2t3 2 5t 5 5 12x 1 xy, where x is the number of digital
0. Find the velocity, ds/dt, of the particle. satellites and y is the number of television sets.
41. Automotive technology An automobile’s posi- dy
tion, s, in miles, on a track at time t, in minutes, is (a) Find when x 5 10 and y 5 25.
dx
described by the relation 2s2 1 !st 2 3t 5 0. (b) Interpret your answer.
ds 44. Business The number of pairs of trousers, x,
(a) Find , the velocity of the car. and the number of shirts, y, sold at a clothing
dt
(b) What is the position of the car when t 5 2? store are related by the equation 48x 5 12y 1
(c) What is the velocity of the car when t 5 2? 0.01x2y.
42. Economics The Cobb-Douglas production dy
(a) Find when x 5 10 and y 5 40.
formula, P 5 Cxay12a, is frequently used by dx
economists to relate the cost of a production (b) Interpret your answer.
[ In Your Words ]
45. Describe how to differentiate an implicit 46. Explain how an implicit function differs from
function. an explicit function.
23.6 Higher-Order Derivatives

The derivative of a function, such as f (x), is also a function, f 9(x), called the
derivative function f 9. At present, the only application of the derivative that we
have examined is that of the slope of the curve or of a tangent to the curve. In
Chapter 24, we will look at more applications of the derivative. As we work
these applications there will be times when we need to take the derivative of a
derivative.
When it exists, the derivative of the derivative f 9 is called the second deriva-
tive and is denoted by f 7. It is possible to continue this process: The derivative of
the second derivative is the third derivative, f 5, and its derivative is the fourth
derivative, f (4). The process can be continued indefinitely, as long as the result-
ing function has a derivative.
In general, if n is a positive integer, then f (n) represents the nth derivative
of f and is found by starting with f and differentiating successively, n times. The
integer n is called the order of the derivative f (n) and, as a group, these are known
as higher-order derivatives.
As with the derivative, there are many different notations. If y 5 f (x), then
d2y d2
y 7 5 f 7 1 x 2 5 D2x y 5 5 f 1x2
dx2 dx2
all represent second derivatives,
d3y d3
y 5 f 1 x 2 5 D3x y 5
5 5
5 f 1x2
dx3 dx3
all represent third derivatives,
d4y d4
y142 5 f 142 1 x 2 5 D4x y 5 5 f 1x2
dx4 dx4
all represent fourth derivatives, and, in general,
dny dn
y1n2 5 f 1n2 1 x 2 5 Dnx y 5 5 f 1x2
dxn dxn
all represent the nth derivative.
Example 23.39 Find the first four derivatives of f (x) 5 2x5 2 3x.

Solution f 9 1 x 2 5 10x4 2 3
f 7 1 x 2 5 40x3
f 5 1 x 2 5 120x2
f 142 1 x 2 5 240x
2
Example 23.40 Find the first three derivatives of f 1 x 2 5 4x3 1 .
x
Solution We will first rewrite f (x) as 4x3 1 2x21.
f 9 1 x 2 5 12x2 2 2x 22
f 7 1 x 2 5 24x 1 4x 23
f 5 1 x 2 5 24 2 12x 24
Example 23.41 Use implicit differentiation to find y 9 and y 7 of x2 1 2xy 2 y2 5 25.
Solution Using implicit differentiation, we get
d 2 d
1 x 1 2xy 2 y2 2 5 1 25 2
dx dx
23.6 Higher-Order Derivatives 23-48
d 2 d d 2 d
1x 2 1 1 2xy 2 2 1y 2 5 1 25 2
dx dx dx dx
2x 1 2y 1 2xy9 2 2yy9 5 0
2x 1 2y x1y
y9 5 2 5 , if y 2 x
2x 2 2y y2x
To find y 7, we will use the quotient rule:
d x1y
y7 5 a b
dx y 2 x
d d
1y 2 x2 1x 1 y2 2 1x 1 y2 1y 2 x2
dx dx
5
1y 2 x2 2
1y 2 x2 11 1 y 2 2 1x 1 y2 1y9 2 12
9
5
1y 2 x22
2y 2 2xy 9
5
1y 2 x22
x1y
Substituting for y 9, we get
y2x
x1y
2y 2 2x a b
y2x
y7 5
1y 2 x22
2y 1 y 2 x 2 2 2x ax 1 yb
y2x
5
1y 2 x22
2y2 2 2yx 2 2x2 2 2xy
5
1y 2 x23
2y2 2 4xy 2 2x2
5
1y 2 x23
22 1 x2 1 2xy 2 y2 2
5
1y 2 x23
22 1 25 2 250
5 5
1y 2 x23 1y 2 x23
This concludes our introduction to derivatives. In Chapter 24, we will look

at many of the applications of derivatives.
Exercise Set 23.6
In Exercises 1–19, find the indicated higher derivatives of the given function.
1. y 5 4x3 2 6x2 1 3x 2 10; 8. h (x) 5 (x2 1 2)(x 2 1); find 4 2
d3y
find y 7. h7(x). 14. y 5 x 2 3x 1 2; find 3 .
dx
2. y 5 9x4 1 x3 2 10; find y 5 u21 1 dy2
9. g 1 u 2 5 ; find g 5 (u). 15. y 5 3 2 ; find 2 .
5 3
3. y 5 7x 2 3x 1 x; find y . (4) u2 !x dx
4. f (x) 5 10x 2 1; find f 7(x). 3 2 d2y x3 d3y
10. y 5 3! x 1 1; find 2 . 16. y 5 3 ; find 3 .
1 dx !x dx
5. f 1 x 2 5 x 1 ; find f (x).
7
x dy2
11. y 5 !x 1 1; find 2 . x
1 dx 17. f 1 x 2 5 ; find D4x f 1 x 2 .
6. f 1 t 2 5 t3 2 2 ; find f 5 (t). x11
t d2y t11
12. y 5 (4x 2 x2)2; find 2 . 18. f 1 t 2 5 ; find D3t f 1 t 2 .
1 dx t12
7. f 1 t 2 5 t2 1 ; find f 7(t).
t11 d3y 19. f (w) 5 (3w2 1 1)22; find
13. y 5 (2x 1 1)3; find 3 .
dx D2w f 1 w 2 .
In Exercises 20–27, find the indicated derivatives.

d5 4 d3 1 d2
20. 5 1 x 2 3x2 1 1 2 23. 3 ax 2 2 b 26. 2 3 1 x2 1 2x 2 1 x 2 1 2 4
dx dx x dx
d4 d2 x2 d2 x
21. 4 1 x7 2 4x5 2 x3 2 24. a b 27. 2a b
dx dx2 2x 1 3 dx !x 1 1
d8 d2 x3
22. 8 1 x8 2 3x2 1 2 2 25. a b
dx dx2 3x 2 1
In Exercises 28–34, find y 9 and y 7 in terms of x and y.

28. x2 1 y2 5 9 30. x2 2 y2 5 16 32. xy2 2 5x 5 4y 34. xy 1 y2 5 2x2
29. x2 2 4y2 5 x 31. xy2 1 4x 5 y 33. x2y 5 4
35. Police science Due to the rapid increase in and 6:00 p.m. can be approximated by T(t) 5
major crimes, the mayor of a large city plans 20.04t3 1 1.16t2 2 9.3t 1 56, where t is the
to organize a major crime task force. It is esti- number of hours after midnight and 0 # t #
mated that for each 1,000 people in the city, the 18. (a) Find T9(t). (b) Find T7(t).
number of major crimes will be N(t) 5 62 1 37. Meteorology A weather balloon is released
5t2 2 0.08t5/2, where t is the number of months from the ground and rises in the atmo-
after the task force has been organized and 0 # sphere. The balloon’s height above the
t # 12. (a)Find N9(t). (b) Find N7(t). ground, in meters, from the moment it is re-
36. Meteorology Meteorological results for a cer- leased is given by h (t) 5 120t 2 12t2, where
tain city indicate that for the month of April, the time, t, varies from 0 to 6 min. (a) Find
the daily temperature in °F between midnight h9(t). (b) Find h7(t).
CHAPTER 23 Review 23-50
38. Automotive A car accelerates from rest to a traveled in meters is given by s 1 t 2 5 3t2 2 601 t3.
maximum velocity at t 5 45 s and then de- (a) Find s9(t). (b) Find s 7(t). [Note: s9(t) is the
celerates to a stop at t 5 120 s. The distance velocity and s7(t) is the acceleration.]
[ In Your Words ]
39. If the derivative of a function describes the rate 40. Explain the difference in the meanings of the
of change of the function, what information notations f 142 1 x 2 and f 4(x).
does the second derivative give?
CHAPT ER 23 REVIE W

Important Terms And Concepts
Chain rule Normal line Of a composite function
Derivative Power rule Of a sum or difference
At a point Product rule Power rule
Four-step method Quotient rule Product rule
Of a curve Rules for derivatives Quotient rule
Of polynomials Chain rule Second derivative
Higher-order derivatives Constant function Third derivative
Implicit differentiation Linear function
Review Exercises
In Exercises 1–6, use the four-step method to differentiate the given function.
1. f (x) 5 2x2 2 x 3. f (x) 5 x 2 2x3 5. m(x) 5 !x
2. g (x) 5 x3 2 1 4 6. j (t) 5 !t 1 4
4. k (x) 5 2
x
In Exercises 7–32, find the first derivative of the given function.

7. f (x) 5 3x2 1 2x 2 1 12. y 5 (2x 1 1)(x2 1 3) 17. h (x) 5 (x2 1 4)(x 2 2)(x3 2 2)
8. g (x) 5 4x25 1 2x 13. y 5 (x 2 4)(x3 2 3x) 18. f (x) 5 (3x2 2 4x)?(5x3 1 2x 2 1)
4 !x 1 1 19. F (x) 5 " 1 x3 1 7 2 1 x 1 5 2
9. H(x) 5 3x5 1 3 1 3!x 14. F (x) 5
x x 20. g (x) 5 (x 1 5)3
1 x11 21. y 5 (x2 1 5x)2(x3 1 1)22
10. y 5 2 15. g (x) 5
x 11 !x 1 1 22. h (x) 5 (x2 1 7x 2 1)4
3x x2 23. y 5 (x 1 1)2(x 2 1)3
11. y 5 16. G (x) 5
x13 !x 1 1 24. y 5 (x 1 4)3 !x 2 1
5 4t3 2 3 dy
25. y 5 28. f (t) 5 31. If y 5 u3 2 u, u 5 x2 1 1, find .
1x 1 123
2
t2 2 2 dx
4x 1 4 dy
26. y 5 29. g (u) 5 (u2 1 2 2 )24 32. If y 5 (u 1 4)3, u 5 2t 2 5, find .
1 3x 1 4 2 2 u u dt
x2 3 2
30. R (t) 5 "t2 2 2t 1 1 " t 11
27. y 5
" 1 x2 2 2 2 3
In Exercises 33–38, find the implicit derivatives.

33. x2 1 4xy 1 4y2 5 16 1
37. x2y3 1 5x
34. x3 2 2xy 5 y2 y
35. 2xy 2 x2 5 y2x 38. 4x2 1 xy2 1 y21 5 2x
36. x2y 1 yx3 5 10
In Exercises 39–49, find the indicated derivative.

7 4
d3y
39. f (x) 5 x 1 2x 1 3x; find f (x).
7
44. y 5 x 23
1 4x ; find 3 .
21
dx
1
40. h (x) 5 !x 2 ; find h5 (x). 45. f (x) 5 5x3 1 !x; find D3x f 1 x 2 .
!x
d3
2 46. g (x) 5 (x2 1 1)3; find 3 g (x).
41. g (x) 5 4x3 2 5x 1 ; find g5 (x). dx
x
2
47. x y 5 y 1 2x; find y .
7
5
d2y
42. y 5 4x 2 2x ; find 2 .
23
48. y2 5 xy2 1 x3; find y 9.
dx
3 49. xy 5 x2 1 y2; find y 9 and y 7 .
7 dy
43. y 5 7x3 1 3 ; find 3 .
x dx
x2
50. Find the slopes of the tangent and the normal 55. If g (x) 5 , find all values of x for which
x11
lines to the curve y 5 4x2 2 9x at (3, 9).
g 9(x) 5 0.
51. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve f (x) 5
7x3 2 3x 1 6 at (21, 2) 56. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
52. Find the slope of the tangent to the ellipse 4x2 1 y 5 x2 1 4 at (21, 5).
9y2 5 40 at (21, 2) 57. Find the equation of the normal line to the
53. Find the slopes of the tangent and the normal ellipse 4x2 1 5y2 5 36 at (22, 2).
lines to the curve 4x2 1 3y2 2 5xy 2 4x 1 10y 2 58. If y 5 !x 1 4, find all values of x for which
11 5 0 at (2, 21). y 95 0.
54. If f (x) 5 x3 2 3x 2 1, find all values of x for 59. Find all values of x where f 7(x) 5 0 if f (x) 5
which f 9(x) 5 0. 3x4 2 6x2 1 2.
60. If y 5 x3 2 9x2 2 4, find the value(s) of x for
which y 75 0.
CHAPTER 23 Test 23-52
CHAPT ER 23 T EST

In Exercises 1–5, find the first derivative of the given functions.
1. f (x) 5 5x3 2 4 4. j (x) 5 (2x 1 1)(3x2 2 x)
2. g (x) 5 3x24 1 5x2 2x 1 1
5. k (x) 5
3 6
3. h (x) 5 "x 22 "4x2 1 1
6. Find the second and third derivatives of f (x) 5 10. The population of a certain bacterial culture af-
5x4 2 4x23. t2 2 5t
ter t hours is approximated by P (t) 5 ,
7. Find y 9, if 2xy 1 y3x 5 x3. 2!t 1 7
8. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve where P (t) is in thousands of bacteria.
g (x) 5 4x3 2 2x2 1 4 at (1, 6). (a) Find an expression for the rate of growth of
these bacteria.
9. A particle moving in a straight line is at a distance
of s(t) 5 4.5t2 1 27t ft from its starting point after (b)Determine the rate of growth after 5 hours.
ts. If the velocity y(t) of the particle at time t is
y(t) 5 s9(t), find the velocity of this particle.

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23 The Derivative

I n Chapter 22, we looked at one of the questions that led to the

When manufacturing a lens for eyeglasses, an optical technician needs

23.1 THE TANGENT QUESTION AND THE DERIVATIVE

© Cengage Learning 2013

© Cengage Learning 2013

Average Rate of Change at a Point

As Q is picked closer to P, x2 approaches x1. This means that h is getting

Slope of a Tangent to a Graph

Example 23.3 Find the slope of f (x) 5 x2 at the point (3, 9).

So, the slope of the tangent line to y 5 x2 at (3, 9) is 6.

APPLICATION G EN ERAL TECH N OLO GY

When t 5 1, the volume of the tank is increasing at the rate of 14 L/min.

Derivative of a Function f at a Number c

[ ] Caution The symbols

Four Steps for Calculating f 9(c)

Example 23.5 Find the derivative of f (x) 5 x3 at x 5 3 by using the four-step method.

So, the derivative of f (x) 5 x3 at x 5 3 is f 9(3) 5 27.

So, the derivative of g (x) 5 3x2 1 5x is g 9(x) 5 6x 1 5.

Example 23.9 Use the four-step method to find the derivative of f (x) 5 !x 2 3 at x 5 4.

Using a Calculator to Approximate

Using a Spreadsheet to Approximate

© Cengage Learning 2013

In Exercises 5–8, compute the average rate of change from x1 to x2.

© Cengage Learning 2013

© Cengage Learning 2013

© Cengage Learning 2013

© Cengage Learning 2013

In Exercises 49–60, evaluate the derivative at each of the indicated points.

Table 23.1 Distance Traveled by Porsche 911 Carrera

Table 23.2 Distance Traveled by Dodge Viper GTS

Table 23.3 Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1960–2005

Table 23.4 U.S. Postal Service Periodical Mail Deliveries: 2000–2008

(a) Find a linear model for these data.

23.2 DERIVATIVEs OF POLYNOMIALS

Thus, we have determined the following derivative of a constant function.

Rule 1: Derivative of f (x) 5 k

Rule 2: Derivative of f (x) 5 mx 1 b

Example 23.12 Find the derivative of (a) f (x) 5 28 and (b) g (x) 5 9x 2 4.

Polynomials of the Form f (x ) 5 x n

So, the derivative of f (x) 5 x2 is f 9(x) 5 2x.

Step 1: g (x 1 h) 5 (x 1 h)3 5 x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3

Thus, the derivative of g (x) 5 x3 is g 9(x) 5 3x2.

Rule 3: Derivative of f (x) 5 xn

The next example demonstrates the usefulness of fractional exponents—

which is not the correct answer.

Three General Formulas

Rule 4: Derivative of f (x) 5 k f (x)

Rules 5 and 6: Derivative of f (x) 5 f (x) 6 g (x)

Example 23.16 Find the derivative of f (x) 5 7x5 2 4x3 1 2x 2 8.

23.3 DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCT AND QUOTIENTS

The Product Rule

5 f 1x2 g91x2 1 f91x2 g 1x2

Product Rule for Derivatives

Example 23.17 Find the derivative of F (x) 5 (x2 1 x)(x3 2 1).

Example 23.18 Find G 9(x), if G (x) 5 (x3 1 2x2 1 x)(x2 2 5x).

The Quotient Rule

Quotient Rule for Derivatives

Example 23.23 (cont.) Since the slope of the tangent line is 46 1

Solve Exercises 39 and 40.

23.4 Derivatives of Composite Functions

None of the functions that we have differentiated have involved composite

Example 23.25 (a) If f (x) 5 x2 and g (x) 5 x 1 1, then ( f + g)(x) 5 (x 1 1)2