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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Wheel Powered Cart Brush. We ended taking up this study without hesitation and

doubt because we believed that this would be a great deal and sure cooperate to improve

the principle and ways of cleaning surroundings.

As engineering students studying in this university, supposedly, we are concerned

that our knowledge and learnings can be use in good and helpful ways especially with

having a beautiful surroundings and clean and green environment.

One of the purposes why we have engineers and students studying engineering is

to bring help in every, even in a small way to improved and developed having an easy

way of living and to ease every individual’s work. Having good and clean surroundings,

we have utilities in our school. They stand to maintain the orderliness and cleanliness of

our surroundings. One of these is cleaning the roads where we usually find them working

or whether they’re using machinery but those which are consumed more energy and takes

many times to do the work. In addition, those machines involve financial negotiations.

In places to places, we can see that this situation happens not only in our school

which workers uses pressurized water to cleanse paths that are rotten by dirt. We all

knows that job will be easier if we have proper machines designed to this kind of work

that will help the workers to ease and to give more efficient way of cleaning. In addition,

it will take the workers tedious and hardworking job. It will also take less energy and less

water consuming if we make this kind of machinery.


Due to mechanical work of the said project, we can’t make sure that smoke and

noise will not be distraction to the students for it is not working with motor compared to

grass cutting machine, and the importance of the said project is it will make the job of the

workers easier and less time comparing to other machine that they used this time.

Especially in Southern Luzon State University that some pathways are rotten, it will be a

good advantage that we have this kind of machine and it will be a good deal if the study

of development and improvement of this project will be continued.

Background of the Study

Looking at the general overview of this topic research, the idea of the thesis

begins when we are walking outside the admin building and saw one of the utility of our

school uses pressurized water to clean area that is rotten. We saw that the machine

consumed more water rather than the work to be done. These scenario bring us to an idea

to improved and bring there working into easier way.

This topic may not be as wider as the other topics but it will have a big

contribution to our community with problem to slippery outdoors especially during rainy

season. In area with so many people, this problem is common but it can be minimized

with the help of Wheel Powered Cart Brush.

The construction of the said machine use rotating brush. This would be the main

cleaning part and placed in front of the machine. The specialty of this machine is for

outdoors so the brush needed will designed for hard operating process. In addition, this

machine will be more efficient than actual cleaning or cleaning using pressurized water
from the pump. It will be easy to recommend using this machine for ground cleaning

operation for it has more advantages than other operation.

Having clean surroundings is important for it helps us to have a good quality of

living. The CIRI once said;

“It is imperative that the focus be on ‘cleaning green,’ that is cleaning first, cleaning for

health and hygiene, as well as cleaning in an environmentally preferable manner.”

- Cleaning Industry Research Institute (CIRI)

Objectives of the Study

The study generally aimed to design with improving way of cleaning and help the

workers to have an efficient and easier ways to this job using Wheel Powered Cart Brush.

Specifically, this study intended to meet the following objectives:

1. To design and fabricate a pathways cleaning machine powered by wheel.

2. To compare the performance of wheel powered cart brush to pressurized washer

from the pump in terms of:

2.1. Time

2.2. Efficiency

2.3. Human effort

3. To minimized the use of water from pressurized water from the pump and

maximized the conservation of energy using wheel powered cart brush.


Significance of the Study

Considering that science and technology plays a very important role in a society,

the findings of this study will rebound in benefit of individuals. This technical study

intended to design a machine that will serve as a substitute to old way of ground cleaning

operation and to usual pressurized water used as a machinery.

This research study entitled “Wheel Powered Cart Brush” will be beneficial to the

workers as it will help them to ease their job and will give a more efficient way of

cleaning. It will also require a lesser effort compared to actual way cleaning and with

using of pressurized washer that consumed more water. In addition, the time consumed in

operation will decrease because the machine will fasten the job.

For the researcher, this study means applying their knowledge in the field of

machine design. This study could also be a good start for the researchers to introduce an

alternative, advanced way of ground cleaning operation in a more efficient and faster

way.

For the readers or future researchers, this study will serve as reference material

for material for additional knowledge and valuable information not only in their study but

also in conducting researches about environmental cleanliness and orderliness, thus,

ground cleaning operation.

Scope and Limitation

The proposed research study primarily focused on improvement and advancement

of ground cleaning operation. Design calculations and assumptions were made as a


consideration to come up with realistic and effective design for more favorable results

and quality output.

The study concentrated in determining the effectiveness of improved way of

cleaning compared to actual way and using of pressurized washer. Moreover, the machine

is design for ground surface cleaning purposes only and since it is design with wheels, it

may not reach the corners of the walls but with hoping for continuation of the study,

we’re sure these limits will be eliminated.

This study limits the machine in cleaning the surfaces that are not concrete and

not flatten in order to protect the machine from destruction. The machine designed for flat

surfaces only since the wheels are not adjustable.

In addition, since the machine is not automatic, it will require a manual stirring

from the workers but with this method, it can help the machine to clean the surface

accurately and without exception of areas.

Definition of Terms

All the terms below are list of the words that tackled during the research. They are

defined operationally and how they were being used in the study.

 Brush, plastic: a part of the machine which act as the floor cleaner moved by shaft

connected to the wheel shaft via chains and sprocket.

 Cart: a usually two or four wheeled vehicle moved by pull or push force.

 Chain and sprocket: the acting mechanism or the heart of the machine and make it

do the job.
 Chassis: is the internal frame work or a construction of metals standing as the body

of the machine and support the man-made object.

 Grime: a general term refers to dirt that covers the surface. Examples are moss,

algae, liverwort, lichen, etc.

 Pillow Block: is a pedestal used to provide support for a rotating shaft with the help

of compatible bearings & various accessories.

 Prototype: is a first, typical or preliminary model of something, especially a

machine, from which other forms are developed or copied.

 Shaft is a long, narrow part or section forming the handle of a tool or club, the body

of a spear or arrow, or a similar implement.

 Static Friction: is a force that keeps an object at rest. It must be overcome to start

moving the object.

 Wheel: is a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or

other object to enable it to move easily over the ground.


Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

This part of research study includes reviewing and organizing related literature

and studies in order to serve as guide upon designing the wheel powered cart brush

machine. Necessary pieces of information were gathered from books, published articles,

and internet citations and references.

Brush

A brush is a common tool with bristles, wire or other filaments. It generally

consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affixed in either a parallel or

perpendicular orientation depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use.

A scrubber brush, is a typical wide brush with a long shaft used for cleaning hard

floors or surfaces. Unlike a broom, which has soft bristles to sweep dirt away, a scrubber

has hard bristles for brushing. It may therefore be used wet, with water or cleaning fluids.

Wheel

A wheel is a circular block of a hard and durable material at whose center has

been bored a circular hole through which is placed an axle bearing about which the wheel
rotates when a moment is applied by gravity or torque to the wheel about its axis. When

placed vertically under a load-bearing platform or case, the wheel turning on the

horizontal axle makes it possible to transport heavy loads; when placed horizontally, the

wheel turning on its vertical axle makes it possible to control the spinning motion used to

shape materials when mounted on a column connected to a rudder or a chassis mounted

on other wheels, when connected to a crank, the wheel produces or transmits energy.

Chain and Sprocket

A sprocket is a toothed wheel that fits onto a shaft. It is prevented from rotating

on the shaft by a key that fits into keyways in the sprocket and shaft.

A chain is used to connect two sprockets. One sprocket is the driver sprocket. The

other sprocket is the driven sprocket. Motion and force can be transmitted via the chain

from one sprocket to another, therefore from one shaft to another. Chains that are used to

transmit motion and force from one sprocket to another are called power transmission

chains.

Floor cleaning

Floor cleaning is a basic and major occupation throughout the world. The main

job of most cleaners is to clean floors.

Reasons for cleaning floors

The principal reasons for floor cleaning are:


 To prevent injuries due to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips and trips on level

floors are a major cause of accidental injury or death. Bad practice in floor cleaning is

itself a major cause of accidents.

 To beautify the floor.

 To remove stains, dirt, litter and obstructions.

 To remove grit and sand which scratch and wear down the surface.

 To remove allergens, in particular dust.

 To prevent wear to the surface (e.g. by using a floor wax or protective sealant).

 To make the environment sanitary (e.g. in kitchens).

 To maintain an optimum traction (e.g. for dance floors).

Bolts and Nuts

According to Litherland (2001), a bolt is one of the common fasteners used in a

variety of different applications. In appearance, a bolt looks like a small pin or rod with a

thread running all around its sides in a screw-like pattern. A bolt is meant to be put

through holes in two objects that will be held together and a nut will be turned onto the

bolt’s thread until the nut is tight. By turning the nut which is large than the hole that the

bolt went through along the threads, it compresses the two objects together, since the

head of the bolt and the nut are exerting pressure on the objects between them.

Nuts and bolts are fastens designed to hold two-or-more objects together. This is

achieved by inserting a bolt through both objects and fastening a nut to the end of the
bolt. This usually simple task can be accomplished by considerations ranging from the

type of bolt used, to how the bolt is inserted into the objects. (Thompson, 2015)

Shafts

A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is

used to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces

power to a machine which absorbs power. The various members such as pulleys and

gears are mounted on it. (Shreeyash Chiddarwar, 2013)

Grime

Grime is the general term for dirt like moss, algae, lichens, and liverworts. It is

commonly to find growing on hard surfaces. Common example of this are algae, lichens,

liverworts and moss. The grime does not damage what they are growing on, but it can

cause patios, drives, paths and steps to become slippery. Rainy season is usually the time

when algal and moss and liverwort growth is most significant, but build-up can occur

during any wet period or in shady, humid areas.

Algae

A green film or powdery deposit, typical of algae on paving, stonework and

garden furniture. It is common as dark green or blackish jelly-like growths that often

appeared in damper on cooler weather, paths and areas of tarmac, incorrectly known as

blue-green or gelatinous algae.

Lichen
Lichen are commonly found on paving and timber structures such as garden

benches and vase. The color of lichen varies with species, but most are grey-green, silver-

grey, orange or yellow. They can be crust-like, scurfy or leafy in texture.

Liverwort

Some kinds of this algae grow on hard surfaces usually have a flattened, green,

plate-like body and no leaves. Marchantia is the most common example of liverwort. It is

often topped with umbrella-like structures.

Moss

It commonly found on hard surfaces are usually cushion-like. Prevention and

elimination of algae, moss and liverworts that grow on pots, soil, benches, walkways and

even on plant leaves and stems is one of the toughest problems faced by ornamental plant

producers. Understanding the conditions that promote them the first step in controlling

these pests. Managing these elements are complex and affected by weather as well as by

the needs of specific plug crops. For instance, quick-growing crops such as zinnia are

rarely covered with algal mats, while slow-growing crops such as Lisianthus are

frequently affected by algal growth, which then inhibits the crop’s access to water and

fertilizer. Even the application of fertilizer sparingly and directly to the plants is done,

there is small amount of unused by the plants will provide food for algae, moss and

liverworts.

The right and appropriate control of these plants is dependent upon where they are

growing. In walkways, pots and benches can be treated with some chemicals but these
chemicals sometimes can be toxic to plants. Commercial bleach (sodium hypochlorite),

bromine, copper, peroxy-acetate and quaternary ammonium compounds are available for

control on nonliving surfaces such as walkways, bench tops and empty pots. With

application of chemicals, algae control in cooling pads is generally achieved especially

the quaternary ammonium compounds. In addition, these pests use fertilizer intended to

promote crop growth, further limiting crop values.

Removing these mats by hand is a common solution despite the costly nature of

“weeding” each and every pot in a nursery. Although liverworts and mosses are more

common in nursery crop production, they can grow and spread and reproduce efficiently

once they find their way into a greenhouse. Recent reports have been made of serious

problems in perennial production, both indoors and outdoors.

Preventative treatments should include keeping the walkway as dry as possible

and making sure that runoff from fertilizer applications is minimal. Some periodic

cleanup is usually necessary. A pressure cleaner with or without a chemical can speed up

removal of algae buildup. Be sure to direct sprays away from plants concentrations that

kill algae and moss can cause Pyto-toxicity.

Control

For areas where growths are a slip-hazard or are contributing to the weathering of

wooden structures, the following controls are recommended.

a. Non-chemical control
 Dislodge moss from between paving by running a sharp knife along the cracks.

Alternatively, use a block paving brush with a long handle, narrow head and wire

bristles for effective cleaning without stooping.

 A pressure washer will remove moss and algae effectively. However, use this

method with care in areas where drainage is unsatisfactory as the extra water could

exacerbate damp problems. Always wear goggles when using a pressure washer. This

is the best method for removal of moss and algae from wooden garden features. After

spraying, consider treating fences and sheds with wood preservatives and garden

furniture with teak oil.

 Brush hard surfaces with a stiff broom on a regular basis to help prevent growths

from taking hold. Raking loose surfaces such as gravel helps to keep these areas free

of both moss and weeds.

 Prune overhanging plants to improve air flow – this will allow the drying effects

of sun and wind to reach the site.

 Ensure surfaces slope slightly to prevent standing water.

 Improving drainage in the surrounding area will also help to deter growths. Dig

out shallow channels along the edges of paths, patios and drives and fill with coarse

gravel to absorb run off water.

 Fork over beds close to damp surfaces to maximize drainage and water

absorption.
 Only pave areas essential for access. Choose permeable paving when constructing

new hard surfaces and keep drains clear of leaves and debris.

 Surface finishes that are raised to give grip in wet weather are ideal for shady

spots. On wooden surfaces try tacking down some chicken wire as this too will make

it less slippery. Spreading coarse sand over garden steps is another simple anti-slip

solution.

b. Chemical control

Algae, lichens and liverworts can be removed with most proprietary patio

cleaners. Moss can be controlled with products approved for use on hard surfaces. Most

products are non-persistent and repeat applications will be required.

 Use products based on benzalkonium chloride, acetic acid, fatty acids, nitrilo

triacetic acid/trisodium salt or other surfaces cleaners such as Jeyes Fluid Path &

Patio Cleaner which claim to control algae on hard surfaces or natural paths. They

may also give some control of lichens and liverworts.

 For moss control on hard surfaces use acetic acid, fatty acids or pelargonic acid.

 Just Patio and Concrete Cleaner is a natural surfactant (detergent) based on

seaweed extracts or Ecofective Safe to Clean and should be especially safe to use near

planted areas. It claims to remove algae on hard surfaces.


 Path and patio cleaners based on hydrochloric acid or bleach have some effect but

not recommended for use near plants. They can also discolor certain types of stone.

Inclusion of a weed killer product does not indicate a recommendation or

endorsement by the RHS. It is a list of products currently available to the home gardener.

RELATED STUDIES

“Design and Analysis of Manually Operated Eco-Friendly Road Cleaner” by

PROF. DR. A. MUNIARAJ. He has developed the manually operated eco-friendly road

cleaner. In this he conclude that while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less

effective where the road seems to be very rough and damaged. It can provide job to the

uneducated person who is in need for such jobs as human energy is needed to drive the

machine. The manually operated road cleaner is successfully designed, analyzed and

fabricated. This project works for road cleaning that reducing the cost, human efforts as

well as time. It can cause pollution and also the vibration produced in the machine causes

noise pollution. While manual cleaning may cause healthy problem as the person directly

comes in contact with dust. Also, the shoulder problem due to continuously sweeping

occurs. This study is an alternative concept for avoiding such problems. It can work very

efficiently with respect to covering area, time and cost of road cleaning process compared

with the existing machineries. Also it is economical.


“Design of Dust Collector for Rear Wheel of Four-Wheeler” by ABHISHEK

CHAKRA BORTY ET AL [2013] – They reported that the most significant cause of

road dust is vehicle traveling on paved and unpaved' surfaces. Consequently data directly

relating dust to road accidents are rare, but in study if dust is the cause of 10% of these

accidents casualties then the cost could amount to as much as 0.02% of GDP in some

developing countries and total about $800 million annually.

“Design & Development of Tricycle Operated Street Cleaning Machine”

conducted by SANDEEP. J. MESHRAM ET AL [2016] – He has developed the street

cleaning machine by tricycle operated. The author concluded that the cleaning is less

effective where the street seems to be very rough and damaged.

1.) It is found that the existing street cleaning machines uses petrol and diesel. It can

cause pollution and also the vibration produced in the machine causes noise pollution.

While manual cleaning may cause health problem as the person directly comes in contact

with dust. Also, the shoulder problem due to continuously sweeping occurs.

2.) A tricycle operated street cleaning machine seems an alternative concept for avoiding

such problems enlisted in first point.

3.) The tricycle operated machine can work very efficiently with respect to covering area,

time and cost of street cleaning process compared with the existing machineries. Also it is

economical.

4.) It was seen while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less effective where the street

seems to be very rough and damaged.


Another study from ANUP MENDHE [2017] “Multipurpose Floor Cleaning

Machine”. He reported that the multiple applications provide a wide range of functions

in which we can clean the pipe, scrubbing of surface for proper cleaning of the floor,

remove dust and dirt from the road, provide a pick and place mechanism by which

obstacles can be removed. This project is very helpful for the society and play a vital role

in cleanliness of the country. The motive of the project is to cover the aspects of

cleanliness in the society. The study provide a wide range of functions in which we can

clean the pipe, scrubbing of surface for proper cleaning of the floor. This project is very

helpful for the society and play a vital role in cleanliness of the country.

MOHSEN AZADBAKHT ET AL [2014] “Design and fabrication of a tractor

powered leaves collector machine equipped with suction-blower system”- The authors

explained about the fabrication of leaves collector machine by tractor powered with

suction blower system. He has framed the machine by using chassis, pump, blower,

gearbox, hydraulic jack. They concluded total power consumption of that machine is

around 14634 W.

Conceptual Framework

The figure below shows the flow of the study starting from the input down to

process and finally the output in the input, the researchers use tangible sources such as

books, printed articles, etc. and non-tangible sources like direct observation and survey

for reliable references. On the other hand, in the process, it all starts in the considering
the possible principles law that shall govern the study to be conduct. Prototype designing

is very crucial because it will determine the outcome of the study. After fabricating the

machine, it is necessary to check if the said prototype is working and if it is suitable for

the purpose it is designed for. Likely, the project shall undergo different tests under

varying set-ups to determine which configuration offers the best. The results will be

analyzed and treated to yield better conclusion.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Wheel Powered Cart


Current floor cleaning tools Principles, laws, ideas
Brush
and procedures suitable for the study

Basis for the selection


of the study

Design synthesis and analysis

Material selection and


Machine fabrication

Testing

Prototype using Wheel


Powered Cart Brush
Result analysis
Fig. 1 Input - Process - Output Model

Hypothesis

1.) Alternative hypothesis (HA):

There is a significant difference in the performance of the pressurized washer and

wheel powered cart brush in terms of:

1.1. Time of procedure

1.2. Volume of water

2.) Null hypothesis (HO):

There is no significant difference in the performance of the pressurized washer

and wheel powered cart brush in terms of:

2.1. Time of procedure

2.2. Volume of water


Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The researchers gathered the sufficient and relevant information from various

books, and printed materials relative to the study. The theories concepts and principles are

used as basis for the required materials, operations, and other processes involved in the

designing of the prototype. These include mechanical books, project documentation,

unpublished thesis and related materials. These increased our knowledge regarding the

principles that can be applied to the research.

Browsing through different websites in the internet was another method used in

acquiring information. Related projects, articles and concepts enhanced our knowledge in

designing prototype.
Research locale

The study will be conducted at the Southern Luzon State University, formerly

known as Southern Luzon Polytechnic College, the premier higher education institution

in Quezon Province in the Philippines. With nine campuses in the province of Quezon, its

main campus is located at the Municipality of Lucban. The study not eventually used in a

particular area. It could be used at Subdivisions, Rice Mill, somewhere the floor needed

the removing of grime or dirt to avoid slippery and bad looks to pathways and flooring.

Basically the workers of SLSU or utility staff doing their job to clean using a

pressurized water flowing via hose to remove the dirt that takes several time and water.

This needed a cleaning method that will minimize time and also water

consumption but still reach the purpose of cleaning the floor efficiently. One of the reason

why the researchers conducted the study about this is because most utility staff still

practicing the conventional way of removing dirt on the floor. The study is indeed a

stepping stone for the innovation of cleaning method in SLSU main campus for the sake

of utility staff, for school, and for the conducted of research, we serve former worker to

minimize their manpower and save time and less their effort.

Unit of Analysis/Respondents/Treatments

In this study, the unit of analysis is the comparison of operation time for the

process, also the water consumed for three different processes and the respondents are the

members of the school utility/cleaning maintenance staff in the traditional way of

cleaning.
Research design

The study is a two-phase research which involved the fabrication and design of a

prototype. It is also experimental research as it involves testing our hypothesis by

providing valid conclusions about relationship between independent and dependent

variables. It is intended to provide information concerning the performance of the wheel

powered cart brush and also its efficiency.

To come up with an efficient and functional design of grime remover, the

researchers made a several considerations and crucial decisions especially to the

materials used in the prototype. The researchers made their design based on studies and

typical wheel powered cart brush to at different sites at horizontal flat surface only.

The experimental design is necessary in order to determine the functionality of the

machine in terms of its performance. The researcher presented and explained the data and

information provided in designing according to the availability of materials.

The criteria that must be considered in designing the Wheel Powered Cart Brush

are:

 Durability: Wheel Powered Cart Brush should be durable when taking off all the

grime by means of rotational brushing.

 Material: The material that will be used must be suitable to fabricate the Wheel

Powered Cart Brush.

 Cost: Depends upon the material and fabricating processes. It should be economical

in cost.
Methods of Fabrication and Assembly

In fabricating the machine, the researchers used the following procedure to obtain

an efficient output.

 Providing the needed materials available for the fabrication of the Wheel Powered

Cart Brush.

 Cutting and welding the frame of the machine.

 Assembly of the cylindrical brush.

 Attached the cylindrical brush to the shaft.

 Attached the wheel to the driven shaft.

 Making and checking the right construction and placement of the chains and

sprockets according to the design and calculation.

 Testing the machine as a whole and adjusting the details needed to be redo.

 Finishing the fabrication of the prototype including painting.

Research Instrument

The researchers used different kinds of reference in gathering data and

information for the accomplishment of the study. It includes books, mechanical

engineering books, thesis center library, web pages, online journals and other computed-

base references. One of the effective used is by personal interview with the utility staff

and other personnel staff pertinent in the study.

The researchers used different measuring tools in order to collect data in

removing grime and fabricating the machine. The test is based on the speed of time and
amount of force to clean up the floor. The researcher used the following tools and

equipment to measure the variables.

The following instruments were utilized to determine the quantitative

measurements pertinent to the study. Moreover, all were calibrated prior to utilizing these

instruments;

 Meter tape – was used in fabrication of the machine, especially the frame of

machine. Not only the dimensions of the machine were measured but also the

distances by length. It is also for the measurement of area to be use for testing of

the prototype.

 Timer/stopwatch – was used to determine the time lapsed from different time

frame from using the machine compared to the time of manual removing

operation and using the pressurized washer.

Procedures/Data Collection

Gathering of data and information through books, related studies, and other means

of evaluating related existing design served as reference in the design of the prototype.

Also by the used of interviewing due people who gives about the topic information gives

a relevant and accurate data as statistical data being gathered.

TABLE 1: The tables shown below are the tables to be use for gathering the data

needed for the testing of the designed prototype. The following trials is to be done with

areal dimension of 8.0 m2.

Table 1a: Time comparison of manual operation and prototype.


Time of Operation (min)
TRIAL
Manual Using the Prototype
1
2
3
Table 1a will show the data to be gathered using the manual operation and using

the prototype and will compare in three trials. In the test, we will start the operation

corresponding to the timer.

Table 1b: Time comparison of pressurized washer and prototype.

Time of Operation (min)


TRIAL
Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype
1
2
3

TABLE 2: The tables shown below are the tables to be use for gathering the data

needed for the testing of the designed prototype. The following trials is to be done with

areal dimension of 8.0 m2.

Table 2a: Water consumption comparison of manual and prototype.

Water Consumed (m3)


TRIAL
Manual Using the Prototype
1
2
3
The data shown in table 2a is gathered by three trials of testing. The table shown

the volume of water consumption between the manual procedure and the prototype. We

measured the volume of water used with the same bucket used on both operations.
Table 2b: Water consumption comparison of pressurized washer and prototype.

Water Consumed (m3)


TRIAL
Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype
1
2
3

Gathering of Data (Testing)

1. Measure the dimension of the area to be use in testing.

2. Prepare machine for cleaning operation.

3. Set the timer.

4. Start the operation with the timer.

5. Check the characteristics of the floor and stop the timer.

6. Record the time.

7. Repeat the procedures for another set of trials.

Data Analysis

After the testing and data gathering, analysis will be made through computation.

The performance of the Wheel Powered Cart Brush will be determined through the data

gathered. The variables needed to be determined in the test are the following:

a. Time of operation using the design prototype.

b. Volume of water consumption use for cleaning operation.

Statistical treatment
To attain the objectives posed in this study, the following statistical tools were

applied on the data collected.

T-test for independent samples will be use to find out if there is significant

difference between the output of the manual cleaning operation, the pressurized washer

and the machine in terms of cleaning time, quality of the performance and the

consumption of water and energy. The formula is:

 Standard Deviation

s=
√ ∑ ( x A− x́ A )
n−1

where;

s=standard deviation x A=values n=number of trials

 T-value

x́ A −x́ B
t=

√( s 12 +s 22
n )
where;

t=T −value n=number of trials x́ A=meanof the data of the prototype

x́ B=meanof the dataof the manual operation

s 1=standard deviationof the prototype

s 2=standard deviationof the manual operation

 Degree of Freedom
d f =n−1

where;

d f =degree of freedom n=number of trials

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS


In this chapter, the data gathered from the trials on the testing of the designed

prototype presented through tables, together with the analysis corresponding to each

tables. It states the comparison between three different processes using manual operation,

using pressurized washer and using the prototype corresponding with the data gathered

by three trials. The following trials is to be done with areal dimension of 8.0 m2.

TABLE 1: Cleaning time comparison using manual operation, pressurized washer

and wheel powered cart brush in terms of area cleaned.

Table 1a: Time comparison of manual operation and prototype.

Time of Operation (min)


TRIAL
Manual Using the Prototype
1 4.73 2.75
2 5.02 2.59
3 4.51 2.71
The data of manual operation is based on the work output of Mr. Michael P.

Ilagan, one of the author of the study. Table 1a shows the data gathered using the manual

operation and using the prototype compared in three trials. In the test, we start the

operation corresponding to stopwatch.

Table 1b: Time comparison of pressurized washer and prototype.

Time of Operation (min)


TRIAL
Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype
1 6.05 2.75
2 7.12 2.59
3 6.84 2.71
The data gathered for the pressurized washer is based on the work output of Ms.

Lady Joy M. Querijero, residence of Brgy. Tinamnan Lucban, Quezon. Table 1b shows

the data gathered from testing and comparison between the pressurized washer and the

prototype.
TABLE 2: Comparison of water consumption. The following trials is done with areal

dimension of 8.0 m2.

Table 2a: Water consumption comparison of manual and prototype.

Water Consumed (liter)


TRIAL
Manual Using the Prototype
1 25.7 25.7
2 25.7 25.7
3 25.7 25.7
The data shown in table 2a is gathered by three trials of testing. The table shown

the volume of water consumption between the manual procedure and the prototype. We

measured the volume of water used with the same bucket used on both operations.

Table 2b: Water consumption comparison of pressurized washer and prototype.

Water Consumed (liter)


TRIAL
Using Pressurized Washer Using the Prototype
1 32.7 25.7
2 40.5 25.7
3 37.4 25.7
The table shown the difference between the water consumption of pressurized

washer and the prototype. During the testing, we measure the volume of water depending

on the level of water inside the drum with diameter of 22-inches.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULT

Time comparisons

TABLE 4.1: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Manual Operation

TRIAL TIME (t) in seconds


x x x x
2 2
Manual (¿¿ A) Prototype (¿¿ B) (¿ ¿ A−x́ A ) (¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
1 4.73 2.75 0.000529 0.0045
2 5.02 2.59 0.0713 0.0086
3 4.51 2.71 0.059 0.00073
x x
2 2
∑(¿ ¿ A−x́ A ) ∑(¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
n=3 x́ A = 4.753 x́ B = 2.683 ¿ ¿

0.1308 0.0138
T – value 13.3351
Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of

Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303.

Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time

consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the manual

process.

Conclusion: there is sufficient evidence that there is significant difference between the

cleaning procedure of manual operation and using the prototype.

TABLE 4.2: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Pressurized washer

TIME (t) in seconds


Pressurized washer
TRIAL x x
x (¿ ¿ A−x́ A )
2
(¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
2

Prototype (¿¿ B) ¿ ¿
x ¿
(¿¿ A)
¿
1 6.05 2.75 0.3844 0.0045
2 7.12 2.59 0.2025 0.0086
3 6.84 2.71 0.0289 0.00073
x x
2 2
∑(¿ ¿ A−x́ A ) ∑(¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
n=3 x́ A = 6.67 x́ B = 2.683 ¿ ¿

0.6158 0.0138
T – value 6.911

Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of

Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303.

Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time

consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the

pressurized washer.

Conclusion: there is sufficient evidence that there is significant difference between the

cleaning procedure using the pressurized washer and the prototype.


Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the results and findings of the study based on

comprehensive analysis, several tests and experiments. Thereafter, conclusions and

recommendations are also being formulated.

Findings

1. The developed prototype from fabrication, the machine used a cylindrical plastic

brush as its cleaning tool, and the brush rotates by the use of chain and sprocket with

opposite direction to the wheel for more force of cleaning. By the use of distinction

in rotation of wheel and brush, more efficient cleaning outcome is produced.

2. In comparison of cleaning time between manual and the prototype:

2.1 The prototype can clean the floor in 2.6833 min with an area of 8.0 m2 based on

3 trials and the average cleaning speed of the manual operation is 4.7533 min
with the same dimension of area. The prototype uses lesser time of cleaning than

the manual operation. The prototype has more efficiency in terms of time it

takes to clean the floor compared to the manual operation. The time lessen to

clean the floor by the use of prototype is 2.07 min.

2.2 In terms of volume of water used, both operation uses an equal consumption of

water.

3. In comparison of cleaning time between pressurized washer and the prototype:

3.1 The prototype can clean the floor in 2.6833 min with an area of 8.0 m 2 based on

3 trials and the average cleaning speed of the pressurized washer is 6.67 min

with the same dimension of area. The prototype uses lesser time of cleaning than

the pressurized washer. The prototype is more efficient in terms of time it takes

to clean the floor compared to the pressurized washer. The time lessen to clean

the floor by the use of prototype is 3.987 min.

3.2 In terms of volume of water used, using pressurized washer used more water

than the prototype. It also it uses an electricity compare to the prototype that do

not used electrical energy.


Conclusion:

After researching and studying the machine Wheel Powered Cart Brush, it

reveals the differences between the manual operation, using the pressurized washer and

the prototype. The following had been concluded with a proper observation, analysis and

calculation referring to these three different procedures.

Comparing to the manual operation, both procedures used the same amount of

water but different in terms of cleaning time operation. It also showed a different output.

Looking at the testing result, the prototype is lesser effective than manual but the

prototype uses lesser time.

In terms of cleaning efficiency compared to pressurized washer, since we can’t

find or there’s no formula that calculates which cleaning operation is more effective in

cleaning, we just based on the output in the testing of both procedures and observed

which operation has done effective way and give a cleaner result. The prototype uses

lesser amount of water and shorter time of operation, it also gave a good result and
cleaner output. Then, we conclude that the machine Wheel Powered Cart Brush is more

efficient than the existing pressurized washer.

The machine met the objectives including the conservation of energy since Wheel

Powered Cart Brush do not use electrical energy as pressurized washer. Therefore, the

machine is more economical and environmental friendly than pressurized washer.

Recommendation:

Base from our observation that regards to our prototype, we suggest or

recommend the following adjustment:

1. Use assembled cylindrical brush available in the market or online shopping.

2. Use a larger driven sprocket to give more speed to the brush.

3. Use a lighter material for the frame for easier transportation of the machine from

one place to another.


References:

A. Books:

 Capote, R. S. & Mandawe, J. A. Machine Design.

 Tordillo, J. Machine Design Reviewer (4th Edition).

B. Online sources:

 https://www.blocklayer.com/chain-sprocket.aspx
 http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/designlab/Class%20Projects/Background

%20Information/Friction%20coefficients.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel
 http://www.notesandsketches.co.uk/Chain_and_Sprocket.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_cleaning
 https://www.cleantecinnovation.com/blog/how-to-remove-algae-and-moss
 http://www.ijaerd.com/papers/special_papers/NCSOSET33.pdf
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A

CONSTRUCTION OF THE WHEEL POWERED CART BRUSH

FRAME
HANDLE

SPROCKET

WHEEL

BRUSH
COVER

TROLLEY
WHEEL

SHAFT CHAIN PILLOW


BRUSH
BLOCK
APPENDIX A1

Isometric

Front Back
Side Top

APPENDIX A2

ACTUAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT


APPENDIX A3

DIMENSIONS

Frame
Side View
Front View

Top View
Chain and Sprocket

Wheel
Brush

APPENDIX B

Materials used in the Prototype

Hex bolt Square Tube Pipe


Galvanized Iron: (GI) Pipes Round Bar

Brush Pillow Block Bearing

Trolley Wheel 14-inches Bike Wheel


51-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket 56-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket

14-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket 15-teeth Motorcycle Sprocket

Motorcycle Chain Plain Sheet


Rivets: connect the brush to shaft

APPENDIX C

DESIGN COMPUTATION

CHAIN AND SPROCKET

WHEEL
T51 = 51 teeth T1 = 15 teeth

T14 = 14 teeth Length = 76 pitches

BRUSH

Brush

Tbrush = 14 teeth T56 = 56 teeth


Solving length of chain:

Given:

Center Distance = 14.5 inches

Pitches = 0.5

T56 = 56 teeth

T14 = 14 teeth

2
T 56−T 14

L=
2 c ( T 56 +T 14 )
+ +
P ( 2π )
P 2 C

2
56−14
L=
2(14.5) (56+ 14)
+ +
0.5 ( 2π )
0.5 2 14.5

L=94.54 pitch

L=95 pitch

CALCULATING THE SPEED OF BRUSH

Formula:

T driver N driven
Sprocket Ratio= =
T driven N driver

a. Assumed the linear speed of wheel ( Vwheel ) = 0.500 m/s;


V wheel
N wheel =
πD wheel

14.0∈¿(0.0254 m)
π¿
0.500 m/s (60 min)
N wheel =
¿

N wheel =26.85 rpm

b. Nwheel = N15 = 26.85 rpm


T N
Sprocket Ratio= 15 = 51
T 51 N 15
15 teeth N 51
Sprocket Ratio= =
51 teeth 26.85 rpm
N 51=7.90 rpm
c. N51 = N56 = 7.90 rpm

T 56 N 14
Sprocket Ratio= =
T 14 N 56

56 teeth N 14
Sprocket Ratio= =
14 teeth 7.90

N 14=31.6 rpm

N 14=N brush =31.6 rpm

Therefore;

N wheel =26.85< N brush =31.6 rpm

This calculation explains that the brush rotates faster than the wheel.
CALCULATING THE FORCE NEEDED TO MOVE THE PROTOTYPE

Prototype Weight (W)


Force Needed (F)

Frictional Force (Ff)

Normal Force (Fn)

Mass of the Prototype (m) = 25 kg

Coefficient of Friction (µ) = 0.6

a. Weight of the prototype

m
W =m. a (
W = ( 25 kg ) 9.81
s2 ) W =245.25 N

b. Normal force

F f =W =254.25 N

c. Frictional Force
F f =μ . Fn F f =( 0.6 ) ( 254.25 N ) F f =147.15 N
d. Force Needed
F ≥ F f =147.15 N
Therefore, in order to move the prototype, the force needed has to be more

than that frictional force between the brush. The force needed is greater than 147.15

newton.

APPENDIX D

STATISTICAL COMPUTATION

Time comparisons
TABLE: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Manual Operation

TIME (t) in seconds


Prototype
TRIAL x x
x 2 2
Manual (¿¿ A) (¿ ¿ A−x́ A ) (¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
x ¿ ¿
¿
(¿¿ B)
¿
1 4.73 2.75 0.000529 0.0045
2 5.02 2.59 0.0713 0.0086
3 4.51 2.71 0.059 0.00073
x x
2 2
∑(¿ ¿ A−x́ A ) ∑(¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
n=3 x́ A = 4.753 x́ B = 2.683 ¿ ¿

0.1308 0.0138

Finding Standard Deviation, SDmanual

x
2
∑ (¿ ¿ A−xx A )
n−1
SD manual= √¿

SD manual=
√ 0.1308
3−1
SD manual =0.2557

Finding Standard Deviation, SDprototype

x
2
∑ (¿ ¿ A−x́ A)
n−1
SD prototype =√ ¿
SD prototype =
√ 0.0138
3−1
SD prototype =0.0831

Finding t-value for difference between independent sample means:

x́ A −x́ B
t=

√( s 12 +s 22
n )
4.753−2.683
t=

√( ( 0.2557 )2 + ( 0.831 )2
3 )
t=13.3351

Findings:

Degree of freedom,

d f =n−1

d f =3−1

d f =2

Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of

Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303.

Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time

consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the manual

process.

TABLE: Statistical Tabulation of Data between Prototype and Pressurized washer


TIME (t) in seconds
Pressurized Prototype
TRIAL x x
2 2
(¿ ¿ A−x́ A ) (¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
x x ¿ ¿
washer (¿¿ A) (¿¿ B)
¿ ¿
1 6.05 2.75 0.3844 0.0045
2 7.12 2.59 0.2025 0.0086
3 6.84 2.71 0.0289 0.00073
x x
2 2
∑(¿ ¿ A−x́ A ) ∑(¿ ¿ B−x́ B )
n=3 x́ A = 6.67 x́ B = 2.683 ¿ ¿

0.6158 0.0138

Finding Standard Deviation, SDpressurized washer

x
2
∑(¿ ¿ A−xx A )
n−1
SD pressurized washer= √ ¿

SD pressurized washer=
√ 0.6158
3−1
SD pressurized washer=0.5549

Finding Standard Deviation, SDprototype

x
2
∑ (¿ ¿ A−x́ A )
n−1
SD prototype =√ ¿

SD prototype =
√ 0.0138
3−1
SD prototype =0.0831
Finding t-value for difference between independent sample means:

x́ A −x́ B
t=

√( s 12 +s 22
n )
6.67−2.683
t=

√( ( 0.5549 )2 + ( 0.831 )2
3 )
t=6.911

Findings:

Degree of freedom,

d f =n−1

d f =3−1

d f =2

Base on the table for Critical Value of t, with degrees of Freedom of 2 level of

Significance of 0.05, two-tailed test, t - table = 4.303.

Since t - table < t - comparison, reject Ho and accept HA, therefore, the time

consumed at the operation using the prototype is shorter than the time spent in the

pressurized washer.

TABLE D.1 – Significance Level


APPENDIX E

TESTING
TESTING OUTPUT

Manual Operation
Before After

Using the Pressurized Washer

Before After

Using the Prototype


Before After

VOLUME CALCULATION OF WATER CONSUMPTION

1. Manual Operation

From trial 1 - 3: Use 2 Buckets of water

Bucket dimension

D = 10 inches = 0.254 m

H = 10 inches = 0.254 m

πd2 H
V=
4

π ( 0.254 m )2 ( 0.254 m )
V=
4

3
V =0.0129 m x 2 buckets
3
1000 l
V =0.0257 m x 3
m

V =25.7 l iter

2. Using pressurized washer

Trial 1.

D = 22 inches = 0.5588 meter

H = 5.25 inches = 0.13335 meter

πd2 H
V=
4

π ( 0.5588m )2 ( 0.13335 m)
V=
4

1000 l
V =0.0327 m3 x
m3

V =32.7 l iter

Trial 2.

D = 22 inches = 0.5588 meter

H = 6.50 inches = 0.1651 meter

πd2 H
V=
4

π ( 0.5588m )2 ( 0.1651m )
V=
4
3
1000 l
V =0.0405 m x 3
m

V =40.5l iter

Trial 3.

D = 22 inches = 0.5588 meter

H = 6.00 inches = 0.1524 meter

πd2 H
V=
4

π ( 0.5588m )2 ( 0.1524 m )
V=
4

1000 l
V =0.0374 m3 x 3
m

V =37.4 l iter

3. Using the prototype

From trial 1 - 3: Use 2 Buckets of water

Bucket dimension

D = 10 inches = 0.254 m

H = 10 inches = 0.254 m

πd2 H
V=
4
2
π ( 0.254 m ) ( 0.254 m )
V=
4

3
V =0.0129 m x 2 buckets

1000 l
V =0.0257 m3 x
m3

V =25.7 l iter

APPENDIX F
Months
Activities

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Title Proposal

Planning and

Designing
Fabrication of the

prototype
Testing and

improving of the

design

Result analysis

Documentation

Gantt Chart – Project Time Table

APPENDIX G
COST OF MATERIALS

Quantity/Unit Description Unit Price Amount

6 pcs. Brush 75.00 450.00

2 pcs. Sprocket ( large ) 200.00 400.00

2 pcs. Sprocket ( small ) 65.00 130.00

2 pcs. Pillow block 1” 165.00 330.00

4 pcs. Pillow block 1/2” 225.00 900.00

2 pcs. Bike wheel 250.00 500.00

2 pcs. Chain 180.00 360.00

1 pc. Square tube bar 550.00 550.00

1 pc. GI Pipe (20 mm) 500.00 500.00

1 pc. GI Pipe (25 mm) 350.00 350.00

2 pcs. Trolley Wheel 280.00 560.00

1 pc. Paint 60.00 60.00

12 pcs. Bolts and nuts 15.00 180.00

1 pcs. Round bar 220.00 220.00


Labor 4,000.00

TOTAL P 9,490.00

APPENDIX H
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