1

Architectural Design Development

Design Brief

Background

Theme park is the same with amusement park when it comes to functionality. However, a

theme park consists of different themed areas or regions. Themes are made to create the illusion

and feeling of another world or culture using architecture, landscaping, food, employees, music,

and attractions. In a theme park, the rides only take second place to the environment or location

they are placed in. The more the park is able to make the guests out of the ‘real world’ and into

the fantasy, the more the label “theme” becomes true.

The idea of a theme park is to attract guests and let them stay on the park and do

everything they could ever want. The theme park can become a one-of-a-kind, one-stop shop

from dream vacations (Beaudry, 2011).

Statement of the Problem

Almost all existing theme parks in and out of the country are depending on electricity

from the local providers and fossil fuels resulting to negative environmental footprint. Some

theme parks outside the Philippines are already using their own power plants to supply energy to

the park. However, almost all of the theme parks in the Philippines still uses electricity provided

by the local electric companies. Theme parks are places where people go to have fun and forget

the problems, but the park itself should not be the reason for another problem for the places

around it. This theme park will be powered by gravity, solar power, and other renewable

resources. This can be a first step to a green, responsible, and efficient theme parks in the

Philippines.

Definition of Terms
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Amusement Park. A large park equipped with such recreational devices as a

merry-go- round, Ferris wheel, roller coaster, etc., and usually having booths for games

and refreshments (Levine, 2017).

Biodiversity. is the variety of life. It can be studied on many levels. At the highest

level, you can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. On a much smaller

scale, you can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park.

Building Footprint. is the area on a project site used by the building structure,

defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, parking garages, landscapes,

and other non-building facilities are not included in the building footprint.

Business District. the part of a city or town where there are many businesses. It is

usually typified by a concentration of retail, commercial establishments, and office

buildings.

Carbon footprint. is historically defined as the total set of greenhouse gas

emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon

dioxide equivalent.

Environment. is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including

natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and

growth as well as of danger and damage.

Kinetic Energy. kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to

its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest

to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body

maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes.

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Motor-Free Theme Park. A park that uses the gravity and the weight of the

person riding it to operate instead of using motors and electricity/fuel.

Pollution. the introduction of harmful substances or products into the

environment. These are substances that make land, water, air, etc., dirty and not safe or

suitable to use. Sub-urb area. is an outlying part of a city or town, and is a smaller

community adjacent to or within commuting distance of a city.

Theme park. is similar to an amusement park in terms of its function, but is

designed around a central theme. It is an area planned as a leisure attraction, in which all

the displays, buildings, activities, etc. are based on or relate to one particular subject

(Levine, 2017).

Tourism. marketing of the enjoyable and other features of a travel destination,

and provision of facilities and services for the pleasure travelers (tourists).

Urban Sprawl. describes the expansion of human populations away from central

urban areas into low-density, mono-functional and usually car-dependent communities, in

a process called suburbanization.

Walkability. is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. This may mean

that an area within a place is capable of being traveled, crossed, or covered by walking

and is suited to or adapted for walking.

Table 1

Objectives

Project Objectives Design Objectives Design Design Criteria

Considerations

To provide To design a theme Innovative Building The park should have

architectural park that will be Strategies, facilities that will
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solutions and ways to powered by Sustainability, and collect energy

solve problems renewable energy and Environment-friendly through movements
concerning power by human weight.
consumption.
To provide solutions To provide spaces
addressing the heat that reduce or rejects
gain problems on the heat from the sun
theme parks that causes high
especially during temperature during
summer. peak hours.
To design a To design a park with
development that can a theme that is
serve as an icon that unusual that will
can boost tourism in attract the people and
the country. can be a trademark of
the place and a park
that can be a
reference of future
theme parks in the
Philippines
architecture. like the kinetic tiles.
The park should also
be efficient by using
rides that uses
minimal or does not
use electricity at all.
The park should have
open spaces with
greeneries that will
rejects the heat from
the sun, brise soleil,
green roof, covered
walks and spaces.
Monumental The park should
Character integrate new rides
Aesthetics that are not yet
introduced in the
Philippines. Creating
a new identity that
would make the park
exciting and thrilling
through the
integration of the
theme and concept.

Design Philosophy

“A good architecture is the one that speaks to the minds and feelings of the users.”

Architecture should not only be pleasing to the eyes of the people. I can say that

architecture is truly effective when it can affect the feelings of the users. It is hard to design a

structure that is aesthetically pleasing, but it is much harder to design a structure that can capture

the hearts of the users.

Design Concept

Multiplex
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A multiplex is a complex of movie theaters showing films simultaneously in one place.

The first multiplexes showed perhaps four movies at once, and were considered innovative.

Then, the six, eight, and ten-theater businesses became more common.

Figure # Inside a Multiplex theater.

Innovations and Building Technologies Applied

Figure #. Pavegen. Retrieved from http://www.pavegen.com/about/

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Pavegen is a custom multifunctional flooring system. As people step on the tiles, the

weight of the person causes electromagnetic induction generators which results in a rotary

motion that generates electricity. Pavegen utilizes commercial vinyl as a top surface for the

flooring system. The resilient flooring exceeds international safety standards with high slip

resistance for its entire life cycle. Offering four types of construction flooring including

smooth, rubber, resin and safety this will allow for seamless integration into any indoor or

outdoor location. Consumer behavior can be understood by measuring footfall intensity and

identifying the number of people walking within a designated area. The Pavegen system

continuously monitors footfall, providing the ability to predict peak timings and prime

locations. The unique design also monitors directional flow to provide a comprehensive

analysis of movement patterns.

Figure #. Pavegen Diagram. Retrieved from http://www.cyrielkortleven.com/cool-project-

pavegen/

Technology alone won’t make cities perform more efficiently. It’s about changing behaviors.

Pavegen’s combination of physical interactivity and rich data is helping to bring smart cities to

life. With over 150 installations worldwide including the recent arrays in Washington DC’s

Dupont Circle, cities and brands are recognizing the value of people power.
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Figure #. Solatube. Retrieved from http://greenhomeohio.com/solatube/solatube-daylighting-

systems-vs-other-daylighting-options/

The Solatube daylighting system utilizes innovative technology, engineering insight and

quality materials to amplify natural light and bring it into the building. With evolutionary

technology, design, and quality materials, Solatube provides an abundance of clean and clear

natural light for any interior space. From the exterior level, light is collected from the rooftop

dome, which utilizes Raybender 3000 technology to redirect low angle sunlight and reject

overpowering mid-day sunlight. Solatubes are equipped with light tracker reflectors to capture

daylight efficiently, redirecting it down the tube. At the ceiling level, the dual lens array

technology allows you to customize your day lighting experience. The interior of the Solatube is

lined from top to bottom with Spectra Light Infinity, a film which is widely recognized as having

the highest reflectivity of any comparable product in the world. As a result, the Solatube day

lighting system delivers an abundance of clean white light into any interior space. Inside your

home, an effect lens adjusts the light to offer warm and soft colours while a diffuser lens controls

light diffusion in the room. Sophisticated designer details allow the Solatube day lighting system

to be customized to match any room's decor.

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Figure #. Brise Soleil Solar Shading System. Retrieved from http://www.rensonuk.net/brise-

soleil-solar-shading-shutters-united-kingdom_4.html

Brise-soleil solar shading systems can be produced using solar PV panels and are proving

a very logical and popular addition to all kinds of buildings. Whether new or as a retrofit option,

it offers architects and contractors a versatile and practical solution to managing solar radiation,

whilst combining performance with visual appeal. It generated renewable energy, reduces the

reliance on mechanical cooling systems, and allows high levels of natural light reducing the need

for artificial lighting.

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Figure # Permeable Paving Technology. Retrieved from

http://www.greenbuildermedia.com/blog/10-steps-forward-best-green-building-innovations-of-

the-past-decade

Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP) are installed with layers of varying-sized

stone or aggregate underneath that filter and direct stormwater to underground aquifers. Permeable

paving mimics the way natural land absorbs water. Which means any rain that falls on your patio,

walkway or driveway seeps back into the ground or the nearest storm drain.

With Belgard, you never have to choose between pretty and practical. Innovative products

like our Permeable Pavers offer the designed outdoor space you want, with the added benefit of

water management.

The surface of Permeable pavers can be made perfectly flat, with the stone reservoir being

contoured to direct water wherever it needs to go. In fact, with a few added design features, the

system can be used for water harvesting, with water being usable for irrigation or washing your

car.

Permeable paver benefits to homeowners

 Reduce water demand by paving over grassed areas

 Aid landscaping by reducing erosion that occurs when grass is dry or dead

 Eliminate standing water where mosquitoes can breed

 Lasts much longer than conventional paved surfaces

Permeable paver benefits to communities

 Filter water back underground to recharge local groundwater supplies

 Maintain base flows in rivers to keep ecosystems self-sustaining

 Minimize heat island effect when using highly reflective, light-colored pavers
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 Reduce water use for landscaping

Figure #. Sloan Hybrid Urinal. Retrieved from http://www.constructiondive.com/news/top-10-

green-building-products-for-2016/409462/

Waterless urinals have emerged as an option to significantly reduce water usage.

However, they also are more susceptible to build-up and poor maintenance, according to Wilson.

The Sloan product offers a new type of urinal that uses "Jetrinse Solution Technology" to send

one gallon of water through the system every 72 hours. That feature eliminates the need for

constant maintenance that other waterless urinals require, and uses only about 120 gallons of

water per year.

The Hybrid Urinal is powered by a Li-ion battery and has an eight-year lifespan.

Although it sends water through the urinal every 72 hours, the product reduces the amount of

water and time required for maintenance. "It could potentially save more water than waterless

urinals," Wilson said. "We expect hybrid will change the game."

Table #

Type of Occupancy

General
Classification of Zoning
Use/Character of Principal Use Accessory Conditional Classification
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Occupancy of
Bldg./Structure
Division H-4 1. Stadiums
(Recreational, 2. Reviewing
tourism estate Stands
developments or 3. Amusement
tourism-oriented parks/Theme
establishments) parks
4. Boxing
Arenas
Division H-1 5. All types of
resort complexes
6. All other
types of
amusement and
entertainment
complexes.
Note. Adapted from PD 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines Table 7.1 Schedule of
Principal, Accessory, and Conditional Use/Occupancy of Building/Structure. Retrieved from PD
1096.

Table #

Development Guidelines for Subic Bay Freeport Zone

Design Intent The building massing, plan configuration, and allocation of open
space shall relate to those adjacent parcels to compose a unified
image of Subic Bay Freeport Zone.
Aesthetics/Appearance Mandatory repainting of all building/s within SBFZ shall be done
every (3) three years.
Orientation Building frontage must face the major road or its immediate access.
Building The maximum height allowed is 60.00 meters. Multiple story
Height/Building Bulk building, towers, radar and similar structure shall subject to a
clearance from Air Transportation Office (ATO).
Building Entrance and There shall be at least one entrance and at least one for exit.
Exit
Lot Occupancy/Open Maximum building occupancy shall be 60% of the lot, and the
Space Requirements remaining shall be allotted to open space and on-grade parking. In no
case shall a part of a building be less than the prescribed yard
requirement.
Yard Requirements The following minimum yard or setback required shall be observed.
Front 5 meters
Rear 3 meters
Right 3 meters
Left 3 meters
Lot entrance/Exit There shall be at least one entrance and at least one exit.
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Shoreline Easement Easement shall be at a minimum of 20 meters from shoreline.

Parking Space Parking space requirement shall conform to the requirements of the
National Building Code (PD 1096) and all other existing laws and
regulations. Off-Street parking is strictly prohibited.
Landscaping and Street All open areas shall be landscaped, paved appropriately to harmonize
Furniture with the existing environment, enhance appearance, and preserve the
land value.
Mobile Storage Vans, Not allowed. All 20-footer to 40-footer container or other similar
Similar Equipment equipment shall not be used as permanent storage.
Signs and Sign Design and installation of all signage shall be subject to approved
Structures Guidelines for Signs and Sign Structures in Subic Bay Freeport Zone.
Shoreline Slope The shoreline shall be adequately protected from soil erosion.
Protection
Building Separation A minimum of 5.00 meters building to building setback shall be
provided.
Note. Adapted from Development Guidelines for Subic Freeport Zone.

Table #

Design and Construction Standards

Fire Prevention All aspects of fire prevention shall be

in accordance to the Fire Code that is
in effect within the place/country.
(RA 9514)
Electrical Requirements Shall comply with the Electric Code in
effect in the place/country. (Philippine
Electrical Code)
Fencing (A) General - All amusement devices shall be
provided with fences or other apparatus and
controls as may be necessary to do the
following:

1. Confine operating staff and patrons

within the boundaries of the device to safe
areas.
2. Ensure the safety of persons in the
vicinity of the amusement device, but not
immediately participating in the activity of the
amusement device; and
3. Ensure the safety of the operating staff.
Fencing (B) When fences and gates are
designed and manufactured to
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provide protection
to spectators and riders, they shall be
constructed to meet the following minimum
requirements:

1. They shall be a height of at least 42

inches above the surface on which the
inspectors and riders stand.
2. They shall be constructed in such a
fashion so as to reject a four inch ball at all
openings;
3. They shall be designed,
constructed, and erected to inhibit
overturning by spectators;
4. Where used, entrance, exit, and loading
gates shall open away from the ride or
device
unless equipped with a positive latching
device;
5. Gates shall be designed such that if
opened during the amusement ride
cycle, the gate
will not come into contact with the
amusement ride or cause a hazard to
riders; and
Fences and gates shall be constructed as to inhibit spectator contact with the ride or rider contact
with fences or gates, or both.
Means of Access and Egress Safe and adequate means of access to and
egress
from a ride shall be provided. Stairways or
ramps and connecting landings or platforms
shall be provided where the entrance to or
exit from a ride is not at grade.
Warning Signs (a) On rides that expose a rider to high
speed, substantial centrifugal force or a
high degree of excitement, the owner shall
post a conspicuous warning sign at the
entrance of the ride advising the public of
the potential risk to riders.
(b) The signs required shall be in sharply
contrasting colors and be legible to a
person of normal vision standing at a
point of entrance to the ride.
Note. Retrieved from 520 CMR: Department of Public Safety on Amusement Devices
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RA 9514 Revised Fire Code of the Philippines.

Chapter 2. Fire Safety in Buildings, Structures and Facilities
A. Every building or structure, new or old, designed for human occupancy shall be
provided with exits sufficient to permit the fast and safe escape of occupants in case
of fire or other emergency. The design of exits and other fire safety construction
shall be such that reliance for safety to life in case of fire or other emergency will
not depend solely on any single fire safety construction. Additional safeguards shall
be provided for life safety in case any single safeguard is ineffective due to some
human or mechanical failure.
B. Every building or structure shall be designed, constructed, equipped, maintained
and operated to avoid danger to the lives and ensure safety of its occupants from
fire, smoke, vapor and fumes, during the period of escape from the building or
structure.
C. Every building or structure shall be provided with exits of kind, number, location
and capacity appropriate to the individual building or structure, with due regard to
the character of the occupancy, the number of persons exposed, the fire protection
available and the height and type of construction of the building or structure, to
afford all occupants convenient facilities for escape.
D. Every exit of buildings or structures shall be arranged and maintained to provide
free and unobstructed egress from all parts thereof at all times. No lock or fastening
device that would prevent escape from the inside of any building shall be installed
except in mental, penal, or correctional institutions where personnel are continually
on duty and effective provisions are made to evacuate occupants in case of fire or
other emergencies.
E. Every exit shall be clearly visible. The route to the exit shall be conspicuously
marked in such a manner that every occupant of a building or structure will readily
know the direction of escape. Each route of escape, in its entirety, shall be so
arranged or marked that the way to a place of safety outside is unmistakable. Any
doorway not constituting an exit shall be marked to minimize its possible confusion
as an exit. Likewise, passage constituting a way to reach an exit shall be marked to
minimize confusion.
F. All means of egress shall be provided with adequate and reliable illumination.
G. Fire alarm systems or devices shall be provided in every building or structure of
such size, arrangement, or occupancy, to provide adequate warning to occupants.
H. Every building or structure, section, or area thereof of such size, occupancy and
arrangement such that the reasonable safety of a number of occupants may be
endangered by the blocking of any single means of egress due to fire or smoke, shall
have at least two means of egress remote from each other, so arranged as to minimize
any possibility that both may be blocked by any one fire or other emergency
conditions.
I. Every vertical way of exit and other vertical openings between floors of a building
shall be suitably enclosed or protected to afford reasonable safety of occupants while
using exits and to prevent spread of fire, smoke, or fumes through vertical openings
from floor to floor before occupants have entered exits.

Division 3. Classification of Occupancy

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A building or structure shall be classified as follows:

1. Assembly
a. Assembly occupancies include, but are not limited to, all buildings or portions of
buildings used for gathering together of fifty (50) or more persons for such purposes as
deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, awaiting transportation,
or similar uses.
b. Assembly occupancies include: theaters; assembly halls; auditorium; exhibition halls;
museum; restaurants; drinking establishments; places of worship; classrooms of 50 persons
and over capacity; libraries; internet shops of over 50 persons capacity; dance halls; club
rooms; skating rinks; gymnasiums; cockpit arenas; bowling facilities; pool rooms; armories;
passenger stations and terminals of air, surface, underground, and marine public
transportation facilities; recreational facilities; piers; court-rooms; conference rooms; and
mortuary chapels or funeral homes.
c. Restaurants and drinking establishments with an occupant load of less than 50 persons shall
be classified as mercantile occupancies.
d. Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by less than fifty (50) persons in a
building of other occupancy and incidental to such other occupancy shall be classified as part
of the other occupancy and subject to the provisions applicable thereto.

Section 10.2.5.2 General Provisions

- Minimum Width
The width of any means of egress shall not be less than nine hundred fifteen millimeters
(915 mm) except when specifically provided under Division 8 to Division 17 of this
Chapter.
- Number of Means of Egress
1. The number of means of egress from any balcony, mezzanine, storey, or portion
thereof shall not be less than two (2), except when specifically permitted in
Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
2. When the occupant load for any storey or portion thereof is more than five hundred
(500) but not more than one thousand (1000), the means of egress shall not be less than
three (3); in excess thereof, the means of egress shall not be less than four (4).
3. The occupant load of each storey considered individually shall be required to be
used in computing the number of means of egress at each storey, provided that the
required number of means of egress is not decreased in the direction of exit travel.
4. No doors other than hoistway door, the elevator car door, and doors that are
readily openable from the car side without a key, tool, special knowledge, or special
effort shall be allowed at the point of access to an elevator car.

Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits

1. The maximum travel distance in any occupied space to the nearest exit shall not
exceed the limits specified for individual occupancies by Divisions 8 through 17 of this
Chapter. Maximum travel distance shall be determined as follows:
a. The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface
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along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting from the most remote point subject
to occupancy, curving around any corner or construction with a thirty (30) centimeter
clearance therefrom, and ending at the center of the doorway or other point at which the exit
begins. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the place of the tread nosing.
b. In the case of open areas, distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote
point subject to occupancy. In case of individual rooms subject to occupancy by not more than
six (6) persons, distance to exits shall be measured from the floors of such rooms provided the
path of travel from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed fifteen meters (15
m).
2. Where open stairways or ramps are permitted, as a path of travel to required exit,
such as between mezzanines or balconies and the floor below, the distance shall include the
travel on the stairway or ramp, and the travel from the end of the stairway or ramp to reach an
outside door or other exit, in addition to the distance to reach the stairway or ramp.
Where any part of an exterior way of exit access is within three meters (3 m) horizontal distance

of any unprotected building opening, as permitted by Section 10.2.5.5 for outside stairs, the

distance to the exit shall include the length of travel to ground level.

BP 344 Implementing Rules And Regulations (IRR) Amendments Minimum

Requirements For Accessibility

A. General Provisions

1. Accessible Ramps

1.1 Changes in level shall require a ramp except when served by a dropped
sidewalk, curb ramp, an elevator, or other mechanical device.
1.2 Accessible ramps shall have the following facilities and features:
1.2.1 Minimum clear width of 1.20 m.
1.2.2 Gradient not steeper than 1:12.
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Figure #. Retrieved from BP 344 Implementing rules and regulations

(IRR) amendments minimum requirements for accessibility.

Figure # Retrieved from BP 344 Implementing rules and regulations

(IRR) amendments minimum requirements for accessibility.

1. Curb Ramps

1.1 Curb ramps shall only be allowed when it will not obstruct a
sidewalk/walkway or in any way lessen the width of a sidewalk/walkway
or lessen the level/turning area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m. Curb ramps shall only
be allowed if the width of sidewalks/walkways

are more than 3.30 m with a corresponding curb height of

150 mm, otherwise dropped sidewalks shall be used.

1.2 For drop off points for persons with disabilities at loading bays,
the minimum width of a curb ramp should be 900 mm.
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Fig. B.2.1

Table 6.

Basic Accessibility Requirements

Accessibility Ramps - It should have a minimum clear width of 1.20 meters and a

gradient not steeper than 1:12

Stairs -Uniform risers of 150mm (maximum) and treads of 300mm

(minimum) shall be used.

-Tread surfaces shall be of slip-resistant material; nosings shall be

slip resistant to further minimize slipping.

-Slanted nosings are preferred than protruding nosings so as not to

pose difficulty for people using crutches or braces whose feet have

tendency to get caught in protruding nosings.

Stairs -Handrails shall be installed at 900mm and 700mm above stair

treads. A 300mm long extension of the handrail should be

provided at the top and bottom of stairs.

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-Stair handrails shall be continuous throughout the entire length

and extend not less than 300mm beyond the top and bottom step.

Slip-resistant Materials -Slip-resistant materials shall have a coefficient of friction of

0.60 for level surfaces of 0.80 for sloping surfaces.

Handrails and Grab Bars -Handrails shall be required for accessible ramps for changes in

grade higher than 170mm. These shall be installed at both sides of

ramps and stairs.

-Handrails may be provided at dropped sidewalks but should not

be installed beyond the width of any crossing so as not to obstruct

pedestrian traffic.

-Handrails shall be installed at 900mm and 700mm above stairs.

Signage -The International Symbol of Access shall be composed of a white

symbolized figure of a person in a wheelchair with a square

background in UN Blue Color.

-The symbolized figure shall always face the right.

-Provide directional arrows when the space/area function being

referred to is facing left.

Parking Where parking spaces are required to be provided, the number of

accessible parking lots for vehicles driven by persons with

disabilities or vehicles with passengers with disabilities shall be in

accordance to Table #.

Note. Data presented above are basic minimum requirement of the Accessibility Law that is
subdivided with facilities with specified conditions. Adapted from Melodic Therapy: Musical
Theme Destination Facility 2015. Retrieved from BP 344 Implementing Rules and Regulations
Amendments Minimum Requirements for Accessibility.
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Table #.

Accessible Parking Slot Requirements

Total Number of Parking Slot Required Number of Accessible Parking

Slots 1-25 1
26-50 2
51-75 3
76-100 4
101-150 5
151-200 6
201-300 7
301-400 8
401-500 9
501-1000 2% of total spaces
1001-over 20 + 1 for each 100 or a
fraction thereof over
1000
Note. Data presented above are requirement for accessible parking slot. Adapted from
Melodic Therapy: Musical Theme Destination Facility 2015. Retrieved from BP 344
Implementing Rules and Regulations Amendments Minimum Requirements for
Accessibility.

Structural Concepts
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Figure #. Hyperbolic Paraboloid Structure

The iconic form of L’Oceanografic was derived through continued geometric

investigation. Called “La Flor” (The Flower) by townspeople, a continuous interior space is

enclosed by a singular sculptural surface. Light spills through the glass apertures that infill each

vault, highlighting the roof form.

The roof is a circular array of four curved-edge hypar saddles that intersect at the center

point, resulting in an eight-sided groined vault. The plan is radially symmetric with a maximum

diameter of 139 feet. Groins spanning 106 feet between supports. Trimmed at the perimeter to

form a canted parabolic overhang, the shell simultaneously rises up and out at each undulation.

The force paths from these overhangs act in the opposite direction from forces along the arched

groin, reducing outward thrust.

Figure # Roof Plan and Bar Arrangement

The largest membrane forces are carried along the intersections between the forms, called

the groins. This areas are thickened by creating hidden steel reinforced “V” beams. The rest of
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the structure has minimal reinforcing to address creep and temperature effects, but essentially

works entirely in compression. The symmetrical plan and innovative use of “V” beams allows

edges free of stiffening beams, revealing the radical thickness of the 4cm (1 ½”) shell.

Figure #. Structural Section

A section through Los Manantiales shows the parabolic arch along the groins and the

inverted arch through the highpoint of each vault.

Figure. Diagrid System. Retrieved from http://kweehow.blogspot.com/2014/05/past-brace-tube-

new-diagrid-newest.html
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Diagrid structures of the steel members are efficient in providing solution both in term of

strength and stiffness. But nowadays a widespread application of diagrid is used in the large span

and high-rise buildings, particularly when they are complex geometries and curved shapes.

Diagrid structures of the steel members are efficient in providing solution both in term of

strength and stiffness. But nowadays a widespread application of diagrid is used in the large span

and high rise buildings, particularly when they are complex geometries and curved shapes.

Module Geometry of Diagrid Structural System:

1. Diagrid Optimal Angle

The diagonal member of the diagrid carries both shear and moment. So the optimal angle

of placing of the diagonals is dependent of building height. The optimal angle of the columns for

maximum bending rigidity in the normal building is 90 degree and for the diagonals for shear

rigidity is 35 degree. It is assumed that the optimal angle of the diagrid falls in between the both.

Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. As the height of the building increases the optimal angle

also increases.

2. Diagrid Module Dimensions

The module dimensions are majorly two:

11. Height: The height of the diagrid depends on the number of floors stacked in one

module of diagrid. The common number of floors stacked for module of the diagrids are

2 to 6.

2. Base of the module: The base on which the diagrid is formed usually depends on the

height and the optimal angle of the diagrid.

Diagrid Structural System Node Design

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Figure #. Node Design

The nodes are the important part of the design of the diagrid system. All the diagonal

sections are connected to each other by the help of nodes. These nodes are designed for two

types of loads, vertical load and horizontal shear. These nodes are joined to the other sections by

welding or bolting.

It is made sure that very less amount of weld is to be used in the joining. The vertical load

is transferred in the form of axial loads from the diagrid members that are placed above the

nodes to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes.

The horizontal shear is also in the form of axial loads in the diagrid above the nodes, but

here one is in compression and another is in tension. The transfer of load is from above the node

member to the gusset plate and stiffener and then from gusset plate and stiffener to the members

below the node in pair of compression and tension.

Due to this load transfer path, the shear forces developed at the location of bolt

connection is very high under the time of lateral loads. This may be the shear zone or weak zone

of this structure during the earthquakes, the designing of the bolt connections is to be done

carefully.
 25

The advantages of the diagrid in the construction of the structure majorly improves the

aesthetic view of the building. The use of diagrid reduces the steel up to 20% compared to brace

frame structure. It doesn’t need technical labor as the construction technology is simple.

The diagrid makes the maximum use if the structural material is used. When glass material is

used with the diagrid, it allows generous amount of light inside the structure. These structures

have majorly column free exterior and interior, free and clear, unique floor plans can be

implemented.

Architectural Space Programming

Table #

Space Programming

Space Function Zoning Furnitu Accessibl Guidelines in Remark

Requirement Activities re / e to the Space s/
s Fixture following Allocation / Figures
s occupants Floor Area /
Dimensions
A. Private
Spaces
Sales This is Private It should be
Department responsible located near
for selling the marketing
products by and finance
implementin department.
g sales plans
and
supervising
sales staff
Finance This is Private It should be
Department responsible near the sales
for all the and
day to day marketing
transactional department,
accounting and the chief
for business, executive’s
its cash flow, office.
and advising
 26

and sourcing
longer term
financing.
General This is Private It should be
Service responsible the center of
Department for services the
that are administratio
applicable for n area,
the whole nearest to the
workplace HR
such as Department.
insurance,
medical,
payroll,
personnel,
and security.
Engineering This is Private It should be
Department responsible located near
for leading the Design
and and Creative
supervising a Department.
team of
engineers as
they develop,
test, modify,
and create
solutions to
technical
problems.
Human This is Private It should be
Resource concerned located near
Department with the Gen.
the issues of Services
managing Department.
people in the
organization
and the
process of
recruiting
suitable
candidates
for
the
organization.
 27

Parks and This is Private It should be

Relations responsible located near
Office in the HR office.
maintaining
the
organization’
s image
and of
communicati
ng
its message
to its
customers,
investors
and the
general
public.
Ticketing This is Private It should be
Office responsible located near
for the ticketing
all ticketing booth.
concerns
and where
ticketing
agents are.
Marketing This area is Private It should be
Department responsible near the sales
for and finance
advertising, department.
promotions,
public
relations and
sales. It
also includes
research
and
development,
pricing,
distribution,
customer
service, sales
and
communicati
ons
Design and This area is Private It should be
Creative responsible located near
 28

Department with the the

conceptualiza engineering
tion, department.
design,
innovations,
and
technologies
for the theme
park.
Security This is where Private It should be
Department the CCTV near to the
room for the admin
whole observatory.
themed park
is housed.
Janitorial This is Private It can be
Department responsible located
for anywhere in
the overall the
maintenance Administratio
of the theme n Zone.
park on a
macro level.
Chief The Private It should be
Executive president’s near the
Office office general
with his services and
assistants. finance
department.
Board Room This is Private It should be
provided for near the
singular executive’s
events such office and his
as associates.
business
conferences
and
meetings.
Meeting This is Private It should be
Rooms provided for provided to
singular areas where it
events such is needed.
as
business
conferences
 29

and
meetings.
Employee’s This is where Private It should be
Locker room the located near
and Record workers keep the
Room. their Employee’s
records of Lounge.
attendance
and where
they put their
stuffs.
Employee’s This is where Private It should be
Lounge employees located near
can spend the locker
their break rooms and
times. cafeteria.
Cafeteria This is where Private It should be
all located near
employees the
could eat employee’s
during lunch lounge.
time.

Utility and This is an Private It is

Storage area where Strategically
equipment located where
not used in its distance
day-to-day from the
activities is spaces is
kept. walkable.
Pantry It is a small Private It should be
room or near the
closet in powder room
which food, per
dishes, and department.
utensils are
kept.
Powder Room It is a Private It should be
bathroom, near the
especially pantry per
one which department.
does not have
a bathtub or
shower and is
intended for
 30

use by
guests.

Public/Semi Private Spaces

Space Function Zoning Furniture Accessible Guidelines Remarks

Requirements Activities / Fixtures to the in Space / Figures
following Allocation /
occupants Floor Area
/
Dimensions
Ticketing It is an area Public It should be
Area for selling adjacent to
tickets for the the lobby.
rides.
Entrance This is an area Public It should be
Photo Area before near the
the lobby that lobby.
is
intended for
welcoming
guests where
they can
take photos
with the
artistic
elements,
statues, and
objects
within the
area.
Small This is where Public It should be
Commercial the located near
Stalls visitors can the lobby.
first spend
their time or if
they are
hungry when
they arrived,
they may go
here.
Food Kiosks This is a small Public It is
structure clustered
having one or in the zone.
more
 31

sides open,
which offers
snacks and
foods to the
visitors.
Comfort This is a room Semi- It is located
Rooms for personal private with
hygiene tolerable
activities, distance
generally from
containing at the entrance.
minimum a
toilet and sink.
Souvenir Shop This is a store Public It should be
primarily clustered in
selling the zone.
souvenirs
relating to a
particular
topic or
theme.
Small It is an area Public It should be
Commercial for business near the
Stalls opportunities foodcourt.
intended
to generate a
profit either
from capital
gain or rental
income.
Big It is an area Public It should be
Commercial for business near the
Stalls opportunities foodcourt.
intended to
generate a
profit, either
from capital
gain or rental
income.
Food Court It is an area Public It should be
within a near the
building commercial
where there stalls and
are many comfort
small room.
restaurants
 32

that share a
large area of
tables for their
customers.
Movie It is an Semi- It is the first
Theater/ auditorium for Private thing to see
Cinema viewing films in the zone.
for
entertainment.
Mechanical This is a floor Private
Room dedicated for
all equipment
that will
sustain the
building such
as cooling
towers,
engine rooms,
HVAC
equipment,
technical,
chiller plants,
sprinkler
distribution.
Stairs This is another Public It is
option for strategically
going from located
one floor where
to another. its distance
from the
spaces is
walkable.
PWD Toilet This is a Semi- It is
Facilities powder room Private strategically
for persons located
with where
disabilities its distance
from the
spaces is
walkable.
Electrical This is an area It should be
Room where all the near the
electrical other
controls for a maintenance
specific area facilities
 33

in the park is
located.
 34

References

Beaudry, Max (March 10, 2011). What Is the Difference Between a Theme Park and an

Amusement Park? Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Is-the-Difference-

Between-a-Theme-Park-and-an-Amusement-Park?&id=6059409

Levine, Arthur (July 24, 2017) What is the Difference Between a Theme Park and and

Amusement Park? Retrieved from https://www.tripsavvy.com/theme-vs-amusement-

parks-3225648

Pavegen. Retrieved from http://www.pavegen.com/about/

Sloan Hybrid Urinal. Retrieved from http://www.constructiondive.com/news/top-10-green-

building-products-for-2016/409462/

Wisegeek. What is a Multiplex? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-

multiplex.htm