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Philips Semiconductors
CHAPTER 7
Thermal Management
553
Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
Thermal Considerations
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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The perfect power switch is not yet available. All power Continuous power dissipation
semiconductors dissipate power internally both during the
on-state and during the transition between the on and off The total power dissipation in a semiconductor may be
states. The amount of power dissipated internally generally calculated from the product of the on-state voltage and the
speaking increases in line with the power being switched forward conduction current. The heat dissipated in the
by the semiconductor. The capability of a switch to operate junction of the device flows through the thermal resistance
in a particular circuit will therefore depend upon the amount between the junction and the mounting base, Rthj-mb. The
of power dissipated internally and the rise in the operating thermal equivalent circuit of Fig. 1 illustrates this heat flow;
temperature of the silicon junction that this power Ptot can be regarded as a thermal current, and the
dissipation causes. It is therefore important that circuit temperature difference between the junction and mounting
designers are familiar with the thermal characteristics of base ∆Tj-mb as a thermal voltage. By analogy with Ohm’s
power semiconductors and are able to calculate power law, it follows that:
dissipation limits and junction operating temperatures.
This chapter is divided into two parts. Part One describes T j − Tmb
the essential thermal properties of semiconductors and Ptot = 1
explains the concept of a limit in terms of continuous mode Rthj − mb
and pulse mode operation. Part Two gives worked
examples showing junction temperature calculations for a
variety of applied power pulse waveforms.
PART ONE
Ptotmax / W
100
90
80
70
60
47.5 50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Tmb / C
Fig. 3 Example of the determination of maximum power
dissipation
Fig. 2 Maximum d.c. power dissipation in a transistor
as a function of the mounting-base temperature Pulse power operation
In the second case, Tmb > Tmb K : When a power transistor is subjected to a pulsed load,
higher peak power dissipation is permitted. The materials
T jmax − Tmb in a power transistor have a definite thermal capacity, and
Ptot max = ; 4 thus the critical junction temperature will not be reached
Rthj − mb
instantaneously, even when excessive power is being
that is, the power dissipation must be reduced as the dissipated in the device. The power dissipation limit may
mounting base temperature increases along the sloping be extended for intermittent operation. The size of the
straight line in Fig. 2. Equation 4 shows that the lower the extension will depend on the duration of the operation
thermal resistance Rthj-mb, the steeper is the slope of the period (that is, pulse duration) and the frequency with which
line. In this case, Tmb is the maximum mounting-base operation occurs (that is, duty factor).
temperature that can occur in operation.
Example
The following data is provided for a particular transistor.
Ptot maxK = 75 W
Tjmax = 175 ˚C
Rthj-mb ≤ 2 K/W
The maximum permissible power dissipation for continuous
operation at a maximum mounting-base temperature of
Tmb = 80 ˚C is required. Fig. 4 Heating of a transistor chip
Note that the maximum value of Tmb is chosen to be If power is applied to a transistor, the device will immediately
significantly higher than the maximum ambient temperature start to warm up (Fig. 4). If the power dissipation continues,
to prevent an excessively large heatsink being required. a balance will be struck between heat generation and
From Eq. 4 we obtain: removal resulting in the stabilisation of Tj and ∆Tj-mb. Some
heat energy will be stored by the thermal capacity of the
175 − 80 device, and the stable conditions will be determined by the
Ptot max = W, = 47.5 W thermal resistances associated with the transistor and its
2
thermal environment. When the power dissipation ceases,
Provided that the transistor is operated within SOA limits, the device will cool (the heating and cooling laws will be
this value is permissible since it is below Ptot max K. The same identical, see Fig. 5). However, if the power dissipation
result can be obtained graphically from the Ptot max diagram ceases before the temperature of the transistor stabilises,
(Fig. 3) for the relevant transistor. the peak values of Tj and ∆Tj-mb will be less than the values
558
Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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ID / A BUK553-100
100
A tp =
Fig. 5 Heating and cooling follow the same law ID 10 us
S/
VD B
)=
(ON 100 us
RDS
10
1 ms
10 ms
DC 100 ms
1
0.1
1 10 100
Fig. 6 The peak temperature caused by a short power VDS / V
pulse can be less than the steady-state temperature
Fig. 8 D.C. and rectangular pulse operating areas with
resulting from the same power
fixed parameters δ=0, tp and Tmb=25˚C
Fig. 8 shows a typical safe operating area for d.c. operation In general, the shorter the pulse and the lower the
of a power MOSFET. The corresponding rectangular-pulse frequency, the lower the temperature that the junction
operating areas with a fixed duty factor, δ = 0, and the pulse reaches. By analogy with Eq. 3, it follows that:
time tp as a parameter, are also shown. These boundaries
represent the largest possible extension of the operating T j − Tmb
area for particular pulse times. When the pulse time Ptot M = , 5
Zthj − mb
becomes very short, the power dissipation does not have
a limiting action and the pulse current and maximum voltage where Zthj-mb is the transient thermal impedance between
form the only limits. This rectangle represents the largest the junction and mounting base of the device. It depends
possible pulse operating area. on the pulse duration tp, and the duty factor δ, where:
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
=
1E+00 0.5
0.2
0.1
1E-01 0.05
0.02
1E-02 PD tp tp
0 =
T
t
T
1E-03
1E-07 1E-05 1E-03 1E-01 1E+01
t/s
∆T j − mb max
Ptot maxK = , 7
Zthj − mb
when Tmb ≤ Tmb K, and: Fig. 10 Three limit cases of rectangular pulse loads:
(a) short pulse duration
T jmax − Tmb
Ptot M max = , 8 (b) long pulse duration
Zthj − mb (c) single-shot pulse
Single-shot pulses (Fig. 10c) where ∆Tj-mb is found from a rearrangement of equation 7.
In all the following examples the mounting base
As the duty factor becomes very small, the junction tends temperature (Tmb) is assumed to be 75˚C.
to cool down completely between pulses so that each pulse
can be treated individually. When considering single Periodic rectangular pulse
pulses, the Zthj-mb values for δ = 0 (Fig. 9) give sufficiently
accurate results. Fig. 11 shows an example of a periodic rectangular pulse.
This type of pulse is commonly found in switching
applications. 100W is dissipated every 400µs for a period
PART TWO of 20µs, representing a duty cycle (δ) of 0.05. The peak
junction temperature is calculated as follows:
Calculating junction temperatures
Peak Tj : t = 2 × 10−5s
Most applications which include power semiconductors
usually involve some form of pulse mode operation. This P = 100W
section gives several worked examples showing how
junction temperatures can be simply calculated. Examples 20
δ= = 0.05
are given for a variety of waveforms: 400
t = 2 × 10−5s
TIME(uS)
Tj
Tjpeak P = 100W
δ=0
Tmb
0 20 40 60 80 100 400 420 440 460 480 Zth j − mb = 0.04K/W
TIME(uS)
When considering the junction temperature in a device, the The value for Zth j-mb is taken from the δ=0 curve shown in
following formula is used: Fig. 12. The above calculation shows that the peak junction
temperature will be 4˚C above the mounting base
Tj = Tmb + ∆Tj − mb 14 temperature.
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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t1 t2 t3 t4
Tmb 180µs 170µs 150µs 20µs
0 20 40 60 80 100
Repetitive δ 0.450 0.425 0.375 0.050
Fig. 13 Single Shot Pulse
T=400µs Zth 0.900 0.850 0.800 0.130
Single Shot δ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
T=∞ Zth 0.130 0.125 0.120 0.040
For a single shot pulse, the average power dissipated and
average junction temperature are not relevant. Table 1a. Composite pulse parameters for time tx
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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POWER (W) tx ty
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
POWER (W)
t1 Time (uS)
200 t2
t3
180 t4
160
140
120
P3
100
80
60
P2
40
20 P1
0
20 P1
40
P2
60 Time (uS)
POWER (W)
160
140
P1
120
100
80
60 P3
40
20
P2
0
P2
20
40
Time (uS)
60
80
P3
100
120
t5
t6
t7
t8
Substituting these values into equation 15 for Tj-mb@x gives Single Shot: ∆Tj − mb@x = 40 × 0.13 + 20 × 0.125
100
150 t4
Tj(av) = Tmb + ∆Tj − mb(av) = 75 + 14.5 = 89.5°C Single Shot δ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
T=∞ Zth 0.100 0.090 0.075 0.060 0.040
Clearly, the junction temperature at time tx should be higher
Table 2. Burst Mode pulse parameters
than that at time ty, and this is proven in the above
calculations. Substituting these values into equation 17 gives
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
− 100 × 0.43 20 20
10 10
= 68°C 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Tj = 75 + 68 = 143°C
100 100
90 90
Single Shot: ∆Tj − mb@x = 100 × 0.10 + 100 × 0.075 80 80
70 70
+ 100 × 0.04 − 100 × 0.09 60 60
50 50 P3
− 100 × 0.06 40 40
t3
30 30
= 6.5°C 20 20
10 10 P2 t2
Tj = 75 + 6.5 = 81.5°C 0 0
10 10 P1
t1
Hence the peak value of Tj is 143˚C for the repetitive case 20 20
30 30
and 81.5˚C for the single shot case. To calculate the
average junction temperature Tj(av): Fig. 16 Non Rectangular Waveform
3 × 100 × 20
Pav = ∆Tj − mb = Ptot M × Zthj − mb
240
= 25W Single Shot ∆Tj − mb = 50 × 0.065 = 3.25°C
The above example for the repetitive waveform highlights Tjpeak = 75 + 11.5 = 86.5°C
a case where the average junction temperature (125˚C) is
well within limits but the composite pulse calculation shows 50% Duty cycle ∆Tj − mb = 50 × 1.000 = 50°C
the peak junction temperature to be significantly higher. For
reasons of improved long term reliability it is usual to Tjpeak = 75 + 50 = 125°C
operate devices with a peak junction temperature below
125˚C. When the waveform is split into two rectangular pulses:
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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10% Duty cycle ∆Tj − mb = 50 × 0.12 + 25 × 0.21 − 25 × 0.14 ∆Tj − mb(av) = Pav × Zthj − mb(δ = 1) = 12.5 × 2 = 25°C
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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All semiconductor failure mechanisms are temperature metal, and both mating surfaces should be clean. Paint
dependent and so the lower the junction temperature, the finishes of normal thickness, up to 50 um (as a protection
higher the reliability of the circuit. Thus our data specifies against electrolytic voltage corrosion), barely affect the
a maximum junction temperature which should not be thermal resistance. Transistor case and heatsink surfaces
exceeded under the worst probable conditions. However, can never be perfectly flat, and so contact will take place
derating the operating temperature from Tjmax is always on several points only, with a small air-gap over the rest of
desirable to improve the reliability still further. The junction the area. The use of a soft substance to fill this gap lowers
temperature depends on both the power dissipated in the the contact thermal resistance. Normally, the gap is filled
device and the thermal resistances (or impedances) with a heatsinking compound which remains fairly viscous
associated with the device. Thus careful consideration of at normal transistor operating temperatures and has a high
these thermal resistances (or impedances) allows the user thermal conductivity. The use of such a compound also
to calculate the maximum power dissipation that will keep prevents moisture from penetrating between the contact
the junction temperature below a chosen value. surfaces. Proprietary heatsinking compounds are available
which consist of a silicone grease loaded with some
The formulae and diagrams given in this section can only
electrically insulating good thermally conducting powder
be considered as a guide for determining the nature of a
such as alumina. The contact thermal resistance Rth mb-h is
heatsink. This is because the thermal resistance of a
usually small with respect to (Rth j-mb + Rth h-amb) when cooling
heatsink depends on numerous parameters which cannot
is by natural convection. However, the heatsink thermal
be predetermined. They include the position of the
resistance Rth h-amb can be very small when either forced
transistor on the heatsink, the extent to which air can flow
ventilation or water cooling are used, and thus a close
unhindered, the ratio of the lengths of the sides of the
thermal contact between the transistor case and heatsink
heatsink, the screening effect of nearby components, and
becomes particularly important.
heating from these components. It is always advisable to
check important temperatures in the finished equipment
under the worst probable operating conditions. The more
complex the heat dissipation conditions, the more important
it becomes to carry out such checks.
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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Note that the direct heat loss from the transistor case to the
surroundings through Rth mb-amb is negligibly small.
The first stage in determining the size and nature of the
required heatsink is to calculate the maximum heatsink
thermal resistance Rth h-amb that will maintain the junction
temperature below the desired value
Continuous operation
Under dc conditions, the maximum heatsink thermal
resistance can be calculated directly from the maximum
desired junction temperature.
T j − Tamb
Rth j − amb = 3 Fig. 2 Variation of junction and mounting base
Ptot(av)
temperature when the pulse time is small compared
T j − Tmb with the thermal time constant of the heatsink
and Rth j − mb = 4
Ptot(av) The thermal time constant of a transistor is defined as that
time at which the junction temperature has reached 70%
Combining equations 2 and 3 gives:
of its final value after being subjected to a constant power
T j − Tamb dissipation at a constant mounting base temperature.
Rthh − amb = − Rth j − mb − Rthmb − h 5
Ptot(av) Now, if the pulse duration tp exceeds one second, the
transistor is temporarily in thermal equilibrium since such
and substituting Eq 4 into Eq 5 gives: a pulse duration is significantly greater than the thermal
time-constant of most transistors. Consequently, for pulse
Tmb − Tamb
Rthh − amb = − Rthmb − h 6 times of more than one second, the temperature difference
Ptot(av) Tj - Tmb reaches a stationary final value (Fig. 3) and Eq.7
should be replaced by:
The values of Rth j-mb and Rth mb-h are given in the published
data. Thus, either Eq. 5 or Eq.6 can be used to find the Tmb = T j − PtotM .Rth j − mb 8
maximum heatsink thermal resistance.
In addition, it is no longer valid to assume that the mounting
base temperature is constant since the pulse time is also
Intermittent operation no longer small with respect to the thermal time constant
The thermal equivalent circuits of Fig. 1 are inappropriate of the heatsink.
for intermittent operation, and the thermal impedance Zth j-mb
should be considered.
T j − Tmb
PtotM =
Zth j − mb
Smaller heatsinks for intermittent In Fig. 4, the thermal resistance of a blackened heatsink is
operation plotted against surface area (one side) with power
dissipation as a parameter. The graph is accurate to within
In many instances, the thermal capacity of a heatsink can 25% for nearly square plates, where the ratio of the lengths
be utilised to design a smaller heatsink for intermittent of the sides is less than 1.25:1.
operation than would be necessary for the same level of
continuous power dissipation. The average power
dissipation in Eq. 6 is replaced by the peak power Finned heatsinks
dissipation to obtain the value of the thermal impedance
between the heatsink and the surroundings Finned heatsinks may be made by stacking flat plates,
Tmb − Tamb although it is usually more economical to use ready made
Zthh − amb = − Rthmb − h 9 diecast or extruded heatsinks. Since most commercially
PtotM available finned heatsinks are of reasonably optimum
The value of Zth h-amb will be less than the comparable design, it is possible to compare them on the basis of the
thermal resistance and thus a smaller heatsink can be overall volume which they occupy. This comparison is made
designed than that obtained using the too large value in Fig. 5 for heatsinks with their fins mounted vertically;
calculated from Eq.6. again, the graph is accurate to 25%.
Heatsinks
Three varieties of heatsink are in common use: flat plates
(including chassis), diecast finned heatsinks, and extruded
finned heatsinks. The material normally used for heatsink
construction is aluminium although copper may be used
with advantage for flat-sheet heatsinks. Small finned clips
are sometimes used to improve the dissipation of low-power
transistors.
Heatsink finish
Heatsink thermal resistance is a function of surface finish.
A painted surface will have a greater emissivity than a bright
unpainted one. The effect is most marked with flat plate Fig. 4 Generalised heatsink characteristics: flat vertical
heatsinks, where about one third of the heat is dissipated black aluminium plates, 3mm thick, approximately
by radiation. The colour of the paint used is relatively square
unimportant, and the thermal resistance of a flat plate
heatsink painted gloss white will be only about 3% higher
than that of the same heatsink painted matt black. With
finned heatsinks, painting is less effective since heat
radiated from most fins will fall on adjacent fins but it is still
worthwhile. Both anodising and etching will decrease the
thermal resistivity. Metallic type paints, such as aluminium
paint, have the lowest emissivities, although they are
approximately ten times better than a bright aluminium
metal finish.
Flat-plate heatsinks
The simplest type of heatsink is a flat metal plate to which
the transistor is attached. Such heatsinks are used both in
the form of separate plates and as the equipment chassis
itself. The thermal resistance obtained depends on the
thickness, area and orientation of the plate, as well as on
the finish and power dissipated. A plate mounted
horizontally will have about twice the thermal resistance of
Fig. 5 Generalised heatsink characteristic: blackened
a vertically mounted plate. This is particularly important
aluminium finned heatsinks
where the equipment chassis itself is used as the heatsink.
569
Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
1mm
FLAT PLATE
1W
2mm 2W
30D 5W
3mm
10W
EXTRUDED 20W
5 50W
40D
10 100W 100
Area
of Bright Horizontal
one Bright Vertical
side Blackened Horizontal
2 4
mm 10 Blackened Vertical 10
SOT93
TO220
SOT82
3
10 1
Fig. 6 Heatsink nomogram
570
Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
Th
Example
Fig. 7 Conditions applicable to nomogram in Fig. 6 An extruded heatsink mounted vertically and with a painted
surface is required to have a maximum thermal resistance
of Rth h-amb = 2.6 ˚C/W at the following powers:
(a)Ptot(av) = 5W (b)Ptot(av) = 50W
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
increase will lie within the limits of accuracy of the of these areas or lengths, the size of the common heatsink
nomogram and within the limits set by other uncertainties can then be obtained. If a flat heatsink is used, the
associated with heatsink calculations. transistors are best arranged as shown in Fig. 10. The
maximum mounting base temperatures of transistors in
For heatsinks with relatively small areas, a considerable
such a grouping should always be checked once the
part of the heat is dissipated from the transistor case. This
equipment has been constructed.
is why the curves in section 4 tend to flatten out with
decreasing heatsink area. The area of extruded heatsinks
is always large with respect to the surface of the transistor
Forced air cooling
case, even when the length is small. If the thermal resistance needs to be much less than 1˚C/W,
or the heatsink not too large, forced air cooling by means
of fans can be provided. Apart from the size of the heatsink,
the thermal resistance now only depends on the speed of
the cooling air. Provided that the cooling air flows parallel
to the fins and with sufficient speed (>0.5m/s), the thermal
resistance hardly depends on the power dissipation and the
orientation of the heatsink. Note that turbulence in the air
current can result in practical values deviating from
theoretical values.
Fig. 11 shows the form in which the thermal resistances for
forced air cooling are given in the case of extruded
Fig. 10 Arrangement of two equally loaded transistors
heatsinks. It also shows the reduction in thermal resistance
mounted on a common heatsink
or length of heatsink which may be obtained with forced air
cooling.
If several transistors are mounted on a common heatsink,
each transistor should be associated with a particular The effect of forced air cooling in the case of flat heatsinks
section of the heatsink (either an area or length according is seen from Fig. 12. Here, too, the dissipated power and
to type) whose maximum thermal resistance is calculated the orientation of the heatsink have only a slight effect on
from equations 5 or 6; that is, without taking the heat the thermal resistance, provided that the air flow is
produced by nearby transistors into account. From the sum sufficiently fast.
2
Natural
Convection
1.5 (Vertical)
P=3W
1 P=10W
P=30W
Forced
P=100W
0.5 Cooling
1m/s
2m/s
5m/s
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Length (mm)
Fig. 11 Thermal Resistance of a finned heatsink (type 40D) as a function of the length with natural and forced air
cooling
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Thermal Management Power Semiconductor Applications
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Fig. 12 Thermal Resistances of heatsinks (2mm thick copper or 3mm thick aluminium) under natural convection and
forced cooling conditions, with a SOT93 envelope.
(a) blackened
(b) bright
573
Preface Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for all the contributions from our colleagues within Philips and to the Application Laboratories in Eindhoven
and Hamburg.
We would also like to thank Dr.P.H.Mellor of the University of Sheffield for contributing the application note of section 3.1.5.
The authors thank Mrs.R.Hayes for her considerable help in the preparation of this book.
The authors also thank Mr.D.F.Haslam for his assistance in the formatting and printing of the manuscripts.
Contributing Authors
This book was originally prepared by the Power Semiconductor Applications Laboratory, of the Philips Semiconductors
product division, Hazel Grove:
Preface
This book was prepared by the Power Semiconductor Applications Laboratory of the Philips Semiconductors product
division, Hazel Grove. The book is intended as a guide to using power semiconductors both efficiently and reliably in power
conversion applications. It is made up of eight main chapters each of which contains a number of application notes aimed
at making it easier to select and use power semiconductors.
CHAPTER 1 forms an introduction to power semiconductors concentrating particularly on the two major power transistor
technologies, Power MOSFETs and High Voltage Bipolar Transistors.
CHAPTER 2 is devoted to Switched Mode Power Supplies. It begins with a basic description of the most commonly used
topologies and discusses the major issues surrounding the use of power semiconductors including rectifiers. Specific
design examples are given as well as a look at designing the magnetic components. The end of this chapter describes
resonant power supply technology.
CHAPTER 3 describes motion control in terms of ac, dc and stepper motor operation and control. This chapter looks only
at transistor controls, phase control using thyristors and triacs is discussed separately in chapter 6.
CHAPTER 4 looks at television and monitor applications. A description of the operation of horizontal deflection circuits is
given followed by transistor selection guides for both deflection and power supply applications. Deflection and power supply
circuit examples are also given based on circuits designed by the Product Concept and Application Laboratories (Eindhoven).
CHAPTER 5 concentrates on automotive electronics looking in detail at the requirements for the electronic switches taking
into consideration the harsh environment in which they must operate.
CHAPTER 6 reviews thyristor and triac applications from the basics of device technology and operation to the simple design
rules which should be followed to achieve maximum reliability. Specific examples are given in this chapter for a number
of the common applications.
CHAPTER 7 looks at the thermal considerations for power semiconductors in terms of power dissipation and junction
temperature limits. Part of this chapter is devoted to worked examples showing how junction temperatures can be calculated
to ensure the limits are not exceeded. Heatsink requirements and designs are also discussed in the second half of this
chapter.
CHAPTER 8 is an introduction to the use of high voltage bipolar transistors in electronic lighting ballasts. Many of the
possible topologies are described.
Contents Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
Table of Contents
General 3
Power MOSFET 17
2.2.1 Fast Recovery Epitaxial Diodes for use in High Frequency Rectification 161
2.2.2 Schottky Diodes from Philips Semiconductors .......................................... 173
2.2.3 An Introduction to Synchronous Rectifier Circuits using PowerMOS
Transistors ........................................................................................................... 179
i
Contents Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
2.3.1 Mains Input 100 W Forward Converter SMPS: MOSFET and Bipolar
Transistor Solutions featuring ETD Cores ........................................................... 187
2.3.2 Flexible, Low Cost, Self-Oscillating Power Supply using an ETD34
Two-Part Coil Former and 3C85 Ferrite .............................................................. 199
2.4.1 Improved Ferrite Materials and Core Outlines for High Frequency Power
Supplies ............................................................................................................... 207
3.1.1 Noiseless A.C. Motor Control: Introduction to a 20 kHz System ............... 245
3.1.2 The Effect of a MOSFET’s Peak to Average Current Rating on Invertor
Efficiency ............................................................................................................. 251
3.1.3 MOSFETs and FREDFETs for Motor Drive Equipment ............................. 253
3.1.4 A Designers Guide to PowerMOS Devices for Motor Control ................... 259
3.1.5 A 300V, 40A High Frequency Inverter Pole Using Paralleled FREDFET
Modules ............................................................................................................... 273
4.2.1 Application Information for the 16 kHz Black Line Picture Tubes .............. 351
4.2.2 32 kHz / 100 Hz Deflection Circuits for the 66FS Black Line Picture Tube 361
4.3.1 A 70W Full Performance TV SMPS Using The TDA8380 ......................... 379
4.3.2 A Synchronous 200W SMPS for 16 and 32 kHz TV .................................. 389
iv
Index Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
Index
Airgap, transformer core, 111, 113 Bridge circuits
Anti saturation diode, 590 see Motor Control - AC
Asynchronous, 497 Brushless motor, 301, 303
Automotive Buck-boost converter, 110
fans Buck converter, 108 - 109
see motor control Burst firing, 537
IGBT, 481, 483 Burst pulses, 564
ignition, 479, 481, 483
lamps, 435, 455 Capacitance
motor control, 425, 457, 459, 471, 475 junction, 29
resistive loads, 442 Capacitor
reverse battery, 452, 473, 479 mains dropper, 544
screen heater, 442 CENELEC, 537
seat heater, 442 Charge carriers, 133
solenoids, 469 triac commutation, 549
TOPFET, 473 Choke
Avalanche, 61 fluorescent lamp, 580
Avalanche breakdown Choppers, 285
thyristor, 490 Clamp diode, 117
Avalanche multiplication, 134 Clamp winding, 113
Commutation
Baker clamp, 138, 187, 190 diode, 164
Ballast Hi-Com triac, 551
electronic, 580 thyristor, 492
fluorescent lamp, 579 triac, 494, 523, 529
switchstart, 579 Compact fluorescent lamp, 585
Base drive, 136 Continuous mode
base inductor, 147 see Switched Mode Power Supplies
base inductor, diode assisted, 148 Continuous operation, 557
base resistor, 146 Converter (dc-dc)
drive transformer, 145 switched mode power supply, 107
drive transformer leakage inductance, 149 Cookers, 537
electronic ballast, 589 Cooling
forward converter, 187 forced, 572
power converters, 141 natural, 570
speed-up capacitor, 143 Crest factor, 529
Base inductor, 144, 147 Critical electric field, 134
Base inductor, diode assisted, 148 Cross regulation, 114, 117
Boost converter, 109 Current fed resonant inverter, 589
continuous mode, 109 Current Mode Control, 120
discontinuous mode, 109 Current tail, 138, 143
output ripple, 109
Bootstrap, 303 Damper Diodes, 345, 367
Breakback voltage forward recovery, 328, 348
diac, 492 losses, 347
Breakdown voltage, 70 outlines, 345
Breakover current picture distortion, 328, 348
diac, 492 selection guide, 345
Breakover voltage Darlington, 13
diac, 492, 592 Data Sheets
thyristor, 490 High Voltage Bipolar Transistor, 92,97,331
MOSFET, 69
i
Index Power Semiconductor Applications
Philips Semiconductors
starting, 528
Vacuum cleaner, 527
Varistor, 503
Vertical Deflection, 358, 364, 402
Voltage doubling, 122
Water heaters, 537