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Starting a DC motor
For a motor, VT = EG + IARA → IA = (VT – EG)/RA
At starting RA
condition, m=0
which makes EG=0. + IL IA +
RF IF
The starting Vt EG
armature current is
- Te
-
IA,S = VT/RA
ωm
Starting a dc motor
At starting condition, armature current is:
59
SF R1 R2 R3 R4
RF IF Ia
Vt Ec
Rh
Te m
Note: The field rheostat Rh is set to zero during the starting period
to maximize the field current (and the electromagnetic torque).
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Starting sequence
1. Switch SF is closed with Rh set to zero.
2. Switch Sa is closed. The electromagnetic torque
and the starting armature current are
Vt
Te = LaFIFIas = kFIas Ias =
Re +R1 +R2 +R3 +R4
t
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Example 4
Consider a 5 HP, 125 V, 1200 RPM self-excited DC motor. The
efficiency is 85% at full load. The armature and field
resistances are 0.2 Ω and 62.5 Ω respectively.
Determine the external resistance to be connected in series
with the armature of the motor that will limit the armature
current at start-up to twice its full load value.
Efficiency, η
Ratio of output power and input power.
η = POUT/PIN
= POUT/(POUT + PLOSSES)
= (PIN – PLOSSES)/PIN
66
Losses
• Electrical Losses
• Copper Losses (due to the resistance of the copper wires in
the windings)
• Commutator-Brush Losses
• Core Losses
• Hysteresis Losses
• Eddy Current Losses
• Mechanical Losses
• Bearing Friction and Windage Losses
• Commutator-Brush Friction Losses
• Stray Losses
• Leakage and Armature Reaction Fluxes (assumed as 1% of
output for machines 200 HP or above, otherwise neglected)
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Output
Input Power
Power (Mechanical)
(Electrical)
Stray
Mechanical Core Losses
Electrical Losses Losses (for big
Losses machines)
(I2R)
Rotational
Losses
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Output
Input Power
(Electrical)
Power
(Mechanical)
Electrical
Core Losses
Stray Mechanical Losses
Losses (I2R)
Losses
(for big
machines)
Rotational
Losses
69
Example 5
A 10-HP, 230-V shunt DC motor takes a full-load line
current of 40A at rated input voltage. The armature and
field resistances are 0.25 Ω and 230 Ω, respectively. The
brush-contact drop is 2V and the core and frictional losses
are 380W. Calculate the efficiency of the motor. Assume the
stray-load loss is 1% of the rated output.
Ans: 87.6%
Example 5
Input (40)(230) 9200 W
Example 6
Consider a 5 HP, 125 V, 1200 RPM self-excited DC motor. The
efficiency is 85% at full load. The armature and field
resistances are 0.2 Ω and 62.5 Ω respectively. Find the
following quantities at full load conditions.
a. The input power
b. The line current
c. The speed of rotation in rad/sec
d. The rotational losses
e. The output torque
PART 4
Batteries and Cells
75
Charged Battery
Battery discharging
+
+
+ Ia
Eint Ecell
- (motor)
-
-
x2
Batteries
Batteries
• Terminal voltage is dependent on the
• Ohmic resistance of the material
• Electrode losses
• Activation overvoltage – due to the charge transfer
• Concentration overvoltage – due to the accumulation of materials near the
electrode surface
• Area of the electrode/solution interface
• Half-reaction potentials
• Concentration of reactants (number of moles)
• Pressure and Temperature