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57

Starting a DC motor
For a motor, VT = EG + IARA → IA = (VT – EG)/RA
At starting RA
condition, m=0
which makes EG=0. + IL IA +
RF IF
The starting Vt EG
armature current is
- Te
-
IA,S = VT/RA
ωm

Since RA is very small, IA can be quite large, which will


damage the armature winding.
58

Starting a dc motor
At starting condition, armature current is:
59

In order to limit the starting current, resistors are connected in


series with the armature at starting condition.
S1 S2 S3 S4
Sa
RA

SF R1 R2 R3 R4
RF IF Ia
Vt Ec
Rh

Te m

Note: The field rheostat Rh is set to zero during the starting period
to maximize the field current (and the electromagnetic torque).
60

Starting sequence
1. Switch SF is closed with Rh set to zero.
2. Switch Sa is closed. The electromagnetic torque
and the starting armature current are
Vt
Te = LaFIFIas = kFIas Ias =
Re +R1 +R2 +R3 +R4

3. Te causes the armature to rotate and Ec begins


to build up.

4. Switches S1 to S4 are closed in sequence.

5. The rheostat Rh is increased until the motor


rotates at the desired speed.
61

Starting current and speed


Ia
Note: Switching S1 to S4
causes the
discontinuities.
t
m

t
62

Example 4
Consider a 5 HP, 125 V, 1200 RPM self-excited DC motor. The
efficiency is 85% at full load. The armature and field
resistances are 0.2 Ω and 62.5 Ω respectively.
Determine the external resistance to be connected in series
with the armature of the motor that will limit the armature
current at start-up to twice its full load value.

ANS: 1.69 ohms


65

Efficiency, η
Ratio of output power and input power.

η = POUT/PIN
= POUT/(POUT + PLOSSES)
= (PIN – PLOSSES)/PIN
66

Losses
• Electrical Losses
• Copper Losses (due to the resistance of the copper wires in
the windings)
• Commutator-Brush Losses
• Core Losses
• Hysteresis Losses
• Eddy Current Losses
• Mechanical Losses
• Bearing Friction and Windage Losses
• Commutator-Brush Friction Losses
• Stray Losses
• Leakage and Armature Reaction Fluxes (assumed as 1% of
output for machines 200 HP or above, otherwise neglected)
67

Power flows - Motor


Developed or Converted Power = PDEV = EgIa

Output
Input Power
Power (Mechanical)
(Electrical)

Stray
Mechanical Core Losses
Electrical Losses Losses (for big
Losses machines)
(I2R)
Rotational
Losses
68

Power flows - Generator


Developed or Converted Power = PDEV = EGIA

Output
Input Power
(Electrical)
Power
(Mechanical)

Electrical
Core Losses
Stray Mechanical Losses
Losses (I2R)
Losses
(for big
machines)
Rotational
Losses
69

Example 5
A 10-HP, 230-V shunt DC motor takes a full-load line
current of 40A at rated input voltage. The armature and
field resistances are 0.25 Ω and 230 Ω, respectively. The
brush-contact drop is 2V and the core and frictional losses
are 380W. Calculate the efficiency of the motor. Assume the
stray-load loss is 1% of the rated output.

Ans: 87.6%
Example 5
Input (40)(230) 9200 W

Field-resistance loss 2302 / 230 230 W

Armature-resistance loss (0.25)(40 – 1)2 380 W

Core loss and friction loss GIVEN 380 W

Brush-contact loss (2)(39) 78 W

Stray-load loss (0.01)(10)(746) 74.6 W

Total losses 1143 W

Power output 9200 – 1143 8057 W

Hence, the efficiency at is given by,


PO 8057
=  100% =  100% = 87.6%
PI 9200
27 February 2019
71

Example 6
Consider a 5 HP, 125 V, 1200 RPM self-excited DC motor. The
efficiency is 85% at full load. The armature and field
resistances are 0.2 Ω and 62.5 Ω respectively. Find the
following quantities at full load conditions.
a. The input power
b. The line current
c. The speed of rotation in rad/sec
d. The rotational losses
e. The output torque

ANS: 4388 W; 35.1 A; 125.7 rad/s;


189 W; 29. 7 N.m
72
73
74

PART 4
Batteries and Cells
75

Batteries vs. Cells

CELL – electrochemical device which


directly converts electrical energy to
chemical energy or vice versa

BATTERY – an assembly of two or more


cells electrically connected to for a single
enclosed unit.
76

Charged Battery

Battery discharging

✓ Reactants are available

 The battery has accumulated/stored


net electrical charge

Modern Batteries 2nd Edition


By C. Vincent, Bruno Scrosati
77

Batteries – Equivalent Circuit


Rint
x1

+
+
+ Ia
Eint Ecell
- (motor)

-
-

x2

Ecell = terminal voltage of the battery

Eint = emf developed because of the redox reaction


inside an electric cell

The equivalent circuit shown is an approximate model.

Modern Batteries 2nd Edition


By C. Vincent, Bruno Scrosati
78

Batteries

Modern Batteries 2nd Edition


By C. Vincent, Bruno Scrosati
79

Batteries
• Terminal voltage is dependent on the
• Ohmic resistance of the material
• Electrode losses
• Activation overvoltage – due to the charge transfer
• Concentration overvoltage – due to the accumulation of materials near the
electrode surface
• Area of the electrode/solution interface
• Half-reaction potentials
• Concentration of reactants (number of moles)
• Pressure and Temperature

Modern Batteries 2nd Edition


By C. Vincent, Bruno Scrosati

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