Sandwich Panels: Application Guide

SANDWICH PANELS
APPLICATION
GUIDE
Author: Reinhard Wiesinger
Version 10/2009
Copyright:
Ingenieurbüro für Metall- u. Maschinenbau

Ing. Reinhard WIESINGER KG
general sworn and court certified expert
A-3125 Statzendorf Anzenhof 50
T: 0 27 86 / 63 167 F: 0 27 86 / 68 713
M: 0664 / 101 55 32 mail: office@tbwiesinger.at
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--------------- Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 What are sandwich panels?...........................................................................................................................5
1.1 General:............................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 OIB [Austrian Building Technology Institute] guidelines:.....................................................................5
1.3 Sandwich construction, if used correctly, is ……...................................................................................7
1.4 PUR-foamed panels:...............................................................................................................................8
1.5 Manufacture:...........................................................................................................................................9
1.6 Sandwich panels with a mineral fibre wool insulation core..................................................................10
2 Dimensional tolerances (general) for sandwich panels:........................................................................... 11
2.1 Dimensional tolerances with corrugations:........................................................................................... 11
2.2 Manufacture and tolerances of sandwich panels for the manufacturers:..............................................12
2.3 Transverse bow – cupping of the panels:..............................................................................................13
3 RAL colours..................................................................................................................................................14
4 What are the criteria for panel selection?..................................................................................................16
4.1 Intended use of the building?................................................................................................................16
4.2 Building location – wind loading and snow loads (stability):...............................................................17
4.3 Loads - general:.....................................................................................................................................18
4.4 Static load systems:...............................................................................................................................18
4.5 Serviceability – deflection limit:...........................................................................................................19
4.6 Colour groups – thermal expansion:.....................................................................................................22
4.7 Coatings:................................................................................................................................................22
4.8 Thermal expansion and contraction:.....................................................................................................23
4.9 Dimensioning........................................................................................................................................23
4.10 Roof pitch:.............................................................................................................................................26
4.11 Bearing widths of sandwich panels (for building authorities’ approval):.............................................26
4.12 Selecting the panel:...............................................................................................................................26
4.13 Wall panel – façade panel:.....................................................................................................................27
4.14 Replacing panels in case of damage:.....................................................................................................28
4.15 Choosing the panel thickness:...............................................................................................................29
4.16 Difference in vapour pressures:.............................................................................................................29
4.17 Difference in air pressure:.....................................................................................................................30
4.18 Dewpoint:..............................................................................................................................................31
4.19 Wind direction:......................................................................................................................................33
4.20 Fasteners:...............................................................................................................................................35
4.21 Which panels are used on the object?...................................................................................................36
4.22 Bi-metal effect:......................................................................................................................................38
4.23 Roof shape and incline:.........................................................................................................................39
4.24 Substructure: wood or steel roof purlins; is a substructure for the walls ready on site?.......................40
4.25 Purlin spacing and their height with reference to the roof trusses?......................................................41
4.26 Wall or façade panels mounted vertically or horizontally?...................................................................42
4.27 Condition of the building site at the time of installation, is smooth access and installation possible?.44
5 Duty to check and warn:.............................................................................................................................45
6 Work preparation.........................................................................................................................................47
6.1 Laying plan:...........................................................................................................................................47
6.2 Bills of materials:..................................................................................................................................47
6.3 Fastening plan.......................................................................................................................................50
7 Handling and storage of panels...................................................................................................................51
7.1 Storage of panel packages:....................................................................................................................51
7.2 Repairing surface scratches:..................................................................................................................52
7.3 Protective film:......................................................................................................................................52
7.4 Laying the roof panels:..........................................................................................................................52
7.5 The length:.............................................................................................................................................53
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8 Installation....................................................................................................................................................55
8.1 Occupational health and safety regulations:..........................................................................................55
8.2 Visual inspection of bay rails and purlins.............................................................................................55
8.3 Controlled run-off of rainwater and condensate....................................................................................55
8.4 Purlin pitch and their height..................................................................................................................56
8.5 Checking alignment of wall and roof surfaces......................................................................................56
8.6 Squaring the working area.....................................................................................................................56
8.7 Prevailing wind direction:.....................................................................................................................57
8.8 Lifting the panels:..................................................................................................................................57
8.9 Cutting to size:......................................................................................................................................57
8.10 Drilling:.................................................................................................................................................58
8.11 Fastening of cladding panels.................................................................................................................58
8.12 Using permanently elastic sealing compounds:....................................................................................58
8.13 Fastening material:................................................................................................................................59
8.13.1 Roof panels:..................................................................................................................................59
8.13.2 Wall:..............................................................................................................................................62
8.14 Type of screw material:.........................................................................................................................63
8.15 Determining the extraction values for fastenings in concrete in situ:...................................................64
8.16 Fastening to the substructure:................................................................................................................65
8.17 Visible fastening – screws with supporting thread................................................................................65
8.18 Longitudinal joints:...............................................................................................................................66
8.19 Faulty bores (repair screws):.................................................................................................................66
8.20 Vertical or horizontal laying of wall panels:.........................................................................................66
8.21 Bi-metal effect:......................................................................................................................................66
8.22 Snapping noises:....................................................................................................................................67
8.23 Asphalting work inside the hall:............................................................................................................67
8.24 Foam gun application of PUR foam:.....................................................................................................68
8.25 Eaves area and gutters in general:.........................................................................................................68
8.26 Preventing thermal bridges:..................................................................................................................69
8.27 Thermal cut:..........................................................................................................................................70
8.28 Application of sealing tapes:.................................................................................................................71
8.29 “Blower door” test:................................................................................................................................72
Sealing strip types for use in light steel construction............................................................................74
9 Constructions with steel sandwich elements - details...............................................................................75
9.1 Transverse joint:....................................................................................................................................75
9.2 Details on eaves:....................................................................................................................................77
9.3 Hall ridge: Gabled roof:.......................................................................................................................79
9.4 Verge:.....................................................................................................................................................81
9.5 Wall panel transverse joint:...................................................................................................................82
9.6 Plinth connection, vertical panel installation:.......................................................................................83
9.7 Parapet cladding that accommodates the bi-metal effect......................................................................85
9.8 Gate embrasure......................................................................................................................................86
9.9 Window installation:.............................................................................................................................87
9.10 Outside corners:.....................................................................................................................................89
9.11 Snow guard:...........................................................................................................................................90
9.12 Replacements / dome lights:.................................................................................................................92
9.13 Fall protection:......................................................................................................................................93
9.14 Roof penetrations:.................................................................................................................................93
10 Fire protection panels:.................................................................................................................................95
10.1 Roof panel:............................................................................................................................................95
10.2 Thermal cut:..........................................................................................................................................96
10.3 Wall and façade panels:.........................................................................................................................96
10.4 Plinth detail:..........................................................................................................................................96
10.5 Transverse joint in the façade:...............................................................................................................96
10.6 Substructure:..........................................................................................................................................97
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1 What are sandwich panels?
1.1 General
This guide discusses thermally insulated composite building elements for roof and wall
cladding in buildings, thereby forming the building envelope. They consist of an inner
and outer galvanised sheet metal cover, coated on one side. They are manufactured
in continuous production plants. The application is in industrial construction i.e.
construction of industrial halls and cold storage facilities. Sandwich panels are also
suited for other fields of application. On its own, this guide does not guarantee perfectly
implemented solutions in their detail. Technically sound solutions require the know-
how of the plumbing and roofing trade, of building physics and knowledge of static
forces as a complement to this guide.
Sandwich panels are by now in common use as cladding elements in the building
industry, creating building envelopes and partition walls. They fall under the class of
composite elements and consist of an insulating foam core and a metal layer on either
side, solidly glued to the core. The core is usually made of polyurethane foam (PUR)
or mineral fibre wool (MIWO). Sandwich panels with a polystyrene core are also
available, however. The sandwich panel has a high load-bearing capacity and is very
rigid - due to the bonding (bonding or adhesion) of the covering layers to the shear-
resistant core. The core simultaneously lends the building envelope excellent thermal
insulation properties. Sandwich structures are quick to install and are used mainly for
roofing and walls for industrial, office and administration buildings, as well as for cold
storage and freezing units. Sandwich panels are of late being thoroughly tested for
application in residential housing. About 90 million square meters of this material was
produced and applied throughout Europe in 2008.
1.2 OIB [Austrian Building Technology Institute] guidelines
During recent years, panels of experts from various specialised fields have been
working towards partial homogenisation of the Austrian building regulations, within
the framework of the Austrian Building Technology Institute. OIB Directives 1 – 6 have
currently been published and are available for free download on the home page of the
OIB (www.oib.or.at).
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Note that these directives will become or already are law under the National Building
Regulations.
When putting the question as to how OIB Directive 6 (Energy economy and heat
retention) would affect the building envelopes of trade and industrial halls to the
responsible officer of the OIB, he responded as follows:
“following in-depth discussion of your query in the SVBBTRL 6 [expert advisory body for technical
building directives], it was determined that, should an energy performance certificate be required
(U-value specification) for other buildings (hall constructions making use of sandwich panels),
all the other requirements under Item 7 of OIB Directive 6 (Avoidance of thermal bridges, air and
wind tightness etc.) should also be complied with.”
Dipl.-Ing. W. Thoma (OIB)
Energy performance certificate:

Note that OIB Directive 6 mandates an energy performance certificate to be issued for
each air-conditioned building, signed by a suitably qualified person (energy technician).
Buildings are deemed air-conditioned if they are either heated or cooled.
Exceptions:
a) Buildings of historic importance and buildings officially protected as part of
a designated environment or based on their special architectural or historic value, if
compliance with the requirements would imply unacceptable changes to their character
or appearance.
b) Buildings used for church services and religious purposes.
c) Buildings not used for residential purposes and not air-conditioned.
d) Buildings for which the total of the HGT12/20 (heating degree days) for the
months of planned use does not exceed 680 Kd.
This is why the correct choice of panel thickness for building envelope insulation is so
important.
There are two options for arriving at the appropriate insulation thickness:
A. The U-value is prescribed by the builder or is specified in the tender. From
the catalogue, select the appropriate panel thickness to match the given value. But
nevertheless also check the static forces! Should you, based on your professional
experience, have doubts about the panel thickness for any reasons whatsoever, you are
obliged to notify and warn the issuer of the tender.
B. You offer the builder a building envelope made of sandwich panels in your
quotation. This means you are also liable in the event of problems with the energy
performance certificate at a later stage. For this reason, request a building physicist or
energy technician to calculate the required panel thickness beforehand. Apart from the
panels, the windows, gates etc. are also an important factor in the calculation of the
energy performance of the building envelope for certificate purposes.
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You may use the following table as an indication, whereby elements such as windows,
doors, gates etc. must still be accounted for:
Insulation Thermal transm. Temperature diff. Table:

thickn. [mm] coeff. [U-value] outside – inside [°C] Insulation: Polyurethane, CFC-/HCFC-
50 0.42 20 free pressure-foamed with CO2, self-
80 0.26 34 supporting, building material class B3,
100 0.22 45
spec. weight 40 kg/m³.
150 0.13 70
1.3 Sandwich construction, if used correctly, is …….
 versatile  modern  fast & safe

 creative  flexible  mature technology
 durable  economical & ecological  universally usable
Sandwich construction is used wherever cost effectiveness, time on site and climatic
conditions are important.
Areas of application: Airports, logistics centres, trade fair halls, waste incineration
plants, power stations, cold storage facilities, halls for storage and for manufacture,
sports venues, deep-freeze rooms, administration buildings, workshops, residential
dwellings and many more.....
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PU rigid foam core

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consistency
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• Wall cladding • Wandverkleidungen
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o Unsichtbare
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concealed fastening o Unsichtbare
o Befestigung
concealed fastening
o Sichtbare
o Befestigung
visible fastening o Sichtbare
o Befestigung
visible fastening
- 7 - WIESINGER --------------
Demands made on panels:
 From outside:
• Rain, snow, wind, storm,
temperatures (frost/dew)
• Solar radiation UV & IR light
• Noise
• Birds pecking
• Mech. damage
• Airborne pollutants
 From inside:
• Fire stress
• Noise
• Steam
• Heat (cold in cold storage rooms)
1.4 PUR-foamed panels

The foam mixture consists primarily of the following components:
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- 8 - WIESINGER --------------
50 mm polyurethane foam has the same heat insulation properties as 1720 mm thick
solid brickwork!
1.5 Manufacture
Sandwich panels are produced in a continuous manufacturing process – “endlessly” so

to speak. The top and bottom coil (sheet metal) are clamped onto the plant’s unwinding
unit and fed into the machine. In the first step, the so-called “corona system” cleans both
reverse sides of the sheet metal using high frequency to remove greases and dirt and
to guarantee the best possible subsequent full spread adhesion between foam and sheet
metal. Thereafter, the protective films are rolled onto either the outside only or onto the
outsides of both metal sheets before they are fed into their roll formers. The roll former
comprises of two separate tool sets, allowing different profiles on the outside and inside.
The sheets are then brought together; the bottom sheet is foamed by the swinging foam
head and the top sheet is mechanically steadied. Immediately thereafter, the panel is
fed into the heated drying tunnel where the foam expands to its full volume, binds to
the sheets and transforms both sheets to one robust, shear resistant composite structural
element. After leaving the tunnel, the panels are cut according to your specifications,
using a so-called flying saw. The saw attaches to the panel and moves along at the same
speed whilst cutting the panel to length. The saw then rapidly returns on its rails to
execute the next step. The produced PUR foam has a specific weight of between 35 and
50 kg/m³. The homogeneity assures very good adhesion between foam and sheet metal.
Vacuum suction devices in combination with a crane are very suitable here.
The panel properties:
 Dimensional stability (good load-bearing properties)

 Weather resistance
 Appealing appearance due to attractive profiling and various colours
 Outstanding thermal insulation (variable acc. to panel thickness)
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Sandwich panels must never be used as load bearing elements for hall construction
(e.g. instead of horizontal and diagonal bracings or to accommodate the torsional
forces of lightweight metal purlins such as Z-, C- and U-profiles to stabilise torsional
buckling of the purlins or bay rails)!
1.6 Sandwich panels with a mineral fibre wool insulation core

This is another type of sandwich panel. These panels are also produced in a continuous
process. The insulation core between the two sheets consists of water repellent and
compressed mineral fibre wool with a flashpoint of ≥ 1 000° Celsius. Before feeding
into the machine, the rock wool panels are cut into approx. 100 mm wide strips on
mechanical saws and fed into the plant. The first processing step in the continuous
plant functions as in the case of the PUR panels. The bottom sheet is sprayed with PU
adhesive; a mechanism then places the rock wool strips onto the sheet, stepped (lapped)
with the fibres longitudinal. The lateral plastic foils serving as vapour barriers for roof
panels in the later longitudinal rebate region are now inserted, PU adhesive is applied to
the mineral fibre wool and the second (usually inner) metal sheet is fed in. The element
then moves into the drying tunnel. The cutting method using a flying saw is as with the
PUR panel.
The specific weight of the compressed mineral fibre wool used differs from one panel
type to the next, ranging from 80 kg/m³ to 160 kg/m³. It is obvious that the weight of
these panels is significantly higher than that of comparable PUR panels, where the foam
weighs only 35 – 48 kg/m³. Mineral fibre wool is a fibrous-porous material which is not
homogenous. Although bonding is full spread, it is not as robust as for the PUR panels.
This must be considered especially when laying roof panels using a crane and vacuum
suction equipment, particularly in the case of long and thick elements! The load might
cause the sheet metal to separate from the mineral fibre wool core, which is why suction
equipment with adequate numbers of extension arms and suction cups should be used.
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2 Dimensional tolerances (general) for sandwich panels:
2.1 Dimensional tolerances with corrugations
DIN 18202, published as an ÖNORM [Austrian standard] in 2006, is applicable.
This standard regulates the tolerances in building construction. Column 6 in Table 3,
“Finished upper surfaces of walls and exposed side of ceilings, e.g. plastered walls,
wall claddings, suspended ceilings” is applicable to sandwich panels. Sandwich panels
fall into the wall cladding category. Waviness caused by production and thermal effects
cannot be excluded in the case of completely smooth panels. Waviness is normal
and always visible in reflected light conditions (glancing light) off the very smooth
surface.
Table 3 – Flatness tolerances

Column 1 2 3 4 5 6
Position deviations (limit values), in mm, for
distances
!"#$ Applicable to between measuring points, in m, up to
0.1 1a) 4a) 10a) 15a) b)
Unfinished upper surfaces of floors,
%$ 10 15 20 25 30
subfloors and concrete bases
Unfinished upper surfaces of floors,

subfloors and concrete bases subject
to more stringent requirements (e.g.
to receive floating screed, industrial
&$ floors, tile flooring and bonded 5 8 12 15 20
screed) and finished surfaces for
minor purposes (e.g. in storerooms or
basements)
Finished floors (e.g, screed as

wearing courses or screed to receive
'$ a flooring, trowelled or bonded 2 4 10 12 15
floorings)
As Row 3 but subject to more

($ 1 3 9 12 15
stringent requirements
Unfinished walls and unfinished
)$ 5 10 15 25 30
ceilings
Finished walls and ceilings (e.g.

*$ plastered walls, wall claddings and 3 5 10 20 25
linings, suspended ceilings)
As Row 6 but subject to more
+$ stringent requirements 2 3 8 15 20
a
Intermediate values shall be taken form Figures 4 and 5, and shall be given to the nearest millimetre.
b
The flatness tolerances in column 6 also apply to distances between measuring points of over 15 m.
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!
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This Table, Row 6, can be used for interpolation
2.2 Manufacture and tolerances of sandwich panels for the manufacturers
On 1 May 2008 the Austrian Standards Institute issued the Austrian Standard
EN 14509 titled “Self-supporting double skin metal faced insulating panels – factory
made products”. This standard stipulates the requirements for factory produced self-
supporting double skin metal faced sandwich elements. Measurements cannot be
performed on site at the building, but only under laboratory conditions on a level surface
at a measuring temperature of 20°C.
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Measuring
Dimension Limiting dimension (max. allowed) method
D ≤ 100 mm ±2 mm
Thickness of the element a D.2.1
D > 100 mm ±2 %
For L = 200 mm – deviation from flatness: 0.6 mm

Deviation from flatness
(as a function of the For L = 400 mm – deviation from flatness: 1.0 mm D.2.2
measured length L)
For L > 700 mm – deviation from flatness: 1.5 mm
Height of the metal profile 5 mm < h ≤ 50 mm ± 1 mm D.2.3
(strut) 50 mm < h ≤ 100 mm ± 2.5 mm
ds ≤ 1mm ± 30% of ds
Depth of the flute and the 1 mm < d ≤ 3 mm ± 0.3 mm D.2.4
s
slight profiling
3 mm < ds ≤ 5 mm ± 10 % of ds
L ≤ ±3 m ± 5 mm
Length of the element D.2.5
L > 3 m ± 10 mm
Built width of the element w ± 2mm D.2.6
Deviation from
0.006 x w (built width) D.2.7
squareness
Deviation from
straightness 1 mm per meter, max. 5 mm D.2.8
(relative to the length)
Curvature 2 mm per meter length, max. 10 mm
8.5 mm per meter width for fluted and flat
covering layers - h ≤ 10 mm D.2.9
10 mm per meter width for profiles – h > 10 mm
If h ≤ 50 mm ± 2 mm
Profile raster D.2.10
If h > 50 mm ± 3 mm
Upper strut width (b1 and for b1 ± 1 mm D.2.11
Lower strut width (b2) for b2 ± 2 mm
a
For calculating the thickness of elements with profiled covering layers, see Figure D.1.
2.3 Transverse bow – cupping of the panels
Transverse bow of the panels is unavoidable due to the different profiles on the outside
and inside of the panels and the associated different thermal properties. This bow can
be flattened, so to speak, by screwing thinner panels to the purlins. With thicker panels
this is not possible, due to their inherent stiffness. The panels “flatten” themselves over
time, however, which requires re-tightening of the screws after about 1.5 to 2 years!
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3 RAL colours
The colours of these products are designated in terms of the RAL (German Institute for
Quality Assurance and Certification) colour code system. Please note that for production
reasons, a perfect RAL colour match is not possible.
The original index cards issued by RAL show only the colour and its corresponding
number; they should be the basis for comparison. Since the RAL colours are used by
everyone and for any purpose, the RAL Institute cannot exercise control over the products
using RAL colours. For this reason, the RAL Institute also does not specify colour
tolerances, since these are subject to different requirements in different industries.
Colours may differ, especially in the case of subsequent supplies and if a new sheet
metal coil is involved. Variations, irrespective of degree, do not constitute a reason
for a claim. RAL does not specify tolerances! When placing your first order, consider
ordering a few spare panels.
Each supplier of original coated sheets for producing sandwich panels specifies his own
ΔE for colour deviations (refer IFBS [Industrial Association for Structural Systems in
Lightweight Metal Construction]). The panel manufacturer cannot influence this. The
colour deviation can be measured with a special device. A deviation ΔE < 1 lies within
the tolerance range (refer DIN 6174-15 Δ E).
Discuss the above topics with the manufacturer or dealer when re-ordering supplies for
the same building site. If possible, he may manufacture the required panels from the
same coil and batch. Your information to this effect is thus required as soon as possible.
Should such a coil or remnant of coil no longer be in stock, the customer’s requirement
can therefore not be met and a colour match is not guaranteed. The customer cannot
demand perfect colour identity.
Contact your supplier or dealer when compiling a bill of materials involving façade
panels for major projects. Specifically point out the importance of matching façade
colours. He will assist you in ensuring that the same colour and sheet metal batch is
used per façade; this is the only way to ensure matching façade colours.
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To avoid dependency and as a precaution against supply bottlenecks, the manufacturers
make use of several sheet metal suppliers. They all have RAL-compliant colours, but
the colours may differ slightly. Each batch is a unique mixture for the colour coating
machine and which is not perfectly repeatable. This is why colour differences between
individual batches of the same RAL colour are unavoidable, even for the same sheet
metal manufacturer.
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4 What are the criteria for panel selection?
4.1 Intended use of the building?

To ensure that the ultimate sandwich panel building envelope meets the required
demands, the purpose of the planned building – including the expected emissions in its
interior – must be analysed in detail.
 Not heated: For minor to no sealing: Energy performance certificate not required:
Costly sealing for maximum vapour tightness is not or hardly required if the
customer intends to use a hall for machines, equipment and trucks or in case of
an unheated warehouse. In this case, the customer requires “only” a temperate
hall with no condensate dripping from the purlins as may occur, for instance, with
single layer trapezoidal sheeting without anti-condensate coating.
 Heated: Sealing required – Energy performance certificate necessary:

An energy performance certificate must be issued by an authorised person (energy
technician) upon completion of air-conditioned (heated or cooled) halls; refer
OIB Directive 6 (Energy economy and heat retention). Relevant sealing tapes and
instructions on how and where these must be fitted exist.
This is of particular importance in:

o Production halls
o Trading halls, if heated
o Administration buildings
o Buildings in the catering field
o Gymnasiums especially  contain a lot of moisture
o Halls in which high temperatures develop, esp. high halls with heating.
 Buildings in which high humidity may be expected (laundry, abattoir, butchery,

nursery, ….). Ensure that interior panel joints are sealed particularly well and point
out the importance of having effective mechanical ventilation.
 Indoor swimming pools must be equipped with air drying facilities and the humidity
should be maintained between 55 and 60 %.
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 With proper installation, sandwich panel clad halls are generally very airtight. But
only if suitable sealing materials have been used, of course.
4.2 Building location – wind loading and snow loads (stability)

Snow loads: ÖNORM EN 1991-1-3
Wind loading: ÖNORM EN 1991-1-4
In addition to the insulation value of the panels, their load bearing capacity is also
decisive. The loads are determined as described in the two abovementioned standards.
The fitting and installation companies carry the responsibility for the correct load
bearing capability. The calculation of panel loading must include the stability and the
fitness for service.
Wind loading:
Both the wind pressure and the wind suction loads must be calculated in order to arrive
at the panel strength and the number of fasteners respectively. A fastening plan based
on the wind suction loading must be compiled.
The following parameters are of importance when calculating wind loading:
o Flat, pitched or single pitched roof, cylindrical roof, shed roof, free-standing wall,
free-standing single pitched roof, self-supporting roof with two symmetrical
roof surfaces.
o Terrain category: Free-standing, built-up, heavily built-up area.
o Height above sea level of the object, as accurately as possible.
o Dimensions of the building (length, width, height, roof height).
o Building apertures which may be open at the same time.
Partitioning inside halls:

The panel thickness must also be calculated for interior partitioning, depending on the
span. Suitable substructures must be erected, if necessary.
Snow loads:
Snow loads in acc. with ÖNORM 1991-1-3 are given in that standard or in the Federal
register for ice and snow loads (www.conkrete.com). Various software producers also
offer computer programs to easily determine the snow loads. Both the program and the
Federal register will provide typical snow loads on the ground.
- 17 - WIESINGER --------------
A reduction of this typical snow load must be performed acc. to the standard. Also consider
the expected snow drift on a roof and proceed according to the ÖNORM EN 1991-1-3
standard.
4.3 Loads - general:

Distinction is made between constant and variable loads. These are always given in
kN/m2. Our load tables are based on this.
Constant loads: - own weight of the panel

- poss. solar panels
- poss. photovoltaic cells
- possible suspension fittings for lighting
or building services (always subject to
consultation with the panel manufacturer)
- other loads
Variable loads: - wind loading

- snow loads
- local accumulation of snow on the roof (snow pocket formation)
- thermal load (dep. on colour group)
4.4 Static load systems:

The following static load systems must be recognised:
!0#.1%&',$-.' 2(*3%&'',$-.'
,*$$("+/'
0(1'&(2#'30!4%50!+6.! ,*$$("+'4-""#&"/'
0(1'&(2#'30!4%50!+6.!
!
"#$$%&'!$(')*!+,.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,,.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,/.!
!
A B A B C
!"#$%&'("')*%+#$%&',$-.'
,*$$("+/' 0(1'&(2#'30!4%50!+6.!
!
"#$$%&'!$(')*!+,,.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,/.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,-.!
A B C D
- 18 - WIESINGER --------------
Single-span support vs two-span support:
Sandwich panels with single-span support have a greater kN/m² load bearing capacity
than two-span supported panels. The reason being that the single-span support system is
defined by the static load, i.e. temperature induced deformations do not affect structural
integrity. The static loads in the two-span supported system are indeterminate, however,
i.e. temperature induced deformation causes additional stress (hogging moment) over
the centre support which must be calculated.
The span moment of the single-span support is approximately the same as the hogging
moment of the two-span support (depends on the flexibility of the core material; in
a shear-resistant system: M = ). The supported moment of a panel (load bearing

capacity) is lower at the support than in the span, however, since an additional mutual
interaction with the supporting force must be taken into account.
4.5 Serviceability – deflection limit
Gravity and the effective loads cause natural deformation (sag) in sandwich panels
in their final built-in condition. To keep cumulative deflections of components such
as roof trusses, purlins and sandwich panels within limits and to prevent permanent
deformation in these parts, deflection limiting means were introduced for components
and incorporated in the standards. The deflection of a component is proportionate to its
span.
Deflection restrictions are generally applicable to panel construction:
Explanation of the terms with reference to a sketch:
Distributed load “q” is

! the load on the support.
"#$%#&'()*!!$!
! "#$%&#'(%)*!+,-*!! Span “L” is the distance

.! between supports.
Deflection “f” is the

component sag at the
! "#$%!!&! midpoint of the span.
- 19 - WIESINGER --------------
OIB [Austrian Building Technology Institute] Directive 1 (Mechanical strength and
stability) includes the national Appendix ÖNORM B 1990-1 (Eurocode – Basics for
design of structures) in Point 2 (Stipulations on load bearing capacity and Serviceability)
under Point 2.1.2 (Reliability of the structures must comply with the requirements
pursuant to ÖNORM EN 1990). The national Appendix states the following under Point
4.2.1, Table 1:
Fields of application: wI+w3-wc. 1)
Roofs for walking on only for maintenance purposes,

//200
Ceilings with suspended false ceiling
Ceilings, roofs for walking on //300
/ Is the span of the considered building component

/ is twice the overhang in case of overhangs
1
) Designations in acc. with ÖNORM EN 1990:2003, Fig. A.1.1
In the sandwich panel construction business this means that, in the Federal States of
Austria where OIB Directive 1 is already obligatory via the national building regulation,
the deflection limit of L/200 for roofs which are walked on only for maintenance
purposes is applicable.
For facades and walls: Fmax =
Locally blocked deflection:

Over the entire roof area, the deflection must never be locally blocked. For instance,
should the top edge of the purlins be flush with the roof girders (trusses), the panel
deflection would be locally blocked by the roof girder, thereby overstressing the
adjacent longitudinal joint region. Insufficient air tightness, caused by the inhibited
differential movement between the two panels, will lead to condensate formation and
likely rainwater ingress at this seam. The longitudinal joint screws would normally
strip their thread due to overstressing. Installing additional numbers of longitudinal
joint screws along the affected seam is futile, since this causes the outer cladding of the
sagging panel to separate from the insulation core, damaging the panel beyond repair
and voiding the warranty claim against the panel manufacturer.
Never mount roof panels, irrespective whether PUR or mineral fibre wool core, over
wide-span roof structures if the top edge of the purlin is flush with the top of the roof
truss.
- 20 - WIESINGER --------------
The top edge of the purlin must always be higher than the roof girder itself, i.e. higher
by slightly more than the permitted deflection.
! "#$%&#'(%)*!+,-*!!.!
! "#$%&#'(%)*!+,-*!!.!
! "#$%&#'(%)*!+,-*!!.!
(23!4&)"%!
! 0--1!/&)+,
--+!.-(/*!
"#$#!%&'()&*"+!,
! "#$%&'!
The above figure shows an example of this situation. If the top edge of the purlins had
been flush with the laminated wood joist, then the panel deflection would have been
blocked in this region. The result: wide open gaps between the blocked and deflected
panel. This leads to condensate formation due to a lack of effective sealing and to
rainwater ingress through the wide open gap on the outside. Be sure, therefore, that all
the panels are able to uniformly deflect! Should the customer nevertheless wish the top
edge of the purlins to be flush with the top edge of the truss, then the maximum span
given in the load tables must be halved. This requires double the number of purlins.
Corrections after panel installation are very difficult, costly and hardly economically
feasible.
Shown on the left, the fatal mistake of

having the top edge of the purlins flush with
!
the roof truss. The deflection of the panel
is blocked where it meets the roof truss.
The longitudinal joint may leak, allowing
rainwater ingress and especially condensate
formation because the joint symmetry is
flawed. The seal is not tight. Condensate
drops can be seen!
- 21 - WIESINGER --------------
4.6 Colour groups – thermal expansion:
The panel colours are divided into three colour groups, based on the increasing thermal
absorption properties of darker colours. The lighter the colour, the more heat energy is
reflected and not stored in the sheet material.
Colour group I Colour group II Colour group III

RAL Colour HW °C RAL Colour HW °C RAL Colour HW °C
9010 pure white 90 52 1001 beige 68 57 2002 vermilion 37 67
9001 cream 84 53 1002 sand yellow 67 57 6010 grass green 37 67
1013 oyster white 85 54 7038 agate grey 67 57 8025 pale brown 34 68
1015 light ivory 82 54 7032 pebble grey 67 57 8004 copper brown 33 69
9002 grey white 83 54 9006 white aluminium 66 57 5007 brilliant blue 33 69
1018 zinc yellow 80 54 1007 daffodil yellow 57 59 6001 emerald green 32 70
1016 sulphur yellow 78 55 1024 ochre yellow 57 59 3000 flame red 31 70
7035 light grey 75 55 2003 pastel orange 55 60 6002 leaf green 29 71
6019 pastel green 76 55 6021 pale green 55 60 3002 carmine red 28 71
1020 olive yellow 53 61 6003 olive green 28 71
7001 silver grey 52 61 3009 oxide red 28 71
2000 yellow orange 51 61 5009 azure blue 28 71
6018 yellow green 50 62 7015 slate grey 28 71
7002 olive grey 44 64 8007 fawn brown 27 72
6011 reseda green 43 64 7013 brown grey 27 72
5012 light blue 43 64 5010 gentian blue 22 75
2004 pure orange 43 64 8011 nut brown 22 75
8003 clay brown 40 65 6005 moss green 21 76
2001 red orange 40 65 7016 anthracite grey 21 76
1000 green beige 72 55 3004 purple red 20 76
1006 maize yellow 63 55 5002 ultramarine blue 20 76
1024 ochre yellow 57 59 8014 sepia brown 19 77
8023 orange brown 40 64 8016 mahagony brown 18 78
6008 brown green 16 79
5013 cobalt blue 15 80
6020 chrome green 23 75
The temperature values shown in the °C column in the above table are surface
temperatures measured in °C at an ambient temperature of 27°C.
4.7 Coatings
A polyester coating is the standard. At a surcharge, panels can be supplied with a
selection of different coatings. As the installer of this material, you should specify a
coating to suit your application:
- 22 - WIESINGER --------------
Type of coating Thickness Application Characteristic Price
Polyester 25 µm Interior / exterior Good UV resistance Standard
Polyester-thin 15 µm Interior Less UV resistance Standard
PVC foil 150 µm Inside coating Not UV resistant Surcharge
PVDF 25 µm Exterior Does not fade quickly Surcharge
TTHD 60 µm Exterior Rough environment Surcharge
Plastisol 100,150,200 µm Interior Not UV resistant Surcharge
Attention:
Foil-coated sandwich elements (Plastisol, PVC foil) must be stored inside the hall, not
covered and UV-protected!
4.8 Thermal expansion and contraction

The natural effect of heat generally causes thermal expansion and contraction in
sandwich panels. This fact must always be taken into account. The panels, depending
on the situation often only the outer skin, must be able to expand and contract freely.
The detailed design must allow adequate space for this.
The following is applicable in the case of steel:

0.01 mm per 1 m length and 1°C change in temperature
With a 12 m long roof panel, with a dark exterior colour (RAL 7016), this implies:
Temperature difference: Summer +76°C + Winter -30°C = 106°C
0.01 mm x 12.00 m x 106°ΔT = 12.72 mm change in length.
For this reason, the outer sheet metal of sandwich panels must never be mechanically
connected (screwed or riveted) at the transverse joints.
4.9 Dimensioning
Tables or calculation programme:
There are two options: determining the support span to suit a specific panel or, vice-
versa, to select a suitable panel for a given span, using the manufacturer’s table of
load-bearing capacities, or using a computer programme that also considers the colour
group.
- 23 - WIESINGER --------------
The panel calculations can also be performed by the technical divisions of panel
manufacturers, using a computer programme, at cost. Colour groups I, II and III should
have been taken into consideration in the span tables.
Notes on the exemplary Load table overleaf:
Row 1: with unrestricted deflection

Row 2: with deflection restricted to L/200
Top row: distributed load “q” in kN/m²
DP 100/142 denotes a roof panel with a 100 mm thick core and 142 mm max.
dimension, including the crown.
To: exterior sheet steel thickness of 0.60 mm
Tu: interior sheet steel thickness of 0.50 mm
Weight [kg/m²] 13.60 kg panel weight / m²
Lmax: maximum permissible span [m] amin: minimum bearing width [cm]
- 24 - WIESINGER --------------
BRUCHA Sandwichpaneele Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. Karlh
Stand: 2007 05 Staatlich befugter und beeideter
A-1070 Wien, Schottenfeldga
!
!""#$%&&'()%*("+$,(*-$.+",$'"%/(+0$
Verwendung als Dach: Belastung ist Schneelast
q [kN/m²] 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25 2,50 2,75 3,00 3,25 3,50 3,75 4,00 4,25 4,50 4,75 5,00 5,25 5,50 5,75 6,00
lmax [m] 7,12 6,52 6,01 5,61 5,28 5,00 4,66 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25

FG 1
amin [cm] 5,2 6,0 6,8 7,5 8,1 8,7 9,1 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,8 9,9 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4
lmax [m] 7,12 6,52 6,01 5,61 5,28 5,00 4,66 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
1 FG 2
amin [cm] 5,2 6,0 6,8 7,5 8,1 8,7 9,1 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,8 9,9 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4
lmax [m] 7,12 6,52 6,01 5,61 5,28 5,00 4,66 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
FG 3
DP
amin [cm] 5,2 6,0 6,8 7,5 8,1 8,7 9,1 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 9,7 9,8 9,9 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4
Einfeld
"#$%&'()*+$!
100/142
FG 1 lmax [m] 5,22 4,74 4,36 4,04 3,78 3,54 3,34 3,16 3,00 2,85 2,72 2,60 2,49 2,39 2,29 2,20 2,12 2,05 1,98 1,91 1,85
2 FG 2 lmax [m] 5,22 4,74 4,36 4,04 3,78 3,54 3,34 3,16 3,00 2,85 2,72 2,60 2,49 2,39 2,29 2,20 2,12 2,05 1,98 1,91 1,85
!
FG 3 lmax [m] 5,22 4,74 4,36 4,04 3,78 3,54 3,34 3,16 3,00 2,85 2,72 2,60 2,49 2,39 2,29 2,20 2,12 2,05 1,98 1,91 1,85
lmax [m] 6,41 5,91 5,53 5,23 4,98 4,77 4,59 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
FG 1

amin [cm] 8,8 10,5 12,1 13,6 15,0 16,4 17,8 18,3 18,4 18,6 18,8 19,0 19,2 19,4 19,6 19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,9
0,60
0,55
16,30
lmax [m] 6,41 5,91 5,53 5,23 4,98 4,77 4,59 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
1 FG 2
amin [cm] 8,8 10,5 12,1 13,6 15,0 16,4 17,8 18,3 18,4 18,6 18,8 19,0 19,2 19,4 19,6 19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,9
lmax [m] 6,41 5,91 5,53 5,23 4,98 4,77 4,59 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
FG 3
amin [cm] 8,8 10,5 12,1 13,6 15,0 16,4 17,8 18,3 18,4 18,6 18,8 19,0 19,2 19,4 19,6 19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,9
to [mm]
tu [mm]
Zweifeld
FG 1 [m] 5,82 5,42 5,07 4,65 4,28 3,97 3,70 3,46 3,26 3,07 2,91 2,77 2,63 2,51 2,41 2,31 2,21 2,13 2,05 1,98 1,91
"#$%&'()*+,!
lmax
2 FG 2 lmax [m] 5,82 5,42 5,07 4,65 4,28 3,97 3,70 3,46 3,26 3,07 2,91 2,77 2,63 2,51 2,41 2,31 2,21 2,13 2,05 1,98 1,91
"#$%&'! [kg/m²]
!
!Gewicht
FG 3 lmax [m] 5,82 5,42 5,07 4,65 4,28 3,97 3,70 3,46 3,26 3,07 2,91 2,77 2,63 2,51 2,41 2,31 2,21 2,13 2,05 1,98 1,91
lmax [m] 6,84 6,25 5,80 5,45 5,16 4,91 4,66 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
FG 1
- 25 -
amin [cm] 9,7 11,4 12,9 14,4 15,8 17,1 18,1 18,3 18,4 18,6 18,8 19,0 19,2 19,4 19,6 19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,9
lmax [m] 6,84 6,25 5,80 5,45 5,16 4,91 4,66 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
1 FG 2
amin [cm] 9,7 11,4 12,9 14,4 15,8 17,1 18,1 18,3 18,4 18,6 18,8 19,0 19,2 19,4 19,6 19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,9
lmax [m] 6,84 6,25 5,80 5,45 5,16 4,91 4,66 4,28 3,97 3,71 3,48 3,28 3,11 2,95 2,82 2,70 2,59 2,49 2,40 2,32 2,25
FG 3
amin [cm] 9,7 11,4 12,9 14,4 15,8 17,1 18,1 18,3 18,4 18,6 18,8 19,0 19,2 19,4 19,6 19,8 20,0 20,2 20,4 20,6 20,9
Dreifeld
"#$%%&'()*!
FG 1 lmax [m] 5,77 5,44 5,03 4,61 4,26 3,96 3,70 3,48 3,27 3,09 2,93 2,79 2,65 2,53 2,42 2,32 2,23 2,14 2,06 1,99 1,92
2 FG 2 lmax [m] 5,77 5,44 5,03 4,61 4,26 3,96 3,70 3,48 3,27 3,09 2,93 2,79 2,65 2,53 2,42 2,32 2,23 2,14 2,06 1,99 1,92
!
FG 3 lmax [m] 5,77 5,44 5,03 4,61 4,26 3,96 3,70 3,48 3,27 3,09 2,93 2,79 2,65 2,53 2,42 2,32 2,23 2,14 2,06 1,99 1,92
lmax [m] 1,93 1,88 1,75 1,65 1,57 1,50 1,44 1,36 1,29 1,23 1,18 1,13 1,09 1,06 1,02 0,99 0,97 0,94 0,92 0,90 0,88
FG 1
amin [cm] 8,0 10,4 11,9 13,3 14,7 16,0 17,3 18,0 18,7 19,4 20,1 20,8 21,5 22,2 22,8 23,5 24,2 24,8 25,4 26,0 26,7
lmax [m] 1,93 1,88 1,75 1,65 1,57 1,50 1,44 1,36 1,29 1,23 1,18 1,13 1,09 1,06 1,02 0,99 0,97 0,94 0,92 0,90 0,88
1 FG 2
amin [cm] 8,0 10,4 11,9 13,3 14,7 16,0 17,3 18,0 18,7 19,4 20,1 20,8 21,5 22,2 22,8 23,5 24,2 24,8 25,4 26,0 26,7
lmax [m] 1,93 1,88 1,75 1,65 1,57 1,50 1,44 1,36 1,29 1,23 1,18 1,13 1,09 1,06 1,02 0,99 0,97 0,94 0,92 0,90 0,88
FG 3
amin [cm] 8,0 10,4 11,9 13,3 14,7 16,0 17,3 18,0 18,7 19,4 20,1 20,8 21,5 22,2 22,8 23,5 24,2 24,8 25,4 26,0 26,7
Kragarm
"#$%&'()(*!
FG 1 lmax [m] 1,21 1,21 1,13 1,04 0,97 0,91 0,86 0,81 0,77 0,73 0,69 0,66 0,63 0,61 0,58 0,56 0,54 0,52 0,50 0,48 0,47
2 FG 2 lmax [m] 1,21 1,21 1,13 1,04 0,97 0,91 0,86 0,81 0,77 0,73 0,69 0,66 0,63 0,61 0,58 0,56 0,54 0,52 0,50 0,48 0,47
!
FG 3 lmax [m] 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,86 0,81 0,77 0,73 0,69 0,66 0,63 0,61 0,58 0,56 0,54 0,52 0,50 0,48 0,47
WIESINGER --------------
Zeile 1: ohne Durchbiegungsbe
Zeile 2: mit Durchbiegungsbeschränkun
Für Schneebelastung gilt: Seehöhe < 1000 m FG 1: sehr hell FG 2: hell

4.10 Roof pitch
The following are the minimum roof pitches:
o roofs without transverse joints and without roof penetrations:
at least 3° 5.2 %
o roofs with transverse joint and roof penetrations:
at least 5°  8.6 %
These particulars are applicable to freestanding halls, where snow is blown off
unhindered. Special applications must be carefully analysed and calculated for each
specific case.
4.11 Bearing widths of sandwich panels (for building authorities’ approval)

The bearing width for the panels is vitally important in order to achieve a functional
system under static loads. The load is transferred to the purlins or bay rails via the
bearing surface. The required bearing width for each system of static loading you have
selected is given in our load-bearing capacity tables, or in the computer programme
printout, if you have ordered such a service from us.
4.12 Selecting the panel

. ! !"#$%#&'%$"'%&'()*&'+',$-%*,%
!"#$#%&'$'%($)&*+,'(,-&.(&$"&$
$'&+-%./%$"'%0)*12*,3%.&%by the
'"#$/(01-'($+'(,$2+3$4-&'(&5$$
customer?
!
! Wand
!"#$%
Façade ! 6"78$
Roof
! Note:
;("78<(:$
! ;("78<(:$
Note:
• •Wind
60173&)(.
loading • 60173&)(.
Wind loading
• •Mounted
/51(&82.+5'0951(&3.:.;2'(0<&3.
horizontal/vertical • B*+1223&)(.
Snow load
• •Profiled
!'5=0302',18.01121.,17.&,>21.
inside and out • E&*+1208,18.
Roof pitch
• ?&'@2.01121.,17.&,>21.
• Colour inside and out • 6C'-27C--42'(.
Thermal insulation value
• •Type
A2)*+0*+(,18)&'(.
of coating • B(N(9420(2.T!=2((21&@)(&17U.
Span (purlin spacing)
• •Bi-metal
A0-2(&332==2<(.
effect • E&*+;5')O',18.O=2((21='20G.
Roof overhang without purlins?
• B(C'<2.72'.6C'-27C--,18. • V0@(.2).E,'*+7'018,1821G.
Are there penetrations?
• Thickness of thermal insulation
. • A2)*+0*+(,18)&'(.
Type of coating
• 6C'-272+1,18.72'.P,>21)*+&32.
Thermal expansion of outer sheet metal
• P,>2'824F+130*+2.P@70*+(,18.
Unusual sealing
• E&*+'0112.,17.A2=2)(08,18.
Gutter and fastening
! Insulation core:
61339(,&:$ • B*+122=&18.
Snow guard
• PUR rigid foam
!"#$%&'()*+&,-. .
•• Mineral fibre wool
/012'&345332. Special processing!
!
Insulation core:
61339(,&:$
• • PUR rigid foam
!"#$%&'()*+&,-.
• • Mineral fibre wool (note weight!)
/012'&345332.T@2&*+(2.
Visible fastening:
>%78<0",($;(*(#<%.-&.:$ ! Concealed fastening:
B&#%78<0",($ V240*+(LU.
• • Supporting thread screws
B(N(98240172)*+'&,@21. • Check space for
;(*(#<%.-&.:$
• • Screws aligned
Q1.R0102.)*+'&,@21. • adequate fastening
!3&(9.=N'.&,)'20*+2172. !
• Avoid denting
• E23321.;2'-20721. • Note tightening torque
A2=2)(08,18.O'N=21. Roof purlins - wood:
6"78=*(<<(&$@+?A:$ ! 6"78=*(<<(&$><"8?:$
Roof purlins - steel:
• • Stainless steel screws •• D723)(&+3)*+'&,@21.
Stainless steel screws
• • Use stainless steel screws
D723)(&+3)*+'&,@21.;2'4S. • P1902+7'2+-5-21(. D723)(&+3)*+'&,@21.
@2&*+(21. • • Re-tighten after 1-2 years!
H&*+.I$J.K&+'21. •• ?'202.E,'*+@028,18.
All panels free to
• Use storm washers
1&*+902+21L. deflect?
&332'.!&12232.-F830*+G.
• • All panels free to deflect?
M&35((21.;2'421721.
• ?'202).E,'*+@02821.
&332'.!&12232.-F830*+G.
- 26 - WIESINGER --------------
As is evident from the chart, the selection of panels for a building requires many factors
to be considered and many aspects should be discussed with the end customer already
at the time the quotation is requested.
4.13 Wall panel – façade panel

Wall and façade panels are produced for the wall cladding industry. Wall panels are
somewhat less expensive than façade panels. Both types are suited for horizontal and
vertical mounting.
Wall panel: The panel is fastened through the body of the panel itself, the screw
heads and sealing washers remain visible. Ensure that the screws are
arranged uniformly and in line – the screw head arrangement becomes
an architectural element. The special fastening screws with supporting
thread must be screwed in by means of screwing machines with a depth
stop and not by torque-limiting! Indentations due to the pressure of
max. 1 mm around the screw head are tolerable. Take temperature-
related change of indentation depth into account.
Façade panel: The fastening screws are positioned inside the longitudinal seam,
where they are later concealed. Too much torque, especially at the ends,
may cause the sheet seam to be pulled inward. These depressions are
unattractive and clearly visible on the finished façades. The technical
term of “concealed fastening” must be used with caution. Often, due
to limited space, the required number of fastening screws cannot be
accommodated at a fastening node inside the seam; in this case, either
load distribution plates must be used in the seam (increasing the tear-out
value) or, if this is not enough, additional visible screwing is required.
- 27 - WIESINGER --------------
Fault: Screws fastened too tightly in the seam Fault: Screws without supporting thread and tightened too much.
Horizontal laying Vertical laying
Ordering decisions are generally very price-sensitive. To avoid problems with complaints
at a later stage, inform the building owner beforehand that, in the case of lower priced
wall panels, indentations (permissible up to max. 1 mm deep) may/will occur in the
region around the fasteners.
4.14 Replacing panels in case of damage

Should one or more panels suffer accidental or storm-related mechanical damage during
the hall’s service life, it is possible to replace wall panels (with visible fastening) by
unscrewing and leveraging several panels, using sufficient numbers of staff. New panels
can be fitted and the wall assembled again. This is not so simple with concealed fasteners,
however. At least the last panel, fitted in the wall in the course of repairs, can only be
fastened visibly after the inner sheet seam has been cut off. If this is unacceptable, the
wall must be disassembled up to the damaged section and reassembled after the new
panels have been fitted. If the replaced panels are only screwed from the inside, into
the inner sheet metal, the screw heads are not visible from the outside, but resistance
against wind suction is drastically reduced.
- 28 - WIESINGER --------------
4.15 Choosing the panel thickness
Primarily two criteria are decisive when choosing the thickness of the panels:
! Loading Thermal insulation

! Stability ! Customer demand
! Fitness for service ! OIB Directive 6 reqmt.
! Energy perf. certificate
!
Panel thickness
To avoid problems at a later stage, the correct choice of panel thickness from a thermal
and static loading point of view is very important. The insulation core thickness has a
significant effect on the U-value (thermal insulation) and the load bearing capacity of
the elements under wind loading (ON EN 1991-1-4) of façades and combined snow
and wind loads (ON EN 1991-1-3) on roofs. Please refer to the load-bearing capacity
diagrams or computer-supported calculations for permissible loading of the individual
panel types. Also observe the minimum support width in the area of the supports on the
walls and on the purlins.
4.16 Difference in vapour pressures

Note that the vapour pressure is higher especially in heated rooms, due to the higher
temperature. The exterior pressure under cold outside air conditions is lower (pressure
difference), drawing the ambient air to the outside. Heated air can hold more moisture
than cold air. The higher humidity leads to condensate formation when dewpoint is
reached, which consequently damages the structure. Connections to other parts of the
building must therefore be suitably vapour proof. This can be achieved with glued and
sealed foils or with special adhesive tapes (e.g. butyl tape, bitumen foil, diffusion-
resistant adhesive tapes). Panels fitted professionally and used in the conventional
manner are deemed vapour tight. Although closed cell sealing tapes are generally
factory-fitted on the longitudinal edges, total diffusion tightness is not possible in these
areas. The pre-fitted sealing tape in the longitudinal seam of the panel together with
adequate core insulation thickness and proper assembly would normally suffice. The
precondition, however, is that you, the professional installer, should strictly adhere to
the prescribed gap tolerances for the product. The joints are always the greatest problem
areas.
- 29 - WIESINGER --------------
Proper and professional planning and execution of detail solutions is a sensitive, delicate
task requiring a high degree of specialised knowledge. Knowing where and how to fit
which sealing tape is of vital importance.
The following principle applies, depending on the purpose of the building:
! The installer should seal off the inner panel surface as tightly as possible
and the outer panel surface as tightly as necessary.
Why as tightly as possible?

As tightly as possible because 100 % sealing is not possible with panel or any other
type of construction.
Why as tightly sealed as necessary?

Water vapour that may originate inside the seams and joints must be able to escape to
the outside from the outer sheet metal of the panel. But rain or splashing water must
never enter here. The only permissible sealing tapes for these areas will allow vapour
to escape from inside to out, but not allow rainwater to enter. In planning your detailed
solutions, always remember that moisture must never be blocked – it must be able to
escape to the open.
4.17 Difference in air pressure

Sandwich panels are time and again used as building envelopes for cleanrooms, where
the interior ventilation system constantly keeps the air at increased pressure. The
advantage here is that dust particles are always prevented from entering the interior of
the building. The overpressure in the room is between 20 and 30 Pascal. In this case,
you must do your calculations to ensure that the connections are particularly airtight.
Sealing tapes types 5, 6, 7 and 10 should be used for the interior side of the hall in these
cases. (Refer to the Sealing tape Table)
- 30 - WIESINGER --------------
4.18 Dewpoint
The dewpoint is the temperature below which unsaturated humid air must be maintained,
preventing it from becoming fully saturated (100 % relative humidity).
Air that is not saturated with water vapour has a relative humidity below 100 %. This
means that the air is able to absorb more water vapour at that same temperature. If the
temperature drops, the air cannot hold as much water vapour, i.e. the relative humidity
increases. At dewpoint, the relative humidity is 100 %. The air cannot absorb anymore
water vapour. The result is condensation.
The diagram shows the relationship

!
!"#$%&'()*+,#$*%"-)(,+$."(.",*.,/0#1,
! !"#$%&'()*+,-.)/)
between these parameters. Note that
0112)-"3.)+45&6&(7)
this physical process is invoked at
every thermal bridge. The reason for
! !"#$%&
'()*+),-& condensate formation time and again
lies in improperly joined roof panels
! !"#$%&
'"()*%& with gaps that are too wide and seals
under inadequate pressure, or in
! !"#$%&'('%")*($&(+,( improper structural connections with
thermal bridges.
Heating system inside the hall:

Find out which heating system is planned for the hall already at the time of requesting
a quotation. If the builder plans to install ceiling mounted convectors, temperatures of
up to 50° Celsius may be expected at an average inlet temperature of approx. 65 - 80°
Celsius just under the panel roof. With perfectly laid panels, this ingress of warm air
would cause a high volume of condensate, causing dripping water in the case of PU and
mineral fibre wool panels with vapour-retarded longitudinal butt joints. See pictures
below in this respect:
- 31 - WIESINGER --------------
! !
Poorly laid panel – ineffective sealing. Ceiling mounted convector below the roof level.
Dewpoint table
Ambient Dewpoint in °C at a relative humidity of
temperature
in °C
45.0% 50.0% 55.0% 60.0% 65.0% 70.0% 75.0% 80.0% 85.0% 90.0% 95.0%
2 -7.70 -6.56 -5.43 -4.40 -3.16 -2.48 -1.77 -0.98 -0.26 0.47 1.20
4 -6.11 4.88 -3.69 -2.61 -1.79 -0.88 -0.09 0.78 1.62 2.44 3.20
6 -4.49 -3.07 -2.10 -1.05 -0.08 0.85 1.86 2.72 3.62 4.48 5.38
8 -2.69 -1.61 -0.44 0.67 1.80 2.83 3.82 4.77 5.66 6.48 7.32
10 -1.26 0.02 1.31 2.53 3.74 4.79 5.82 6.79 7.65 8.45 9.31
12 0.35 1.84 3.19 4.46 5.63 6.74 7.75 8.69 9.60 10.48 11.33
14 2.20 3.76 5.10 6.40 7.58 8.67 9.70 10.71 11.64 12.55 13.36
15 3.12 4.65 6.071 7.36 8.52 9.63 10.70 11.69 12.62 13.52 14.42
16 4.07 5.59 6.98 8.29 9.47 10.61 11.68 12.66 13.63 14.58 15.54
17 5.00 6.48 7.62 9.18 10.39 11.48 12.54 13.57 14.50 15.36 16.19
16 5.90 7.43 8.83 10.12 11.33 12.44 13.48 14.56 15.41 16.31 17.25
19 6.80 8.33 9.75 11.09 12.26 13.37 14.49 15.47 16.40 17.37 18.22
20 7.73 9.30 10.72 12.00 13.22 14.40 15.48 16.46 17.44 18.36 19.18
21 8.60 10.22 11.59 12.92 14.21 15.36 16.40 17.44 18.41 19.27 20.19
22 9.54 11.16 12.52 13.89 15.19 16.27 17.41 18.42 19.39 20.28 21.22
23 10.44 12.02 13.47 14.87 16.04 17.29 18.37 19.37 20.37 21.34 22.23
24 11.34 12.93 14.44 15.73 17.06 18.21 19.22 20.33 21.37 22.32 23.18
25 12.20 13.83 15.37 16.69 17.99 19.11 20.24 21.35 22.27 23.30 24.22
26 13.15 14.84 16.26 17.67 18.90 20.09 21.29 22.32 23.32 24.31 25.16
27 14.08 15.68 17.24 18.57 19.83 21.11 22.23 23.31 24.32 25.22 26.10
28 14.96 16.61 18.14 19.38 20.86 22.07 23.18 24.28 25.25 26.20 27.18
29 15.85 15.58 19.04 20.48 21.83 22.97 24.20 25.23 26.21 27.26 28.18
30 16.79 18.44 19.96 21.44 23.71 23.94 25.11 26.10 27.21 28.19 29.09
32 18.62 20.28 21.90 23.26 24.65 25.79 27.08 28.24 29.23 30.16 31.17
34 20.42 22.19 23.77 25.19 26.54 27.85 28.94 30.09 31.19 32.13 33.11
36 22.23 24.08 25.50 27.00 28.41 29.65 30.88 31.97 33.05 34.23 35.06
38 23.97 25.74 27.44 28.87 30.31 31.62 32.78 33.96 35.01 36.05 37.03
40 25.79 27.66 29.22 30.81 32.16 33.48 34.69 35.86 36.98 38.05 39.11
45 30.29 32.17 33.86 35.38 36.85 38.24 39.54 40.74 41.87 42.97 44.03
50 34.76 36.63 38.46 40.09 41.58 42.99 44.33 45.55 46.75 47.90 48.98
The Dewpoint table shows at what surface temperature condensate will form.
This depends on the ambient temperature and the relative humidity.
This shows that at an ambient temperature of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 70 %, condensate will form on non-absorbent
surfaces with surface temperatures under 14.4 °C.
- 32 - WIESINGER --------------
Depending on the circulating air volume, this process continues for as long as the
above conditions persist. If a cold snap should last for 14 days, for instance, condensate
formation may be expected to continue just as long if the installation was unsatisfactory.
Condensate often runs along the seams of the roof incline, dripping off at the purlins for
instance. With mineral fibre wool panels this is a very sensitive topic  repairing errors
in laying is extremely laborious.
4.19 Wind direction

Sandwich panels constitute large-area, overlapping roofing material, rendering them
subject to the rules of the roofer trade. The roofing must therefore always be installed
against the prevalent wind direction. Prior to placing the order therefore, ask the builder
about the prevailing wind direction at the location. The professional roofing company
will query the end customer accordingly (customer’s obligation) and the result must be
recorded.
The next page illustrates how a customer service discussion should be conducted and
how the panels should thereafter be ordered from us.
! Trapezprofil-
"#$%&'()*$+! ! "#$%&'()*$+!
Trapezprofil-
%#(,)+&!
überlappung %#(,)+&!
überlappung
(-&#+$%%)./!$0! (-&#+$%%)./!$0!
von der Traufe von der Traufe
-)&1&*!,#(2!
aus gesehen (L) -)&1&*!,#(2!
aus gesehen (R)
34&!&$-&0!567! 34&!&$-&0!567!
L R
! Überlappung
! Verlegerichtung
"#$%&'!(%)*+,%-&! Verlegerichtung
"#$%&'!(%)*+,%-&!
! Überlappung
"#$%&'(()*+! "#$%&'(()*+!
Cut-outs must be ordered acc. to the above illustrations.
- 33 - WIESINGER --------------
On the roof:
ridge profileaußen
Firstprofil outside
overlapping
Überlappung overlapping
Überlappung
ridge profile
Firstprofil innen
inside
System sketch
Systemskizze
LEFT
TYP MODEL
TYP RECHTS
MODEL
LEFT RIGHT
LINKS
RIGHT
Installation direction
from right to left

from left to right
WEATHERING DIRECTION
On the wall:
!
!+'),
&'(')*
"! #$% /)!
.' )!
,'#$- *!,'#$-.'/
0& 1 ' )
*! '!
!&'((') ! "#$%&
! "#$%%
- 34 - WIESINGER --------------
4.20 Fasteners
The number of fastening screws is based on the fastening plan compiled by you and
which, in turn, is based on the suction values found in the wind loading calculation.
The following values are important in respect of fastening screw selection:

o Extraction value
o Head deflection
o Pull-over (sheet metal tears out)
With wide supporting spans you will realise that, especially with façade panels, concealed
fastening is not possible due to the calculated number of screws and the limited seam
space and due to the bore to bore spacing and the required distance from the edge. In
this case, visible fastening is necessary and the screw heads might possibly be covered
with flashing. The minimum spacing of the screws on the panel face is 35 mm.
Wall panels:
They do not have a groove for concealed fastening and are fastened with sufficiently
long screws through the panel. The screw heads are visible later on the completed
façade. Only use screws with supporting thread and correspondingly large washers with
an EPDM seals. The washers are available with diameters from 16 to 24 mm. The larger
the diameter of the washer, the better the resistance against pull-over.

Supporting thread
!
As illustrated in the Figure on the left,
wall panels should be butt-jointed.
Ensure that the panels are joined
very accurately and use screws with
supporting thread.
- 35 - WIESINGER --------------
Façade panels:
They are fastened to the substructure via the specially shaped seam. The screw is
concealed by the next panel in sequence. When installing, ensure that the panels are
properly joined to avoid unwanted and unattractive gaps which also affect windproofing
and encourage condensate formation.
This figure shows the correct joint

configuration on façade panels. It is
important that the panels adjoin with the
smallest possible gap. This is the only
assurance that the compression of the
inner sealing is sufficient to keep the joint
windproof and that condensate formation
is prevented.
4.21 Which panels are used on the object?

PUR panels or mineral fibre wool panels:
PUR panels:
The rigid foam core renders these panels more compact, more robust and more cost-
effective than panels filled with mineral fibre wool. The foam core as such is moisture
resistant. Eave cut-outs are, nevertheless, necessary since no foam-sheet metal connection
can be 100 %; water ingress between sheet and foam (capillary effect) causes corrosion
damage on the sheets. Manufacturers usually do not accept liability in the absence of
eave cut-outs.
Mineral fibre wool panels:

They are more expensive than panels with a PU insulation core. They are also heavier
and not as compact which makes handling more difficult and more expensive. Although
rendered hydrophobic, the wool must never be exposed to moisture. Connection detail
must be such that rainwater or condensate ingress into the wool is impossible. The
panels are deemed fire-proof since rock wool has a flashpoint of ≥ 1 000°C. It must also
be ensured, however, that the substructures of these walls are made of non-flammable
materials of the same fire protection classification as the panel itself. The manufacturer’s
fire protection certificates must be observed and the substructure configured acc. to the
raster dimensions specified in the certificate.
- 36 - WIESINGER --------------
In the absence of such a description, the frame dimensions of the fire test must be
referred to. Have your substructure proposal approved and signed by your fire prevention
authorities. In case of failure during a fire due to an incorrectly erected fire protection
structure, the insurer of the building would claim compensation from the erecter of the
structure.
Water and mineral fibre wool:
The panel weight increases dramatically with water saturation and the bonding effect
is lost through dissolution of the adhesive bond. The panel’s load bearing capacity
diminishes rapidly. All mineral fibre wool panel intersections not insulated against
moisture, e.g. at protrusions through the roof, domelight holders, eaves, transverse joints
etc. present a problem. These areas must be moisture insulated to such a degree that
they comply with vapour barrier standards. In your design, include exterior draining
holes in the cladding panels to allow water to escape if necessary.
Profile consistency:
Especially with slightly beaded exterior profiles such as micro ruling, the mineral fibre
wool panel has a slightly different appearance than the PUR panel in the reflected light -
despite identical roll former sets. This is due to the wool weighing 2 to 3 times as much as
the foam. The foam is applied in liquid form and adapts to the unevenness of the sheet metal
which is not the case with the rock wool. Due to the wool’s own weight, the micro beads
are slightly flattened in the production process which, although produced with identical
toolsets, changes the appearance
slightly through weight-induced
changes in the angles.
The picture on the
right shows the slight
difference between
the two panel types.
PUR-
Panel
Fire Protection
Panel
- 37 - WIESINGER --------------
4.22 Bi-metal effect
Dark colours reflect little light and absorb heat far more than lighter or white panels.
The surface temperature difference in summer between cobalt blue and white is about
50°C. The PUR foam forms the buffer between the inner and outer metal sheet. Among
other, the foam has the task of flexibly absorbing the different length changes of the
two sheets caused by the temperature difference inside and outside the hall. With a
30°C interior hall temperature and an anthracite grey roof or outer wall surface, the
temperature difference is a good 46°C. Thermal expansion renders the outer sheet longer
than the inner, causing the panel to bulge to the outside. This bow-like deformation is
commonly known as the so-called “bi-metal effect”. The colour crucially determines
the degree of the bi-metal effect, which may be 4-5 cm with Colour group III colours
and a 6 m span.
The colours are divided into three groups, depending on brightness and max. surface
temperature. Refer to table on Page 28 in this regard. This effect is already evident
during installation. With thicker panels, this can actually make joining quite difficult on
a hot day. Be careful not to expose the panels in the package to direct sunlight prior to
assembly. They must either be covered if necessary, or installed during cooler ambient
temperatures.
In higher temperatures, the bi-metal effect is quite normal during panel installation.
- 38 - WIESINGER --------------
This effect is of course also active in the installed condition. The panels curve outward
between their fastened points. The curvature amplitude depends on the span between
supports. This natural effect may produce reflections in oblique lighting. This effect is
temperature-dependent and is therefore unavoidable.
If the sheet’s expansion is impeded by several fastening points, preventing the bulge
caused by the bi-metal effect from forming, the outer sheet may even fold in the vicinity
of the block to expansion.
Two-span carrier – mineral fibre wool panel, expansion is blocked by central fastening  fold formation
This is why you should give your customer professional advice to avoid such installation
conditions. Never underestimate the sheet metal expansion.
4.23 Roof shape and incline

Always remember that sandwich panel roofs, similar to other metal roofs, are rainproof
but not waterproof. Your roof pitch must therefore never be less than that specified.
Backed water caused by water guiding plates in the gutter region or snow guards may
cause water ingress into the building due to ice blockage.
- 39 - WIESINGER --------------
This is particularly dangerous in the case of mineral fibre wool panels. Moisture
penetration into the mineral fibre wool makes the panel much heavier whilst also
dissolving the adhesive bond between wool and metal sheets. The static load bearing
capacity is reduced and the panels may fail. The roof panels therefore become unusable.
This also applies if no precautions are taken to prevent condensate formation inside the
panel!
Roof avalanches slide down the smooth sheet metal surfaces easily and fall to the
ground. Snow guards must be properly fitted wherever necessary. This should always
be done at the purlins only and never below a transverse joint, ridge or other joints such
as domelights etc.
In the case of a stepped part of a multiple roof building or raised roof parapets, increased
snow loads can be expected. Such areas can be identified in advance, based on the
construction plans and the architect’s experience. Higher snow loads must be anticipated
there (refer ÖNORM B 1991-1-3). Ice blockage may also occur.
4.24 Substructure: wood or steel roof purlins; is a substructure for the walls ready
on site?
Since sandwich panels form both a building’s wall and roof covering and determine
its interior and exterior appearance, the position of the bay rails and roof purlins is
significant. Sandwich panels are fastened directly to these substructures and cannot be
adjusted thereafter. This means that the completed façade surface can only be as even
as the prepared substructure it is attached to. If the substructures are irregular / uneven,
irrespective whether roof trusses or bay rails, our panels will not match up accurately.
This is not a reason for a complaint. See Point 1.5 for permissible panel stresses.
- 40 - WIESINGER --------------
The shaped tube bay rail is positioned about 15 mm
Solid wood purlins in the above or similar condition are
too far inside. The wind forces cannot be effectively
not suited as sandwich panel supports.
taken up by the substructure. Such substructures
may not be used as panel supports.
• twisting
• bending
• contortion
Wood or metal purlins:

Experience has shown that fastening screws in solid wood initially work loose again,
due to drying of the wood. The screws on the entire roof surface must thus be retightened
after about two years. Depending on the degree of pre-drying, this also occurs with
laminated wood purlins.
If possible, draw up a service agreement with the builder that includes retightening of
the screws.
With metal purlins, the screws always remain tight. Observe the lower extraction values
of the fastening screws in the case of the thin metal used for canted steel purlins (often
only 2.5 – 3 mm). It is nevertheless recommended to check the tightness of the screws
when laying cupped panels. The torque should also be checked again and adjusted if
necessary in the case of halls with large and frequently used travelling cranes.
With roof purlins and bay rails, the support width provided for the panels must also
be carefully checked. Remember that screws must be retightened to compensate for
cupping.
4.25 Purlin spacing and their height with reference to the roof trusses?
Although you may not be responsible for specifying the span, you have a duty to check
and warn. It is important that you measure the purlin / bay rail spacing once again prior
to panel installation; the construction may have been changed after the design phase
without informing you, as the executing company, accordingly.
- 41 - WIESINGER --------------
If the top of the purlins is flush with the top of the roof trusses and the span is wide, then
do not fit the panels, but notify the builder of this circumstance without delay to enable
the construction to be modified before the panels are installed.
External longitudinal joint, the righthand panel is Here also, the top edges of the purlin are level
positioned against the truss and deflection is blocked. with the truss  blocking deflection of the panel.
The panel on the left has already dropped by about
20mm  rainwater ingress!
Roof panels are not allowed to be installed in this way!
4.26 Wall or façade panels mounted vertically or horizontally?

Vertical installation:
If the panels are fitted vertically, an appropriate substructure must be created consisting
of steel or wood profiles. Observe the required support width and span of the rails in
this respect. Visually check the dimensions and fastening of the rails (duty to check
and warn). A stable, thermally isolated sill construction is required and the panels must
be accurately joined. The thermal exterior sheet expansion is in the vertical direction.
The sheet must be able to expand freely without any obstruction. Provided the sill is
carefully designed, there should be no problem with leakage in this region. Usually
an additional flashing covers the cut edges of the sandwich panels. Ensure that water
can run off effectively between the sandwich panel and the sill. Allow a clearance of
approx. 5 mm here to enable the water to run off freely and to allow for expansion of the
exterior sheet. If laid vertically, water ingress is unlikely in the longitudinal joint area,
provided water leaking into the vertical seam is properly guided to the outside. If you
are connecting laterally to a vertical panel wall, you must ensure that the water leaking
into the vertical seam is guided to the outside above the wall connection flashing.
- 42 - WIESINGER --------------
With PUR panels, this can be done when wall cladding is separated or by means of
a 45° one-sided upward cut with a circular hand saw through the seam area and then
fitting a water guiding plate.
Horizontal laying:
If well-organised, this installation method is much faster. Normally, the spans to be
bridged may be up to 6.0 m. The panels are often laid in the static two-span beam
system. With this type of installation and depending on the colour group, the bi-metal
effect is fully active. You may expect the panels to arch outward by up to 50 mm in
the centre, due to insulation. This manifests itself in the sill area, with lighting rows
or windows and with parapet cladding. In these areas, provision must be made for
the panels to move freely under these forces. Glass elements should not be fitted in
the panel plane unless they have replacement frames, otherwise the glass might crack.
The parapet cladding must be able to move (see next chapter). These laws of building
physics must also be considered in respect of the floor connection.
It must, furthermore, be ensured that,

at the end of the panels behind the
pilaster strips, the horizontal joints
are sealed up to the end of the pilaster
strip edge with a permanently elastic,
transparent hybrid sealer (e.g. Würth
Kleb & Dicht).
Experience shows that run-off rain and
driving rainwater enters the joints and
is absorbed by the vertical joint behind
the pilaster strip through capillary
action. From here it runs off or is
absorbed by the mineral fibre wool
insulation. This destroys mineral fibre
wool panels beyond repair. Water then
! "#$%&'!()*+*,-!
-#.)!/!()*+&,0!-*.)!
-#.)!1!()*+&,0!-*.)!
often runs off at the parapet inside the
)'0)!.+*-)2!.&+*(-)%!(-%&.!!!!!!!!
hall, forming unsightly puddles.
- 43 - WIESINGER --------------
4.27 Condition of the building site at the time of installation, is smooth access and
installation possible?
Planning takes priority when it comes to effectively implementing your assignment.

Under the motto “well planned is half built”, many costs, discussions on what the
item price includes or excludes and subsequent disputes can be avoided. Consider
the following aspects when making an offer already, or consult with the designer or
builder:
 Are the building site access routes and surroundings accessible?

 Can aerial platform vehicles manoeuvre around the building site for
installation?
 Are the roof purlins and bay rails provided on site or is this included in your
item prices (caution: sometimes a trap!).
 Is a fairly “unfrequented” storage area available for proper and safe storage of
the panels?
 Is a safety net provided for installation of the roof panels or should you include
this in your calculations?
 Is fall protection necessary at the roof edge, who installs this and, especially,
how is it attached?
 During which season will the installation be done? Drawback in colder season
– less daylight time. Problems with permanently elastic sealers.
 Are all technical details clear?
 Main weather direction?
- 44 - WIESINGER --------------
5 Duty to check and warn
Since you, as the installer of sandwich panels, are generally the last in a long chain
of architects, builders, technicians, main contractors, site managers etc., your level of
responsibility is very high, if not the highest. The following statements are made time
and again in court proceedings:
 Had someone just told me this, we would have decided differently ….

 Well, had I known that ….
 No, no-one told me that ….
 No-one pointed this out to me ….
This duty to check and warn commences at the quotation stage already. From a legal
point of view, it is a matter of violation of the general duty to check and warn. In the
case of legal proceedings, everything is based on evidence. For this reason you, as the
installing company, are obliged (ON B 2110) to inspect and approve the construction as
is (duty to check and warn). You have a duty to warn and notify should you find that the
installation of the panels or the planning of certain detail solutions will cause problems
at a later stage! Only commence your work if everything has been cleared and recorded
in writing.
Besides issuing written warnings by fax or e-mail, always send a registered letter, to be
used as evidence at a later stage. Although verbal statements are valid, they are hard to
verify later.
Excerpt from the ÖNORM B 2110:
5.9 Duty to check and warn
5.9.1 With respect to the
(1) works documentation
(2) instructions issued
(3) materials provided and
(4) services already delivered by other clients of the building owner
which the building owner has made available to the client, the latter is obliged to check such information and services as soon
as possible and with due diligence and if, based on the technical knowledge he may be assumed to have, he has justified doubts
about the intended method of installation, he shall inform the building owner of this without delay and in writing.
5.9.2 Before starting with the delivery of his services the client shall, with due diligence, satisfy himself of the proper condition
of the services which may have already been completed. He shall notify the building owner in writing of discernable defects
which in his opinion could detract from the quality of the results of his services, before commencing with the work.
5.9.3. Defects that require extensive, technically complex or costly investigations or the assignment of special technical persons
for their identification are not deemed discernable under 5.9.1. Should the client have reason to assume that the building owner
is unaware of the circumstances leading to the waiver of these investigations, he shall inform the building owner of this in
writing, without delay.
5.9.4 The client shall make proposals or suggestions for improvement or remedy within a reasonable period of time if possible.
The building owner shall announce his decision in good time.
5.9.5. If the client should fail to notify or if the building owner does not make a decision, then each shall be liable for the
consequences of his neglect. If the building owner does not take the justified doubts into account and if damage arising from the
identified defects should subsequently occur, then the client shall be released of his guarantee and liability.
- 45 - WIESINGER --------------
Supplementary to the above, the following is applicable under ÖNORM B 2221:
5.3.2. Duty to check and warn
The following is applicable supplemental to ÖNORM B 2110:
5.3.2.1 Taking into account the stipulated implementation type, the test involves checking the existing
substrate using simple methods customary in the trade (e.g. visual, measurement).
To be checked in particular:
Uniformity with regard to type and nature; longitudinal and cross gradient;
Alignment and horizontals at the cornices and eave edges; existence and position of
supply and exhaust air apertures;
5.3.2.2 The contractor’s duty to check does not include in-depth technical or chemical
inspections (e.g. static structural forces, building physics, corrosion protection and
durability as well as their calculation).
5.3.2.3 The possible necessity of snow guards is pointed out.

- 46 - WIESINGER --------------
6 Work preparation
6.1 Laying plan

A laying plan with bill of materials must be compiled prior to starting any work. In
the course of this, item numbers are allocated which must be reflected in the plan,
the bill of materials and on the packaging label, if possible. The technician compiling
the documentation must furthermore include the laying direction of the panels. Before
doing this, the technician must ask the customer about the main weather direction and
have this verified. Using the laying plans, the site foreman attempts, as far as possible, to
distribute the packages around the building in a practical way whilst the truck offloads.
Never change the laying direction on the same façade. This will produce different
appearances in oblique light.
An example of such a laying plan is shown on the next page.
6.2 Bills of materials

Draw up bills of materials which must correspond absolutely with the laying plans and
show item numbers. This makes allocations easier and optimises working processes.
Remember the surcharge for shorter length cuts and consider whether it would not be
wiser to combine several shorter lengths and cut these yourself. For reasons of time and
cost, it would be wiser to order cut-outs for transverse joint overlaps and in the eaves
area from us.
!
Attention: With cut-outs, specify whether the left- or right-hand side. For details, refer
to the manufacturer’s catalogue.
- 47 - WIESINGER --------------
!

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- 48 -
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WIESINGER --------------
Complete an order form such as the one shown below:
PU- PANEL ! WP (WALL) ! FP (FAÇADE) ! DP (ROOF)

FIRE PROTECTION PANEL ! WP-F (WALL) ! FP-F (FAÇADE) ! DP-F (ROOF)
CORE THICKNESS (insulation): _______ mm
COATINGS:
RAL COLOUR PROFILE OTHER
INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
CUT OFF: ! LEFT ! RIGHT ____________________ cm
NOTCHING: ! LEFT ! RIGHT ____________________ cm
*)
* ...Notching optional for DP – obligatory for DP-F!
m2 overall:
LENGTH
Qty [cm] m2 REMARK (e.g. shaft/front/pos.)
- 49 - WIESINGER --------------
6.3 Fastening plan
Draw up a fastening plan based on the suction values in your wind loading calculation. Be
sure to specify the number and type of fasteners in the laying plans in order to make this
information available to the fitters on site. Provide the verifiable static loading calculations
on request of the builder.
- 50 - WIESINGER --------------
7 Handling and storage of panels
7.1 Storage of panel packages:

Always store the panel packages sloping lengthwise to allow rainwater to flow off and
away. Canvas covers must be used for long-term storage of panel packages in the open
(do not use plastic covers - condensate will form under the cover!). Canvas covers
allow fast ventilation of the packages. Avoid stagnant water between the panels at all
cost. Even with surface treated sheet metal, this could cause lasting damage (stains,
corrosion, white rust)! To avoid pressure marks, do not stack packages on top of one
another. Secure opened packages against lifting during a storm (e.g. with straps or
similar). For static loading reasons, intermediate storage on the roof structure must
only be above the trusses; never stack in the centre of the purlin span! Coordinate
your intentions with the builder of the structure or the site manager.
Use edge protection profiles under the hoisting straps of a crane. A crossbeam must be
used for panel lengths > 8.00 m. Lift only one panel package at a time. If a forklift is
used for offloading, the driver must operate with extreme care. Space the forks as far
apart as possible. If necessary, use two forklifts when handling very long panels.
Cleaning panels with polyester coating:

Clean soiled areas on panel surfaces with a lot of water and a soft brush. A high
pressure cleaner may also be used, but with no more than 50 bar pressure and with
cold water.
- 51 - WIESINGER --------------
A diluted, PH-neutral cleaning agent may be used to remove very stubborn dirt. Very
hard to remove stains may in individual cases be very carefully removed with ethanol.
Rinse such areas with water immediately thereafter, though.
Acidic and alkaline cleaning agents are not suited for polyester coated panel
surfaces.
7.2 Repairing surface scratches

A small (watercolour) brush can be used to repair minor damage to the surface coating,
caused during transportation or installation. Ensure that you buy paint that can be
applied to a galvanised substrate in a single layer and is of the same RAL colour as the
panel. Repairs on metallic surfaces, such as RAL 9006 white aluminium for instance,
are difficult. Micro-metal particles of aluminium dust incorporated in the resin reflect
light at different angles, which creates this effect. This makes repairs very difficult of
course.
7.3 Protective film

In the course of continuous production, most panel manufacturers roll on a self-
adhesive film to protect the sheet metal surfaces. Remove this protective film prior to
or immediately after installation. If they are exposed to the UV light of the sun for a
longer period, they can hardly be removed any longer!
7.4 Laying the roof panels

Hoisting devices with a vacuum pump and suction cups and also with mechanical
lifting gear such as grippers are available on the market for use with cranes. Never
lift the panels using straps over unprotected edges; this deforms and damages the
seams. To guarantee safe lifting, make sure to choose the correct points for slinging
and note the centre of gravity of the panel. Furthermore, choose the optimal spacing
of the lifting points to avoid buckling of the panel. Vacuum suction devices have
rubber pads to prevent damage to the sheet metal’s varnished surface; take suitable
precautions with mechanical devices. Always ensure that each panel fits perfectly in
the joint area. Adjustment is no longer possible when the roof panels have all been
laid! Defective joint configuration causes vapour diffusion and dripping condensate,
due to wide gaps and consequently insufficient pressure on the incorporated seal.
- 52 - WIESINGER --------------
Therefore ask a specialist to monitor roof panel laying from within the hall, to
immediately pick up gap defects and to take necessary action.
It is compulsory to wear a helmet when performing work with a risk of falling parts!
No persons may be present in the danger zone! Do not stand under suspended loads!
Vacuum suction devices and mechanical grippers are deemed lifting gear under the
working equipment regulation BGBL II 164 / 2000 and must be checked annually by
a suitably authorised person, pursuant to §8 AM-VO – the inspection record must be
available to the labour inspector at the location of work
7.5 The length

It is possible to produce very long panels (up to 18.00 m) on modern continuous
plant. They are cut to length by a flying saw after the reaction tunnel, in accordance
with your bills of material. Surcharges are normally applied for lengths < 2.50 m,
the reason being that the flying saw must return at high speed after the cut, whilst
production continues without interruption. If the required lengths are too short, the
saw has no time to return whilst the plant is feeding the product and several lengths
must be combined, removed from running production and cut by hand.
The installation of extremely long panels is not recommended for two reasons:
• Risk of damage during transportation and installation due to difficult handling
• Changes in length due to expansion and contraction. By screwing the panels to

the bay rails or purlins, they are arrested in this position. The length of the panels
changes with temperature; the longer the panel, the greater the change (the so-called
Delta - L [∆-L]). The bi-metal effect is also active between the outer and inner sheet
metal layer, due to the different temperatures and ∆-L of the two (the exterior paint
of the panels significantly affects this). As a result, annoying stress and relaxation
sounds may be created inside the hall as well as problems with sealing and connected
building elements (flashings, …) due to the increased movement.
- 53 - WIESINGER --------------
To avoid complaints at a later stage, it is better to create transverse joints in the roof
area in acc. with the laying guidelines and, in the case of horizontal laying of wall or
façade panels, to create butt joints with corresponding spacing.
The photos below show folds formed on the inner sheet metal of the roof panels, length
16.70 m, PUR core thickness 120 mm, of a heated hall; purlin pitch ~ 4.0 m. Exterior
paint RAL 7016 (Colour group III), temperature inside ~ 20°C. Expansion of the panel
inner metal sheet must also be taken into account with very long panels in heated
halls.
- 54 - WIESINGER --------------
8 Installation
8.1 Occupational health and safety regulations:

Always comply with the labour regulations. You can obtain a brochure and fact sheet
222 plus free information from the AUVA [Austrian Social Insurance for Occupational
Risks] www.auva.at
• Safety net when laying roof panels (from 5.00 m fall height)
• Safety scaffolding with safety net in the area around eaves and verges
• Stable scaffolding or working platforms for wall panel installation
8.2 Visual inspection of bay rails and purlins

It is not necessary to perform in-depth inspections. This is also not required under
the standards (ÖNORM B 2110, B 2221). Your professional experience tells you
whether such structures are properly dimensioned and, in particular, whether they are
adequately fastened!
What you should check, using a level, line or straightedge, are evenness and straightness
of these interfaces which are of vital importance to the installer; also inspect the
columns, purlins, bay rails etc. for alignment.
Especially, satisfy yourself that the bearing width of the existing purlins is correct.
This is normally provided in the catalogue or can be obtained directly from the panel
manufacturer.
8.3 Controlled run-off of rainwater and condensate

Water guide plates fitted along the eaves may cause ice blockage and subsequent
water overflow through the transverse joints and longitudinal seams of the panels.
Raised parapets, adjoining steep roofs, built-on and higher halls cause snow build-up.
Therefore, in addition to checking the higher snow loads in such areas, always check
whether condensate is able to run off everywhere, evenly and safely. If necessary,
the roof pitches given in Point 4.10 must be significantly increased to ensure that the
described processes are not inhibited. It should be once again mentioned at this point
that sandwich panel roofs, just as other roofs made of metals, are rainproof but not
waterproof.
- 55 - WIESINGER --------------
8.4 Purlin pitch and their height
Before laying, check the pitch of the purlins and again compare this to the loading
tables of the panel manufacturer.
Also check if even, unimpeded deflection of all roof panels is guaranteed. The
permissible deflection of f = L/200 may not be blocked, unless the maximum support
spacing is halved, using additional purlins. In this case, the sag is negligible. The first
and last panel of the roof surface are exceptions. Avoid resting the roof panel on the
wall panel; the difference in deformations must be accommodated without constraint.
The interior must be sealed against wind, using a looped sealing tape (see Sealing
tapes). The verge flashing must be designed to allow such movements. With thinner
panels, lateral distribution compensates considerably, in that case allowing the panel
to rest on the wall panel of the gable.
8.5 Checking alignment of wall and roof surfaces

Panels are inherently stable composite building elements. In complete contrast to
trapezoidal sheets, sandwich panels cannot sustainably transmit torsional forces. The
substructure must therefore be well prepared to ensure trouble free panel installation.
If panels are fastened to a poorly prepared substructure using screws, this mistake will
be clearly visible in oblique lighting (reflection and shadows due to twisted panels)
and the building owner will have a valid complaint.
8.6 Squaring the working area

Before starting with panel installation, square the roof area and use a chalk line to
make check marks at appropriate distances. Check the substructure of the previous
contractor for squareness and perpendicularity; otherwise you may have serious
problems with misalignments as you lay the panels. Since it is your duty to warn and
notify, stop your work and clarify the situation in detail and without delay with the
builder or with your client.
- 56 - WIESINGER --------------
8.7 Prevailing wind direction
Always lay the panels against the prevailing wind direction. The overlap of the long
joints then protects against the penetration of hard, driving rain. This rule is part of
the guidelines for large area and overlapping roof covering materials.
8.8 Lifting the panels

If panels cannot be fitted manually, suitable lifting gear and cranes may be used here,
compliant with the required safety measures. Ensure that the sheet steel surfaces are
protected. It is very difficult to remedy damages.
8.9 Cutting to size

Angle grinders may not be used for cutting panels to size. Mini grinders (1 mm disc)
may be used for minor cut-outs in cases where other equipment cannot be used, but
flying sparks must be controlled!
But do not use angle grinders for cutting to size or cut-outs. They create hot sparks
which burn into the coated surface of the sheet and are mostly permanent. The result:
countless rust spots on the panel surface. Due to their high cutting speed, angle
grinders distribute the abrasive dust across a large area.
Use circular hand saws with tungsten carbide tipped saw blades or special chain
saws. Remove the swarf from the surfaces immediately; it rusts with the slightest of
moisture and causes the same damage as described above.
Subsequent contractors must use suitable materials to protect the surfaces of the
sandwich panels against damages and flying sparks. This often affects metalworking
shops that produce chimney sweep catwalks or railings involving welding or grinding,
or building services performing similar tasks, etc.
- 57 - WIESINGER --------------
Rust spots caused by borings or
swarf are very hard to remove
later.
!
8.10 Drilling
Metal chips produced by drilling and boring, using so-called self-tapping screws, form
rust spots on the coated sheet metal surface unless suctioned away immediately.
8.11 Fastening of cladding panels

The use of rivets cannot be avoided in the overall construction of roof and façade
surfaces. Always use splash water-proof rivets on a roof, never conventional blind
rivets. Use coated aluminium rivets. Buy rivets with a stainless steel mandrel. The
coating on the aluminium rivet protects against corroding electrochemical potentials.
This involves electrochemical breakdown of the base metal, bare aluminium in this
case, by the noble metal, i.e. steel. Acid rain, as the corrosive medium, fully suffices to
effect this. As a result, the rivets fall out of their holes after a few years. The coating
on coated rivets acts as an insulator. The stainless steel mandrel is specified to prevent
unsightly traces of rust, emanating from the rivets, on the façade surface. Coated multi-
purpose aluminium rivets with stainless steel mandrels are available on the market and
should be used – they are also approved by building authorities.
8.12 Using permanently elastic sealing compounds

Although often frowned upon on site, it is hardly possible to fashion coated sheeting
joints without using permanently elastic sealants. You should, however, use modern
hybrid sealing material with a high UV-light resistance (e.g. Kleb & Dicht, supplied by
Würth). It is unreasonable to later burden the building owner with maintenance joints if
this is avoidable using permanently elastic joints.
- 58 - WIESINGER --------------
This shows excessive use of permanently elastic The bottom strip would not be effective for very long
sealant. This would be deemed unsatisfactory. – water will enter the vertical gaps and under the strip
smeared with sealing material - causing rust to set in.
The sealant will not last long due to unprotected UV
exposure. Construction damage is pre-programmed.
Keep the use of permanently elastic sealant to a minimum by ensuring that sheet
metal work is specified in as much detail as possible. Preferably base the sheet metal
work detail on the Rules for building sheet metal work and the ÖNORM B 2221.
If permanently elastic sealing compounds are used, the connecting flashing must be
designed to protect the permanently elastic sealant against UV.
8.13 Fastening material

8.13.1 Roof panels
Fasten the panels only through the crown and never in the water-bearing trough. Use
only the original storm washers provided by the panel manufacturer or available from
specialised dealers. This washer distributes the tensioned pressure of the screw over
a wider area than the sealing washer is able to. The matching shape prevents lateral
movement of the sheet in the crown area given proper tightening torque. Furthermore,
due to its size, the neoprene seal inside the storm washer seals far better against water
ingress than the 16 or 22 mm sealing washer on its own.
The following is deemed state of the art:

Diameter. According to Point 2.2.2 of the General Technical Approval number Z-14.1-
4 of the German Building Technology Institute, only rustproof screws may be used in
areas exposed to the weather. Galvanised fasteners made of (carbon or case-hardened)
steel, (hardened or tempered) may, however, only be used where fasteners are not
expected to be subjected to moisture.
- 59 - WIESINGER --------------
This means that stainless steel fastening screws should be used for roof and wall
panels and for vertically installed façade panels. Concealed galvanised steel screws
may therefore be used on horizontally fitted façade panels, since they are not directly
exposed to the weather or to moisture.
Fastening as shown in the photo is

not correct. The pressure of the screw
has deformed the profile. Stability is
no longer given and rainwater will
enter.
! "#$%&!
'()*+%!
A cross-section of the system on the
left shows how a panel is fastened
correctly, using a storm washer.
Fastening in the trough is not state
of the art.
Note our 2 mm system joint width

with a +/- 2mm tolerance. This is
! "#$%&'((!)*+,(!#$$-*./!011!!!±!011!
! vital to prevent condensation.
A storm with its gusting winds causes extreme upward and downward wavelike
movement of the sandwich panel surface, due to alternating wind pressure and suction.
The bottom flute is similar to a thin, flat sheet with hardly any resistance to torque. Only
the PUR foam core offers resistance, for the screw’s sealing washer to press down.
During a storm, the outer panel sheet metal exerts extreme force on the underlying
purlin via sealing washer and screw. Due to the lacking resistance moment, the panel’s
outer sheet metal may start to deform or tear out. If the deformation is plastic, this area
will no longer be watertight.
- 60 - WIESINGER --------------
Incorrect: Fastening in the trough – sheet metal dented Incorrect: No storm washers were used. Silicone
and screw loose.  Result: water ingress across the subsequently applied for fixing leak.
entire hall area.
To achieve the perfect installation, do not save on the necessary materials. Remember:
defects are significantly more costly than the material. There is very little change
in the working time. But if your fitters have to travel to remedy faults, it gets very
expensive.
Screws and rivets are tested for

tightness using a vacuum testing
apparatus as shown here.
Number of screws:
Roof:
Each crown must be professionally screwed down along the eaves and at the ridge /
half-ridge. The verges are also among the most highly stressed areas in the roof. The
required number of screws is calculated for each area using the calculated wind suction
loading and taking into account the extraction values, the screw head deflection and
pull-over.
Extraction value: This is the maximum permissible force with which the screw
may be stressed axially.
- 61 - WIESINGER --------------
Screw head deflection: Due to the relatively high clamping length together with the thin
screw diameter, maximum bending of the screw is significant.
And the screw head also moves as a result of thermal expansion
and contraction of the outer panel sheet metal. This is termed
screw head deflection.
Pull-over: This is the force to be considered given the thickness of the

outer panel sheet metal. It is also affected by the diameter of
the washer used. It is the transverse force the panel transmits
into the washer of the screw, so to speak. If this value is
underestimated, the sheet metal of the panel will tear out;
although the screw remains in the roof or bay rail undamaged,
it is nevertheless a component failure.
Use only fastening screws with storm washers for sandwich panels. Fastening roof
panels without using storm washers is not state of the art. Your specialised screw
supplier will provide you with all the necessary figures.
8.13.2 Wall
The calculation of the anticipated loading for wall panels is similar to that of roof panels.
The number and appropriate types of screws must be determined in consideration of the
three mechanical parameters discussed above.
So-called load distribution plates for fastening of façade panels are available from various
panel manufacturers. They significantly increase the width of the area over which the
panel loading is distributed. By increasing the area and given proper installation, later
unattractive dents on the façades are avoided. The use of these plates does not change
the suction forces; pull-out is merely improved by distribution over a wider area. Fewer
screws will be required due to the increased pull-over value.
- 62 - WIESINGER --------------
Sealing tape
Sealing tape
Load distribution
plate
Sandwich panel
Without the use of load distribution plates, a 35 mm distance must be maintained from
the panel edge to the shaft of the first screw. This is applicable to both wall and façade
panels. If a plate is used the edge distance may be reduced, but never less than 15 mm.
8.14 Type of screw material

Since Austria has no specification for approval, the corresponding German standards
should be applied. This is therefore considered state of the art. The following is
applicable according to a notification by the German Building Technology Institute on
25.07.1990:
By galvanising, coating or the use of a corrosion-resistant material, the corrosion

protection of the fasteners must be matched to the required corrosion protection of the
components to be connected.
Fasteners predominantly exposed (fully or in part) to external air must be made of a

rustproof material.
Galvanised fasteners made of (carbon or case-hardened) steel, hardened or tempered,

may only be used where fasteners are not expected to be subjected to moisture (this is
generally applicable to the inner sheet metal of double-shelled, thermally insulated
roof or wall constructions in dry, mainly closed rooms and to single-shell, unventilated
roof structures with upper thermal insulation or to ceiling systems with open profiled
ribs above dry, mainly closed rooms.)
- 63 - WIESINGER --------------
Installation rules:
On wooden structures:
With installation using screws, excluding self-drilling screws, approved for use in
wooden substructures, connected parts I and II must both be pre-drilled using a 4.8 mm
Ø (depending on the outside thread diameter) drill. The minimum screwing depth is 10
to 12 times the outside diameter of the screw, unless specified otherwise by the screw
manufacturer. For instance: Ø 6.3mm x 12 = 75.6 mm. In the case of laminated and
solid wood, the outside screw diameter is 10-times and 12-times respectively.
On steel structures:
In steel structures, screws are screwed in
- fully for component II thicknesses up to 6 mm,
- at least 6 mm for greater thicknesses of component II
with their cylindrical threaded region. Impact wrenches may not be used.
Already stressed screws in planned force transmitting connections may only be replaced
by self- tapping screws with a larger diameter, whereby the hole for the thicker screw
must be appropriately drilled.
On concrete:
Nylon dowels with stainless steel screws must be used for fastenings in concrete. The
installation requirements of your supplier must be observed as well as the extraction
figures. Note that the extraction figures, compared to the other two types of fastening,
are on the lower side and that more screws are required. The value is low because the
extraction figures are usually given for cracked concrete. Cracked concrete is the term
for the reinforced tensioning side of reinforced concrete parts. The specified values may
nevertheless not be exceeded when calculating the screws. In the event of damage, the
manufacturer’s warranty would be void and the insurance would not pay out.
8.15 Determining the extraction values for fastenings in concrete in situ

The extraction value can be determined, however, on the object in acc. with ÖNORM
B 6124. The required number of screws can then be calculated using the data obtained
in this test on the object. This test requires one original fastener to be placed in 15
different positions on the object. A special, calibrated extraction apparatus is then used
to measure each value. The average of the five lowest rates is calculated and divided by
the national safety factor γ = 4.
- 64 - WIESINGER --------------
You may then use the result to determine the number of screws required.
Always keep the correct tightening torque in mind as you are installing. The torque can
be set on most conventional electric screwdrivers. On façades, use screwdrivers with
a depth stop to avoid creating unattractive dents. ÖNORM B 3419 will soon include a
regulation to cover this.
Special stainless steel screws must be used should the object contain chloric (e.g. indoor
swimming pool), acidic (hydrochloric acid in galvanising plants etc.) or other chemical
vapours. These screws are available in qualities 1.4571 (A 4). If necessary, account for
the relatively high cost of such screws in your calculation.
8.16 Fastening to the substructure

The type and length of the screws fastening the panel to the substructure depends on
the specific circumstances i.e. whether into wood or steel substructures and the panel
thickness, of course. The minimum diameter is 5.5 or 6.3 mm.
Suitable storm washers with molded neoprene seals and lateral reinforcing rib are
used for roof panels. Use screws of adequate length with a sealing washer and EPDM
seal. Be aware that screws in wood structures, especially for roofs, must normally be
retightened after 1-2 years.
8.17 Visible fastening – screws with supporting thread
Screws with supporting thread are

used for wall panels. Use screwdrivers
fitted with a depth stop. This prevents
denting when turning in screws. Ensure
that the washer is firmly seated and
that the EPDM seal is pressed down
with the required force.
- 65 - WIESINGER --------------
8.18 Longitudinal joints
Self-drilling screws with a reduced drill bit and EPDM sealing washer are available
for this application. The screwing distance is between 300 and 400 mm. Screwing
down longitudinal joints is imperative to ensure a well-sealed hall. According to the
German Building Technology Institute only stainless steel screws may be used in this
case as well. Screws with an undercut thread are available on the market. As opposed to
conventional screws, these should be slightly over-tightened. The undercut clamps the
sheets together and the screw fits perfectly. But to unscrew, the screw it must be briefly
lifted.
8.19 Faulty bores (repair screws)

It may happen that wrong holes are drilled through incorrect installation. These can be
closed by using so-called repair screws. A repair screw has a larger core diameter and a
large sealing washer with EPDM seal.
8.20 Vertical or horizontal laying of wall panels

Wall and façade panels may be laid vertically or horizontally. Please observe the support
span table and the wind loading in both cases. Bear in mind that wind loading must also
be considered for interior walls of halls. For horizontal laying, each horizontal butt joint
of a panel must be sealed below the pilaster strip profile using a permanently elastic
hybrid sealant. The main weather direction should be considered with vertical laying
and the outer sheet must be free to expand and contract.
8.21 Bi-metal effect

Both the exterior and interior sheets of sandwich panels are very exposed to fluctuating
temperatures and subject to different thermal expansion and contraction. A dark exterior
colour significantly increases the bi-metal effect. Note the Colour group (1 to 3)
classification. Bending of the panels between the fastening points is normal; depending
on the span, up to 60 mm may be expected in the centre of the panel. Do not restrict
this expansion through additional fastening – the outer panel sheet metal may fold
irreparably.
- 66 - WIESINGER --------------
Fire spread in the ceiling area:
If mineral fibre wool panels are installed in multi-storey buildings to prevent fire
spreading between storeys, highly ductile joint tapes made of fire-resistant polyurethane
foam (e.g. Würth Fugensystem L) or expanded graphite tapes must be fitted in the
ceiling area prior to panel installation. For more detail on this complex topic see www.
wuerth.de/brandschutz. If necessary, contact an authorised dealer for information. This
measure is related to the bi-metal effect since sunlight would cause the formation of an
open air gap measuring 20 to 60 mm, depending on the span, between the storeys.
8.22 Snapping noises

Temperature differences cause stress and relaxation between panels and support profiles
and between the panels themselves. This produces snapping noises (movement noises)
inside the building. If minor, these noises are normal and no reason for complaint. The
tolerance zone for this effect cannot be quantified. If panels are installed in offices or
residential buildings, a type 1 or 2 partition wall tape, available in various widths, must
be fitted between panel and purlin or bay rail for acoustic insulation. It is important that
the tape covers the entire bearing width across the full length. (sound decoupling)
8.23 Asphalting work inside the hall

Bituminous asphalt is usually applied at a temperature of 160° Celsius and melted
asphalt at 220 - 240°C. Should you discover from plans, discussions etc. that one of
the above materials is to be used as a floor covering, you have a duty to warn without
delay. All windows and gates of the hall must remain open, especially during summer,
after completion of asphalt coating and until the medium has cooled down. Otherwise,
a high temperature will persist under the roof panels. Because expansion of the inner
sheet (lower flange) is blocked between the fastenings on the purlins, folds will develop
on the underside of the panels! Such effects have been found in several cases already.
Although the load bearing capacity of the panels is not diminished, the defect is certainly
visible.
- 67 - WIESINGER --------------
One day after laying the bituminous asphalt. One day after laying down melted asphalt.
8.24 Foam gun application of PUR foam

Fill the joints with foam gun applied PUR foam before fitting the cladding. Please note
that PUR foam applied by foam gun or can is not vapour proof! Foam gun applied
PUR foam must be applied to moistened panel foam edges to ensure adherence of the
foam to the edges. After applying the PUR in-situ foam, the surface must again be
moistened with water. Be careful that excess or dripping foam does not soil the finished
panel surface. It is very difficult to completely remove such stains at a later stage. Act
immediately to remove the foam.
8.25 Eaves area and gutters in general

When fitting hanging gutters, ensure that the front edge is always lower than the rear
edge (refer ÖNORM B 2221 for a work contract for plumbers/sheet metal work). To
break the thermal bridge, separate the bottom sheet of the overhanging roof panel by
means of the thermal cut, if necessary. It is best to make this separation cut, with the
width of the hand-held circular saw blade and a 4 – 5 mm depth, in the outer third of the
rising wall panel. After making the cut the inner webs remain, for reasons of stability.
Note, however, that the panel’s static load bearing capacity is affected by this cut. A
roof panel with a free overhang of 300 mm will easily be possible, for instance, but
600 mm may already be problematic, depending on panel thickness.
- 68 - WIESINGER --------------
If the panel overhang is greater than the panel may reasonably be expected to support,
an additional purlin must be fitted near the eaves. A cut-out at the eaves is imperative on
mineral fibre wool panels and is highly recommended on PU panels. This is mentioned
because some panel manufacturers claim, through misleading advertising, that their
panels do not require an eaves cut-out. Fact remains that a hundred percent bonding
between foam and metal sheet does not exist. Narrow air pockets remain which fill with
water through capillary action and do not dry out easily. The back of the sheet metal
is only hot-dip galvanised (~8 µm) with a protective coating (~5 µm). The sheets soon
start to corrode along the eaves edges, from the inside out, leaving permanent damage.
Capillary water has already started to destroy the Moss growing on the foam surface, sheets start corroding
panel due to moist conditions.
8.26 Preventing thermal bridges

In accordance with OIB [Austrian Building Technology Institute] Directive 6, new
buildings and comprehensively renovated buildings must be designed and constructed
such that thermal bridges are kept to a minimum. In panel construction this implies
removal of an inner panel sheet down to wall thickness in corners, or creating a mitre
joint. A planned gap must be filled with PUR foam in-situ, on a surface moistened with
water. On the inside, type 3 sealing tapes must be fitted such that vapour diffusion is
kept to a minimum and well away from critical zones. To maintain the required pressure
for type 3 sealing tapes, screw spacing must be 700 – 800 mm max.!
Make a thermal cut on overhanging roof and wall panel parts to prevent thermal
bridges, depending on energy conserving requirements. But do not forget the reduced
load bearing capacity of freely overhanging components; this applies, in particular, to
mineral fibre wool panels where the gap of the thermal cut must also be closed using
types 6, 7 or 8 sealing tapes.
- 69 - WIESINGER --------------
The thermal cut is 5 – 6 mm deep and the seamed web of the inner sheet metal must not
be completely severed.
Gate, door and window embrasures must likewise be insulated with polyurethane foam,
polystyrene or Styrodur and the connection joints properly sealed with type 7 and 8
sealing tapes. Avoid creating thermal bridges when cutting panels and fitting flashings.
For fire protection reasons, only rock wool is allowed as a joint filler on mineral fibre
wool panels - due to the flashpoint of > 1 000°C.
8.27 Thermal cut

This cut through the inner sheet metal panel cover serves to break the thermal bridge,
thereby changing the dew point and preventing condensate formation. If you are erecting
an unheated hall this measure may, in consultation with the builder, be dispensed with
(OIB Directive 6, buildings without air conditioning). Any heated hall is regarded as
a “non-residential building” in terms of OIB Directive 6, categories 1 to 12, and these
thermal measures must be taken depending on energy conservation requirements.
Note reduction of the load bearing
! capacity of the overhanging panel

section due to the separating cut. The
picture on the left shows an example
of how such a separating cut should
be performed. All inside seals must be
closed-cell or vapour proof and all outer
seals open-cell.
Maximum cutting depth 4 – 5 mm, the

web remains!
- 70 - WIESINGER --------------
8.28 Application of sealing tapes
As already mentioned in the first pages in connection with the Energy performance
certificate and OIB Directive 6, Point 7.2.1, a building must be sealed as best possible.
In this context, the appropriate use of sealing tapes in jointing areas as created by the
roofer is of utmost importance. The Energy performance certificate for the building
must be issued by a suitably authorised person (energy technician). This includes civil
engineers, consulting engineers or accredited bodies.
In Point 7.2, the Directive stipulates that the envelope of a new construction must
be airtight and windproof. The air renewal rate n50 – measured at 50 Pascal pressure
difference (this corresponds to 5 Kg/m² wall area) between inside and out, averaged
over under- and overpressure and with closed outlet and inlet ventilation openings – may
not exceed 3 per hour. If a powered ventilation system with or without heat recovery
is installed, the air renewal rate n50 may not exceed 1.5 per hour. In non-residential
buildings in building category 1 to 11 pursuant to Point 2.2.2, the requirement applies
to the entire building envelope.
In plain language, this tells the panel installer that heated halls in the Federal states
which enforce OIB Directive 6 (see www.oib.or.at in this respect) must be made airtight.
This is only possible with the use of suitable sealing tapes.
A distinction must be made between:

Interior sealing: closed-cell and vapour diffusion resistant sealing tapes.
Exterior sealing: open-celled and permeable sealing tapes.
Therefore once again the following cardinal rule:
! The installer should seal off the inner panel surface as tightly as possible
and the outer panel surface as tightly as necessary.
!
The sealing tapes must be applied according to this principle. Bear in mind that the
vapour pressure increases with building height and that appropriate sealing tapes must
therefore be used.
A table with sealing tapes, tested in practice and available from specialised dealers, is
shown on Page 74.
- 71 - WIESINGER --------------
The connection detail must, in general, be handled by the technician (deemed a
specialist) of the installation company in accordance with the state of the art, i.e. now
OIB Directive 6, and the rules for sheet metal work in construction and ÖNORM B
2221.
All the sealing tape types specified in this document refer to the table overleaf and
are found there.
A vertical joint of a horizontally mounted

sandwich panel is shown in the picture on
the right. The photograph was taken after
removing the pilaster cover strip. The object
in question is a fitter’s shop; no or incorrect
sealing tapes were originally installed.
The streaks of dirt shown on the photo are
deposits of welding fumes which escaped to
the outside through the ineffectively sealed
butt joint due to pressure differences. The
welding fume traces demonstrate how much
energy is lost in most existing buildings as a
result of improper installations.
This is no longer allowed to happen under the now statutory OIB 6 regulations. This
building envelope would not pass the “blower door” test.
8.29 “Blower door” test

A “Blower door” test may be carried out before issuing the Energy performance
certificate in acc. with OIB Directive 6, to measure the air tightness and wind proofing
of a building or its envelope. Whether this test is required for issuance of the Energy
performance certificate depends on what the building is used for. The envelope of a
building used for a catering business, for instance, must pass the Blower Door test, but
not a production facility (yet). In this case, the Energy performance certificate is limited
to providing the overall U-value of the building envelope.
In the Blower Door test, all the building’s openings are closed and, using a speed
controlled fan specially made for this purpose, a defined pressure difference to the
outside air is generated.
- 72 - WIESINGER --------------
The fan is built into a door or window frame and produces a volumetric flow equal to the
overall volumetric flow through all leaks. In this way a measurement is obtained of the air
permeability / air tightness of the entire building envelope.
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- 73 - WIESINGER --------------
properties Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Type 7 Type 8 Type 9 Type 10
description distance strip partition panel sealing strip panel VKP Plus 600 Alu Butyl Flexible Butyl strip sealing strip sealing strip Uni - Bitu - Roll
strip with fleece interior exterior film gluten
laminate

e.g.: 0875 111x320 1894 ….. 0875 208 0875 021 x…. 0875 620x …. 0875 625x …. 0875 …. 0875 …… 0893 ….. 0875 630x …..
Würth Art. No.:
application Schallentkopp- Schallentkopp- Kontaktdichtband Anschlüsse Wandanschlußdich- Abdichtung von Stoßfugenabdich- Stoßfugenabdich- Verkleben von allgemeine
lung, thermische lung, thermische halleninnenseitig außen, tungen, dichte Anschlußfugen, tungen interior tungen exterior Bändern der Bauwerksab-
Trennung Trennung zwischen Paneel diffusionsoffen, Anschlüsse Wand, Dach und Typen 7 und 8. dichtungen
und Unterkon- schlagregendicht Anschlußkonstruk- Bänder unter- außen, wie auch
struktion tionen einander oder innenseitig
auch mit anderen geeignet
Baustoffen
cell configuration closed-cell closed-cell closed-cell open-cell diiffusion- and gas- diiffusion-proof double-sided one-side diffusion- diiffusion-proof diiffusion-proof

proof diffusion-proof open
material PUR foam PUR foam Poly-Vinylchlorid- Polyurethan-foam Butyl with Alu Butyl with India fleece with Polyester with Bitumen
foam laminate rubber vapour-proof Butyl sealing strip
inside-filler
impregnation --- --- --- Acrylatpolymer- --- --- --- --- --- ---
dispersion
building mat.class --- B1 --- --- --- B2 B2 B2 --- ---
tensile strength 370 kPa lenghtw 325 kpa nin. 150 kPa --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
cross 220 kpa
- 74 -
fire behaviour B3 B1 B2 B1 --- --- --- --- --- ---
density 45 kg/m! 29 kg/m! 95 - 125 kg/m! 1,58 g/cm! --- --- --- ---
processing +5°C bis +30°C +5°C bis +30°C +5°C bis +30°C ab +5°C trocken +5°C bis +40°C +5°C bis +40°C +5°C bis +50°C +5°C bis +50°C +5°C bis +40°C -5°C bis +30°C
temperature
temperature -40°C bis -50°C bis +80°C -40°C bis +80°C -30°C bis +90°C -40°C bis +80°C -40°C bis +80°C -40°C bis +100°C -40°C bis +100°C -30°C bis +70°C
resistance +100°C
water vapor --- 0,72 g/m"/24h vapor brake ! " 100 DIN vapor barrier vapor barrier vapor brake --- vapor brake vapor brake
diffusion 18542
water vapor --- --- very small --- --- sd 1500m ! = 150000 ! = 90 --- ---
permeability (diffusion-proof) (sd > 0,5m)
heat conductivity none none none 0,05 W/mK small none none small small small
joint permeability yes yes no yes no no no yes no no
driving rain-proof no no yes yes yes yes --- yes (> 600 Pa) yes
weather resistance yes yes yes yes yes yes --- yes yes yes
compatibility with good good good good good good good good good good
building materials
dimensions in mm 20 x 3 mm 30-95 x 3 mm 20 x 8 mm variable 40 - 100 mm 50 - 150 mm 70 - 150 mm 50 - 150 mm cartridge 150 - 1000 mm
WIESINGER --------------
breaking 1,7 --- min. 150 % --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
elongation
color anthracite anthracite anthracite grey silver grey white grey/white grey/white black
shelf life --- 2 years 3 years 4 years 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year ---
9 Constructions with steel sandwich elements - details
!
The following 5 basic rules must be followed when planning detail solutions:
• Air tightness and wind proof (in air-conditioned buildings)
• No thermal bridges (as far as possible)
• Driving rain tightness
• Visually attractive
• Storm proof fastening with enduring fastening devices
9.1 Transverse joint:

The top panel must be cut back to a length of at least 200 mm. The foam or mineral
fibre wool must be neatly removed in this area. Apply a strip (screed edge strip) as
wide as the panel core to the face of the transverse joint. On this purlin, underlay the
panel with a continuous spacer strip (rubber) of at least 4 mm on the ridge side. This
creates a gap large enough to prevent capillary suction of water. And any rainwater
which may have entered the gap can run off, allowing the area to dry out. Glue a type
4 sealing tape, at least 15 mm wide, to the inside of the joint, in two rows. Due to
opposing thermal expansion, the covers of the upper and lower roof panel must never
be screwed together. Differences in length would produce leaky slots and the screws
would fall out in the first year already. The troughs may also not be screwed. Make
sure that the sheets never come into contact with each other due to the fitted sealing
tapes. The capillary effect would suck water into the gap resulting in leaks in the
transverse joint area and corrosion of the sheets inside the transverse joint.
A transverse joint cross section is shown on the next page.
- 75 - WIESINGER --------------
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INCORRECT:
INCORRECT:
A transverse joint with an unbelievable number of screws in
The photo shows rust spreading from the transverse
the troughs and crowns. The outer panel surface expands and
joint because only one sealing tape was fitted and the
contracts, the screw holes become slots (see Chapter on Thermal
sheets are making contact. This produces a capillary
expansion), water enters – a fatal mistake with mineral fibre
effect. And no screws were used. This joint is not
wool panels – resulting in panel destruction; with PUR panels a
rainwater proof.
definite reason for leakage  very hard to remedy.
- 76 - WIESINGER --------------
Renovation of a defective transverse joint:
The faults described under the photos above are very common; they lead to water ingress.
Repairs using various permanently elastic sealants are definitely not recommended. This
would only waste working time and sealants. In practice, repairs with resin-impregnated
membrane mats approx. 400 – 500 mm wide from Kemperol and 2-component PUR-
based resin has proved successful. The contact surfaces must first be cleaned thoroughly
with a cleaning agent (MEK). If necessary visit www.santech.at for further information.
In this process, the transverse joint and the screws are laminated with Kemperol across
the entire length. The material also has a useful permanent elasticity after hardening,
which is absolutely necessary in view of the previously described expansion and
contraction (change in length) of the outer panel surfaces.
9.2 Details on eaves:
Variant 1: Hanging gutter, round, with cut-out – gutter brackets under the panel
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- 77 - WIESINGER --------------
Variant 2: Hanging gutter, round – gutter brackets in crown
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Eaves cut-out highly recommended. The cut-out depth depends on the gutter dimension.
The gutter brackets are mounted directly in the crown of the panel and fastened through
the outer roof surface using two self-drilling screws. Better stability is achieved by
placing the gutter bracket at a panel joint, since the two overlapping sheets provide
increased stability in this area. The use of storm washers is recommended. The required
gap is created using a flat steel tool and a hammer. Insert the pre-shaped gutter bracket
and screw it to the outer roof sheet metal. I carried out a successful load test on this gutter
bracket fastening method. The foam is covered with a toothed sheet metal cover.
- 78 - WIESINGER --------------
Box gutters:
Also in this case ensure that the front edge of the gutter is lower than the inside edge,
to enable water possibly backing up to run off.
In general:
Gutters of any type must have a slope compliant with ÖNORM B 2221. Furthermore, a
means of expansion must be provided for the gutters at max. 12 meter spacing.
If the front edge of the gutter is higher than the back, the front must have emergency
overflows by way of spouts.
9.3 Hall ridge: Gabled roof:
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1 Ridge sheet (galv. coated) 5 Type 3 sealing tape (see table)

2 Self-drilling screws with seal 6 PUR in-situ foam, rock wool in mineral
(Niro) fibre wool panels
3 Toothed plate (galv. coated) 7 Type 4 sealing tape (see table)
4 Profile filler (self-adhesive)
- 79 - WIESINGER --------------
The above drawing shows a correct ridge construction. Always raise (tip up) the troughs of
the outer sheet metal of the panel; use profile fillers and toothed plates. Without toothed plates
the profile filler may be removed in a storm or by birds. The plate furthermore protects the
profile filler from UV light. The joints of the ridge sheets are produced as batten seams (refer
rules for building sheet metal work). If sealing with permanently elastic sealants is required,
apply the sealing compound such that it is protected against direct UV radiation.
Installing profile fillers / toothed plates on the roof:

Profile fillers are installed for sealing between the actual panel and the flashing in ridges and
half-ridges of halls, penetrations and dome-light frames. These components are available
from your panel manufacturer as accessories. Despite installing such fillers, it is necessary to
tip up the end of the cover sheet beneath the flashing. The picture below shows such tip up.
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- 80 - WIESINGER --------------
9.4 Verge
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*1: One of the sealing tapes 5, 6, or 7 can be fitted here; the sheet metal edge
plate is dispensable in this case
Verge detail
1 Verge plate, galv. coated
2 Self-drilling screw with seal, stainless steel
3 Support profile galv. coated, along the length
4 Edge plate galv. coated, sheet metal
5 Sealing tape Type 1
8 Coated alum. multiple rivet (e~300-400mm)
9 PUR verge foam on moistened flanks
10 Wall/façade panel (PUR or mineral fibre wool)
11 Roof panel (PUR or mineral fibre wool)
- 81 - WIESINGER --------------
9.5 Wall panel transverse joint
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The continuous support bracket is important for transferring the load of the top panel
to the supporting structure, not to the panels below. The outer sheet metal must in both
instances be free to expand and contract.
- 82 - WIESINGER --------------
9.6 Plinth connection, vertical panel installation
! Thermally isolated type connection
Plinth connection
2 Edge plate as clip-in strip, galv.
3 Self-drilling screw, stainless steel (e~600mm)
4 Glued dowel (due to small edge dist.), (e~600mm)
5 PUR in-situ foam on moistened flanks or mineral fibre wool
6 L-profile, galv. t=3mm
7 Wall / façade panel (PUR or mineral fibre wool)
8 Stainless steel self-drilling screw with support thread
9 Sill plate, galv. coated, sheet metal
10 Stainless steel self-drilling screw w. EPDM seal
11 Steel nail (e~400mm)
- 83 - WIESINGER --------------
Many detail solutions are possible. Always bear the following in mind:
 Thermal separation (avoid thermal bridges as far as possible)

 Do without permanently elastic sealants, if possible. If unavoidable, ensure
that the joints are not exposed to sunlight and its UV and IR radiation.
 With horizontally mounted panels, pay attention to the bi-metal effect,
especially in the lower connection area. In this case, do not screw the support
bracket to the floor but fasten it to the panel only, together with the outer drip
plate. Glue the type 2 sealing tape underneath the support bracket. This
allows sliding and the panel can now move freely. The sealing tape seals.
The joints of sill edges must be produced in the form of batten seams.
Properly mounted batten seam on the sill. Bottom panel end with edge profile with drainage
slots, in vertical installation
- 84 - WIESINGER --------------
9.7 Parapet cladding that accommodates the bi-metal effect.
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Verge detail
1 Vapour barrier
2 Self-drilling screw with seal, stainless steel
3 Parapet seal, galv. coated, sheet metal edging
4 Wall / façade panel horiz. installation
7 Self-drilling screw, stainless steel, with EPDM seal
8 Coated alum. multiple rivet (e~300-400mm)
9 Glue in profiled filler
10 Roof sealing foil continued to the outside !!
11 Polystyrene roof insulation or compressed min. fibre wool
- 85 - WIESINGER --------------
When installing parapet flashing on horizontally mounted wide-spanned panels, ensure
that the panel can move freely. This could create stress problems especially with south
facing Colour group III panels. Multiple fastening would create folds in the panel
surface. Therefore always consider the bi-metal effect when configuring the connections
as part of your detail planning.
9.8 Gate embrasure

Depending on requirements, gate embrasures must be insulated. This must already be
considered in the construction planning phase because the replacement frames (made
of profiled pipes or laminated wood) must be designed wider to accommodate the
insulating material. Thermal separation must always be kept in mind. Apply a type 3
sealing tape between the vertical members of the sectional gates and the cladding for
the embrasure. The photo on the right shows a properly fitted gate embrasure cladding.
The sheeting has been folded back on the inside; for subsequent fitting of the sectional
gate sliding rail. A sheet metal support bracket can
be seen on the outside, with the cladding for the
jamb riveted to the face. Polystyrene was used as the
insulating material in this case.
Shown here is another type of cladding

for a jamb. The pocket-shaped edging
allows the outer part to be easily replaced
in case of damage, without having to
dismantle the gate sliding rail.
- 86 - WIESINGER --------------
Thermally insulated lintel cladding, including sealing tapes in acc. with OIB 6:
9.9 Window installation

Windows must be installed and sealed in accordance with ÖNORM B 5320. As far
as possible, install windows in replacement frames provided on site. In the case of
horizontal installation, wide spans and possibly southern orientation of the façade, try to
avoid installing windows directly in the panel wall, without appropriate replacement to
accommodate the bi-metal effect. Glass panes have at times cracked, windows jammed
etc. due to excess stress.
Use type 7 and type 8 sealing tape on the inside and outside respectively. Type 10
bituminous foil can also be used for large surface sealing on the inner panel surface on
post-and-rail façades in hall interiors.
Thermal separation by pushing the window Application of the correct sealing tape, combined
outward during installation. Type 7 diffusion with skilled sheet metal work and quality of the
resistant window sealing tape is glued to the claddings guarantees optimal sealing.
inside.
- 87 - WIESINGER --------------
The window must have a lower sill connecting Shown here: the sill sheet with side cladding,
profile. The outside is sealed with a type 8 extended upwards behind the window side frame.
permeable sealing tape. This is covered by the Behind this, the circumferential type 8 sealing
sheet metal cladding. tape to form the first sealing layer.
On the lintel, the foam behind the outer seam is removed The jamb cladding is tipped up on top. When using this
to create a slot in order to later accommodate the vertical method, it is important to install type 8 window sealing
seal. A recess must be made in the foam on both sides tape underneath the sill and jamb cladding - carefully and
above the lateral embrasure cladding to provide space for without penetrations.
raising the edge.
The lintel cladding has now been professionally fitted.

From below, ceiling cladding made of canted sheet metal
Both sides of the upper throat edge should be sealed
is hooked in on the front and fastened to the window at the
from the edges inward for approx. 100 mm, using a
back. Again fit type 8 window joint tape.
hybrid sealant. The sealant must never be applied over
the length of the lintel cladding – this would trap the
water!
- 88 - WIESINGER --------------
9.10 Outside corners
! Cut sheet metal and remove
! Wall / façade panel
With horiz. install., seal panel joints with

permanently elastic sealant behind the
palister strip
Corner construction
1 Wall or façade panel (PUR or min. fibre wool)
4 Self-drilling screw with EPDM seal, stainless steel
5 Self-drilling screw with support thread
6 PUR in-situ foam on moistened flanks
7 Edge plate galv. coated, sheet metal
- 89 - WIESINGER --------------
A more elegant type of corner cladding using
concealed fastening brackets. Fit type 4 sealing Shown here: the industrial and therefore cheaper
tape between the panel surface and the fastening version, with visible attachment tags. Once again fit
brackets. The fastening brackets may be fitted type 4 sealing tapes.
using self-drilling screws. The corner cladding
itself is fastened to the sides of the fastening
brackets using coated aluminium rivets with a
stainless steel mandrel.
Preventing thermal bridges:

Ensure that the connection is windproof and vapour diffusion free! In-situ PUR foam
itself is not vapour-tight. Suitable conditions are achieved by fitting the correct sealing
tapes. These should therefore never
be dispensed with. As shown in the
picture on the right, an inner strip
of sheet metal was removed before
the edge panel was installed, since
the strip would have created a
thermal bridge.
9.11 Snow guard

In acc. with ÖNORM B 2221, Point 5.3.2.3, the contractor must point out to the builder
or his representative that a snow guard may be required. A variety of systems are
available. The two snow guards shown below are deemed the most suitable among
many inspected snow guards.
- 90 - WIESINGER --------------
Dual track snow guard fastened to the purlin by Single track snow guard with ice claws fastened to the
means of two screws. purlin using one screw.
Hot dip galvanised brackets are available. These brackets are fastened far back, creating
a relatively large support surface for transmitting the forces into the panel. The brackets
are fitted approx. 2 m apart and fastened directly to the purlin using screws with EPDM
seals. Hot dip galvanised tubes, available as accessories in the plumbing trade, are
pushed through the bores of the brackets - sliding freely. Use sleeves to connect the
pipes. Alternatively, use commercially available ice claws. Bear in mind the risk of ice
blockage, however!
Caution: Like all other metal roofs, sandwich panel roofs are rainproof but not
waterproof. If ice blocks the path to the gutter through the ice claws, it is very likely –
especially in the case of less steep roofs - that backed up water will enter the building
interior via the panel joint and cause damage! It is your duty to warn and notify!
It is prohibited to fit a snow guard immediately below the panel transverse joints.
Projecting roof overhangs or porch roofs for heated halls with a water guiding plate in
the gutter area are particularly at risk. It may happen that condensate runs off the roof
area, pond around the eaves of the cold, projecting roof section, turn to ice and block
the gutter inlet. This is followed by
panels overflowing and water ingress
either into the building or dripping !
down from the lower panel seam.
- 91 - WIESINGER --------------
The bottom end of the panels must remain open to channel away condensate which may
have formed in the longitudinal joint. These paths may not be blocked by any profiles,
timber beams etc. unless some form of controlled drainage is provided.
9.12 Replacements / dome lights

Replacement can be installed for protrusions through roofs with a pitch of 5° at least
(angular degrees). It must be ensured, however, that the thermal insulation is restored
to its original condition and that no thermal bridges are created. The aprons must be
formed with skilled precision, compliant with the standards of the Austrian sheet metal
trade. Vertical rises must be at least 150 mm (at least 300 mm in areas with heavy
snowfall) above the water flow level.
It must be ascertained whether the
roof panels should be supported with
wooden or steel exchange frames.
With conventional curb frames, take
the cover plate facing the ridge to
under the ridge cap. Ensure that the
curb frame height is correct.
With mineral fibre wool panels:

The visible cut edges of the panels
must be sealed with type 8 permeable
sealing tape before installing the metal
cladding. Otherwise the warm air
will enter the wool core here,
creating condensate which destroys
the mineral fibre wool panel.
- 92 - WIESINGER --------------
Prefabricated curb frames:
GRP laminated curb frames for gluing onto the panels are also available on the market.
Detailed installation data is available from the manufacturers of these products (e.g.
Eberspächer). In the case of wide spans, the affected span must be halved for differential
deformation reasons, by installation of replacement frames. Refer to the chapter on
Deflection and Blocked deflection.
When dome light cut-outs or general cut-outs are made in mineral fibre wool panels,
warm air ingress into the insulation core must be avoided by applying type 8 sealing
tapes to the cut edges.
9.13 Fall protection

Stable attachment points to affix the straps of safety harnesses are prescribed for safe
movement of maintenance staff on hall roofs. A variety of systems are available. As the
installation company, always ensure that the manufacturer’s specifications are strictly
adhered to during installation. For reasons of liability, use only tested and proven
systems; do not develop your own.
An example of such a plate, viewed from the top.
9.14 Roof penetrations

It is best to use prefabricated pipe collars. Note, in such cases, that continuous metal
pipes are thermal bridges and that the penetrating pipe may need to be insulated in
addition. Observe this with mineral fibre wool panels in particular to avoid any type of
condensation from the start. If necessary, use your duty to warn and notify!
- 93 - WIESINGER --------------
! A*&!64(;.74(!7(+)2!,&!
3+2.45!.)(1,.6.+74(!,87(!2.9(!
+72&%7!,0(!4&+)!
:4(;.74(!<&1.<+4!24(('(!
=+%/(!7+2(!+%(+!
=&*!$%&6.4(!
"#$%&'()!*+,(%-,./0,1(22!
>48#?!6%+#(!#&84)()!
.1! @&!).2,&%,.&1!&6!,0(!<&1(!
Installation notes:
1 Select the matching tube sleeve in the table. Cut open or cut off the tube sleeve to match the tube
diameter. For a press fit, make the sleeve diameter 20% smaller than the tube diameter.
2 Fold the tube sleeve over the tube from the top and slide down. The special lubricant
Art. no. 0893126 simplifies the installation.
3 Match the aluminium frame to the profile shape of the roofing panels or wall cladding. A blunt
tool is useful for matching to small radii.
4 Apply Würth Spenglersilikon Art. no. 0892 310x001 between the square flange and the profiled
base.
5 Then fasten the aluminium frame using Zebra Piasta screws Art. no. 0214 955x525.
Screw spacing should not exceed 60 mm. We recommend the use of hose clamps or universal
straps Art. no. 0547 for a better seal between the sleeve and the pipe.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
- 94 - WIESINGER --------------
10 Fire protection panels
These are sandwich panels with a rock wool core (flashpoint > 1000° Celsius), deemed
non-combustible. The panels have been checked for fire protection suitability. Ask the
panel manufacturer for a certificate to ensure that the planned panels will suit your
purpose.
Production of these is also in continuous plant. A PU adhesive is used to glue the
rock wool to the sheets. Fire protection panels are far more sensitive than PU panels.
Despite being water-repellant, rock wool is hygroscopic in the medium term and
absorbs moisture. In practice, this leads to enormous problems if inappropriately used
and improperly applied. The rock wool filling renders the panels less stable and far
heavier than PU panels. Remember this when working with these building elements.
10.1 Roof panel

The longitudinal edge bond of the panels is closed with a PE foil serving as a vapour
barrier. As such, warm air released from the hall interior enters the gap due to higher
air pressure, but not the insulation core. The rock wool therefore cannot be damaged by
ingress of condensate or rainwater. These foils, fitted on both longitudinal sides, may
not be damaged or removed. With professionally installed panels and type 3 sealing
tape applied in the seam of the inner sheet metal, the minimum possible warm air
ingress into the panel joint gap is ensured.
If the vapour barrier has been damaged or the laying distance of the panels is too
large, opal coloured matt 50 mm wide adhesive tape and reinforced acrylate glue
(Würth Eurasol without labelling) must be applied to all internal longitudinal joints.
The specialised dealer will probably be able to offer advice. The reason for using opal
coloured matt tape is because this tape is hardly noticeable on the RAL 9002 coated
surface, whilst glossy tapes are very conspicuous.
Try to avoid creating a transverse joint in the roof. However, if this is unavoidable, it is
important to observe these rules. It is imperative to create a cut-out in the eaves area as
well as a drip edge. The open panel face is exposed to the elements and must be covered
by a sheet metal cladding.
- 95 - WIESINGER --------------
10.2 Thermal cut
With fire protection panels, it is important to heed the significantly reduced load bearing
capacity caused by the thermal separating cut at the overhangs! The separating cut must
furthermore be sealed with sealing tape (e.g. Würth Eurasol) to prevent air ingress.
10.3 Wall and façade panels
As with the PUR panel, you can choose between visible and concealed fastening. It is
important to use load distribution plates at the fastening points due to the compression
property of the rock wool.
10.4 Plinth detail
A wedge-shaped cut-out is required at the least to prevent water absorption through the
rock wool. When planning the detail,

always bear in mind that rain water ingress
or leaking water must be able to drain freely
without ever coming into contact with the
rock wool.
10.5 Transverse joint in the façade

A wedge-shaped cut-out is required here as well to prevent water absorption by the rock
wool. The mineral fibre wool must be removed completely here. A thermal bridge is
simultaneously created which must be insulated. The loading of the upper panels may
not be transferred directly to the panels installed beneath. This may cause overloading
and create folds in the façade. Furthermore, the outer panel sheet metal must be able to
expand freely. This is often enhanced with dark exterior façades. A continuous support
bracket, on which only the inner panel sheet metal rests, must be fitted.
- 96 - WIESINGER --------------
10.6 Substructure
The substructure of a fire wall must be manufactured in the same fire-resistant or
fireproof category as the panel itself. In terms of static loading, the fire load is deemed
additional loading. Bay rails must be fitted at corresponding distances. Note that a fire
wall must remain independently upright during a fire. Most manufacturers give only the
area loading (wind, snow) and not the fire loading! Fire resistant panels screwed to a
hall’s unprotected steel structure are not recognised as fire walls!
Austrian fire prevention authorities
Institut für technische Sicherheit Schutzhaus

A-1050 Wien ∙ Siebenbrunnengasse 21a/ 3
T +43 (0) 1 / 544 2502 ∙ F +43 (0) 1 / 544 2502-43
http://www.schutzhaus.at
Brandverhütungsstelle im Landesfeuerwehrverband Burgenland

A-7000 Eisenstadt ∙ Leithabergstraße 41
T +43 (0)2682 / 62105 -18 ∙ F +43 (0)2682 / 62105 -36
bv@lfv-bgld.at http://www.lfv-bgld.at
Landestelle für Brandverhütung des Bundeslandes Niederösterreich

A-3430 Tulln ∙ Langenlebarner Straße 106, 3.OG
T +43 (0)2272 / 61910 ∙ F +43 (0)2272 / 61910-16680
office@brandverhuetung-noe.at http://www.brandverhuetung-noe.at
Brandverhütungsstelle für Oberösterreich reg. Gen.m.b.H.

A-4017 Linz ∙ Petzoldstraße 45 – 47
T +43 (0)732 / 7617250 ∙ F +43 (0)732 / 761729
office@bvs-linz.at http://www.bvs-linz.at
Salzburger Landesstelle für Brandverhütung

A-5020 Salzburg ∙ Karolingerstraße 23
T +43 (0)662 / 827591 ∙ F +43 (0)662 / 822 323
bvsalzburg@aon.at
Landesstelle für Brandverhütung in Steiermark

A-8010 Graz ∙ Roseggerkai 3/ III
T +43 (0) 316 / 827471 ∙ F +43 (0) 316 / 827471 -21
brandverhuetung@bv-stmk.at http://www.bv-stmk.at
Kärntner Landeskommission für Brandverhütung

A-9020 Klagenfurt ∙ Domgasse 21
T +43 (0)463 / 5818-460 ∙ F +43 (0)463 / 5818-200
gerald.wedenig@klv.at http://www.brandverhuetung-ktn.at
Tiroler Landesstelle für Brandverhütung

A-6020 Innsbruck ∙ Sterzingerstraße 2/ Stöcklgebäude
T +43 (0) 512 / 581373 ∙ F +43 (0) 512 / 581373-20
bv-tirol@utanet.at
Brandverhütungsstelle Vorarlberg
A-6900 Bregenz ∙ Römerstraße 12
T +43 (0) 5574 / 42136-0 ∙ F +43 (0) 5574 / 42136-25
vorarlberg@brandverhuetung.at http://www.brandverhuetung.at
Before starting out on such a project, it is best to make sketches, discuss your system
with the fire prevention authority in your Federal State and have it certified.
- 97 - WIESINGER --------------
INDEX chapter page
Application of sealing tapes: 8.28 71
Asphalting work inside the hall: 8.23 67
Bearing widths of sandwich panels (for building authorities’ approval): 4.11 26
Bi-metal effect: 4.22 38
Bi-metal effect: 8.21 66
Bills of materials: 6.2 47
Blower door test: 8.29 72
Building location – wind loading and snow loads (stability): 4.2 17
Checking alignment of wall and roof surfaces 8.5 56
Choosing the panel thickness: 4.15 29
Coatings: 4.7 22
Colour groups – thermal expansion: 4.6 22
Condition of the building site at the time of installation, is smooth access and 4.27 44
installation possible?
Constructions with steel sandwich elements - details 9 75
Controlled run-off of rainwater and condensate 8.3 55
Cutting to size: 8.9 57
Details on eaves: 9.2 77
Determining the extraction values for fastenings in concrete in situ: 8.15 64
Dewpoint: 4.18 31
Difference in air pressure: 4.17 30
Difference in vapour pressures: 4.16 29
Dimensional tolerances (general) for sandwich panels: 2 11
Dimensional tolerances with corrugations: 2.1 11
Dimensioning: 4.9 23
Drilling: 8.10 58
Duty to check and warn: 5 45
Eaves area and gutters in general: 8.25 68
Fall protection: 9.13 93
Fasteners: 4.20 35
Fastening material: 8.13 59
Fastening of cladding panels 8.11 58
Fastening plan 6.3 50
Fastening to the substructure: 8.16 65
Faulty bores (repair screws): 8.19 66
Fire protection panels: 10 95
Foam gun application of PUR foam: 8.24 68
Gate embrasure 9.8 86
General: 1.1 5
Hall ridge: Gabled roof: 9.3 79
Handling and storage of panels 7 51
Installation 8 55
Intended use of the building? 4.1 16
Laying plan: 6.1 47
Laying the roof panels: 7.4 52
Lifting the panels: 8.8 57
Loads - general: 4.3 18
Longitudinal joints: 8.18 66
Manufacture and tolerances of sandwich panels for the manufacturers: 2.2 12
Manufacture: 1.5 9
Occupational health and safety regulations: 8.1 55
OIB [Austrian Building Technology Institute] guidelines: 1.2 5
Outside corners: 9.10 89
- 98 - WIESINGER --------------
INDEX
INDEX chapter
chapter page
Parapet cladding that accommodates the bi-metal effect. 9.7 85
Plinth connection, vertical panel installation: 9.6 83
Plinth detail: 10.4 96
Prevailing wind direction: 8.7 57
Preventing thermal bridges: 8.26 69
Protective film: 7.3 52
PUR-foamed panels: 1.4 8
Purlin pitch and their height: 8.4 56
Purlin spacing and their height with reference to the roof trusses? 4.25 41
RAL colours 3 14
Repairing surface scratches: 7.2 52
Replacements / dome lights: 9.12 92
Replacing panels in case of damage: 4.14 28
Roof panel: 10.1 95
Roof panels: 8.13.1 59
Roof penetrations: 9.14 93
Roof pitch: 4.10 26
Roof shape and incline: 4.23 39
Sandwich construction, if used correctly, is ……. 1.3 7
Sandwich panels with a mineral fibre wool insulation core: 1.6 10
Sealing strip types for use in light steel construction: 74
Selecting the panel: 4.12 26
Serviceability – deflection limit: 4.5 19
Snapping noises: 8.22 67
Snow guard: 9.11 90
Squaring the working area: 8.6 56
Static load systems: 4.4 18
Storage of panel packages: 7.1 51
Substructure: wood or steel roof purlins; is a substructure for the walls ready on 4.24 40
site?
The length: 7.5 53
Thermal cut: 8.27 70
Thermal cut: 10.2 96
Thermal expansion and contraction: 4.8 23
Transverse bow – cupping of the panels: 2.3 13
Transverse joint: 9.1 75
Type of screw material: 8.14 63
Using permanently elastic sealing compounds: 8.12 58
Verge: 9.4 81
Vertical or horizontal laying of wall panels: 8.20 66
Visible fastening – screws with supporting thread: 8.17 65
Visual inspection of bay rails and purlins: 8.2 55
Wall and façade panels: 10.3 96
Wall or façade panels mounted vertically or horizontally? 4.26 42
Wall panel – façade panel: 4.13 27
Wall panel transverse joint: 9.5 82
Wall: 8.13.2 62
What are sandwich panels? 1 5
What are the criteria for panel selection? 4 16
Which panels are used on the object? 4.21 36
Wind direction: 4.19 33
Window installation: 9.9 87
Work preparation: 6 47
- 99 - WIESINGER --------------
The author of this guide:
Reinhard Wiesinger
Mechanical engineer (TGM Vienna)
Diploma in business economics
Locksmith, blacksmith, European Welding Specialist (EWS)
Gen. certified and court certified specialist for locksmith work, metal constructions
– steelwork, metallurgy and welding technology, sandwich panel construction
Registered accredited mediator, specialised in economic affairs
28 years’ practical and theoretical experience in the metal and mechanical
engineering industries, especially in hall construction using wall claddings/covers
made of trapezoidal sheet metal and sandwich panels.
Initially apprenticeship as a locksmith
Participation in various committees, bodies of the Austrian Federal Economic
Chamber, the Standards Institute and the central technical welding institute, national
and international expert at job competitions.
Presentations on theory and practice of sandwich panel installation at installation
companies, building academies and business development institutes.
- 100 - WIESINGER --------------


Sandwich Panels: Application Guide

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Sandwich Panels: Application Guide

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SANDWICH PANELS

Author: Reinhard Wiesinger

Ingenieurbüro für Metall- u. Maschinenbau

1.2 OIB [Austrian Building Technology Institute] guidelines

Energy performance certificate:

Insulation Thermal transm. Temperature diff. Table:

1.3 Sandwich construction, if used correctly, is …….

 versatile  modern  fast & safe

PU rigid foam core

1.4 PUR-foamed panels

Good heat insulation properties:

Sandwich panels are produced in a continuous manufacturing process – “endlessly” so

The panel properties:

 Dimensional stability (good load-bearing properties)

1.6 Sandwich panels with a mineral fibre wool insulation core

Table 3 – Flatness tolerances

Unfinished upper surfaces of floors,

Finished floors (e.g, screed as

As Row 3 but subject to more

Finished walls and ceilings (e.g.

This Table, Row 6, can be used for interpolation

2.2 Manufacture and tolerances of sandwich panels for the manufacturers

For L = 200 mm – deviation from flatness: 0.6 mm

Built width of the element w ± 2mm D.2.6

10 mm per meter width for profiles – h > 10 mm

2.3 Transverse bow – cupping of the panels

4.1 Intended use of the building?

 Heated: Sealing required – Energy performance certificate necessary:

This is of particular importance in:

 Buildings in which high humidity may be expected (laundry, abattoir, butchery,

4.2 Building location – wind loading and snow loads (stability)

Partitioning inside halls:

4.3 Loads - general:

Constant loads: - own weight of the panel

Variable loads: - wind loading

4.4 Static load systems:

"#$$%&'!$(')*!+,.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,,.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,/.!

"#$$%&'!$(')*!+,,.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,/.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,-.!

a shear-resistant system: M = ). The supported moment of a panel (load bearing

4.5 Serviceability – deflection limit

Explanation of the terms with reference to a sketch:

Distributed load “q” is

! "#$%&#'(%)*!+,-*!! Span “L” is the distance

Deflection “f” is the

Fields of application: wI+w3-wc. 1)

Roofs for walking on only for maintenance purposes,

Ceilings, roofs for walking on //300

/ Is the span of the considered building component

For facades and walls: Fmax =

Locally blocked deflection:

Shown on the left, the fatal mistake of

Colour group I Colour group II Colour group III

4.8 Thermal expansion and contraction

The following is applicable in the case of steel:

Notes on the exemplary Load table overleaf:

Row 1: with unrestricted deflection

Für Schneebelastung gilt: Seehöhe < 1000 m FG 1: sehr hell FG 2: hell

4.11 Bearing widths of sandwich panels (for building authorities’ approval)

4.12 Selecting the panel

4.13 Wall panel – façade panel

4.14 Replacing panels in case of damage

! Loading Thermal insulation

4.16 Difference in vapour pressures

"#$$%&'!$(')!+,.! "#$$%&'!$(')!+,,.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,/.!

"#$$%&'!$(')!+,,.! "#$$%&'!$(')!+,/.! "#$$%&'!$(')*!+,-.!

! "#$%&#'(%)!+,-!! Span “L” is the distance