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LIST OF CONTENTS

No. CONTENT PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION
z. OBJECTIVE
3. HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT
 ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM
A) Cause
B) Source
4. GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND THE
THINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER
5. STEPS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE
ENVIRONMENT
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION

An environment that is healthy and

beautiful is everyone’s dream. However,
irresponsible activities have upset the
balance in environment and caused many
environmental problems as well as
endangering the ecosystem. The earth can
only be a place if development activities are
planned with great care.

OBJECTIuES

THE REASON THE PAPERWORK IS BEING DONE IS

DUE TO SEVERAL OBJECTIVES AS SATTED BELOW :-

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Human activities that threaten the ecosystem

The world’s population might reach to 1o billoins in the next fifty years.
Hence, when there are increments in the number of the world’s
population , it generally means that there is an increasing demand for
shelter, food, medicine, transport and raw materials.

Today, due to expectation of modern living and industrial revolution,

the world has to confront the destruction of forests to build more
houses, to being use as plantation areas and build roads, just to fulfill
human’s needs.

Unplanned developments and mismanagement of ecosystem give rise

to vast amounts of environmental crisis. Among those environmental
problems are greenhouse effect, global warming, pollution, soil
erosion, landslide, flashflood and ozone depletion.

The human activities that we are talking about are like agriculture,
burning or combustion, industrialization, urbanization and last but not
least, deforestation.

THE IMPACT OF
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
TOWARDS THE
ECOSYSTEM
 DEFORESTATION CAUSED
: BURNING CAUSED : FARMING,
INDUSTRIALISATION AND
URBANISATION CAUSED :
-various types of
-soil erosion
pollutions
-landslides
-greenhouse effect -pollution
-flashfloods

DEFOKENTAT¦ON

Large agriculture of forests are cleared for extracting timber of fuel wood,
agriculture needs, and for the sake of urbanization. The impacts are
enourmous and outrageous. Let see what are the drawbacks of
deforestation.
 Lanslide In Mexico

• Soil erosion flow is blocked. Thus, water flows inland and causes flash
floods in, flash floods and landslides
• When it rains for a long time especially during rainy seasons, the top layer
of soil loosens and slides down, thus causing landslides.

Soil erotion

• learing of trees causes the loss of tree leaves that protect the soil from a
massive impulsive force of heavy raindrops and also causes the loss of tree
roots that hold the soil in place.
• The wide exposure to the raindrops forces, give arise to soil erosion. Here,
the top layer of soil is easily being washed away by heavy rainfall. The
eroded soil, is then, deposited in rivers or streams.

Flash Flood

• During heavy rains, rainwater flows harshly into rivers because there is a
non-existence of retention of water by plant roots as well as proper water
catchments areas.

• Due to silting in the rivers, the water flow is blocked. Thus, water flows
inland and causes flash floods in low areas.
• In addition, soil erosion contributes in the depletion of minerals in the soil,
causing the land trouble to be used as a place of cultivation.

FAKM¦NG
• In order to fulfill the demands of today’s food supplement, large areas of
lands have been used and will be used for farming purposes.
• Excessive use of land for farming and stock rearing lead to infertile land
and may expose the soil to erosion by wind or heavy rainfalls.
• Inorganic fertilizers usage in farming also results to eutrophication.

NKBAN¦NAT¦ON
 • Industrialisation give off industrial waste and heated waste water causing
water pollution and thermal pollution.
• Toxic gases released by industries contribute to a major concerning
problem ; air pollution.

THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

What is a green house effect?

The greenhouse effect is a process by which radiative energy leaving a
planetary surface is absorbed by some atmospheric gases, called
greenhouse gases. They transfer this energy to other components of the
atmosphere, and it is re-radiated in all directions, including back down
towards the surface. This transfers energy to the surface and lower
atmosphere, so the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct
heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism.

This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of an actual

greenhouse, which works by isolating warm air inside the structure so
that heat is not lost by convection

Who discovered the green house effect??

 JOSEPH FOURIER
The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, first
reliably experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reported
quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

If an ideal thermally conductive blackbody was the same distance from

the Sun as the Earth, it would have an expected blackbody temperature
of 5.3 °C. However, since the Earth reflects about 30% (or 28% ]) of the
incoming sunlight, the planet's actual blackbody temperature is about -
18 or -19 °C, about 33°C below the actual surface temperature of about
14 °C or 15 °C.] The mechanism that produces this difference between
the actual temperature and the blackbody temperature is due to the
atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

What is the example of green house effect?

Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower
atmosphere, is believed to be the result of a strengthening of the
greenhouse effect mostly due to human-produced increases in
atmospheric greenhouse gases

FLOOD

MELTING OF POLES
THE TH¦NN¦NG OF OtONE LAYEK
The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down
by the sun. If the ozone layer is depleted by human action, the effects on
the planet could be catastrophic.

Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles

above the Earth, and at the very top it contains ozone. The suns rays are
absorbed by the ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the
Earth.

Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The form
of oxygen that humans breathe in consists of two oxygen atoms, O2.
When found on the surface of the planet, ozone is considered a
dangerous pollutant and is one substance responsible for producing the
greenhouse effect.
The highest regions of the stratosphere contain about 90% of all ozone.

In recent years, the ozone layer has been the subject of much discussion.
And rightly so, because the ozone layer protects both plant and animal
life on the planet.

The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the
mid-1980s. The main cause of this is the release of CFCs,
chlorofluorocarbons.

Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction. A massive hole in

the ozone layer right above Antarctica now threatens not only that
continent, but many others that could be the victims of Antarctica's
melting icecaps. In the future, the ozone problem will have to be solved
so that the protective layer can be conserved.
 _NTERN TO MA¦NTA¦N A NTABLE ENY¦KONMENT_

• There are many steps can be taken to maintain

the balance of nature such as:

a) Enforcement of the environmental laws

• Environment quality act, 1974
- Controls and prevents the pollution of
the environment
- Controls the type of licensing, content
and quality of environment
- Tests and examines the samples of
substances and gas from industries

• Natural forestry act, 1984

- Aims at protecting and preserving our
forests and wildlife

• Pesticides act, 1974

- Aims at controlling the use of pesticides

• Protection of wildlife act, 1972

- Aims at protecting wildlife animals,
birds and plants

• Fisheries act, 1985

- Aims at controlling marine pollution

b)Use of technology
• Use modern equipments and
chemicals to control oil spills.

• Recycle rubbish

• To look for methods to do research

• Change organic rubbish to biogas

• Use less polluting and clean fuels in

motor vehicles.

• Control and treat the toxic and

dangerous waste before disposing

c) Education
• To increase the awareness and sensitivity
of the individual to the environment.

• To provide the basic knowledge of

environmental problems and effects of
pollutions.

• To teach the public the necessary skills to

protect and maintain a healthy society.

• To help the individuals to become

responsible and sensitive to the
environment.
d)Preservation and conservation of the
ecosystem.

• Force the development companies to

replant the forest trees after deforestation.

• Remaining the mangrove swamps area so

that the ecosystem is protected.

• Restore the mining and used land for

agriculture.

• Put effort in rivers cleaning to ensure there

is sufficient supply of water in future

e) Practice of biological control.

• A method of controlling the animal pests

by using natural predators instead of using
chemical substances.

• Factors to choose the animals predators.

1. The animals predators do not bring

any infection or disease.

2. the animal predators do not eat the

other organisms in the same habitat.
f) Efficient use of energy and use of renewable
energy

• Energy plays an important role in our life

• Non-renewable energy will be exhausted in

one day. For example, coal, oil and fossil
fuels

• Solar energy can be used as a substitute of

fuels

• Renewable energy, such as solar energy,

wave power and tidal power are

environmental friendly and need to be
developed.
 _EONELNN¦ON_
The effects of unplanned development and mismanagement of
the ecosystem can lead to damaging consequences such as soil
erosion, flash floods, landslides, eutrophication,pollution global
warming, ozone depletion,climatic changes and loss of
biodiversity. There are four types of pollution which are air,
water, thermal, and noise pollution. Greenhouse gases released
by various human activities can trap heat in the atmosphere and
raise the Earth’s average temperature. Such an overall rise in the
Earth’s temperature can leads to global warming. The thinning
of ozone layer is mainly due to the accumulation of
chloroflurocarbons(CFCs) in the atmosphere. Sustainable
development must take into consideration of proper
management of the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is
maintained.

KEFEKENEEN
• Biology form 4 textbook.
• Focus Ace SPM Biology Reference boo