Basic Electrical (6)

Principle of generation of Sinusodial Voltage & its waveform representation:-

Suppose a rectangular coil, having N number of turns and A m2 cross section area, which is rotating in a

uniform magnetic field with an angular velocity ω radian/s.

If in t seconds the coil rotates through an angel θ= ωt from the X-axis, the component of the flux
perpendicular to the plane axis of the coil is Φ=Φm cos ωt (where Φm = minimum flux density
perpendicular to the axis of rotation, when the plane of the coil coincides with the X- axis).
We know from Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction that, “the induce emf in the coil is
equal to the rate of change of flux linkages of the coil”. Again, Lenz’s law states that, “when a circuit and
a magnetic field move relatively to the each other the electric current induced in the circuit will have a
magnetic field opposing the motion”. Combining these two laws, the instantaneous induced emf at time t
is given by

e = -N.dΦ/dt = -N. d/dt(Φm cos ωt) [as Φ=Φm cos ωt]

= ωN. Φm Sin ωt
= (ωN. Φm Sin ωt) V

When θ=900 , e= ωN.Φm = Em (say) where (Em) is the maximum value of the instantaneous induced emf.
Now, if f tbe the frequency of rotation of coil in Hertz and Bm the maximum flux density in ωb/m2

e= Em. Sin θ= (2Πf N Bm. A) Sin θV [as Bm .A = Φm ]

Let ‘I’ be the instantaneous value of the current in the coil. Therefore, i= Im .Sin ωt, where Im is the
maximum value of the current.
As both the induced emf and induced current varies sinusoidally hence the emf or current can be
plotted against (time). A sinusoidal curve is obtained as shown in fig
Some important Definition :-

 Cycle:- One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating quantity is known as
cycle.

 Frequency:- The number of cycles per second is called the frequency of the alternating quantity.
Its unit is Hertz (Hz).

 Time Period:- It is the time required by an alternating quantity to complete 1 cycle. So for a
50Hz a.c the time period is 1/50 second.

 Amplitude (Pea Value):- It is the maximum value, positive or negative of an alternating

current.

 Phase:- Phase of an alternating quantity is friction of the time period that has elapsed since the
quantity last passed through the chosen zero position of reference.

 Phase Difference:- Phase difference between two alternating quantities is the fractional part of
a period by which one has advanced over or legs behind the other. To measure phase difference the
frequency of the alternating quantities should be same.

 RMS value:- the rms value of the alternating current is that steady current, i.e., d.c current which
if passed through a circuit produced the same amount of heat as produced by the alternating
current flowing through the same circuit for the same period of time.

 Average Value:- The average value of an alternating current is that steady or d.c current which
transfers across any circuit the same of charge as transferred by that alternating current during the
same period of time.

 From Factor Kf :- It is the ratio of the rms value to the average value of an alternating quantity.

 Peak Factor Ka:- It is the ratio of the peak or maximum value to the rms value of an alternating
quantity.