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Two‐way slabs can be strengthened by the addition of beams between the columns, by
thickening the slabs around the columns (drop panels), and by flaring the columns under
the slabs (column capitals).
3 INTRODUCTION
4 Shear Resistance of Slabs
For two‐way slabs supported by beams or walls, shears are calculated at a distance d
from the faces of the walls or beams. The value of φVc is, as for beams, φ2λ √f c bw d
Shear is not usually a problem for these types of slabs.
Sections for edge beam and slab
11 Slabs with Interior Beams
The minimum thickness of slabs or other two‐way construction may be obtained by
substituting into the equations to follow. In the equations, the quantity β is used to
take into account the effect of the shape of the panel on its deflection, while the effect
of beams (if any) is represented by αfm . If there are no beams present (as is the case
for flat slabs), αfm will equal 0.
12 Example 2
13 Example 2
A two-way slab.
14 Example 2
15 Limitations of Direct Design Method
1. There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction.
2. The panels must be rectangular, with the length of the longer side of any panel not
being more than two times the length of its shorter side lengths being measured c
to c of supports.
3. Span lengths of successive spans in each direction may not differ in length by more
than one‐third of the longer span.
4. Columns may not be offset by more than 10% of the span length in the direction of
the offset from either axis between center lines of successive columns.
5. The unfactored live load must not be more than two times the unfactored dead
load. All loads must be the result of gravity and must be uniformly distributed over
an entire panel.
6. If a panel is supported on all sides by beams, the relative stiffness of those beams
in the two perpendicular directions, as measured by the following expression, shall
not be less than 0.2 or greater than 5.0.
16 Distribution of Moments in Slabs
Sample moments for a flat plate with no
edge beams.
19 Example 3
Design an interior flat plate for the structure considered. This plate is shown in Figure
below. Assume a service live load equal to 80 psf, a service dead load equal to 110 psf
(including slab weight), fy = 60,000 psi, fc = 3000 psi, normal‐weight concrete, and
column heights of 12 ft.
20 Example 3
21 Example 3
Dimensions
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