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TRAINING MANUAL
TRANSIENT MODULE
CHAPTER 2
1. Introduction
The modelling of loading systems is a major application for PIPENET VISION Transient
Module. Loading systems are often susceptible to suffer from pressure-surge problems.
Furthermore, as such systems are usually located near the sea, a leak of hydrocarbon
material could potentially lead to an environmental disaster.
Loading systems normally have two valves, which can be the source of problems. The
normal shut-off valve (NSV) operates on a daily basis, as tankers need to be loaded or
unloaded. Another valve, namely the Emergency Relief Coupling (ERC) valve, is also of
interest. This valve operates when the system needs to be shut down in an emergency,
such as a storm. This valve (which is usually located at the end of the jetty) is designed to
close quickly and disconnect the hose that leads to the ship.
The closure of both the NSV and the ERC valve need to be considered when designing a
network. The operation of the NSV is important because it operates on a daily basis. So,
even if the maximum pressure is acceptable, the valve could progressively weaken the
connections, and so the system could begin to leak.
The operation of the ERC valve needs to be considered as it is a fast acting valve, and it is
not possible to exercise any control over its closure time. Although this valve might never
operate, it can potentially generate a greater pressure surge than an NSV.
If the hydraulic forces due to the water hammer are large enough, the following problems
may arise:
Pipe rupture.
Pipe movement.
Pipe support damage.
Leakage.
Another reason for studying hydraulic forces is the increasing popularity of using a glass
reinforced epoxy pipe (or GRE pipe).
Another aspect of the GRP (or Glassfiber Reinforced Plastic) material, which is of crucial
importance under water-hammer conditions, is the following. The water hammer is usually
manifested in the form of oscillations in the pressure. Let us consider a flange joined to a
pipe by an adhesive joint. If the pipe experiences oscillations in the pressure, there will be
a tendency for relative movement between the pipe and the flange. The reason is
because the pipe is made of a thinner material, and so is more flexible. If oscillations
occur over a period of time, it is likely that the joint will weaken, and, in extreme cases, the
pipe and flange may even come apart.
This point should not be interpreted as a criticism of the GRP material, as the
opposite is true. The beneficial aspects of GRP can be harnessed if we perform a
surge analysis, and eliminate the potential problems associated with GRP.
2.3 Example
There was a relevant case in which PIPENET VISION Transient Module was used
recently. The deciding factor, in this case, was the degree of pressure oscillations that the
system was experiencing, rather than the maximum pressure. The engineers wanted to
keep the pressure swings below 1 bar. From the graphs below, it can be seen that the
pressure swing was well below 1 bar when the valve-closure time was 240 seconds.
However, with a closure time of 60 seconds, the swing was around 3.5 bar, which is very
high, particularly as the normal working pressure is around 4.6. bar. Therefore, the valve
needed to close in 240 seconds.
Please note that the following graphs were not obtained using the most recent version of
the PIPENET VISION Graph Viewer.
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Thus, it is important to understand and predict pressure surges, and determine how to
minimize them effectively. Several factors can contribute to water hammer such as:
In this example, we shall study the design of a product export pipeline, from Product
Storage Tanks in a petrochemical plant to a Jetty into loading tankers. The environmental
implications were of major concern in the design, as leakage of the product into the sea
could have serious consequences. An important aspect of the design was to ensure that
pressure surges arising from the closure of valves would not cause damage to the pipe
work (resulting in product spillage).
The main pipeline is about 6 km long, and consists of 10 inch steel pipe. The shut off valve
(SOV) closes when the tanker is full. In the system, there is also an emergency relieve
coupling (ERC) valve at the end of the jetty. In an emergency, such as a storm, the ERC
valve will close very quickly, and the coupling to the tanker will be disconnected.
To establish whether the pressure surges experienced by the existing valves (due
to valve closures) are below the allowable limit.
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The ability of the PIPENET VISION Transient Module to effectively model alternative
strategies is one of the main reasons why it is used for this installation.
We shall look at the simulation techniques in detail later in this document. In this section,
we look at some sample screen shots and graphical output.
The ERC valve is closed during an emergency, such as a storm, during which the ship will
move up and down. If the connection between the jetty and the ship is not closed, the
hydrocarbon will almost certainly spill into the sea. During this time, the ERC valve will
close very quickly, and the coupling to the ship will be disconnected.
In the scenarios considered in this chapter, only the closure of the normal shutoff valve is
considered.
This is an every day occurrence affected by the closure of the shutdown valve by a local
manual switch or from the control room.
As the NSV operates every day, a pressure surge would progressively weaken the piping
system, which could begin to leak at weak points. It is very important, therefore, to ensure
that the pressure surge in the pipeline of the jetty loading system is below the operating
range.
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An ERC valve, which cannot be controlled, may rarely operate, or indeed may never
operate. However, if it does operate, it is capable of producing a greater pressure surge
than the NSV.
The interface between the PIPENET VISION Transient Module and pipe stress analysis
programs is particularly important. Owing to the rapid variation in the force, the force-time
history needs to be represented using a large number of points in time. It may also be
necessary to consider more than one elbow pair in the pipe stress analysis. It would be
prohibitively time consuming to input the force-time history into a pipe stress analysis
program. The interface between the Transient Module and pipe stress analysis programs
is, therefore particularly, important.
The initial network that will be used is depicted in the diagram below.
For illustrative purposes only, the table below contains the piping data. Later, we shall
input this data. At this point, we just note that the length of the piping system is around 6
km.
Variable Unit
Length metres
Diameter mm
Velocity m/sec
Temperature Celsius
Density kg/m3
Viscosity cP
Time seconds
Mass kg
Mass rate kg/s
Torque Nm
Inertia kg m2
Force N
Volume litres
Surface Tension N/m
Thermal Conductivity W/(m K)
Heat Capacity J/kg K
Young’s Modulus G Pa
Pressure Bar Gauge
Flow type Volumetric
Flow rate m3/hr
Input these units into the Transient Module using the following dialog box (which is
obtained from Options | Units, with “User defined” selected). Note that, to see the flow-
rate units, double-click on “Flow type”.
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The lube oil that is being pumped has the following properties.
Viscosity = 33.8 Cp
The vapour pressure is used only in the modelling of cavity separation. Since it is
expected that the scenarios to be studied will not exhibit cavitation, the value for the
vapour pressure has not been input accurately.
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The pipe schedule to be used is ANSI B3610_S. The dialog box below illustrates how to
select it.
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In PIPENET VISION, there are two aspects to the way that valves are modelled; namely,
the characteristic and the operation.
The valve characteristic represents the inherent properties of the valve. It defines the
manner in which the coefficient Cv of the valve changes with its position. For example, the
valve characteristic for a ball valve is quite different from that for a gate valve. The valve
characteristic is not usually under the control of the user, and so is an ideal candidate for
storing in a library.
This aspect defines the actual valve operation, which is often one of the parameters that
the user is interested in studying. The valve operation, which is input as a specification, is
considered later in this document.
In this section, we define the valve characteristic according to the following table. Note
that, if the units for the known 𝐶𝑣 values are not the same as the model units (as specified
in Options | Units), the user can temporarily change the appropriate model units to be the
required 𝐶𝑣 units (in Options | Units), enter the known 𝐶𝑣 values in the valve library, then
change the model units back again (in Options | Units).
From Libraries | Valves, enter the above data in the dialog box, but leave the d𝐶𝑣 /d𝑠
column blank.
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After all of the data has been entered, click on the Linear Button to generate the gradients
(i.e., d𝐶𝑣 /d𝑠 values).
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The minimum and maximum flow rates are 0 m 3/hr and 320 m3/hr respectively. All of this
data can be entered into a library as follows.
Note that, when a network is entered in PIPENET VISION, the numbers of the individual
elements (pipes, valves, pumps, etc.) are generated automatically. Therefore, in order to
obtain the numbering shown in this example, it might be necessary to change the labels
manually (by selecting each element in turn, and editing the label field in the Properties
Window).
Once the pipe data has been entered, it can be viewed in a data window (View | Data
window). Note that the data for other components can be viewed using the pull-down
menu next to “Browse”.
In the above table, the additional K-factor for Pipe 3 is used to represent the bends in the
pipe, together with additional effects of the valves. As Pipe 5 has no bends and is
relatively short, there is no additional K-factor for this pipe.
For each of the two valves, select the valve type to be “HV-5002 – Cv”, which was created
earlier. The Properties Page for the ERC valve is as follows.
The corresponding page for the shut-off valve is similar (as the two valves are of the same
type).
4.4.3 Specifications
In the Transient Module, specifications are functions of time. PIPENET VISION offers a
choice of functions that are available for specifications, and these functions are shown in
the diagram below. The most commonly used of these functions are Constant, Power
Ramp and Linear Profile.
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In the Transient Module, every terminal node must have exactly one specification. This
rule applies to information nodes as well as flow nodes. If an information node is
connected to a control loop, the node must not have a specification; however, if it is not
connected to anything other than the item to which it belongs, it must have a specification.
In order to enter a specification, select the node (by clicking on it) and enter the required
information. A sample dialog box is shown below.
The network representing the loading system under consideration has five terminal nodes
(namely, three information nodes and two flow nodes), so it is necessary to supply five
specifications.
Three information specifications are given to the three information nodes. The meaning of
the information specification depends on the particular item. For a pump, the information
represents the pump speed; for a valve, the information represents the valve position.
Care must be taken when giving specifications to flow nodes. It is very unusual to have
flow-rate specifications in the Transient Module. By definition, the flow rate changes
during a transient phenomenon. Usually, it is not known how the flowrate changes, and
we want PIPENET to calculate this change. The general exception to specifying flow rates
is that of a zero flow rate, which is placed at dead ends in the system. Pressure, on the
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other hand, is usually known, and is often a fixed value. Therefore, caution must be
exercised before entering a flow specification.
In the network, specify a constant pressure of 1.71 Bar G at the inlet to the pump (Node 1),
and a pressure of 0 Bar G at Node 9.
At the information nodes for the pump (Node i/1) and ERC valve (Node i/3), set a constant
value of one; at the information node for the shut-off valve (Node i/2), choose a power
ramp. These specifications are illustrated below.
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The most common force that is calculated in PIPENET VISION is the simple force, and
this force can be imported directly into a pipe stress analysis program in order to perform
spectrum analysis.
In order for PIPENET VISION to calculate a force, it is necessary to define the control
volume over which the force applies. Forces are calculated by taking into account the
pressure, friction, momentum change and the momentum held within the control volume.
We shall now illustrate how to set up and calculate simple forces along Pipe 3. Three
control volumes will be used along this pipe; namely, (a) from 2000 m to 2010 m, (b) from
2010 m to 2110 m, and (c) from 2110 m to 2120 m.
For illustrative purposes only, the diagram below is used to highlight the locations of the
three control volumes. Note that it is not necessary to modify the PIPNET VISION model
(but a similar network will be considered later, when transient forces are calculated).
Firstly, click on the Forces Tab in the Data Window (which can be obtained from View |
Data window).
Forces Tab
Next, click on the ellipsis (i.e., “…”) to open to forces dialog box.
Click on “…” to
open the dialog box
Note that the distances that define positions for a force are always measured from the
input node of the pipe. Type in the label (“F/1”), click on “Pipe 3”, and select “Interior” in the
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two pull-down menus in the column headed “Position”. Next, type in the distances of
2000 m and 2010 m in the appropriate column (as these are the distances that define the
control volume for the first force).
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The calculations options (obtained from Calculation | Options… | Output) are shown
below.
Tabular results, which are written to the output file for the simulation, can be set up as
follows. In a Data Window (from View | Data window), click on the Tables Tab, and then
the Add Button (to create a new table). Next, enter a title for the table (for example,
“Results for the Non-return Valve”) and press the Return Key. Click on the ellipsis (i.e.,
“…”) in the first column, and choose the component type to be “Non-return valve”. The
component label should be “2”, as that is label of the only non-return valve in the network.
Next, tick the boxes of all of the results that are required. Note that there can be at most
eight columns in a table, and the number of the next available column appears below the
entered data. Data for other components can be added by clicking on the ellipsis. After
the data for the non-return valve has been entered, the table should appear as follows.
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Surge relief valve with 𝐶𝑣 = 200 (m3/hr, bar), with the surge relief valve
positioned near input node of the line.
To select results for the shut-off valve, right-click on Valve 4 and choose “Select Results”
and then “All”. Note that the colour of the valve in the Schematic Window changes to
green (indicating that results have been selected for this component).
Run the calculation, by either (a) clicking on the red Calculate Button or (b) selecting
Calculation | Go… then clicking on the OK Button).
Open the graph viewer, using either the Graph Command (i.e., Output | Graphs…) or the
Graph Button.
Next, plot the valve position against time, using the following procedure.
Superimpose a graph of the pressure upstream of the valve by ticking the box entitled
“Inlet pressure of valve 4” as well.
Next, add a title to the graph (by adding text in the Title Box), and then change the labels
on the Y Axis (firstly, by clicking on the text that follows a ticked box, then clicking on the Y
Axis Tab below, and editing the Axis Title Field).
Add labels and arrows to the graphs (using Annotations | Labels | Create and
Annotations | Arrows | Create).
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The maximum pressure at the valve inlet is approximately 20.9 bar G (which can be seen
in PIPENET VISION by clicking on the valve, and then looking in the Properties Window).
This pressure is unacceptably high, as it lies above the design pressure of 15 bar G.
5.2 Scenario 2.1: Surge Relief Valve With 𝑪𝒗 = 200 (m3/hr, bar)
The network for this scenario contains a surge relief valve. Add such a valve using the
Liquid Surge Tool on the toolbar, and then select all results for the valve (by right-clicking
on it and choosing “Select results” and then “All”). The new network is shown below.
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Set the node at the end of the valve to be an input/output node, and specify a constant
pressure of 0 Bar G. Then, run the calculation and create the following graph.
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In this case, the maximum pressure at valve inlet is approximately 14.1 bar G.
This valve opens only around 15% of its fully open position, and so it is bigger than
necessary. There is, therefore, scope for reducing the valve size and saving money.
5.3 Scenario 2.2: Surge Relief Valve With 𝑪𝒗 = 100 (m3/hr, bar)
In this scenario, the network is unchanged, but the coefficient of the surge relief valve is
reduced to 100 m3/hr, Bar1/2.
This valve could be a good choice for the network, depending on the design philosophy. It
opens to around 28% of its capacity, and so it is a little on the large side for this purpose.
This is probably a good choice for the size of the valve because the valve opens to around
54% of its fully open position.
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Although the valve attains its fully open position, it is not able to maintain the pressure to
below 15 bar G. This valve is, therefore, too small.
5.6 Scenario 2.5: Surge Relief Valve With 𝑪𝒗 = 200 (m3/hr, bar)
Positioned at Inlet
In this scenario, the surge relief valve is moved to the outlet of the non-return valve.
Also, the coefficient of the valve is changed to 200 (m 3/hr, bar1/2), which is the same value
that was used in the first scenario.
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In this case, the following graph is obtained. Note that the pressure graph relates to the
inlet of the shut-off valve (Valve 1).
The maximum pressure at the inlet to Valve 1 is approximately 20.9 bar G, and the
maximum pressure at the pipeline inlet (Pipe 1) is around 14.1 bar G. Note that these
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pressures can be seen in PIPENET VISION by selecting the appropriate entity, and then
looking in the Properties Window.
It is clear that this surge relief valve is positioned in the wrong place. Although it does
maintain the pressure at the inlet of the pipeline to 14.1 bar G, it has almost no impact on
the initial pressure peak at the valve inlet. The reason is because the pipeline is around
6 km long, and the pressure at the valve inlet already reaches its peak before the pressure
wave has even reached the surge relief valve.
In this scenario, an accumulator is added to the network, and all results are selected for
the accumulator. The following network is then obtained.
Graphs can be plotted of (a) the height of fluid in the accumulator (in metres) against time
and (b) the pressure at the inlet of the shut-off valve against time. In this case, the
following graph is obtained.
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The maximum pressure at the inlet to the shut-off valve is around 13.2 bar G.
The maximum pressure at the inlet to the shut-off valve is now approximately 20.7 bar G.
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The network for this scenario is the same as the network for the base case.
The only difference lies in the operation of the shut-off valve, which is a beautiful idea
developed by the engineer who designed this system.
The time function for the valve operation is a linear profile, for which the dialog box is
shown below. Note that this dialog box can be displayed by double-clicking on the linear-
profile graph.
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A graph of the pressure at the inlet of the valve against time is shown below, together with
a graph of the valve position against time.
This network for this scenario is the same as the network in the previous scenario, but the
operation of the valve (at Node i/2) is changed to the following linear profile.
In this final scenario, the maximum pressure at the inlet to the valve is now around
19.7 bar G.
The main problem with the approach of Scenarios 4.1 and 4.2 is that the system is not
protected in the event of the ERC valve closing. The reason is that the closure of the ERC
valve can still produce a large pressure surge. As there is no surge-protection device, this
pressure surge can propagate through the whole system. On the other hand, with the
surge-relief-valve and accumulator approaches, the system is protected irrespective of
whether the NSV or the ERC valve closes.
In this section, we use the tanker-loading example that was described earlier, and illustrate
how to calculate hydraulic transient forces. The main objective is to calculate the force-
time history in a form that can be read by pipe stress analysis programs.
It is important to emphasize that the example is used merely to illustrate how to calculate
the loads using PIPENET VISION Transient Module; it has not been chosen for exhibiting
spectacularly high forces. As the system has been well designed, the forces are relatively
modest.
In the above diagram, FP/100, FP/101 and FP/102 are the unbalanced forces in the three
straight sections forming the expansion loop. The lengths of the six pipe sections are
shown in red. It is assumed that the piping system lies completely in the horizontal plane.
This network is essentially the same as the one created at the start of the tanker loading
exercise earlier in this chapter. Therefore, if you have been following these exercises, you
do not need to re-create it. Note that this network is in isometric view (see the grid style in
Options | Display options).
8. The Scenarios
In this scenario, in which the valve-closure pattern is not within our control, there is only a
single-stage closure of ERC valve (and not a two-stage one, as in the case of a planned
shutdown).
9. The Data
Three cases arise from the above scenarios, two from the planned shutdown and one form
the emergency shutdown.
In each diagram, the X Axis corresponds to the time (in seconds), and the Y Axis
corresponds to the valve position (with a value of zero indicating a fully closed valve, and a
value of one corresponding to a fully open valve).
9.1.1 Case 1
In this case, there is a two-stage closure of the normal shutdown valve.
9.1.2 Case 2
Here, the normal shutdown valve is closed in a single stage.
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9.1.3 Case 3
In this case, there is a single-stage closure of the ERC valve.
9.2 Units
The following table contains the units chosen for this example (which are the same as
those used in the previous network). These units can be located via Options | Units.
Variable Unit
Length metres
Diameter mm
Velocity m/sec
Temperature Celsius
Density kg/m3
Viscosity cP
Time seconds
Mass kg
Mass rate kg/s
Torque Nm
Inertia kg m2
Force N
Volume litres
Surface Tension N/m
Thermal Conductivity W/(m K)
Heat Capacity J/kg K
Young’s Modulus G Pa
Pressure Bar Gauge
Flow type Volumetric
Flow rate m3/hr
In this example, the pipe type is 10"/3" Schedule 20 (which is different to the name of the
pipe schedule in the previous model).
The fluid being transported by the pipeline is lube oil, whose properties (see Options |
Fluid) are shown below.
Viscosity = 33.8 Cp
The temperature and vapour pressure are not used in this problem, so their values are
irrelevant and are left at default values.
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As mentioned earlier, if the units for the known C v values are not the same as the model
units (as specified in Options | Units), the user can temporarily change the appropriate
model units to be the required Cv units, enter the known Cv values in the valve library, then
change the model units back again.
The data for the pump is shown in the following table. This pump is of type “Pump
61P046”, and its data can be viewed using Libraries | Pumps – Coeffs. Unknown.
9.7 Specifications
There are two types of specification in this problem; namely pressure specifications and
information specifications.
The pressures at the inlet and outlet nodes are 1.71 bar G and 0 bar G respectively.
The pump is assumed to run at a constant speed, and so has a constant specification (of
1).
The other information specification corresponds to the operation of the valve (whose
position lies between 0 and 1 inclusive). The three different cases are considered below.
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In this case, the time function is a linear profile, and the relevant points for the profile are
tabulated below.
The time function is again a linear profile, and the relevant points are as given below.
In this case, the time function is a power ramp, with a start time of 2, a start value of 1, a
stop time of 7, a stop value of 0, and an exponent of 1.
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Pipe stress analysis programs require unbalanced forces in pipe sections. In the
simulations below, we shall calculate the unbalanced forces that arise along the three
straight sections that form the expansion loop. These forces are called FR/100, FR/101
and FR/102.
In the diagram below, the three locations of the unbalanced forces (FP/100, FP/101 and
FP/102) are shown.
After the three forces have been defined, the Data Window appears as follows. The
definition of each force can be displayed by clicking on the ellipsis to the left of the force
label.
The forces that have been specified essentially represent the unbalanced forces along
Pipe 3. The forces do not require x, y, and z components, as the direction of each force is
the same as the direction of the pipe (and so the force has effectively only one
component). The direction of the pipe is known to the pipe stress analysis program.
Firstly, the forces are shown in graphical form, and, subsequently, they are shown in a
form that can be read by pipe stress analysis programs (namely, the .frc format).
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Graphs of the forces can be generated using a Data Window (which can be obtained using
View | Data window), as follows. Firstly, click on the tab named “Results Graphs”. Next,
click on the “…” in the first column, below the line containing “Variable against time”.
In the pull-down menu in the component-type column, select “Transient Force”, and, in the
component-label column, select “FP/100”, for the first force. Ensure that all variables are
selected in the next column. Repeat this process for Forces FP/101 and FP/102, and data
window should appear as follows.
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Run the simulation, and then plot the graph of the Force FP/101 against time (by ticking
the box labeled “Simple/Directed pipe force: FP/101”), to obtain the following graph.
Time Force
(seconds) (Newtons)
.490280E+2 -15.7000
.490960E+2 -17.2280
.491640E+2 -18.7858
.492320E+2 -20.4178
.493000E+2 -22.1349
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.493680E+2 -23.9734
.494360E+2 -25.9555
.495040E+2 -28.0735
.495720E+2 -30.3693
.496400E+2 -32.8416
.497080E+2 -35.5246
.497760E+2 -38.4109
.498440E+2 -41.5263
.499120E+2 -44.8717
.499800E+2 -48.5026
.500480E+2 -52.4109
.501160E+2 -56.6363
.501840E+2 -61.2092
.502520E+2 -66.1732
.503200E+2 -71.5879
.503880E+2 -77.5577
.504560E+2 -84.0642
.505240E+2 -91.4326
.505920E+2 -99.5192
.506600E+2 -108.768
.507280E+2 -119.081
.507960E+2 -130.950
.508640E+2 -144.292
.509320E+2 -159.546
.510000E+2 -176.411
.510680E+2 -195.173
.511360E+2 -215.373
.512040E+2 -237.228
.512720E+2 -260.867
.513400E+2 -286.800
.514080E+2 -315.743
.514760E+2 -348.522
.515440E+2 -385.840
.516120E+2 -428.159
.516800E+2 -475.788
.517480E+2 -529.057
.518160E+2 -588.397
.518840E+2 -654.351
.519520E+2 -727.540
.520200E+2 -808.532
.520880E+2 -897.614
.521560E+2 -994.525
.522240E+2 -1098.14
.522920E+2 -1206.19
.523600E+2 -1314.96
.524280E+2 -1418.81
.524960E+2 -1509.88
.525640E+2 -1576.51
.526320E+2 -1599.27
.527000E+2 -1549.39
.527680E+2 -1397.78
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 2
PAGE 58 OF 63 REVISION 2.3, FEB 2016
.528360E+2 -1133.84
.529040E+2 -779.017
.529720E+2 -383.420
.530400E+2 -7.77816
.531080E+2 295.692
.531760E+2 495.608
.532440E+2 587.349
.533120E+2 589.989
.533800E+2 535.072
.534480E+2 453.520
.535160E+2 367.186
.535840E+2 287.417
.536520E+2 218.275
.537200E+2 160.591
.537880E+2 114.342
.538560E+2 79.2058
.539240E+2 54.3350
.539920E+2 38.2208
.540600E+2 28.8971
.541280E+2 24.3895
.541960E+2 23.0157
.542640E+2 23.5143
.543320E+2 25.0901
.544000E+2 27.2521
.544680E+2 29.7766
.545360E+2 32.5325
.546040E+2 35.4944
.546720E+2 38.6511
.547400E+2 42.0388
.548080E+2 45.6742
.548760E+2 49.5829
.549440E+2 53.7984
.550120E+2 58.3594
.550800E+2 63.3151
.551480E+2 68.7458
.552160E+2 74.6877
.552840E+2 81.2936
.553520E+2 88.6196
.554200E+2 96.8379
.554880E+2 106.068
.555560E+2 116.521
.556240E+2 128.360
.556920E+2 141.768
.557600E+2 156.803
.558280E+2 173.488
.558960E+2 191.734
.559640E+2 211.520
.560320E+2 232.947
.561000E+2 256.317
.561680E+2 282.154
.562360E+2 311.139
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 2
PAGE 59 OF 63 REVISION 2.3, FEB 2016
.563040E+2 343.962
.563720E+2 381.183
.564400E+2 423.207
.565080E+2 470.374
.565760E+2 523.052
.566440E+2 581.694
.567120E+2 646.839
.567800E+2 719.038
.568480E+2 798.696
.569160E+2 885.861
.569840E+2 979.983
.570520E+2 1079.65
.571200E+2 1182.22
.571880E+2 1283.35
.572560E+2 1376.88
.573240E+2 1454.06
.573920E+2 1500.91
.574600E+2 1495.63
.575280E+2 1411.55
.575960E+2 1229.56
.576640E+2 952.105
.577320E+2 608.898
.578000E+2 248.402
.578680E+2 -76.0698
In this case, the corresponding graph of the Force FP/101 against time is as follows.
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 2
PAGE 60 OF 63 REVISION 2.3, FEB 2016
Time Force
(seconds) (Newtons)
.490280E+2 -15.7016
.490960E+2 -17.2540
.491640E+2 -18.8069
.492320E+2 -20.4377
.493000E+2 -22.1900
.493680E+2 -24.0011
.494360E+2 -25.9529
.495040E+2 -28.0848
.495720E+2 -30.3961
.496400E+2 -32.8947
.497080E+2 -35.6016
.497760E+2 -38.5418
.498440E+2 -41.7807
.499120E+2 -45.2026
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 2
PAGE 61 OF 63 REVISION 2.3, FEB 2016
.499800E+2 -48.8390
.500480E+2 -52.5725
.501160E+2 -56.5428
.501840E+2 -60.8302
.502520E+2 -65.5651
.503200E+2 -70.8031
.503880E+2 -76.6955
.504560E+2 -83.2048
.505240E+2 -90.6156
.505920E+2 -98.8367
.506600E+2 -108.180
.507280E+2 -118.675
.507960E+2 -130.673
.508640E+2 -144.223
.509320E+2 -159.677
.510000E+2 -176.809
.510680E+2 -195.819
.511360E+2 -216.142
.512040E+2 -237.983
.512720E+2 -261.275
.513400E+2 -286.724
.514080E+2 -315.152
.514760E+2 -347.708
.515440E+2 -384.957
.516120E+2 -427.232
.516800E+2 -474.781
.517480E+2 -527.906
.518160E+2 -587.151
.518840E+2 -652.948
.519520E+2 -725.984
.520200E+2 -806.763
.520880E+2 -895.544
.521560E+2 -992.366
.522240E+2 -1096.00
.522920E+2 -1203.79
.523600E+2 -1312.58
.524280E+2 -1416.54
.524960E+2 -1508.17
.525640E+2 -1575.57
.526320E+2 -1599.36
.527000E+2 -1550.81
.527680E+2 -1400.60
.528360E+2 -1138.07
.529040E+2 -784.329
.529720E+2 -389.341
.530400E+2 -13.5858
.531080E+2 290.412
.531760E+2 491.149
.532440E+2 584.106
.533120E+2 587.953
.533800E+2 534.295
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 2
PAGE 62 OF 63 REVISION 2.3, FEB 2016
.534480E+2 453.764
.535160E+2 368.029
.535840E+2 288.765
.536520E+2 219.877
.537200E+2 162.211
.537880E+2 115.830
.538560E+2 80.4272
.539240E+2 55.3362
.539920E+2 38.9892
.540600E+2 29.5311
.541280E+2 24.8874
.541960E+2 23.3671
.542640E+2 23.7722
.543320E+2 25.3001
.544000E+2 27.4476
.544680E+2 29.9534
.545360E+2 32.7209
.546040E+2 35.7393
.546720E+2 39.0207
.547400E+2 42.3507
.548080E+2 45.8701
.548760E+2 49.5438
.549440E+2 53.4922
.550120E+2 57.7994
.550800E+2 62.5679
.551480E+2 67.8717
.552160E+2 73.7605
.552840E+2 80.3742
.553520E+2 87.7702
.554200E+2 96.1050
.554880E+2 105.450
.555560E+2 116.083
.556240E+2 128.124
.556920E+2 141.779
.557600E+2 157.072
.558280E+2 174.047
.558960E+2 192.521
.559640E+2 212.403
.560320E+2 233.720
.561000E+2 256.708
.561680E+2 281.961
.562360E+2 310.443
.563040E+2 343.036
.563720E+2 380.210
.564400E+2 422.207
.565080E+2 469.291
.565760E+2 521.860
.566440E+2 580.376
.567120E+2 645.386
.567800E+2 717.401
.568480E+2 796.872
PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 2
PAGE 63 OF 63 REVISION 2.3, FEB 2016
.569160E+2 883.831
.569840E+2 977.781
.570520E+2 1077.05
.571200E+2 1179.92
.571880E+2 1281.04
.572560E+2 1374.93
.573240E+2 1452.58