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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
MODEL AMT-8
KEY FUNCTION
¾ START = MAKE A TEST START.
¾ UNIT = PRESS TO SELECT IZOD OR CHARPY.
¾ MODE = MODE USED FOR FUNCTION.
¾ PRINT/ MEMORY = MAKE A PRINT/ SAVE.
1. Objectives 2
2. Concept of Toughness 2
3. Notched bar Impact Tests 3
(Charpy and Izod test)
4. Comments on Charpy Test & Izod test 5
5. Apparatus 7
6. Tests to Be Performed 7
7. Evaluation of Test 7
8. Maintenance 8
ASI DIGITAL IMPACT TESTING MACHINE
1. Objectives
(a) To perform impact tests on Charpy beam type steel
Specimens.
(b) To study the types of fracture obtained for various steel
Specimens at different temperatures.
2. Concept of Toughness
The toughness of a metal is its ability to absorb energy
in plastic range especially when subjected to dynamic loading.
The ability to withstand occasional transient stresses above the
yield point is a desirable property for many applications. A
measure of toughness is given by the area under the tensile
stress-strain curve. This area represents the work per unit
volume that can be done on the material in a tensile test
without producing rupture. In Fig.1 typical nominal stress-
strain curves are shown for mild (low carbon) steel and hard
alloy steel, say tool steel. The alloy steel has a much higher
yield stress. The total area under the curve for the mild steel is
greater than for the alloy steel, consequently the toughness of the
mild steel is greater than that for the alloy steel. Temperature has
considerable influence on the toughness as does the heat
treatment which has been applied to the metal. The purpose of
impact testing is to obtain a measure of toughness under
dynamic loading.
3. Notched bar Impact Tests (Charpy and Izod test)
The two most commonly used impact tests, are the Charpy test and the
Izod test.
\In this lab, only the Charpy test is performed. In the Charpy test, the notched bar is placed
between two supports with the notch equidistant between them. It is struck by pendulum on the
side opposite the notch. Two types of specimen are in common use, the keyhole notch specimen
and the V notch specimen. In this lab the V notch specimen is used and it is a bar of 10 ⋅ 10 mm
cross section which has a 45o V notch, 2 mm deep with a 0.25 mm root radius as shown in Fig.2.
The specimen is supported as a beam in horizontal position, with span 40 mm, and is loaded
behind the notch by the impact of a heavy swinging pendulum with impact velocity approximately
4.5 ms-1. The specimen is forced to bend and fracture at a high strain rate of about 105 s-1.
Details of the specimen are shown in Fig.2 and a schematic representation of the testing machine
is shown inFig.3. Referring to Fig.3, the energy absorbed to fracture the specimen can be
obtained from the heights h1 and h2 and the mechanical details of the machine. This is not exact
since energy is dissipated due to air resistance and friction at the bearing of the pendulum(a
negligible amount) and is dissipated outwards from the point of impact due to wave propagation.
It is interesting to note that the machine is designed so that the impulse acting on the pendulum,
due to the impact, takes place at the center of percussion of the pendulum, so that the bearing is
not subjected to an impulse.
In the Izod test, the specimen is held in a vise as a cantilever beam, as indicated inFig.2, with the
center line of the notch on a level with the top surface of the clamping device. The specimen is
struck by a pendulum on the notched side 22 mm above the edge of the clamp. Because of the
ease of making low temperature tests (no clamping being necessary as in the Izod test), the
Charpy test has been favored over the Izod test.
Fig. 2 Charpy and Izod Specimens
Fig-3
Contraction at the root of the notch is an indication of the ductility. If the specimen is brittle there
will be little or no contraction at the notch.
The Charpy test can be used to determine the effect of temperature on toughness and ductility. A
ductile to brittle transition takes place in steel as the temperature is decreased. The decrease in
ductility of steel with decrease in temperature does not take place suddenly at a certain
temperature, but at least a qualitative knowledge of these effects important for design purposes.
Values of Cv taken at different temperatures indicate a relation between Cv and temperature of
the form shown in Fig.5.
The transition temperature can be taken as the point of inflection of the curve
shown in Fig.5. For low temperature application it is desirable to have the transition temperature
below the lowest operating temperature. It should be noted that the value ofCv may be influenced
by the particular testing machine used.
Experience has shown that certain heat treated steels may show brittle behavior
when subject to impact testing but ductile behavior when subject to a slow tensile test. The
impact behavior can usually be improved by changing the heat treatment.
5. Apparatus
The apparatus is a DIGITAL ASI IMPACT TESTING MACHINE of the type shown schematically
in Fig.- 3.
6. Tests to Be Performed
Two different steel samples are to be tested. One of the steel samples is a
mildsteel which should show a ductile type fracture, and the other steel is an alloy steel. For each
sample, three different temperatures are to be used, which are:
(i) 20o C (room temperature),
(ii) 100o C (boiling water bath)
(iii) Approx -78o C (surface temperature of dry ice at atmospheric pressure). The Vickers
hardness numbers of the steels should be found.
7. Evaluation of Test:-
The Notch Impact strength (I) is calculated as per the following formula
I=K/A
8. Maintenance
The notch impact strength depends to a great extent on the shape of the specimens and
accuracy of the notch. the value determined with various specimens therefore may not exactly be
the same even if the specimens is derived from the same stock.