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Cell Physiology
Tanjung Ayu Sumekar
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Figure 1.2.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
Smooth form molecules
muscle
tissue
Heart
3 Tissue level
Cardiovascular
Tissues consist of
system Blood
similar types of
cells vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth Blood
muscle vessel
tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective The human organism is
tissue made up of many organ
systems
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of 5 Organ system level
different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Figure 1.1
Organ Systems Interrelationships
The integumentary system
protects the body from the
external environment
Digestive and respiratory
systems, in contact with the
external environment, take
in nutrients and oxygen
Nutrients and oxygen are
distributed by the blood
Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by the urinary
and respiratory systems
Figure 1.2
Homeostasis & Controls
Boundary Organ concept
Maintenance of a dynamic
equilibrium
Negative Feedback control
What are the elements of a negative
feedback mechanism?
Failure to compensate
-->Pathophysiology
Illness
Death
Negative Feedback
want!
real!
time
Negative feedback loops
Sensor:
Detects deviation from set
point.
Integrating center:
- Integrate information and
Determines the response.
Effector:
Produces the response.
Feedback Loops
Figure 1.5
Positive Feedback
Action of effectors amplifies the changes.
Is in same direction as change.
Positive feedback: cascades (not loops!).
Can be part of overall negative feedback!
Ex.: blood clotting, oxytocyn (uterus contraction)
Membrane transport:
Cellular transport mechanism
Body Fluid Compartment
Total body water 50%-70% of body weight
(1 kg water ≈ 1 L water)
Total body water correlates inversely with body fat
Blood
Living cells constantly interact with the blood or tissue fluid around
them, taking in some substances and secreting or excreting others.
The Body Fluids
CELL PHYSIOLOGY
The Cell
Intercellular
Transport joining
Enzymatic Cell-cell
activity recognition
impermeable junction
that encircles the cell
Membrane Junctions: Desmosome
Diffusion Osmosis
Facilitated
Diffusion
Filtration
Diffusion
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser concentration (that
is, with or along a concentration gradient).
Alveolus of Lung
Capillary
Osmosis
Osmosis
Simply defined as the
diffusion of water through
a selectively permeable
membrane.
Transported substances
bind carrier proteins or
pass through protein
channels
Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier
Channel
A transmembrane integral protein
Serve to transport substances, usually
ions or water
Selective due to pore size & the charges
of the amino acids lining the channel
Primary Active
Transport
Secondary
Active
Transport
Active Transport
the movement of molecules and ions against a
concentration gradients, from lower to higher.
Solute pumping
Pump or protein carrier
An enzyme-like protein carrier that pumps or carries
solutes such as ions of sodium, potassium, and
calcium, into or out of the cell against their
concentration gradients.
ATPase
The enzyme on the protein carrier or pump that
catalyzes the breakdown or phosphorylation of ATP
producing energy that drives the pump.
Primary Active Transport
Sodium
Primary extra-cellular ion that is
constantly “leaking” into cells.
Potassium
Primary intracellular ion that is
constantly “leaking” out of cells.
Sodium-potassium pump
Move 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions into cell
Specific for Na+/K+ and unidirectional
Phosphorylation of the pump
protein causes a conformational
change that turns the binding
sites outward to expel Na+
Also decreases affinity for Na+
and increases its affinity for K+
Cytoplasm
Concentration gradients
of K+ and Na+
Example: Sodium-linked
glucose transport
Couples the inward flow of
sodium with the inward flow
of glucose
Sodium movement with its
electrochemical gradient
releases energy that drives
the movement of glucose
against its concentration
gradient
Counter-transport (Antiport or Exchange)
Movement of 2 substances in
opposite directions
Endocytosis
Excocytosis
Exocytosis