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Clothing
Shelter
HOUSING:
Living accommodations available for the inhabitants of a community.
DREAM for a HOME
https://densityarchitecture.wordpress.com/category/paper
CHARACTER ATTRIBUTION
The individual unit is usually related to the terrain, benefiting of a court or a terrace and of
direct individual or paired access from the ground level.
This category makes the transition from individual housing to collective housing of a higher
degree of density.
CHARACTER ATTRIBUTION
The block height is moderate, usually ranging between 3 and 5 levels; this height is traditionally
justified by the number of levels convenient for walking.
The block can be freestanding on the plot, it can have free sides or it can continue an existing
building by cleaving onto a party wall.
CHARACTER ATTRIBUTION
The city block generally involves a large spatial diversity and a relatively high privacy degree.
Buildings ranging between 4 to 7 levels are ideal in terms of energy footprint, which is lower
than that of tall buildings.
CHARACTER ATTRIBUTION
The high-rise type, also known as tower block, is represented by tall buildings with multiple
levels. There is no universal definition for the number of levels that determines a building to
gain this status; this height is variable according to different geographic areas.
This typology is justified by economic considerations, not only in relation to construction costs,
but also in relation to urban infrastructure and land resources.
DENSITY
DENSITY
Plays an important role in determining the urban form.
DENSITY RISE
Low Density - Low Rise
LOW LOW
Low Density - Medium Rise
MEDIUM Vs MEDIUM
Low Density - High Rise
HIGH HIGH
Pavement Dwellers
HOUSING SHORTAGE
Social Insecurity
HOUSING SHORTAGE:
Distribution by states (in million units)
PROJECTION METHODS
1. Graphical
2. Decreasing rate of growth
3. Mathematical or Logistical
Arithmetic or linear
Geometric progression
1. Ratio and Correlation
2. Component
3. Employment forecasts
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
Example
P = P1 + Ka (t - t1)
Ka = P2-P1 / t2-t1
P = population
t = time
Ka = arithmetic growth constant (dP/dt)
INNOVATIVE & FUNCTIONAL HOUSING
PROJECTS
THE INTERLACE . SINGAPORE
Ole Scheeren of OMA introduces a new residential typology to Singapore with The Interlace, a
large-scale complex of interconnected apartment buildings stacked in an innovative hexagonal
arrangement, developed by CapitaLand and Hotel Properties Limited.
THE INTERLACE . SINGAPORE
NEED AND DEMAND
According to the Task Force on Affordable Housing set up by the MHUPA (Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation) in 2008, affordable housing for various
segments is defined by size of the dwelling and housing affordability derived by the
household income of the population
Definition of Affordable Housing in INDIA
– MHUPA (2011)
According to the KPMG Report on ‘Affordable Housing – A Key Growth Driver in the Real
Estate Sector’, affordable housing is defined in terms of three main parameters, namely
income level, size of dwelling unit and affordability.
Case Specific Charecteristics
Affordable Housing in India
Source: Report of the Technical Group (11th Five Year Plan: 2007-12) on Estimation Of
Urban Housing Shortage.
INFERENCE: housing percentage shortage in EWS is 99.9 % which is double than the
estimated number of households.
Where as in HIG and MIG it is so less 0.2% only.
Issues in the Development of
Affordable Housing
REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS
Lengthy Approval and Land Use Conversion Process. The process of real
estate development is particularly affected by the efficiency of urban local bodies,
which undertake city planning, deliver utility services and regulate controls on
development through approvals.
INFERENCE : construction process with statutory approvals adds upto 2-2.5 years in India
Factors effecting Affordable Housing
Home Loan Disbursals by Housing Finance Companies
(HFCs)
INFERENCE: The home loan for above 10 lakhs is more every year.
Estimated Construction Costs for Low-Income Housing
INFERENCE: distance from centre of the city plays an important role creating
affordable housing hubs .
The Landscape of Affordable Housing Development (units priced < INR 10 Lakhs) in Major
Indian Cities
Institutional Approach Towards Affordable Housing
Institutional Approach Towards Affordable Housing
Conclusion
Historically, housing for the poor and the economically weaker sections of the society
( EWS) has been provided by the government under various welfare schemes.
The main reasons for rise in shortage in affordable housing on the supply side is lack of
availability of urban land, rising construction costs and regulatory issues while lack of
access to home finance for low income groups are constraints on the demand side.
REAL HOUSING
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
IV Way Forward
HOUSING POLICIES OVER THE YEARS
Involvement of multi-stakeholders
However, all these policies were generic and applicable to both rural
and urban areas.
Kutcha House:
Dwelling Unit where both roof and walls built with Mud and Hatch
HOUSING CONSTRUCTION TYPOLOGIES
wrt Building Materials
Semi-Pucca House:
Dwelling Unit where either roof or walls built with Mud or Hatch
HOUSING CONSTRUCTION TYPOLOGIES
wrt Building Materials
Pucca House:
Dwelling Unit built with permanent building materials such as bricks,
Concrete, R.C.C etc for both Walls and Roof.
QUALITY OF HOUSING STOCK
50 47.49
Pucca 41.17
45
Semi-Pucca
40
Kutcha
No of Houses (in Million)
35 29.79
30
25
18.09
20
15 11.8
8.08 9.16
10 4.35 6.8 6.21
2.35 3.11 3.3 2.7 2.18
5
0
1971 1981 1991 2001 2007
(18.5) (28) (39.3) (52.06) (58.83)
Year
61.8
46
28
AIM:
Assured Pukka Housing for
LIG and Economically Weaker Sections
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES & SCHEMES
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES & SCHEMES
Goal of the Policy is Affordable Housing for All with special emphasis on
the urban poor.
Slum Re-Vitalization
INTEREST SUBSIDY SCHEME FOR URBAN POOR (ISHUP)
Subsidy will be 5% on the interest charge for EWS/LIG upto Rs.1 lakh for
the full period of the loan
Central Government
State Governments
Partnership
Effective partnership between central government, state Govts.,
para-statals, private sector, cooperative sector, employees
welfare housing societies
Rental Housing
Rental housing is to be encouraged by way of amendment in the
rent control laws and also using as a tax instrument which need
to be crafted to avoid evasion.
(with a view to ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable
prices to all sections of society. Given the magnitude of the housing shortage and
budgetary constraints of both the Central and State Governments, it is amply clear
that Public Sector efforts will not suffice in fulfilling the housing demand)
National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 61st Round reports that the number of urban
poor has risen by 4.4 million persons, between 1993-94 to 2004-05. It is, therefore, of vital
importance that a new National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy carefully analyses ways
and means of providing the ‘Affordable Housing to All’ with special emphasis on the EWS and
LIG sectors.
THE NEED FOR POLICY
“Rural To Urban Shift of Labor”
Further, it is of critical significance that 79% of the new jobs totaling 19.3 million
between 1991-2001 were generated in urban areas and only 5 million jobs were
generated in rural areas.
It is important to highlight the fact that the informal sector in urban areas is growing
exponentially.
As India’s labour force witnesses a rural to urban shift, it is of critical importance that
the rural and urban areas develop in a systematic manner.
The way to bring about such a symbiotic development between rural and urban areas
is by adopting “A Regional Planning approach.”
The Town & Country Planning Acts of some States provide an ideal basis for Regional
Planning.
THE NEED FOR POLICY
“New Integrated Townships & Green-Field Development”
mass rapid transport (MRTS) corridors between existing medium and large
towns and new green-field towns
THE NEED FOR POLICY
“Role of Housing”
The housing stock in India stood at 50.95 million for 55.8 million urban households.
Further, the enhancement of housing stock must be accompanied with high quality
provision of basic services. It is a well established fact that safe, hygienic and spacious
provisioning of housing duly buttressed with adequate basic services and a congenial
habitat promotes significant improvement in productivity of workers.
THE NEED FOR POLICY
“Inferences”
The urban poor constitute 26.7% of the total poor in the country
According to the 2001 census, there is a 9% deficiency in drinking water, 26% in toilets and
23% in drainage
THE NEED FOR POLICY
“Development of Sustainable Habitat”
JNNURM was launched in December 2005 with aim to cover construction of 1.5 m houses for
urban poor during the Mission period (2005- 2012).
The Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) seeks to provide the
above mentioned 7 entitlements, services in towns/cities other than the Mission Cities.
AIMS
AIMS
Urban Planning
Affordable Housing
Increase flow of Funds
Spatial Incentives (FAR Relaxation / Promotion of TDRs)
Increase Supply of Land
Special Provision for SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Disabled
Special Provision for Women
Employment Generation
Public-Private Partnerships
Management Information System (MIS)
Healthy Environment
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT, URBAN LOCAL BODIES
AND
OTHER AGENCIES
THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT WOULD …
(in consultation with State Governments)
Housing Finance
Supply & Management of Land
Environment and Ecology
Management Information Systems
Research & Development
alternate building materials and technologies
energy conservation practices
THE STATE GOVERNMENT WOULD …
(under framework and in consultation with Urban Local Bodies)
Outreaching Mechanisms
Land
Finance
Infrastructure
Sustainability Concerns
- Design criteria
Execution of Strength Weakness Opportunities and Threats analysis (SWOT) / Social Cost
Benefit Analysis (SCBA) for validation and implementation of standards.