Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Handicrafts are unique expressions and represent a culture, tradition and

imagination. The Handicraft Industry is one of the important productive sector. Various

attempts have been made to define this broad and diversified industry. Handicrafts can be

defined as products which are produced either completely by hand or with the help of

tools. Mechanical tools may be used as long as the direct manual contribution of the

artisan remains the most substantial component of the finished product. Handicrafts are

made from raw materials and can be produced in unlimited numbers. Such products can

be utilitarian, aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional,

traditional, religiously and socially symbolic and significant (Andrew, 2016).

Moreover, Otieno (2018) cited that handicraft business is the profession, commercial

firm or trade involving the production and distribution of articles that are made through the

skilled use of one's hands. Furthermore, Jain (2015) also stated that handicrafts were always

in huge demand for their aesthetic value. E-commerce has boosted the demand of handicraft

products in the foreign market. Some of the handicraft artisans and middlemen have joining

hands with e-commerce service providers to get the maximum benefit from utilizing e-

commerce channels of the business. The aim of such collaboration is to make handicraft

products available to customers, as well as aware them about the artistic products, and get

feedback from them. On the other hand it also

has to check what consumers are demanding for, what can be the future improvements of

the existing product and make such information available to artisans.

The E-commerce has become the vehicle of endorsement and encouragement for

handicraft sector. Ecommerce make the possible availability of such aesthetic products,

which were beyond the mind's eye earlier. The essence of ecommerce is in its after sale

services like warranty, guarantee, and repairing etc. E-commerce has been serving

customers with zeal, and for businesses with trust that is the reason ecommerce is

working truly on global scale (Petrindia, 2015). Moreover, Fillis (2017) stated that,

mostly the E-Commerce used in handicraft marketing is virtual storefronts on websites

with on-line catalogs. The principal participants who make these online actions possible

are the transaction handlers, buyers, brokers, and sellers are at different locations, even

though the individuals involved in the transaction of ecommerce do not know each other

still the trade of goods is possible with the faith and belief.

In the traditional way of shopping, the vendor and the store are very important.

The store gives the consumer the possibility to compare, orientate and get information

about a product. The physical store and its vendors are therefore very important, because

they need to have knowledge, skills, products, and services all at one place. Important

factors are the shops location, contacts, and assortment. When a physical store meets

these qualifications, it will be successful. But when customers are going to buy products

another way, the role of the physical store will change, and that is exactly what is

happening in the retail market right now (Molenaar and Deka, 2018).

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 Furthermore, Sara (2016) cited that in traditional shopping the customer simply

get in the car, drive to the favorite store and buy what the customer’s want. It is an

opportunity to socialize as well as having the excitement of being in a store with

millions of products which the customer can see and try before purchase. This method

allows the customer to get the item right now without having to worry about the product

being lost in the mail. Also, if the customer do not like something or if something does

not fit in, customer can just simply take it back to the store and get a refund the money

back instantly rather than waiting for the postal service. Conventional shopping has a

certain vibe or electricity to it which is hard to experience from a computer.

Yang (2015) stated that traditional shopping can be very time consuming if

customer have not decided of what to buy. By contrast, online shopping allows people to

shop anytime, anywhere, and of course with no boundaries between countries. In fact,

these two ways of shopping share the same purpose, which is buying things. Yet, there

are some differences between them. The first difference between online shopping and

traditional shopping is authenticity. To make an appealing advertisement of products,

some online shopping stores tend to exaggerate the facts of the products. By contrast,

most traditional stores have no guts to do so. It is because real stores must display the

products in front of customers in order to let them touch and feel the products.

Bartleby (2017) also stated that in the traditional shopping, one has to leave home,

either walk or take a ride to a particular location in order to buy what one wants. There are

many ways of traditional shopping such like shopping at shopping center, outlet village,

markets or department stores. However, online shopping has been developing at a fast rate

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through recent years and more and more people are moving towards this mode of

shopping. The online shopping is typically done at home or office that you could

convenient use a computer to search online.

Moreover, Ward (2018) stated that in the traditional shopping if you are looking

for a particular item, you will find only limited choices of it. Having a limitation of

shelf space, brick and mortar shops simply cannot afford to provide large varieties of

products. You have to struggle your way through crowds of jostling people, wait in

queues to make your purchase, and you usually have to go from one store to another to

find some item you may be looking for. And that is one of the main problems of a

traditional shop.

According to Jones (2017) the biggest challenges for small business owners when

it comes to marketing and promoting your business online Proper product advertising is

very important for letting people know about your product or service and encouraging

them to purchase it. Without advertisement it is very hard to go toe to toe with your

competitors. There are many ways to advertise your product but the most effective way is

through social media like television, radio and more importantly, the Internet. The best

medium to advertise is through the Internet. Like radio and television, you can reach a

wide audience but unlike radio and television, the Internet can cater to all the people

globally and the number of people who can see your product is virtually unlimited. It is

also cost efficient because you don't have to hire models and actors, all you need is a

good website.

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 Jordan (2017) and Kumar (2017) stated that, lots of small business owners get

tripped up in thinking about their business from their own point of view, rather than

putting themselves into the minds of their ideal clients. As others have said here,

marketing a small business takes timely content and all the stuff that surrounds content,

like social media and email and a great website and a bunch of other stuff. In addition,

Zain (2016) cited that one of the biggest problems a marketer or small businesses faces

these days is reaching the right audience. Advertisements are an option but an expensive

one. In such a scenario, reaching the public by oneself is deemed fit by many. Social

media outreach, blog commenting, guest posting, and all that tiring work just for traffic.

Furthermore, Madrazo (2018) cited that small business often have trouble with

reaching success in marketing, especially because they have to face competition with big

corporations and brands that have a more established name. There are many reasons for

why it’s hard to reach success. Most entrepreneurs view this as a trade-off, that to spend a

lot will get them the right people in marketing, or that to spend little will get them an

inexperienced staff. But a third option for small businesses is to outsource online workers

from other countries that have a more affordable service fee. Marketing itself is a digital

task. Furthermore, Spencer (2016) stated that the top challenge facing small business

owners is related to generating qualified leads. It's not enough to simply generate leads,

these leads must have the ability to pay and the desire for your goods or services.

In addition, “Essays, UK” (2016) cited that, As for traditional shopping

consumers simply need to go to store where they can meet the seller and interact with

each other to do the transaction. In-store shopping they can browse the products or

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services they need and want. Traditional shopping let consumers to see the actual product

and so they can touch and feel or to try them on before purchasing them it is less risky

and tangible. When consumers shop traditionally they get the chance to pay by many

payment ways such as cash, credit cards or pay check. On the other side, when consumers

shopping on the internet their only way to make the payments will be by credit cards.

According to Hsiao (2017), people’s daily lives have dramatically changed in the

past ten years, which stems from the application of online shopping, saving the visit to

physical shops compared to offline shopping. Such a new kind of shopping style can be

called in various ways as e-shopping, network shopping, web-based shopping, online

shopping or Internet shopping. However, despite internet shopping is helpful, some

consumers are still reluctant to purchase online due to apparent barriers, such as

financial risk, psychological risk, product performance risk and time/convenience risk.

Identified by Hsiao (2017), internet shopping has lowered transaction and search

costs (both in terms of time and money) Compared to other forms of shopping, from which

consumers usually can shop faster, choose from a wider selection, and order from the

merchant with the lowest price. First of all, with the aspect of shop speed, there is no need to

travel to stocks and malls by using online shopping, which obviously saves cost and time that

defined as two common consumer resources, leading to the accumulation of buyers’ utility.

Nevertheless, it’s the opposite case to the offline shopping. Second, as for the variety of

selection, because consumers can access to various information through the Internet by

easily clicking the hyperlinks, most of which interlink to other information around the world

and some even send out virtual signals. Thus, the information quantity

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of internet shopping is considered superior to store shopping. Third, in general,

consumers can save money by purchasing online, even though they have to afford the

shipping fee sometimes. By saving of overhead and maintenance of store fronts, online

stores are able to sell products at lower prices than physical stores.

Moreover, Jaiswal (2017) defines the advantages of online shopping, and cited

that online shopping has become a popular shopping method ever since the internet has

declared a takeover. There are many advantages of online shopping; this is the reason

why online stores are a booming business today. Some of the advantages of online

shopping is Convenience. There are no lines to wait in or cashiers to track down to help

you with your purchases, and you can do your shopping in minutes. Online shops give

us the opportunity to shop 24/7. Also you can save time, with just a couple of clicks of

the mouse, you can purchase your shopping orders and instantly move to other important

things, which can save time. And it is easy to search the merchandise you want. Those

are the sample of advantages of online shopping.

Based on the study of Pearl Academy (2015). An online shop evokes the physical

analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or shopping

center; the process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. In the case

where a business buys from another business, the process is called business-to-business

(B2B) online shopping. The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba,

Amazon.com, and eBay. Retail success is no longer all about physical stores. This is

evident because of the increase in retailers now offering online store interfaces for

consumers. With the growth of online shopping, comes a wealth of new market footprint

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coverage opportunities for stores that can appropriately cater to offshore market demands

and service requirements.

Furthermore, Borovkov (2017) stated that, because of the numerous advantages

and benefits, more and more people say they prefer online shopping over conventional

shopping these days. With an online store, your profits are no longer limited by the

number of customers that visits your store. You can sell across towns, states, and even

across borders, removing all geographical limitations. Your online store also allows you

to cater to shoppers who find it more convenient to browse and buy at times when retail

locations are not traditionally open. Online shopping can save time for both the buyer and

retailer, reducing phone calls about availability, specifications, hours of operation or

other information easily found on company and product pages.

According to Shamra (2018), Online Shopping is gaining popularity with every

passing day, giving a serious competition to offline traders. Various online shopping

website provide some serious deals and offers which your conventional offline vendor

fails to provide. Online shopping can provide 24/7 access to products and services, you

can go online and order anything hassle free, saves your fuel and transportation cost,

shopkeeper rarely needs to face any abusive or rude customer, online shoppers don’t wait

in billing lines and can provide your valuable feedback about products and services in

online shopping.

Furthermore, Shon (2016) cited that one of the main advantages of shopping

online is the elimination of the need to drive somewhere to buy something. So, no

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frustrations of dealing with traffic snarls and no parking problems. Besides, one could use

up half your petrol merely shopping for the stuff you want. With the price of petrol being

what it is these days, the money one’s save by shopping online will often be enough to

pay for a few items or gifts you were thinking of buying.

In addition, Shon (2016) also cited Online shopping saves precious time. With the

busy lives that most of us lead these days, anything that saves time is a boon. When

people shop online, it will take a minute to log on to the Internet, about a minute or two

more to access the website of the store of one’s choice, it may take another ten to fifteen

minutes to select the items one’s want to buy, and about five minutes more to fill in the

information about your payment and get a print out of your receipt.

Katoch (2016) also defines the advantages of online shopping. (1) Incredible

convenience: In comparison to a brick and mortar store with fixed hours, online shoppers

can choose any time of the day or night to get on the Web and shop. (2) Price

comparisons: When you visit a store, you most likely have to settle for whatever price the

vendor has placed on a particular item. (3) Infinite choice: Shelf space in a brick and

mortar store is limited, which means that your variety of goods is limited. (4) Easy access

to consumer reviews: It’s easy to access consumer reviews for pretty much any product

you can think of online, which makes for more informed purchases. (5) No pressure

sales: We’ve all been awkwardly propositioned by eager salespeople. These are just some

of the advantages of online shopping.

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 Furthermore, Soung (2015) also defines the benefits of online shopping. Shopping

online is one of the greatest aspect of the internet today. By shifting to shopping online

people will be able to enjoy many benefits, some of them are saving time, variety and

price. Firstly, shopping online can help people save their time. When people are so busy

and don not have time to go shopping, shopping online is so convenient for them. People

only choose goods they want and order them, in a short time it will be moved to people.

Moreover, people can shopping online any time they want or they have free time without

depend on the opening time and closing time of shop, so people can save the time for

shopping to do they works.

In addition, Soung (2015) also stated that formal shop have a limited space, so the

number of good is also. Sometimes people cannot find a good, which they prefer and they

must to come to many different shops to find it. However, in online shop, people can

choose any good they want or prefer in only one shop. The number of good in online

shop is so variety and more, beside online shop always update new types of good, which

people cannot find in normal shops. The price of goods in online shop is lower than

formal shop. Because formal shop must hire space to business so the price of goods in it

are high, online shop do not need to hire space they only need to create a website to

advertise their goods, it’s so simple and not waste much money, beside they do not waste

money to rent employee, so the price is suitable with customer and not too high. In

conclusion, shopping online have more benefits for people, it help people save their time,

their money and goods in online shop are so variety and it’s very convenient for people.

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 Based on the study of Alvis (2016), online shopping is the process of buying goods

and services from merchants over the internet. Since the emergence of the World Wide Web,

merchants have sought to sell their products to people who spend time online. Shoppers can

visit web stores from the comfort of their homes and shop as they sit in front of the computer.

Consumers can buy a huge variety of items from online stores, and just about anything can

be purchased from companies that provide their products online. Books, clothing, household

appliances, toys, hardware, software, and health insurance are just some of the hundreds of

products consumers can buy from an online store.

In addition to Alvis (2016), Kuczwara (2017) also discussed that online shopping

is being able to shop anytime, anywhere is a significant motivator that pushes the more

than $294 billion in annual online sales. With this number expected to increase to $414

billion by 2018, the ability to shop at midnight or in your sweats is an important

consideration for many shoppers. Consumers also cite less "overhead" in an online

shopping experience. When shopping, many stop to get a treat or a meal. Also, being at a

physical store can lead to impulse purchases or shopping in stores that you wouldn't

otherwise have gone to. The online experience allows consumers to be laser-focused on

their intended purchases. More and more consumers are also pointing to the hassle of

shopping in a store, such as standing in line or dealing with crowds, as a reason they turn

to an online retailer.

Moreover, WebFinance Inc. (2018) also cited that Online Shopping is the act of

purchasing products or services over the Internet. Online shopping has grown in

popularity over the years, mainly because people find it convenient and easy to bargain

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shop from the comfort of their home or office. One of the most enticing factor about

online shopping, particularly during a holiday season, is it alleviates the need to wait in

long lines or search from store to store for a particular item.

Based on the developer’s interview in BJMP, the PDL are finding some

difficulties in selling handicrafts outside the jail. They also have some difficulties in

earning money inside. And one of the Jail Officer said that they have some difficulties in

finding resellers and lack of time to negotiate with other customers. Livelihood programs

are critical component of rehabilitation among inmates prior to their reintegration back

to their respective communities. That is why the developers would like to propose an

online shopping website exclusively for the handicrafts of BJMP.

One of the major problems faced by PDL is lack of proper marketing. They

cannot promote their product outside the BJMP themselves. Marketing and promoting

their livelihood products will definitely get them a new customers. Since they are inside

the BJMP, they are not that much aware of the customers outside. They cannot

approach the customers, attract the customers, retain them and to establish a

knowledgeable customer base they can develop which brings them a customer loyalty

that can provide them more referrals. And also one of the main problems faced by PDL

is the place to sell their products. They mainly rely on the resellers to sell their

livelihood products. That’s also the main reasons of the unorganized way these products

are being sold by resellers at much higher prices which other customers cannot afford.

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 The project bilibid-crafts.ph is an online shopping website for handicrafts which

helps in selling the handicrafts products of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) in

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) in Dagupan City. This project is an

attempt to provide the advantages of online shopping to customers. It helps buying the

products of PDL in the BJMP anywhere through internet. Thus the customer will get

the service of online shopping and home delivery from us. This project deals with

developing an e-commerce website for livelihood products of the BJMP which are

handicrafts. This project will allow the PDL to increase scope of business by reducing

the labor cost involved.

The main goal of bilibid-crafts.ph is to help all PDL gain revenue upon selling

their livelihood products. Also, one of the main purpose of the project is to promote the

products made by PDL. By helping them you are also helping their families outside,

and our team believes that if you help other people, they will do the same thing you did

on others. This project aimed to develop an online shopping website prototype selling

mainly livelihood products of PDL in BJMP. The only subject in this project is the

BJMP Dagupan City, but if this project was officially deployed online the developers

would like to encourage other branches of BJMP around the Philippines to coordinate

and collaborate for the said project.

The target customers of this project are Handicraft Collector, Art Collector, House

Designers and Reseller. The developers also consider Advertiser as one of our customers,

since they will pay if they want to advertise their product or services in our website.

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Since the PDL of BJMP don’t have the authority to use computers or mobile phones, the

developers will become the admin of the bilibid-crafts.ph. The main goal of the project is

to help PDL earn revenue. J/Dir Deogracias Carreon Tapayan said “Since the livelihood

craft serves not only as a therapeutic activity for PDL who are still awaiting trial but each

product is a reflection of life painted with faith, hope and love.” Tapayan noted that each

brand handicraft speaks of the program of the agency on welfare and development of

persons deprived of liberty. This is also why the developers chose this project, and the

developers wants to showcase their product to remove the discrimination and to show

them hope that it is not over for them to change.

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework is one part of the study that has to be done. Paradigm is

made by then developers to serve as a guide for the development of bilibid-crafts.ph.

Inputs are requirements needed for the development of the study. In identifying

the study requirements, developers conducted interview to collect the information

needed in the study. The inputs are the process of the bilibid-crafts.ph, the problems

encountered by the developers are they find difficulties in selling handicrafts of PDL of

BJMP outside the jail, difficulties in earning revenue inside the jail, difficulties of

finding resellers of handicrafts and for the customers, difficulties in finding handicrafts

made by the PDL of BJMP.

The output is the developed bilibid-crafts.ph. Also, an acceptability test was

conducted to ensure that the developers will meet the necessary requirements for the

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bilibid-crafts.ph. The developers used the Rapid Application Development as their guide

in the development of the study. The Rapid Application Development phases are

Requirements Planning, User Design (Development, Demonstrate, and Refine),

Construction, and Cutover.

The output will be the Bilibid-Crafts.ph. Figure 1.1 shows the research paradigm

of the study.

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16

Figure 1.1 Bilibid-Crafts.ph Research Paradigm

Statement of the Objectives

This study aims to design, develop and test the online shopping website for

handicrafts which is called bilibid-crafts.ph.

Specifically, it aims to meet the following objectives:

1. To determine the traditional process;

2. To describe the hardware and software of the web application, bilibid-crafts.ph;

3. To discuss the features of the web application, bilibid-crafts.ph; and

4. To test the acceptability of the bilibid-crafts.ph.

Significance of the Study

This study will give good opportunities for the PDL by making it easier for them

to sell the handmade crafts made by them. The livelihood program helps them to

gain profit even they are in jail so they can send money to their families. The developers

came up with an idea of helping PDL sell their products, it is a website called the bilibid-

crafts.ph where products made can be posted online and buyers can order through it.

Online selling has a number of advantages over selling by traditional methods, including:

Making savings in set-up and operational costs. Reducing order processing costs - customer

orders can automatically come straight into seller’s database from the website. Being able to

receive payment more quickly from online transactions. Improving offers using the data

gathered. This has advantage to both the customer and the seller. Time and effort can be

lessen and they can have a good relationship with their customers. This study can maximize

the chance of having potential buyers and of gaining large income as

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well. The more customers they have, the larger amount of money they can send to their

families.

The study would contribute to the general knowledge and would lessen

the problems that would benefit the following:

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). They supervise and control

the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails with pronged tasks

of safekeeping and development of its inmates. They help the PDL by giving those

materials to use in creating handicrafts. They also get benefits from the project by

showcasing the livelihood products of PDL in Bilibid-Crafts.ph.

Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). They make handicrafts inside the BJMP.

They are the main reason why this project was proposed. PDL can earn revenues in using

the web application. The bilibid-crafts.ph is very useful for them in selling their

livelihood products. With this project the handicrafts made by PDL will be showcased

Customers. They are the ones who buys the handicraft of the PDL in the bilibid-

crafts.ph. The project would help the customers to easily find and buy the handicrafts

they want. By purchasing the products of PDL, they can help them financially. Customers

are extremely important in the business. Without the customers we are nothing.

Developers. The study will widen the knowledge of the developers. The study has

also helped the developers to acquire knowledge regarding the project. With the use of

gathered information about the facts of the process involved in the study, it helps

developers to get their idea in their project. It will serve as a training ground to enhance

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their potential and harness and competitiveness. The developers enhance their skills in

building the study that could later applied in their future career.

Future Developers. This study can be provided as a basis and reference for future

studies related to developing an adverting the project. This will give the future developers

ideas regarding the flow and function of the project. Future developers are in charge of

the entire development process for a software program in the future. They must identify

the core functionality that users need from software programs.

Scope and Limitations

The bilibid-crafts.ph is an online shopping web based application for livelihood

products made by the PDL of BJMP Dagupan City. The web application will provide a

security module which will have two level of access such as Administrators and

Customers. Since the PDL don’t have the privilege to access any devices such as

computers or mobile phones, the developers will become the administrators.

Administrator is fully responsible for monitoring and maintaining the website since

they have access on some modules which are hidden on customers. And also they are

the responsible in packing the package and delivering it to the delivery partner. At first,

the system will only have one administrator who has the authority to add more

administrators by filling up the form which is available only in the Admin module. This

form will need some information of the personnel such as full name, contact number,

username, and password. Registration can be easily done by filling up the form with

their personal information such as first name, last name, address, contact number, and

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email address is also required. Log in information must also fill up by providing a

preferred username and password. The Log-in page can be found in the homepage and

in a separate page. The registered users must be verified first in order to log-in

successfully. Registered and unregistered customers can browse the store. But only the

registered customers can place an order in the store. Ordering can be done just by

clicking the Add to Cart button in the bottom part of the product. The system

automatically adds the item to the consumer’s Shopping Cart. The Shopping Cart

contains the summary of the orders such as product name, quantity, price, and the total

cost. The Bilibid-Craft.ph can only support Cash-On-Delivery as a mode of payment.

Also the web application has a 24 hours generous easy return policy, if only the

product was destroyed or deformed during the shipping process. In addition, the

customer can cancel their orders during the shipping process.

The products and their description input should be coming from the admins, and

they should consult the PDL of what will be the appropriate price of the product. This

means that the system must be reliable to the inputs the admins are giving through the

system. The said web application will only run on browsers, such as Google Chrome,

Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer and other browsers. The web application will only

post specific products, and exclusively for the handicraft made by PDL. And there is a

customer’s service but there is no portal for the customer and admin to chat. But there’s

a customer service that if it was clicked the user will be redirected in facebook’s

messenger. This is where the user can chat the admins through messenger. There is

delivery logistics embedded on the project. This is where the user track their parcels.

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The developers will first implement this project BJMP Dagupan City, but if this project

was deployed online the developers would like to encourage other branches of BJMP

around the Philippines to coordinate and collaborate for the said project.

Definition of Terms

Admin. A person responsible for the performance or management

of administrative business operations.

Bilibid-Crafts.ph. An online shopping website which aims to help PDL sell their

livelihood products.

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). Is an attached agency of

the Department of the Interior and Local Government mandated to direct, supervise

and control the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails in

the Philippines with pronged tasks of safekeeping and development of its inmates.

E-commerce. Commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet.

Handicrafts. The products that were made by the PDL. The finish products

that need to be sold to gain profit.

Online Shopping. The action or activity of buying goods or services via the

Internet.

Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). Refers to a detainee, inmate, or prisoner, or

other person under confinement or custody in any other manner.

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 Security. Is defined as a process to create rules and actions to take to protect

against attacks over the Internet.

Web Application. Is an application program that is stored on a remote server and

delivered over the Internet through a browser’s interface.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Traditional Shopping

In the traditional way of shopping the vendor and the store are very important.

The store gives the consumer the possibility to compare, orientate and get information

about a product. The physical store and its vendors are therefore very important, because

they need to have knowledge, skills, products, and services all at one place. Important

factors are the shops location, contacts, and assortment. When a physical store meets

these qualifications, it will be successful. But when customers are going to buy products

another way the role of the physical store will change, and that is exactly what is

happening in the retail market right now (Molenaar and Deka, 2018).

In addition, based on the study of “Difference Between” (2015). Traditional

shopping still allows for more ground to the consumer in terms of being able to

physically check out and even try out the merchandise that he wants. Imagine going to a

store, think of your favorite store in the nearest mall to where you live. You get into the

store, slowly walking from rack to rack, checking out the display, putting a dress over

your body and trying to check out your reflection on one of the nearby full-view mirrors

that are placed all around the store. You move on to the next display rack, and probably

make another selection and do the same thing you did earlier. This is what traditional

shopping is about. Having the ability to physically choose and check out what an item or

product is like, would look like, and what its features are. This is why some consumers

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still prefer the traditional type of shopping over online shopping because for one, it

allows them to meticulously check out an item. Some consumers are not quite certain

with their own size, sometimes fitting a size that would normally be bigger or smaller

than their actual size. So in retrospect, while online shopping has not just numerous

benefits and advantages as explained by many online consumers as well as studies and

surveys, there are still conventional shoppers who like to check out the product that

they are interested in buying.

Moreover, based on the study of “Study Moose” (2016) also discussed that in

traditional shopping you simply get in your car, drive to your favorite store (possibly with

a friend with you) and buy what you want. It is an opportunity to socialize as well as

having the excitement of being in a store with millions of products which you can see and

try before you purchase. This method allows you to get the item right now without having

to worry about the product being lost in the mail. Also, if you don’t like something or if

something doesn’t fit you can just simply take it back to the store and get a refund or your

money back instantly rather than waiting for the postal service. Conventional shopping

has a certain vibe or electricity to it which is hard to experience from a computer.

Traditional shopping sounds great; however it does have its issues.

Yang (2015) stated that traditional shopping can be very time consuming if customer

haven’t made the decision of what to buy. By contrast, online shopping allows people to

shop anytime, anywhere, and of course with no boundaries between countries. In fact, these

two ways of shopping share the same purpose, which is buying things. Yet, there are some

differences between them. The first difference between online shopping

24
and traditional shopping is authenticity. To make an appealing advertisement of products,

some online shopping stores tend to exaggerate the facts of the products. By contrast, most

traditional stores have no guts to do so. It is because real stores must display the products in

front of customers in order to let them touch and feel the products.

In addition, Yang (2015) also stated that shopping online reduces limitations. It is

so convenient that you can shop anytime and anywhere. For example, you can easily visit

the website, find the product you want to buy and wait for the product being delivered to

you. If you need time to reconsider about the products, all you have to do is put the

product in the virtual shopping bag or on the virtual wish list. Usually, you have to pay

additional shipping costs while shopping online. By contrast, real store shopping is not

convenient for people who live far away from stores. Real store shopping is too time

consuming for customers to drive to the stores. In other words, shopping online is more

convenient than shopping in traditional stores. But, there are consumers who exist beyond

the rosy glow of the department stores—those who have no cars, no access to the

Internet, and who live in a cash economy, whose shopping budgets are too small to

qualify for shipment costs, and who need their local shops for social contact and face-to-

face communication. For those kinds of customers, it is more convenient to shop nearby

than online stores so that they can pay and get the products immediately.

Mava (2015) also defined the traditional shopping means we need to go to the streets

or markets if we need something. We can decide whether to buy or not by our true feelings.

All the goods in the stores are visible to customers. Unlike traditional shopping, online

shopping depends on the Internet. You can find many shopping websites such as

25
Taobao and Amazon and buy what you need without going out. We can only get the

information by the pictures or descriptions while price in on-line shopping is much

lower than traditional shopping.

In the study of Dutt (2016), offline shopping, customer will find less variety or

options for the products or services. Since there are limitations of availability of offline

shops and each shop has a limitation of space so you have not such huge choice to choose

as customer find in an online shopping. You can access an endless shopping website and

find a huge option for a single item customer want to buy. Since customer have physical

limitations to go shop to shop at once, customer may end with empty hands after a

shopping session if customer do not find the product of his choice. And for the same

product, customer need to go outside frequently and make a lot of effort to find the

products of his choice.

Furthermore, Bartleby (2016) also stated that in the traditional shopping, one has

to leave home, either walk or take a ride to a particular location in order to buy what one

wants. There are many ways of traditional shopping such like shopping at shopping

center, outlet village, markets or department stores. However, online shopping has been

developing at a fast rate through recent years and more and more people are moving

towards this mode of shopping. The online shopping is typically done at home or office

that you could convenient use a computer to search online.

Moreover, Shackeleton (2016) stated the cons of an offline retail, Traditional

stores generally have higher running costs than online retailers, with electricity, water,

26
rent and more to pay for every month. This allows less room for error when it comes to

your initial financial investment. With an offline store, you can see funding dry up very

quickly if you’re not careful. Also, just as location can be a virtue, it can also be a curse

for some bricks-and-mortar stores. Not picking the correct location could seriously

hamper your success, no matter how great your product offering is. You also have no

control over what goes on around your store. A competitor could open next door and eat

away at your business or the up-keep of the area might not be desirable and potential

customers could move away.

In addition, from the previous literatures, Mcrill (2017) stated that Traditional

marketing uses static text or advertising commercials to promote a product. If an ad is

placed in the newspaper, it can't change until you place another ad. On the other hand, on

the Internet you can instantly update your page to let people know your bicycles are

"sold out.". You must pay for ads in newspapers or mailers every time you run a new

campaign. Adding new products or sales pages to your website doesn't create additional

costs if you already have a person on your team who can update your product

information. Traditional marketing companies may charge per delivery area for fliers or

mailers. On the Internet, your ad is accessible to the entire World Wide Web. Traditional

marketing can present special sales and pricing. However, it is typically more difficult to

offer complex bundle pricing. Most print marketing doesn't have the space to explain all

the different pricing variations that may appeal to buyers. An online catalog may present

you with an offer that if you buy four items from one category, you get a free item from

another category.

27
 The literatures above describes the traditional process of buying goods and

services. The strategies, tactics and methods about marketing planning mention in the

articles increased the range of the project expanding it to fulfil the needs of the project.

The developers earned most of the existing process with this related literatures which are

used as a weapon to create the project that can help the PDL.

Hardware and Software Requirements

“Hardware and Software” (2013) cited that the hardware and software

components of a computer system are required to install and use software efficiently. The

most common set of requirements defined by any operating system or software

application is the physical computer resources therefore can be touched, also known as

hardware. A hardware requirements list is often accompanied by a hardware

compatibility list (HCL), especially in case of operating system.

In addition, “Hardware and Software” (2013) also stated. The power of the central

processing unit (CPU) is a fundamental system requirement for any software. Mostly

software running on x86architecture define processing power as the model and the clock

speed of the CPU. Many other features of CPU that influences it speed and power, like

bus speed, cache, and MIPS are often ignored. This definition of power is often

erroneous, as AMD Athlon and Intel Pentium CPUs at similar clock speed often have

different throughput speeds. Intel Pentium CPUs have enjoyed considerable degree of

popularity, and are often mentioned is the category.

28
 Moreover, “Hardware and Software” (2013) added that, you’ll need computer that

has plenty of memory and hard drive. There’s no official quota when it comes to RAM

(Random Access Memory) or CPU speed, but experts say that a post-2000 processor (e.g

Pentium II or Celeron II) would be sufficient, along with at least 512 megabytes of

memory. Most computers purchased within the last 7 or 8 years will meet these

requirements.

Most software defines two sets of system: minimum and recommended. With

increasing demand for higher processing power and resources in newer versions of

software, system requirements tend to increase overtime. Hardware requirements the

most common set of requirements defined by any operating system or software

application is the physical computer resources, also known as hardware, a hardware

requirements list is often accompanied by a hardware compatibility list (HLC), especially

in case of operating system. An HCL list tested, compatible, and sometimes incompatible

hardware devices for a particular operating system or application. Software requirement

deal with defining software resource requirements and prerequisites that need to be

installed on a computer to provide optional functioning of an application (“System

Requirements” 2013).

All software, when run, resides in random access memory (RAM) of a computer.

Memory requirements are defined after considering demands of the application, operating

system, supporting software and files, and other running processes. Optimal performance of

other unrelated software running on multi-tasking computer system is also considered

29
when defining this requirement (“Memory”, 2013). All computer operating system are

designed for particular computer architecture. Most software applications are limited to

particular operating systems running on particular architectures. Although architecture-

independent operating systems and application exist, most need to be recompiled to

run on a new architecture. (“Architecture”, 2013).

Hardware Requirements is a specification that captures the complete hardware

requirements of the system, or a portion of the system. It is the physical part of a

computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard

drives and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mouse,

printers and scanners. While Software Requirements is a general term that describes

computer programs. Related terms such as software programs, application, scripts and

instruction sets all fall under the category of computer software (“Hardware and Software

Requirements”, 2013).

Operating system is one of the first requirements mentioned when defining

system requirements (software). Software may not be compatible with different versions

of same line of operating systems, although some more measure of backward

compatibility is often maintained. For example, most software designed for Microsoft

Windows XP does not run on Microsoft Windows 98, although the converse is not

always true. Similarly, software designed using newer features of Linux Kernel v2.6

generally does not run or compile properly (or at all) on Linux distributions using

Kernel v2.2 or v2.4 (“Platform”, 2013).

30
 As stated by Florida State University (2010), these are the minimum and

recommend hardware requirements for the laptop. The minimum requirements are

what we feel will be the bare minimum configuration for the laptop. The recommend

requirements are what we feel will be optimal configuration for your laptop.

According to Stellman & Greene (2011), a software requirements specification

(SRS) is a complete description of the behavior of the software to be developed. It

includes a set of use cases that describe all of the interactions that the users will have

with the software. In addition to use cases, the SRS contains functional requirements,

which define the internal workings of the software: that is, the calculations, technical

details, data manipulation and processing, and other specific functionality that shows

how the use cases are to be satisfied. It also contains nonfunctional requirements, which

impose constraints on the design or implementation (such as performance requirements,

quality standards or design constraints).

The literature above serves as a guide for the developers to deterring what the

hardware and software requirements are used by the system. The developers used PHP as

a language for the development of back end of the system. MySQL is also used for the

database of the project. The following will describe the hardware or the physical

component required for the computer system needed for the implementation of the

Bilibid-crafts.ph. Similarly, it will describe the software and the system shall be coded

and hardware requirements.

31
Features of e-commerce

According to Margaret Rouse (2016) Functional requirements deals with what the

system should do or provide for users. They include description of the required functions,

outlines of associated reports or online queries, and details of data to be held in the

system. One of the requirements analysis which is an interdisciplinary field that concerns

the design and maintenance of complex systems. It is the desired end function of a system

operating within normal parameters, so as to assure the design is adequate to make the

desired product and the end product reaches its potential of the design in order to meet

user expectations.

System requirements make explicit the characteristics of the system that is to be

developed. It is usually divided into functional and non-functional. Functional

requirements (FR) determine how the system is expected to behave and what kind of

effects it should produce in the application domain. In layman’s term, it refers to the

features that a system must encompass (Sommerville, 2012).

Non-functional requirements are critical as functional epics, capabilities, features,

and stories. They ensure the usability and effectiveness of the entire system. Failing to

meet any one of them can result in systems that fail to satisfy internal business, user, or

market needs, or that do not fulfil mandatory requirements imposed by regulatory or

standards agencies. Non-functional requirements are persistent qualities and constraints

that, unlike functional requirements, are typically revisited as part of the Definition of

Done (DoD) for each Iteration, Program Increment (PI), or release. Non-functional

32
requirements exist in all backlogs: Team, Program, Solution, and Portfolio. Proper

definition and implementation of non-functional requirements is critical. Over-specify

them, and the solution may be too costly to be viable; under-specify or underachieve

them, and the system will be inadequate for its intended use. An adaptive and incremental

approach to exploring, defining, and implementing non-functional requirements is a vital

skill for agile teams (“Scaled Agile”, 2018).

According to “BigCommerce” (2018), Cybersecurity is one of the most crucial

features of electronic commerce. Without proper protocols in place, online retailers put

themselves and their customers at risk for payment fraud. Smaller stores face even greater

ecommerce security risks due to insufficient internet safety from cybercriminals. Records

show one in five small business retailers fall victim to credit card fraud every year, with

60 of those stores being forced to close within six months. Not only is hacking a huge

risk for all online merchants, but accepting a fraudulent payment also comes at the cost of

having to refund the charges. Outside of financial consequences, data breaches damage a

brand’s reputation and can cause once loyal customers to avoid putting their information

at risk again. However, using the right tools will minimize the threat of fraud and instill

trust within your customer base.

“Network Solutions” (2014) discussed that Ecommerce shopping carts are like

engines that keep online stores running smoothly. You'll be taking your customers along for

the ride, so you'll want to choose an ecommerce shopping cart that not only meets your

needs, but theirs as well. While your unique goals and budget will determine which

33
ecommerce shopping cart is right for your online store, certain ecommerce shopping

cart features can help you boost customer confidence and encourage repeat sales.

According to “Honkiat” (2018), The shopping cart, login box and search box

features are usually placed together at every eCommerce site. It’s almost impossible to

imagine a store without a shopping-cart function included. The most popular shopping

cart icon is a simple basket so it makes sense to choose something similar for your

site. Many stores also provide their customers with private accounts where it’s

possible to check all their previous and current orders. Every customer who signs up

can choose a personal login and password for further access. Besides, owners of such

accounts can receive special discount offers from the store owners and participate in

different promotions or sales.

In addition, “Honkiat” (2018) also discussed that, free shipping is also a crowd

favorite. You are now selling to the world, not just to the local market, so you should take

the shipping costs into account. To save themselves from unwarranted shipping

expenditures, many online stores usually adjust the minimum order price to include

shipping costs. As for the customers, buying from big retailers and online brand stores

usually result in major if not multiple purchases. Hence, the order price for free shipping

is marginal and not a deterrent for these buyers. Moreover, buying things on the Web

even without the holiday deals may even be cheaper than in shops and boutiques — that’s

why minimum price limitation is acceptable.

34
 Moreover, “Honkiat” (2018) added that, with online shopping, buyers interact

with sellers via computer networks making transactions that are no longer geographically

bound. When there is a problem however, customers would more likely prefer to have

someone they can talk with. This is the core of the need for a store support team; 24/7

hotlines and live chats are highly appreciated forms of value-added customer service. If

online purchases can be done all day and all night long, there is a need to provide 24-

hours customer services to solve the majority of pre-sale and after-sale questions.

Moreover, people can go online from their working places or from home, so a purchase

and any accompanying enquiry may come at any time of the day.

According to “Icons8” (2017), Customer support is one of the most important

types of e-commerce features to consider for online selling success. Some e-commerce

platforms offer related functionality as part of a package. Live chat is an incredibly

convenient solution for providing customer service, as it provides customers instant

access to assistance. Wait times are also usually shorter than a call center, and both

customers and live chat agents can multitask while participating in a live chat. Live chat

also helps companies cut down costs on their customer service expenses. Unlike voice

calls, which require at least one dedicated customer service representative per customer

call, live chat operators can answer the queries of multiple customers at once—without

sacrificing the quality of their interactions. Additionally, live chat also helps advance

customer purchases. 38% of customers say that they made a purchase as a result of a live

chat session.

35
 Furthermore, “Icons8” (2017) stated that the major pitfall of online shopping is

the fact that you cannot physically touch or experience a product. Because of this,

including functionality for user reviews is important. Reviews may be the only thing

online shoppers have to rely on (besides information provided by you, which can be

seen as biased) to make a purchase decision. 92% of shoppers read reviews. In fact, the

star rating is the first factor customers consider when judging a website. 71% of

consumers say they use online reviews to decide whether or not to make a purchase, and

consider online reviews more credible than they would a salesperson (which is

completely understandable). Reviews don’t just influence purchase decisions, but also

have up to 10% impact on businesses search rankings, so don’t be afraid to ask for one

as part of a post-purchase email sequence. Luckily, 70% of customers are willing to

leave an online review when asked. And before you start worrying about the possibilities

of public negative feedback, you’ll be happy to hear this: 52% of customers trust a

product more when it has bad reviews.

The review of literature and studies above serve as a guidelines and foundations

for the development in the features of the project. The developers identified the different

procedures in an existing process and hardware and software requirements. Appropriate

features will the user a great experience. The main goal is to fulfil the customer’s needs

so that this project will become successful.

36
Acceptability of the e-commerce sites

An acceptability test examines the attitudes that major stakeholders have toward

a proposed plan. It is formal test conducted to determine whether or not a system

satisfies its acceptance criteria and to enable the customer to determine whether or not to

accept the system. Acceptability tests would also help the developers examine, locate

bugs and errors and refine or fix it in order to meet customer demand (Lacson, 2014).

Sorrels (2010) defined that User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is performed after the

application is created. The application will have already through unit, integration and

system testing before reaching this testing stage. Acceptance Testing gives the user time

to run the application and verify if it meets all the requirements that were set forth to the

developers. Acceptance testing will help filter out any bugs that need to be address.

According to Schwarz and Chin (2013), the continuing quest to ensure user-acceptance of

information systems and technology is an ongoing management challenge and one that

has occupied the research community to the extent that adoption and diffusion research is

now considered to be among the more mature areas of exploration within the IS

discipline.

The Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles create a high-level framework

of good practice. However, they do not delve into implementation details, such as

specific policies and procedures, job descriptions, or specific technologies. The

Information Governance Maturity Model (Maturity Model) – which is based on the

Principles, as well as the established body of standards, best practices, and

37
legal/regulatory requirements that surround information governance – begins to paint

a more complete picture of what effective information governance is (ARMA, 2013).

Acceptance Testing is a level of the software testing where a system is tested for

acceptability. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the system’s compliance with the

business requirements and assess whether it is acceptable for delivery. Formal testing

with respect to user needs, requirements, and business processes conducted to determine

whether or not a system satisfies the acceptance criteria and to enable the user, customers

or other authorized entity to determine whether or not to accept the system Definition by

ISTQB (N.D).

System Acceptance is the point in the lifecycle at which every aspect of the

application being developed, along with any supporting data conversion routines and

system utilities are thoroughly validated by the Customer Representatives prior to

proceeding with System Implementation. This entire phase is centered on gaining

sufficient evidence of the system’s accuracy and functionality to be able to proceed to

System Implementation with the highest level of confidence possible in the success of the

system. In addition, while the Customer Representatives were certainly engaged

throughout prior testing efforts, they now assume an even more critical role in the testing

efforts in that they now need to exercise the system in the way that they will once the full

system is implemented (Orozco, 2011).

Furthermore Orozco (2011) stated the confirming operating of the system and it’s fit

to the business needs that it is intended to satisfy, System Acceptance is point in the

38
lifecycle during which all supporting documentation and reference materials are

updated to guarantee their consistency with the final delivered system.

As stated to an article Agile Alliance (2010), an acceptance test is a formal

description of the behavior of a software product, generally expressed as an example or a

usage scenario. The terms "functional test", "acceptance test" and "customer test" are

used more or less interchangeably. A more specific term "story test", referring to user

stories is also used, as in the phrase "story test driven development".

As describe by Bordo (2013), testing accomplishes a variety of things, “but most

importantly it measures the quality of the application”. Testing presupposes there are

defects in the software waiting to be discovered and this view is rarely disproved or even

disputed. Several factors contributed to the importance of UAT testing a high priority of

any software development effort; include.

Moreover Agile Alliance (2010), Acceptance testing has the following benefits,

complementing those which can be obtained from unit tests: 1) encouraging closer

collaboration between developers on the one hand and customers, users or domain

experts on the other, as they entail that business requirements should be expressed;

2)providing a clear and unambiguous "contract" between customers and developers; a

product which passes acceptance tests will be considered adequate (though customers

and developers might refine existing tests or suggest new ones as necessary);

3)decreasing the chance and severity both of new defects and regressions.

39
 According to Dillion (as cited in Garcia, 2013) despite significant investments in

information technology in developed nations over recent decades, concern exists over the

extent to which such expenditures have produced the intended benefits. At least part of this

concern is based around the issue of whether any information technology is accepted by its

intended users. Human factors professionals are interested in understanding the determinants

of acceptance and ensuring new designs are built and implemented so as to minimize

resistance. This concern has extended the traditional ergonomic concern with usability, or

ability to use, to cover acceptance, or willingness to use.

The literature discussed here serve as a guide for the developers to come up with a

study about online shopping for handicrafts. Since there are traditional process in selling

handicrafts, the bilibid-crafts.ph will surely improve the sales of the handicrafts of the

PDL. The developers must match the wants and needs of the users in order for them to

accept the proposed project.

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