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Abstract
Extraction of watershed parameters using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) and use of mathematical
models is the current trend for hydrologic evaluation of watersheds. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) having an
interface with QGIS is adopted in the present study for the determination of various outputs, viz. Surface runoff, Base flow,
Percolation, Potential evapotranspiration and Sediment load in Vishwamitri river watershed in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Various
data types required as input for the study comprises of Digital Elevation Models (DEM), Landuse/Landcover maps, Soil maps and
Climate data. The Stream considered lies between 22° 13' to 22° 21' of north latitude and 73° 12' to 73° 13' of east longitude.
Providing require inputs, SWAT model was simulated for 2003 to 2014. Analysis reveals that maximum rainfall was obtained in
2005 and minimum rainfall is obtained in 2009. In 2005, it is found out that the Precipitation is maximum, and the corresponding
surface runoff in sub-basins 3 and 5 are having highest values of 767.04mm and 747.87mm respectively. Similarly, baseflow in
sub-basin 3 & 5 are having lowest values of 298.20mm and 316.40mm respectively. The percolation in sub-basin 3 & 5 are also
having the lowest values of 363.10mm and 381.70mm respectively. The Surface runoff, Base flow and Percolation were found out
to be around 48%, 20% and 32% of the precipitation occurred in 2005, while amongst the average precipitation of the total period
considered, the Surface runoff, Base flow and percolation are found out to be around 38%, 18% and 24% respectively.
Keyword- QGIS, QSWAT, Surface Runoff, Base Flow, Percolation, PET, Sediment Load
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I. INTRODUCTION
A watershed is a catchment basin that is bound with topographic features. The total amount of water that falls as rains within a
catchment area will either flow as surface runoff in the river which drains the basin or sinks into the ground to become ground
water.
There are numbers of hydrological model applied for watershed evolution. Large numbers of parameters are involved in
hydrological model that are used for surface runoff, base flow, subsurface runoff, evapotranspiration and lateral flow etc.
Remotely sensed data provides valuable and real-time spatial information on natural resources and physical parameter. GIS is an
effective tool in watershed modeling as remote sensing derived information can be well integrated with the conventional database
for estimating runoff which can help in planning suitable soil and water conservation measures. Use of mathematical models for
hydrologic evolution of watershed is the current trend along with extraction of watershed parameters using remote sensing and
Geographical Information System. The current study was undertaken on the application of the SWAT model which integrates the
GIS information with attribute database to estimate the various parameters.
SWAT (Soil and water assessment tool Arnold 1998) has proven very successive application in water assessment of
hydrology.This model is physical based and offers continuous time stimulation.
A. Study Area
The study area Vishwamitri River is located between 22° 00” and 22°45” of North Latitude and 73°00” and 73°45” of East
Longitude in Panch Mahals, Vadodara and Bharuch districts, in Gujarat State, India. The watershed has dendrite drainage pattern.
The total geographical area of the watershed is 1134.15 km2. The topography of the area is generally flat to gently sloping, with
the elevation ranges from 795 m to 16 m above mean sea level.
The average weighted annual rainfall is 1068.54 mm, maximum wighted annual rainfall is 1554 mm and minimum
weighted annual rainfall is 476mm. Fig. 1 shows the location of the study area named Vishwamitri River watershed.
B. Model Description
SWAT (version SWAT2012) is used in the present study. It is a physically based continuous event hydrologic model developed
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service (USDAARS), which operates on a daily time step and uses
physiographical data such as elevation, land use, and soil properties as well as meteorological data. The SWAT model is mainly
used to predict the impact of land-management practices on water, sediment etc. in large basins with varying soils, land use, and
management over long periods of time. The hydrological processes included in the model are surface runoff, Potential
evapotranspiration (PET), percolation, infiltration, Base flow etc.
The effects of spatial variations in topography, land use–land cover, hydrologic soil types, and other characteristics of
watershed hydrology are incorporated by dividing a basin into several subbasins based on stream drainage areas.
The SWAT model uses Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) curve number method (SCS 1972) for estimating
surface runoff (Qsurf ). The fundamental hydrology of a watershed in SWAT is based on the following water balance Eq. 1, which
is based on mass balance that calculates the change in soil water content (SW t)
t
SWt = SW0 + ∑ (R day − Q surf − Ea − Wseep − Q gw ) (1)
i=1
where SWt = final soil water content (mm); SW0 = water content available for plant uptake, defined as the initial soil water
content minus the permanent wilting point water content (mm); t = time in days; Rday = rainfall (mm); Qsurf = surface runoff (mm);
Ea = evapotranspiration (mm); Wseep = percolation (mm); and Qgw = return flow (mm).
D. Potential Evapotranspiration
Potential Evapotranspiration is a collective term that includes evaporation from the plant (transpiration) and evaporation from the
water bodies and soil. SWAT provides three options for PET calculation: Penman-Monteith (Monteith, 1965), Priestley-Taylor
(Priestley and Taylor, 1972), and Hargreaves (Hargreaves et al., 1985) methods.For this study, the Penman-Monteith method was
selected as this method was widely used for many studies.
E. Base Flow
Base flow is computed by SWAT using this Eq. 4 shown below:
Qgwi = e −αgwΔt ⋅Qgw,i−1 +(1− e −αgwΔt )⋅ wrchrg,i (4)
Where, Qgw,i-1 is the groundwater flow into the main channel on day i-1 (mm), αgw is the base flow recession constant, and Δt is
the time step (1 day).
F. Percolation
The recharge to the aquifer on a given day is calculated by Eq. 5 shown below:
Wrchrg,i = Wrchrg,i−1*e (−1/ δgw) + wseep,i * 1-e( −1/δgw ) (5)
Where, δgw is the delay time or drainage time of the overlying geologic formations (days), Wseep,i is the total amount of water
exiting the bottom of the soil profile on day i (mm), and Wrchg,i-1 is the amount of recharge entering the aquifer on day i-1 (mm).
G. Input Data
The model input data required for hydrological simulation of a River Basin is categorised broadly in two types-spatial data and
non-spatial data. Hydrological simulation of the river basin requires certain type of data before simulation. The spatial data required
by SWAT for hydrological simulation of basin are: DEM, LULC & SOIL MAP. On the same lines of Spatial Data, an extensive
data set is required for non-spatial data type. They are temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed.
3) Soil Map
The soil map of the study area has been obtained from United Nations University UNU-INWEH.
A. SWAT Simulation
The SWAT Simulation menu allows us to finalize the setup of input for the SWAT model and to run the SWAT model after this
sensitivity analysis and auto-calibration has been carried out. Providing required inputs, SWAT model was simulated for 2003 to
2014.
Fig. 3: View showing subbasin-wise classification of vishwamitri river & vadodara city
Looking at the average of values of the data considered, average annual rainfall is 1076 mm and after infiltration of
289.50mm and Evapotranspiration of 411.20mm, Surface runoff of 375.55mm is produced, which are inturn 26.91%, 38.22% and
34.91% of the average rainfall in the area considered for the study.
It can be concluded that the change in land use land cover of various sub-basins results in the change in the surface runoff,
baseflow and percolation. It can be observed that high urban area particular 3, 5 and 6 shows distinct behaviour than other sub-
basins of the same catchment.
From Fig. 3 & Fig. 4 (shown below), one can identify that most part of the Vadodara city is located in sub-basin 3 and 5,
and the results indicate that the same yield high surface runoff, low baseflow and low Percolation, as compared to the other sub-
basins.
From Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, it can be analysed that in any year, surface runoff, baseflow and percolation of each sub-
basin are varying, though the precipitation is same for a given year.
The results indicates that maximum & minimum surface runoff of sub-basin 1; sub-basin 2; sub-basin 3; sub-basin 4; sub-
basin 5; sub-basin 6 and sub-basin 7 are found out to be 658.04mm & 30.519mm; 680.502mm & 35.773mm; 767.042mm &
54.904mm; 698.4mm & 39.816mm; 747.87mm & 50.388mm; 712.694mm & 42.624mm; 692.1mm & 38.173mm respectively.
The results indicates that maximum & minimum baseflow of sub-basin 1; sub-basin 2; sub-basin 3; sub-basin 4; sub-basin
5; sub-basin 6 and sub-basin 7 are found out to be 496.64mm & 35.32mm; 475.42mm & 30.04mm; 395.267mm & 8.27mm;
458.516mm & 25.57mm; 412.67mm & 11.27mm; 444.50mm & 20.6mm; 465.221mm & 27.26mm respectively.
The results indicates that maximum & minimum percolation of sub-basin 1; sub-basin 2; sub-basin 3; sub-basin 4; sub-
basin 5; sub-basin 6 and sub-basin 7 are found out to be 567.2mm & 85.66mm; 544.6mm & 81.33mm; 458.7mm & 65.48mm;
527.2mm & 78.12mm; 478.1mm & 68.72mm; 512.9mm & 75.48mm; 532mm & 79mm respectively.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In 2005, it is found out that the Precipitation is maximum, and the corresponding surface runoff in sub-basins 3 and 5 are having
highest values of 767.04mm and 747.87mm respectively. Similarly, baseflow in sub-basin 3 & 5 are having lowest values of
298.20mm and 316.40mm respectively. The percolation in sub-basin 3 & 5 are also having the lowest values of 363.10mm and
381.70mm respectively.
Analysis reveals that maximum rainfall was obtained in 2005 and minimum rainfall is obtained in 2009. The Surface
runoff, Base flow and Percolation were found out to be around 48%, 20% and 32% of the precipitation occurred in 2005, while
amongst the average precipitation of the total period considered, the Surface runoff, Base flow and percolation are found out to be
around 38%, 18% and 24% respectively.
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