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10
Single Phase
Controlled Rectifier
Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur
Operation and Analysis of single phase fully controlled converter.
t
rr '.{*
Ih1
[:is. lll.l: Singlr 1rhl.r fullr u*rrttrrllnltr*lf tr*t rr'r;lilirr \rlrl]l.ringr rrrirlirr'ftrarl
Fig.lO. 1(a) shows the circuit diagram of a single phase fully controlled halfirave rectifier
supplyinga purely rpsistiveload. At o:t:0 when the input supplyvoltagebecomespositivethe
thyristor T becomesforward biased. However, unlike a diode, it does not turn ON till a gate
pulse is applied at rot - o. During the period 0 < art < q the thyristor blocks the supply voltage
and the load voltage remains zero as shown in fig 10.1(b). Consequentlyono load current flows
during this interval. As soon as a gate pulse is applied to the thyristor at cot: o it tums ON. The
voltage acrossthe thyristor collapsesto almost zero and the full supply voltage appearsacross
the load. From this point onwards the load voltage follows the supply voltage. The load being
purely resistive the load current lo is proportional to the load voltage. At cot= 7ras the supply
voltage passesthrouglr the negative going zero crossing the load voltage and hence the load
current becomeszero and tries to reversedirection. In the processthe thyristor undergoesrevers€
rccovery and startsblocking the negativesupply voltage. Therefore,the load voltage and the load
current remainsclamped atzero till the thyristor is fired again at rnt= 2n + CI,.The sameprocess
repeatsthere after.
From the discussionaboveand Fig 10.1(b) onecanwrit€
For o <o )t<r r
vo=\ =€Y sinrot ( 10.1)
:
Therefore voou u,orr:jtJir,sinrotdart (10.3)
*t"
0r Voou=
v,(l + cosa) (10.4)
^!2n
Vo*rs = (10.5)
'l
["znlrin2cotdrrrt
2nh
=
* fU'"rs2rrrt)dcot
rvt f sin2al
nln-o* z l
V, (-
= - ; l l - -a+ - sin2a\z
I
J2\ n 2n )
FFuo=*: (10.6)
(l +cosa)
Similar calculation can be donefor ro. In particularsfor pure resistive loads FF;s= FFys.
-;-: "l "- X---.--;,,, :===--.=-:==.=- 1**;
"-*
Fig 10.2 (a) and (b) showsthe circuit diagramand the waveformsof a single phasefully
controlledhalfwaverectifiersupplyrnga rcsistiveinductiveload. Althoughthis circuit is hardly
usedin practiceits analysisdoesprovideuseful insight into the operationof fully controlled
rectifierswhich will help to appreciatethe operationof singlephasebridge oonvertersto be
discussed later.
.It,'ritt 'ri
J t..
I
{ f
u r**
|!-*.
I sl {'iruuil rli;rgr:rru
thr!tl'nrrfurntr
As in the case of a rssistive load, the thyristor T becomesforward biased when the supply
voltage becomespositive at rrlt = 0. However, it does not start conduction until a gate pulse is
applied at ot: o. As the thyristor turns ON at eot= o the input voltage appearsacrossthe load
and the load current starts building up. However, unlike a resistive load, the load current does
not become zera at 0)t = fi, instead it continuesto flow ftrough the thyristor and the negative
supply voltage appearsacrossthe load forcing the load current to decrease.Finally, at rot: p (p
> r) the load current becomeszero and the thyristor undergoesreverserecovery. From this point
onwardsthe thyristor starts blocking the supply voltage and the load voltage remainszero until
the thyristor is turned OI.l again in the next cycle. It is to be noted that the value of p dependson
the load parameters. Thereforeounlike the resistive load the averageand RMS output voltage
dependson the load parameters. Since the thyristors does not conduct ovsr the entire input
supply cycle this mode of operationis called the "discontinuousconductionmodeo'.
Vo*r, = (10.e)
* f"{oo'*
! fz.,?.in2<rrtdrot
2n J"
-Y(F-o,sin2a-sin2p)i
=
-Voou=
rIool, - Y -cosP)
(cosc (10.r0)
t ffi
Sincethe averagevoltage drop acrossthe inductor is zero.
Howeveroloruras can not be obtainedfrom Vexl,asdirectly. For that a closed from expressionfor io
will be required. The valuE of p in terms of the circuit paraneters can also be found from the
expressionof is.
For asaltSp
=o
iol.r=o
li'
Q=1^avzYrsin(a-o)
"z
. JZV,I- t't-o) I
to: (10.13)
Z Lsin(g-a)e-*o+sin(rot-g)
J
=
io 0 othenvise.
Exercise 10.1
D Averageloadvoltageincreases
ii) RMS loadvoltagereducesandhencethe loadvoltageform factorreduces.
iiD Conductionangleof load currentincreasesas doesits averagevalue. The load
currentnpple factorreduces.
it
1
't":
1
'r,
-t
il
l'.
,l
tt
1
-1,
. , l l rr i n
Fig 10.3 (a) showsthe circuit diagram of a single phasefully conholled bridge converter. It i$
one of the most popular converter circuits and is widely used in the speedconfol of separately
excited dc machines. Indee4 the R-L-E load shown in this figure may representthe electrical
equivalentcircuit of a separatelyexcited dc motor.
The single phasefully controlled bridge converter is obtained by replacing all the diode
of the correspondinguncontrolledconverterby thyristors. Thyristors T1 and T2 aft fired together
while Tr and Ta are fired l80o after Tr and T2. From the cirsuit diagramof Fig 10.3(a)it is clear
that for any load current to flow at least one thyristor from the top group (Tr, T:) and one
thyristor from the bottom goup (Tz, T+) must conduct. It can also be arguedthat neither TrT:
nor TzT+ can conduct simultaneously. For example whenever T3 and Ta are in the forward
blocking stateand a gatepulse is applied to them, they turn ON and at the sametime a negative
voltage is applied acrossT1 and T2 commutatingthem immediately. Similar argumentholds for
Tr andTz.
For the samereasonTrT+ or TzT: can not conduct simultaneously. Therefore,the only
possible conduction modes when the current io can flow are T1T2and T3Ta. Of coarse it is
possible that at a given moment none of the thyristors conduct. This situation will typioalty
occur when the load current becomeszero in betweenthe firings of T1T2and TrT+. Once the
load current becomeszso all thyriston rcmain off. In this mode the load curent remainszero.
Consoquentlythe converteris said to be operatingin the discontinuousconductionmode.
Fig 10.3(b) shows the voltage auoss different devices and the dc output voltage during
eachof theseconductionmodes. It is to be noted that wheneverT1 and T2 conducts,the voltage
asrossT3 and T+becomes-vi. ThereforeT3 and T+ can be fired only when v1is negativei.eoover
the negative half cycle of the input supply voltage. Similarly Tr and T2 can be fired only over
the positive half cycle of the input supply. The voltage acrossthe devices when none of the
thyristors conduct dependson the off state impedanceof each device. The values listed in Fig
10.3O) assumsidenticaldevices.
Under normal operating condition of the converter the load current may or may not
remain zero over someinterval of the input voltage cycle. If io is always greaterthan zero then
the converter is said to be operating in the continuous conduction mode. In this mode of
operation of the convefts TrTz and TgTaconducts for alternatehalf cycle of the input supply.
As has been explained earlier in the continuousconduction mode of operation io n€vor becomes
zero, therrfore, either TrTz or T3Ta conducts. Fig 10.4 shows the waveforms of different
variablesin the steadystate. The firing angle ofthe converteris o. The angle 0 is given by
sino=.-L ( 10.15)
"l2Vl
It is assumedthat at t = 0 T:T+ was conducting. As TrTz are fired at 0)t = c they tum on
commutating TrT+ immediately. TtT+ are again fired at (0t = n * c,. Till this point TrTz
conducts. The period of conductionof different thyristors are pictorially depicted in the second
waveform (also called the conductiondiagram)of Fig 10.4.
I
I
I
I
il - ll *.*#
I
ff e tl!#.
l;ig, I ll.*: tl'a-r ufirrm,i in liirrglc phar* l'ultr curr{rrllled hrirlg* trrnt'rrlr"rr in
{rrrt*i$url$Ftilsdstqi$il rnudr.
--
v* -z
:; tr--
I vocos2ncordart='&
fi
r]cos(2n+J)g-cos(2n-l)al
'L
2n+ r zn- l J
60.t9
v t =-;2- b 7
vo- . s i n 2 n a r t d o t = , fui , [ s i n ( 2 n + l ) c - s i n ( 2 n - l ) a l , , 0 . , n ,
rE 'L zn+r 2n-r I
(10.20)
Vo*"s: (10.21)
Theimpedance
offeredby theloadat nth harmonicfrequencyis givenby
z"=rfitr[iff (r0.22)
='r"'*t, Ioo", :
I-*r,os (10.23)
[t'*-]*
From(10.18)- (10.23)it canbearguedthatin aninductivecircuitLnnr,as --+0 asfastas l/n2. So
in practiceit will be sufficient to consideronly first few harmonicsto obtain a reasonably
accurateestimateof lorm'asform equation10.23.This methodwill be useful,for example,while
calculatingtherequiredcun€ntderatingof a dc motorto beusedwith sucha converter.
In this interval
r$+ni, +E="'6y sinot (r0,24)
dt
Thegeneralsolutionofwhich is givenby
-+
io-1r-*f (10.2s)
It will be of interest to find out a Fourier series expression of i1. However, using actual
expressionfor ii will lead to exceedinglycomplex salculation. Significant simplification can be
made by replacing is with its averagevalue Io. This will be justified provided the load is highly
inductive and the ripple on io is negligible comparedto Io. Under this assumptionthe idealized
waveformofilbecomesasquarewavewithtransitionsatort=aandot=o*nasshowninFig
10.5. i1 is the fundamentalcomponentof this idealizedit.
Evidently the input current displacement factor defined as the cosine of the angle
between input voltage (v1) and the fundamental componentof input current (i11)waveforms is
cosa(lagging).
It can be shownthat
.' fi
r _ L\a f
.iIRMS (10.28)
1l
power
input
The =
factor :H3
offi
242
.=1a16sss (lagging) (10.31)
Exercise10.2
word(s).
Fill in theblank(s)with theappropriate
2sin(-E:o)
-sin(q-r) - sino= o (t0,32)
cosp
l-e *P
t
I t
I I
I t
I *
t
I
- -t-
I
l.
Fig 10.6 shows waveforrns of different variables on the boundary between continuous and
discontinuousconductionmodesand in the discontinuousconductionmode.It shouldbe stressed
that on the boundarybetweencontinuousand discontinuousconductionmodesthe load curent is
still continuous.Therefore,all the analysisof continuousconductionmode appliesto this caseas
well. However in the discontinuousconductionmode i6 remainszero for certain interval. During .
this interval none of the thyristors conduct. These intervals are shown by hatched lines in the
conductiondiagramof Fig 10.60). In this conductionmode io startsrising from zero as TrTz ore
fired at rot = o. The load cunent continues to increasetill olt = r - 0. After this, the output
voltage vo falls below the emf E and io decreasestill alt = p when it becomeszero. Since the
thyristors cannot conduct current in the reversedirection i6 remains at zero till ot = n + o when
T: and Ta are fired. During the period F S ot < n * o,none of the thyristors conduct. During this
period vo attainsthe value E.
Performanceof the rectifier such as Voev, Vonr,rs,Ionv, Ionus etc can be found in terms of o, p
and 0. For example
The expression for average dc voltage from a single phase fully controlled converter in
continuousconductionmodewas
ttEu,"oro
uo: (10.40)
For u < n/2, Vo > 0. Sincethe thyristorsconductscurrentonly in onedirectionIo > 0 always.
T h e r e f o re p o w e rfl o w i n g to th edcsideP= VoIo>0for acr JZ.However for a> n/2,Yo<
HenceP < 0. This may be interpretedasthe loadsidegiving powerbackto the ac sideandthe
converterin this caseoperateas a line commutatedcurrent sourceinverter. So it.may be
temptingto concludethat the sameconvertercircuit may be operatedas an inverterby just
increasinga beyondzrl2. This mighthavebeentruehadit beenpossibleto maintaincontinuous
conductionfor u < c/2 withofi makinganymodificationto theconverteror loadconnection.To
supplypower,the load EMF sourcecanbe utilized. Howeverthe connecfionof this sourcein
Fig 10.3is suchthat it canonly absorbpowerbut cannot supplyit. In fact,if anattemptis made
to supplypowerto the ac side(by makinga> nl2) theenergystoredin the loadinductorwill be
exhausted andthecurrentwill becomediscontinuous asshownin Fig 10.7(a).
rh,tin r*l
Fig 10.8 (a) and (b) below shows the waveforms of the inverter operating in continuous
conduction mode and discontinuousconduction mode respectively. Analysis of the converter
remainsunalteredfrom the rectifier mode of operationprovided 0 is defined as shown. .
Itrr--.,
Exercise10.3
i) In the discontinuous
conductionmodethe loadcrurentremains for a
part of the input cycle.
iD For the samefiring angle the load voltage in the discontinuousconductionmode
comparedto the continuousconductionmode of operation.
iii) The load curent ripple factor in the continuous conduction mode is
comparedto the discontinuousconductionmode.
Answers: (i) zero;(ii) higher;(iii) lower; (iv) dc, ac; (v) 90, inverter.
--.;._ji*i-€'3rY
r-;*?*l=*r:**=
l) "PowerElectronics"P.C.Sen;TataMcGraw-Hill 1995
Q3. The speedof the dc motorin questionQ2 is confiolledby varyingthe firing angleof the
converterwhile the load torque is maintainedconstantat the rated value. Find the
"power factor" of the sonverteras a functionof the motor speed. Assumecontinuous
conductionandripple freearmaturecurrent.
44. Findthe loadtorqueat whichthe dc motorof Q2 will operateat 2000RPMwith the field
currentandc remainingsame.
1', "'!r
sitt r'
l'-is.FFll1{irt
l;ic. l"F:[Il{h}
Figure shows that it is indeed possible for the half wave converter to operate in the inverting
mode for some values of the firing angle. However, care should be taken such that io becomes
zero before vi exceedsE in the negative half cycle. Otherwise io will start increasingagain and
the thyristor T will fail to commutate.
2. For the machineto deliver frrll load torque with rated field the armaturecurrent shouldbe
20 Amps.
= 179.33volts.
Assumingcontinuousconductionvo=242x230 cos3Oo
fi
For 20 Amps armaturecurrentto flow the back ernf will be
Et - Vo- Iu& = 179.33-20 x 0.75: 164.33volts
sino=Eo/- =0.505.
/ J2V1
3. To maintainconstantloadtorqueequalto theratedvaluethearmaturevoltageshouldbe
V":r"I,l.*+Eol,*o+
r\,aed
= 0 . 7 5 x 2 0 + 2 0 5N
r :0.137N+15V
1500
200Qx
4. AI2000RPM.E- = 205=273.33volts
1500
F
si n 0 =+=0 .8 4 , 6 =87.266",o= 30o
{2vt
Fromequation10.32it canbeshownthatthe conductionwill bediscontinuous.
Now fromequation10.39
4[
* ehesino . , ,l : sino
sin[(o-e)-(.-p)]
Lffi*""(e-')lffi
or ln.A*.g+t2] - sin[s2.26G"
ro477(c'p) +(a-p)] = tz.ot
- sin[(a-B) + 57.266,f=fi .6t
18.4st5"'0a7(c'p)
Solvingwhichp=140o
). Refening to Fig 10.8 (a) let there be a commutation failure of T1 at cDt= o. In that case
the conductionmode will be T3 T2 insteadof Tr Tz and vo will be zero during that period.
As a result avsragevalue of Vo will be less negative and the averagearmature current
will increase. However the sonverter will continue to operate in the inverter mode and
the motor will be braked.