Design PDF

Wireless Communication Point to Point Design
CHAPTER I
OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting
information or energy by the use of wavelengths that are conveniently
measured in small numbers of centimetre, which are called microwaves. This
part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of 1 GHz to 30 GHz that
correspond to wavelengths from 30 centimetres down to 1.0 cm.
Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications
because of their small wavelength that allows conveniently-sized antennas to
direct them in narrow beams and pointed directly at the receiving antenna.
This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without
interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. High
frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-
carrying capacity. Microwaves are limited to the line of sight propagation so
that it cannot pass around hills or a mountain, which is one of its
disadvantages.
1
In creating a microwave link a researcher must go through different
stages. First, is deciding for a good link point as it is the backbone of the
entire design. After conducting several researches, the researchers decided
to link Gabaldon, Science City of Muñoz to San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac City
which is a good location for voice, broadcasting, mobile communication and
data transmission in point-to-point microwave link or called “Line of Sight‟
(LOS).
The path profiling and LOS analysis of Site A (Gabaldon, Science City
of Muñoz) to Site B (San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac City) and the obstruction
apparently does not also affect the LOS because it is relatively low. The
distance of Site A to Site B is 50.689 km.
The proponents employed all known safety engineering practices and
techniques in designing a link, placement of obstruction beacon, lightning
arrester, grounding kits etc. The additional materials and equipment can have
benefits to the data transmission but also can add up attenuation of signal due
to its losses. In order to provide actual and sufficient data we based on their
specification, calculate the gain and losses to prove that this has a good
reliable link points.
2
OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN
This “Wireless Communication System Design” connects Gabaldon,
Science City of Muñoz to San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac City with a total
distance of 50.689km. This microwave link design uses 7.425 GHz frequency
band. This connection is considered as communication back bone that every
link points can transmit and receive simultaneously at the same time in order
to avoid interferences or simply a full duplex communication. Site A to Site B
is in 7.425GHz band, the low band is 7.41GHz denoted as f 1 and 7.44GHz for
the High band denoted as f2.
The calculated reliability of the system is 99.99999998% and
unavailability 0.00001728seconds per day, 0.0005184 seconds per month
and 0.0063072seconds per year.
The microwave radio used is the MDR-8X08E, the Alcatel-Lucent’s®
premier digital microwave radio for long-haul, point-to-point wireless
communications. It has a common platform that supports virtually all
frequency bands from 2-11GHz and it operates in the 7 and 8GHz bands
used by the United States Federal Government and Canadian carriers. It also
have a transmission capacity from 2-32 DS1s, 1-3 DS3s, OC-3, and
3
10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet, with the ability to upgrade capacity simply by
changing Capacity Keys. Wayside capacity provides an additional DS1 per
each DS3-equivalent available in the system. Compact mechanical
dimensions and low power consumption allow operators to place MDR-8X08E
in cramped spaces without sacrificing system performance and availability.
This flexible and scalable architecture provides reliable wireless backbone
communications for different departments and companies. (See Radio
Equipment Specification)
The antenna used is manufactured by Grante® (antenna Development
and Production Corporation) well known to be one of the biggest military
telecommunication companies in the field of microwave communication. It is a
dual polarized antenna with a diameter of 1.8m for 7.125 GHz – 7.750 GHz
Band.
The standard molded radome used is manufactured by Gabriel
Electronics Incorporated® which has a diameter of 1.8 m and is designed to
withstand winds up to 125 mph without damage. (See Antenna Assembly)
The elliptical waveguide of Andrew® Fixed-tuned CPR112G 177SEis a
straight fixed – tuned waveguide made of brass is being used. A duplexer is
also used for the site.(See Transmission Line Specification)
4
In terms of power supply assemblies in case of power failure, an
SD100 industrial generator set is used. It is manufactured by Generac®, a
leading manufacturer superior in designing and manufacturing a quality
engine that runs by a diesel and has a power rating of 100 kW and could
operate at temperature of 50°C with a temperature rise up to 43.3°C ambient.
A Cordex™ 4.4 kW rectifier for the AC/DC conversion, the Digital
Energy™ UPS LP33useries for the unexpected power interruption. (See
Power Supply Specification)
In addition to system protection, Erico® lightning arrester is used for
the voltage spikes and surges in order to protect the equipment and the
continuous operation. Also for the grounding and lightning protection, Erico®
System 1000 with ESE lighting protection products are used. (See Grounding,
Lightning Protection and Surge Protection)
All these are provided at the Technical Specifications and the
Summary of Technical Specifications after Glossary.
5
CHAPTER II
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The researchers own project “microwave point to point design” is
relevant in establishing a good and reliable point to point microwave link. This
study contains concrete yet not complete information in the study about
wireless communication. This can be a big help for those who are designing a
point to point link that operates in full duplex mode.
In designing a point to point link, the researcher used the theoretical
and actual planning applying engineering management, theories,
methodologies and techniques that helps them in constructing this project.
This study will serve as a reference for the future researchers. They
can use the facts and information needed for their study.
6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In designing a microwave link the researchers considered different factors
and problems that need to be solved to have a functional microwave link.
 Selecting accurate and compatible equipment for the design.
 Acquiring accurate formulas and calculations that will be used to
attained accurate measurements for the microwave and tower designs.
 Different types of link considerations and analysis must be considered
first to make the design functional.
 Different factors and theories about microwave communication must
also be considered to attained accurate calculations and objectives for
the design goals.
 Providing an accurate protocols and system protection for the safety
and precautions of equipment used in the sites.
7
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Also, the researchers have different objectives and goals that
need to achieved in designing a microwave link.
 Design a reliable, efficient and functional system that could be used in
the field of communication.
 Acquire knowledge, theories and different factors that concerns in
designing a microwave link.
 Must establish a line-of-sight link points.
 To attain99.9999999% reliability that will serve as a basis of a
functional microwave communication.
 Acquire knowledge in selecting compatible equipment for the
microwave design link.
8
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
SCOPE
 A microwave design that will link Gabaldon, Science City of Muñoz to
San Jose Concepcion, Tarlac City
 Topographical maps acquired from the National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) and map site locations data
from the software Google Earth are included.
 The design information that includes link budget analysis, path profiling
of the design, different types of considerations, safety and precautions,
technical specifications of equipment, mathematical formulas and
calculations, technical references are showed to support the design.
 The layout of the design that includes the sites floor plans and its
perspectives are also included.
 Liquifaction maps acquired from Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOCS).
DELIMITATIONS
 Financial aspect was delimited in the design.
 The material used, construction plan and electrical layout in the links
are not included.
 This microwave design only functions in the Philippines.
 The topographical map used was out-dated.
 Does not refer to NTC standards for frequency allocation.
9
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
7.1 SITE CONSIDERATIONS
The design of microwave link is first considered an ideal environment in
where a transmission of microwave from transmitting antenna to receiving
antenna is free of all objects that might obstruct/interfere with the
electromagnetic (EM) energy.
Transmitting and receiving antennas are designed to be installed on
towers at moderate height above the earth surface (meters or tens of meters)
so that propagation in the lower atmosphere, close to the ground, has to be
considered.
The presence of the atmosphere and the vicinity of the ground produce
a number of phenomena which may severely impact on microwave
propagation. The phenomena are due to:
 Atmospheric refraction
 Ray curvature
 Multipath propagation
10
 Interaction with particles/molecules in the atmosphere
 Atmospheric absorption and scattering
 Effects of the ground
 Diffraction through obstacles
 Reflections on flat terrain/water surfaces
When one or more phenomenon affects microwave propagation the
resulting impairment is:
 Usually, an additional loss (with respect to free space) in the receive
signal power.
 In particular cases, also a distortion of the received signal.
The two sites chosen for the design are in the nearby areas in the
Central Luzon where the common terrains are settlement, rice fields,
cultivated land, scrubland and rivers.
11
Areas with yellow – high hazard, areas with green – moderate hazard, and
areas with no color – low or no hazard.
Areas with solid line – active fault, areas with heavy dash line – trace
appropriate, light dash line – approximate offshore projection.
12
The image shows that the area of site A is moderately hazard to
liquefaction but the facility and the tower location is in top of the mountain so it
is not really matter, the same with our site B. The liquefaction hazard could
not affect the communications of link. It will not cause unavailability of
transmission and reception of the sites not unless the rain fading
consideration is so high during RF propagation. This map only provides
information to the workers and employees of the base station near the areas
is hazardous.
Earthquake is highly considered because it could affect greatly to the
antenna orientations and alignments. Also at the location of base stations, it
may cause a long term unavailability of the communication or worse it will be
rebuilt or relocated.
The two sites have the economical benefits since the availability of
power supply/ electricity near the site is available as well as the accurate
location of the nearest transportation route. Building new sites for the major
transportation route and power station can cost a lot that’s why the availability
near to the sites is also considered.
13
LINE OF SIGHT CONSIDERATIONS
Microwave communication link requires a clear line of site (LOS)
condition. Radio LOS takes into account the concept of Fresnel ellipsoids and
their clearance criteria. The Fresnel zone must be clear of all obstructions.
Typically the first Fresnel zone (N= 1) is used to determine the obstruction
Loss.
The direct path between the transmitter and the receiver needs a
clearance above ground of at least 60% of the radius of the first Fresnel zone
to achieve free space propagation conditions. Earth radius factor K
compensates the refraction in the atmosphere. Clearance is described as any
criterion to ensure sufficient antenna heights so that, in the worst case of
refraction (for which k is minimum) the receiver antenna is not placed in the
obstruction region.
In case of space diversity, the antenna can have a 60% clearance at
k=4/3 plus allowance for tree growth, buildings (usually 30 meters at urban
areas and 20 meters at semi urban areas. Line-of-sight must meet point-to-
point from Site A to Site B without obstruction to have a communication.
14
EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
Selecting different equipments for the two sites are considered as one of
the most important factors in designing a microwave communication link as it
is used to transmit/receive data and information. Also, the calculations of the
microwave link design are based on the equipment’s specifications. The two
sites must have compatible equipments to make the microwave link functional
and effective.
 Radio Equipment
Considerable amplification of the signal, both at the transmitter and the
receiver is required for successful communication.
Range of Operating frequency: 7.125 – 8.5 GHz
Transmitting Power: 32dBm
Modulation Technique: TCM
Radio Data Rate: 176.994 Mbps
RF Channel Bandwidth: 30 MHz
 Antenna
 High directive antennas are preferred because they do not waste
radiated energy and provide an increase in gain which helps off set
the path loss at frequency.
 Microwave antennas, must be some extension of or compatible with
a waveguide flange.
15
 The most important factor is that both the transmitting and
receiving antennas must be of the same polarization for optimum
transmission reception.
Range of Operating Frequency: 7.125 – 7.750 GHz
Polarization: Linear Duplex (Horizontal and Vertical)
Antenna Type: Parabolic
Diameter: 1.8 m
Flange: N connector, standard waveguide flange or any ODU interface
is available upon request
 Tower
 Designed to fit a specific site layout and enable last-minute
modifications.
 Provides best value for money due to weight/capacity efficiency
 Tower Capability Type: Light Medium
 Tower Height: 60 m
 Tower Mass: 12326.00 kg
 Maximum Antenna Load
o At Maximum Wind Speed: 8.500 at 33.000 ⁄
 Material Type: High Tensile Galvanized Steel
16
 Radome
 Designed to withstand winds up to 125 mph without damage.
 Usually made of galvanized steel.
 Waveguides
 Waveguides are preferred because of their low loss.
 Waveguides must be available in standard sizes and special pieces
are used for right-angle bends and twists.
Typical Operating frequency: 7.125 – 8.5 GHz
Attenuation ⁄ : 6.065
Mode cut-off frequency: 4.720 GHz
 Connectors
 Connectors must be compatible to the waveguides
Range of Operating Frequency: 7.125 – 8.5 GHz
Insertion loss: 0.01 dB
 Power Supply
 It must provide uninterrupted power for critical applications.
Input Voltage (VAC): 176 -320VAC
Output Voltage (DC): 40 – 60 VDC
17
 Lightning Arrester
 Lightning arrester is used to withstand lightning and switching
surge, have good response characteristics to steep lightning
impulse and superior anti-pollution property.
 Lightning Protection System are comprised of these principal
components:
 Air Termination Network
 Down Conductors
 Grounding System
 Bonding
 Beacon
 Fast and easy assembly with interlocking construction.
 Surface, pole or wall mounted.
 Bright and even light distribution through prism cut lenses.
 Have long life and reliability.
18
OPERATING FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS
Selection of a suitable operating frequency (within the bounds of frequency
allocations and availability) is of prime importance in maintaining reliable
communications.
The most practical operating frequency is one that you can rely on with
the least amount of problems. It should be high enough to avoid the problems
of multipath, absorption, and noise encountered at the lower frequencies, but
not so high as to result in the adverse effects of rapid changes in the
ionosphere.
The higher the frequency of a microwave, the multipath propagation
and rain in some areas are significant. As the frequency of the microwave is
lowered, the multipath propagation is less encountered and rain is less
significant.
19
The frequency link band that we have considered is the following microwave
band:
Common use letter designation frequency band( GHz)

L 1-2
S 2-4
C 4-8
X 8-12
Ku 12-18
K 18-27
Ka 27-40
U 40-60
V 60-80
W 80-100
And the link guideline:
Frequency link band Approximated distance

7GHz >30km
13/ 15/18 GHz 15 km to 30 km
23/ 26 GHz 5 km to 15 km
28GHz Up to 5 km
20
CHAPTER III
MICROWAVE LINK POINTS
LOCATION OF SITES
The microwave link design from Gabaldon, Science City of Muñoz (site
A) with a coordinates of Latitude 15˚43’19.46” and 120˚52’35.83” Longitude to
San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac City (site B) also with the coordinates of
15˚19’19.46” Latitude and 120˚38’56.5” Longitude, site is also a single hop
microwave link. The distance between the two sites is 50.689km, where site B
is the elevated with an elevation of 36m above the sea level located at, San
Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac while our site A is the more elevated with an
elevation of 55m above sea level, located at Gabaldon, Science City of
Muñoz. The location is composed of almost 63% rice field. The frequency
used in this design is 7.425GHz.
According to some researches the Gabaldon, Science City of Muñoz
(site A) had a population of about 71,669. It also has a rich topography and
tropical climate that makes it home to agricultural research and technology
centers committed to the production of information and technological
breakthroughs to promote rural development, productivity and food security.
21
Also, according to some researches San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac City
(site B) had a population of about 139,832 and is one of the largest
municipalities in Tarlac, City.
22
Site A to site B
Gabaldon, Science City of Muñozto San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac City
23
Site A
Site A - Gabaldon, Science City of Muñoz in the Central Luzon (Region III)
The coordinates of Site A according to Google Earth:
Longitude 120˚52’35.83” E
Latitude 15˚43’19.46” N
Elevation above mean sea level:
Approximately 55m above mean sea level
Distance:
• To Site B: 50.689km
24
Site B
Site B - San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac City in Central Luzon (Region III)
The coordinates of Site A according to Google Earth:
Longitude 120˚38’56.5” E
Latitude 15˚19’19.46” N
Elevation above mean sea level:
Approximately 36m above mean sea level
Distance:
• To Site A: 50.689km
25
1.1 Path Profiling
2 Distance
Distance Fresnel
from A (dA Earth Curvature Path Elevation Path elevation with Obstructio First Fresnel 0.6F
from B allowanc Terrain
,km) (eb,m) AMSL (eo, m)AMSL earth buldge (m)AMSL n Height Radius(m) ₁(m)
(dB ,km) e
0 50.689 0 55 55.0000 70.0000 40.1200 0.0000 0 settlement

2.68 cultivated
0.5 50.189 1.4761 53 54.4761 69.4761 37.7750 4.4671
03 land
3.77
1 49.689 2.9229 50 52.9229 67.9229 38.0483 6.2860 rice field
16
4.59 tropical
1.5 49.189 4.3402 49 53.3402 68.3402 36.6181 7.6599
59 grass
5.27 cultivated
2 48.689 5.7281 47 52.7281 67.7281 36.3576 8.7998
99 land
5.87 cultivated
2.5 48.189 7.0866 46 53.0866 68.0866 35.2177 9.7878
27 land
6.39
3 47.689 8.4157 45 53.4157 68.4157 34.1730 10.6662 sand
97
6.87 cultivated
3.5 47.189 9.7154 44 53.7154 68.7154 33.2082 11.4603
62 land
26
7.31 cultivated
4 46.689 10.9856 44 54.9856 69.9856 31.3137 12.1865
19 land
7.71
4.5 46.189 12.2265 43 55.2265 70.2265 30.4823 12.8563 sand
38
8.08
5 45.689 13.4379 43 56.4379 71.4379 28.7091 13.4782 river
69
8.43 masonry
5.5 45.189 14.6200 44 58.6200 73.6200 25.9903 14.0585
51 dam
8.76
6 44.689 15.7726 43 58.7726 73.7726 25.3229 14.6022 settlement
13
9.06 cultivated
6.5 44.189 16.8958 43 59.8958 74.8958 23.7045 15.1131
79 land
9.35 cultivated
7 43.689 17.9896 42 59.9896 74.9896 23.1332 15.5947
68 land
9.62
7.5 43.189 19.0540 40 59.0540 74.0540 23.6074 16.0494 settlement
96
9.88
8 42.689 20.0889 39 59.0889 74.0889 23.1257 16.4795 rice field
77
10.1
8.5 42.189 21.0945 40 61.0945 76.0945 20.6871 16.8869 rice field
321
10.3
9 41.689 22.0706 40 62.0706 77.0706 19.2906 17.2732 rice field
639
10.5 cultivated
9.5 41.189 23.0174 39 62.0174 77.0174 18.9353 17.6398
839 land
10.7
10 40.689 23.9347 39 62.9347 77.9347 17.6206 17.9879 rice field
927
27
densely
10.9
10.5 40.189 24.8226 38 62.8226 77.8226 17.3457 18.3185 built-up
911
area
11.1 cultivated
11 39.689 25.6811 38 63.6811 78.6811 16.1101 18.6326
795 land
11.3
11.5 39.189 26.5102 37 63.5102 78.5102 15.9134 18.9309 rice field
586
11.5
12 38.689 27.3099 36 63.3099 78.3099 15.7551 19.2143 rice field
286
11.6
12.5 38.189 28.0801 35 63.0801 78.0801 15.6348 19.4834 rice field
901
11.8
13 37.689 28.8210 34 62.8210 77.8210 15.5521 19.7388 rice field
433
11.9
13.5 37.189 29.5324 31 60.5324 75.5324 17.5068 19.9809 rice field
885
12.1
14 36.689 30.2145 30 60.2145 75.2145 17.4985 20.2103 rice field
262
12.2
14.5 36.189 30.8671 30 60.8671 75.8671 16.5270 20.4274 rice field
564
12.3 tropical
15 35.689 31.4903 30 61.4903 76.4903 15.5921 20.6326
796 grass
12.4
15.5 35.189 32.0841 31 63.0841 78.0841 13.6936 20.8262 rice field
957
12.6
16 34.689 32.6485 30 62.6485 77.6485 13.8311 21.0086 rice field
052
28
12.7
16.5 34.189 33.1834 33 66.1834 81.1834 10.0047 21.1800 rice field
080
12.8
17 33.689 33.6890 29 62.6890 77.6890 13.2141 21.3407 rice field
044
12.8
17.5 33.189 34.1651 28 62.1651 77.1651 13.4592 21.4910 rice field
946
densely
12.9
18 32.689 34.6119 29 63.6119 78.6119 11.7398 21.6311 built-up
786
area
13.0
18.5 32.189 35.0292 27 62.0292 77.0292 13.0559 21.7611 rice field
567
13.1
19 31.689 35.4171 26 61.4171 76.4171 13.4073 21.8812 rice field
287
13.1
19.5 31.189 35.7756 26 61.7756 76.7756 12.7939 21.9917 rice field
950
13.2
20 30.689 36.1047 25 61.1047 76.1047 13.2157 22.0926 rice field
556
13.3
20.5 30.189 36.4044 25 61.4044 76.4044 12.6725 22.1841 rice field
105
13.3
21 29.689 36.6746 26 62.6746 77.6746 11.1643 22.2663 rice field
598
13.4
21.5 29.189 36.9155 24 60.9155 75.9155 12.6911 22.3393 settlement
036
13.4
22 28.689 37.1269 24 61.1269 76.1269 12.2527 22.4032 rice field
419
29
13.4
22.5 28.189 37.3090 23 60.3090 75.3090 12.8491 22.4581 rice field
748
13.5
23 27.689 37.4616 23 60.4616 75.4616 12.4804 22.5039 rice field
024
13.5
23.5 27.189 37.5848 23 60.5848 75.5848 12.1464 22.5409 rice field
245
13.5 dried
24 26.689 37.6786 22 59.6786 74.6786 12.8471 22.5690
414 fishpond
13.5
24.5 26.189 37.7430 22 59.7430 74.7430 12.5826 22.5883 rice field
530
13.5
25 25.689 37.7779 21 58.7779 73.7779 13.3527 22.5988 rice field
593
13.5
25.5 25.189 37.7835 21 58.7835 73.7835 13.1576 22.6004 rice field
603
13.5
26 24.689 37.7596 20 57.7596 72.7596 13.9971 22.5933 rice field
560
13.5
26.5 24.189 37.7064 19 56.7064 71.7064 14.8714 22.5773 rice field
464
13.5
27 23.689 37.6237 18 55.6237 70.6237 15.7803 22.5526 rice field
315
13.5
27.5 23.189 37.5116 16 53.5116 68.5116 17.7239 22.5190 rice field
114
13.4
28 22.689 37.3701 15 52.3701 67.3701 18.7024 22.4764 rice field
859
13.4
28.5 22.189 37.1992 15 52.1992 67.1992 18.7155 22.4250 river
550
30
13.4
29 21.689 36.9989 16 52.9989 67.9989 17.7635 22.3645 levee
187
13.3 fore shore
29.5 21.189 36.7691 16 52.7691 67.7691 17.8464 22.2950
770 flat
13.3
30 20.689 36.5100 17 53.5100 68.5100 16.9642 22.2163 dry land
298
13.2
30.5 20.189 36.2214 18 54.2214 69.2214 16.1169 22.1283 dry land
770
13.2
31 19.689 35.9035 19 54.9035 69.9035 15.3047 22.0310 rice field
186
13.1
31.5 19.189 35.5561 19 54.5561 69.5561 15.5276 21.9241 rice field
545
13.0
32 18.689 35.1793 18 53.1793 68.1793 16.7856 21.8077 rice field
846
13.0
32.5 18.189 34.7731 19 53.7731 68.7731 16.0790 21.6814 rice field
088
12.9
33 17.689 34.3375 17 51.3375 66.3375 18.4078 21.5452 rice field
271
12.8
33.5 17.189 33.8724 18 51.8724 66.8724 17.7720 21.3988 rice field
393
12.7
34 16.689 33.3780 18 51.3780 66.3780 18.1719 21.2420 rice field
452
12.6 built-up
34.5 16.189 32.8541 19 51.8541 66.8541 17.6076 21.0747
448 area
12.5
35 15.689 32.3009 19 51.3009 66.3009 18.0792 20.8965 rice field
379
31
12.4
35.5 15.189 31.7182 17 48.7182 63.7182 20.5868 20.7071 rice field
243
12.3
36 14.689 31.1061 17 48.1061 63.1061 21.1308 20.5064 rice field
038
12.1
36.5 14.189 30.4646 16 46.4646 61.4646 22.7112 20.2938 rice field
763
12.0
37 13.689 29.7937 16 45.7937 60.7937 23.3284 20.0691 rice field
415
11.8
37.5 13.189 29.0934 16 45.0934 60.0934 23.9824 19.8318 rice field
991
11.7
38 12.689 28.3636 17 45.3636 60.3636 23.6738 19.5815 rice field
489
11.5
38.5 12.189 27.6045 17 44.6045 59.6045 24.4026 19.3177 rice field
906
11.4
39 11.689 26.8159 18 44.8159 59.8159 24.1693 19.0398 rice field
239
11.2
39.5 11.189 25.9980 18 43.9980 58.9980 24.9743 18.7471 rice field
483
11.0
40 10.689 25.1506 19 44.1506 59.1506 24.8179 18.4391 village
635
10.8
40.5 10.189 24.2738 19 43.2738 58.2738 25.7006 18.1148 rice field
689
10.6
41 9.689 23.3676 20 43.3676 58.3676 25.6230 17.7735 rice field
641
10.4 single lane
41.5 9.189 22.4320 20 42.4320 57.4320 26.5857 17.4140
484 road
32
10.2
42 8.689 21.4669 20 41.4669 56.4669 27.5894 17.0353 rice field
212
9.98
42.5 8.189 20.4725 21 41.4725 56.4725 27.6348 16.6361 rice field
16
9.72
43 7.689 19.4486 21 40.4486 55.4486 28.7228 16.2147 dry land
88
9.46
43.5 7.189 18.3954 21 39.3954 54.3954 29.8546 15.7696 dry land
17
9.17
44 6.689 17.3127 22 39.3127 54.3127 30.0313 15.2985 dry land
91
8.87
44.5 6.189 16.2006 23 39.2006 54.2006 30.2545 14.7990 dry land
94
8.56
45 5.689 15.0591 24 39.0591 54.0591 30.5259 14.2681 dry land
08
8.22
45.5 5.189 13.8882 24 37.8882 52.8882 31.8478 13.7021 rice field
13
7.85
46 4.689 12.6879 23 35.6879 50.6879 34.2228 13.0966 rice field
80
7.46
46.5 4.189 11.4581 22 33.4581 48.4581 36.6545 12.4458 rice field
75
7.04
47 3.689 10.1990 22 32.1990 47.1990 38.1473 11.7421 rice field
52
6.58
47.5 3.189 8.9104 25 33.9104 48.9104 36.7073 10.9753 rice field
52
6.07
48 2.689 7.5925 26 33.5925 48.5925 37.3432 10.1311 rice field
87
33
5.51
48.5 2.189 6.2451 29 35.2451 50.2451 36.0676 9.1883 rice field
30
4.86
49 1.689 4.8683 30 34.8683 49.8683 36.9013 8.1125 rice field
75
4.10
49.5 1.189 3.4621 32 35.4621 50.4621 36.8817 6.8412 rice field
47
3.14
50 0.689 2.0265 34 36.0265 51.0265 37.0930 5.2340 village
04
1.65 built-up
50.5 0.189 0.5614 36 36.5614 51.5614 37.8569 2.7550
30 area
0.00 built-up
50.689 0 0.0000 36 36.0000 51.0000 40.0000 0.0000
00 area
LEGEND:
HIGHEST POINT OF OBSTRUCTION

REFLECTION POINT
34
Obstruction Height
180
Path elevation
160 Earth Curvature AMSL
Line Of Sight
140
First Fresnel
120 Optimum Fresnel clearance
100
80
60
40
20
0
1.5
4.5
7.5
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
0
50.689
10.5
13.5
16.5
19.5
22.5
25.5
28.5
31.5
34.5
37.5
40.5
43.5
46.5
49.5
Site A Site B
Operating Frequency:
Latitude: 15˚43’19.46 7.425GHz Latitude: 15˚19’19.46”
Longitude: 120˚52’35.83” K Factor: 4/3 Longitude: 120˚38’56.5”
Elevation (above sea level): 55m Total Path Length: 50.689km Elevation (above sea level): 36m
35
2.1 Reflection Point
36
CHAPTER IV
FLOOR PLANS AND PERSPETIVES
SITE A
1.1 FLOOR PLAN
37
1.2 PERSPECTIVE
20m
25m
38
SITE B
FLOOR PLAN
39
1.2 PERSPECTIVE
40
CHAPTER V
MICROWAVE PATH LINK AND RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
1. CALCULATIONS
1.1 SITE COORDINATES
Site A (Gabaldon, Science city of Muñoz)
Latitude :
Longitude :
Site B (Concepcion, Tarlac city)
Latitude :
Longitude :
1.2 GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE
Given parameters:
Longitude of site A
Longitude of site B
Latitude of site A
Latitude of site B
Unknown parameters:
= Great circle distance (km)
C = Included angle
| |
41
90°
42
[( )( ) ( )( )( )]
| |
[( )( )
( )( )( )]
*note: 1° = 60 nautical miles

1 nautical mile = 1.852km
( ) [( )( )]
1.3 CENTER FREQUENCY CALCULATION

Given parameters:
Upper frequency
7.41
(GHz)
Lower frequency
7.44
(GHz)
Unknown parameters:
43
1.4 ANTENNA HEIGHT CALCULATION
*note: AMSL = Above Mean Sea Level

Given parameters: AGL = Above Ground Level
Total distance(km) 50.689

Operating
F 7.425
frequency(GHz)
T.G Tree growth(m) 15
Elevation at Site
55
A(m,AMSL)
Elevation at Site
36
B(m,AMSL)
Elevation at point of
33
obstruction(m,AMSL)
Distance between the
point of obstruction 16.5
and Site A(km)
Distance between the
point of obstruction 34.189
and Site B(km)
Unknown parameters:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
For dry, mountainous, typical inland, humid and coastal areas (unitless)
44
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
√
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
Total Obstruction Height
+ 10
(10m allowance between Line of Sight and Total Obstruction height is required)
45
( )
( )
Antenna height at Site B (lower elevated site)
( )
( )
Antenna height at Site B
46
1.5 ANTENNA ORIENTATION
1.5.1 HORIZONTAL PANNING ANGLE
Given parameters:
Longitude of site A
Longitude of site B
Latitude of site A
Latitude of site B
Unknown parameters:
C = Included angle
Y and X = Angle with respect to a specific direction of orientation
| |
| |
( )
( ) ( ){ [ | |
]}
( )
| |
( )
( ) ( ){ [ | |
]}
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| |
47
| |
( )
( ) ( ){ [ ]}
| |
( )
( )
| |
( )
( ) ( ){ [ ]}
| |
( )
( )
Site A
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Site B
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
48
49
1.5.2 ANTENNA TILTING ANGLE

DGC Total distance (m) 50,689m

Antenna height of Site
110.12m
A, AMSL (m)
91m
B, AMSL (m)
Unknown parameters:
B= Angle of elevation of the antenna at Site B
A= Angle of depression of the antenna at Site A
B= - A
( )
( )
=0
50
1.6 REFLECTION POINT

361.2860892
A, AMSL (ft)
298.5564304
B, AMSL (ft)
DGC Total distance (mi) 31.49668436
Unknown parameters:
GL = Grazing line
d1 = Distance of site A to the point of reflection (km)
d2 = Distance of site B to the point of reflection (km)
y = Quotient of the antenna height at site A and the squared of the total distance
x = Quotient of the antenna height at site B and the squared of the total distance
x =( )
y=( )
*note: 1 mile = 1.6093km
1 feet = 0.3048m
GL =
√
x=( x = 0.3009516669
)
y=( y = 0.3641845886
)
GL =
√
GL =
d1 = GL (DGC)
d1 = (31.49668436)
d1 =
51
d2 = d1
d2 =
d2 =
1.7 TRANSMISSION CALCULATION
1.7.1 RADIO FREQUENCY GAINS

Given parameters:
1.8
d Antenna diameter(m)
(see antenna assembly)
Operating frequency(GHz) 7.425
*note: antenna efficiency used is 0.6
Unknown parameters:
(dBi)
(dBi)
(dBi)
( )+ ( )
52
1.7.2 RADIO FREQUENCY LOSS
1.7.2.1 WAVE GUIDE LOSS

Given parameters:
Total waveguide length without
59.1m (see waveguide lay-out)
bending(site B)
Total waveguide length without
59.22m (see waveguide lay-out)
bending(site A)
R Bending radius 230mm
Number of bending 2
Waveguide attenuation factor ⁄ = 0.06065
*note: the given waveguide length is based on the AutoCAD measurements.
Unknown parameters:
( )
( )
( )
( )
Waveguide total loss at site A and site B
[( )( )] [( )( )]
[( )( )] [( )( )]
( )
( )
( )
[(( )( ))( )] *( ) ( )+
53
( )
3.572440647dB
( )
[(( )( ))( )] *( ) ( )+
( )
54
1.7.2.2 FREE SPACE PATH LOSS

Given parameters:
DGC Total distance (km) 50.689
Operating frequency(GHz) 7.425
Unknown parameters:
( ) ( )
1.7.2.3 NET PATH LOSS

Given parameters:
Waveguide total loss at site A and site
B
FSL Free space path loss
RL Radome loss (see antenna assembly) 0.7dB
Insertion loss (see transmission line
IL 0.01dB
assembly)
Unknown parameters:
NPL = Net path loss
NPL = ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
55
1.7.3 FADE MARGIN

Given parameters:
NPL Net path loss dB
dBi
Transmitter output power (see radio
32dBm
equipment assembly)
Primary system receiver threshold (see
69dBm
radio equipment assembly)
Unknown parameters:
( )
( )
56
1.7.4 RELIABILITY OF THE MAIN SYSTEM
Rayleigh distribution table

Fade margin (dB) Reliability (%)
8 90
18 99
28 99.9
29.53439562 R
38 99.99
48 99.999
58 99.9999
By Interpolation method we can calculate the reliability of the main system.
28 0.999
29.53439562 R
38 0.9999
99.91380956%
The reliability of the main system is 99.91380956%.
57
1.7.5 HOT-STANDBY SYSTEM
*note: Hot-standby configurations will have 1 dB less receiver threshold on the A side and
10 dB less receiver threshold on the B side. (See microwave radio specification)
Given parameters:
Primary system receiver threshold
69dBm
(see radio equipment assembly)
Received signal level
Unknown parameters:
-
( )
( )
( )
Rayleigh distribution table

Fade margin (dB) Reliability (%)
18 99
18.53439562
28 99.9
58
By Interpolation method we can calculate the reliability of the hot-standby system.
18 0.99
18.53439562
28 0.999
The reliability of the hot-standby system is %.
1.7.6 OVERALL SYSTEM RELIABILITY (1+1 REDUNDANCY)

Given parameters:
reliability of the hot-standby system %
99.91380956%
Unknown parameter:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
59
0.9999917955=99.99917955%
The reliability of the overall system (with 1+1 redundancy) is

99.99917955%.
( )( )( )( )
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
The unavailability of the of the overall system (with 1+1 redundancy) is
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ).
1.7.8 UNAVAILABILITY BASE ON RADIO FREQUENCY PROPAGATION
Given parameters:
Fade margin of the primary system ( )
Total distance (mi) 31.49668436
f Operating frequency (GHz) 7.425
Unknown parameter:
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
a = roughness factor
= 4 over water or a very smooth terrain
= 1 over an average terrain
= 0.25 over a very rough, mountainous terrain
60
b = factor to convert a worst-month probability to an annual probability
= 1 to convert an annual availability to a worst-month basis
= 0.5 for hot humid areas
= 0.25 for average inland areas
= 0.125 for very dry or mountainous areas
[( )( )]( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )( )( )
The unavailability base on radio frequency propagation is

( ⁄ )( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ).With reliability
of 99.9731269%.
1.7.9 RELIABILITY WITH SPACE DIVERSITY

Given parameters:
Fade margin of the primary system ( )
Total distance (km) 50.689
f Operating frequency (GHz) 7.425
c Speed of light ( ⁄ ) ( )
Unknown parameters:
( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )
61
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )
62
With space diversity, the total reliability of the system based on radio
frequency propagation is .
1.8 OVERALL RELIABILITY OF THE SYSTEM AND THE PROPAGATED RADIO

WAVE WITH HOT-STANDBY AND SPACE DIVERSITY PROTECTION.
Given parameters:
Total reliability of the system with Hot-
99.99917955%
standby protection
Total reliability of the radio wave frequency
99.99739382%
with space diversity protection
Unknown parameters:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )( )
63
The overall unavailability of the system and the propagated radio wave with
hot-standby and space diversity protection is
( ⁄ )( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) .With the
reliability of .
OVERALL UNAVAILABILITY TIME TABLE
Time Rate Outage Time

Seconds per day 0.00001728
Second per month 0.0005184
Second per year 0.0063072
Minutes per day 0.000000288
Minutes per month 0.00000864
Minutes per year 0.00010512
Hours per day 0.000000004
Hours per month 0.000000144
Hours per year 0.000001752
64
1.9 LINK BUDGET
Given parameters:
Transmitted power
32dBm
(see radio equipment assembly)
, Gain of the antenna of site A and site B
FSL Free space path loss
Waveguide loss at site A
Waveguide loss at site B 3.572440647dB
RL Radome loss (see antenna assembly) 0.7dB
Insertion loss
IL 0.01dB
(see transmission line assembly)
Unknown parameters:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
65
( )
( )
The received signal level at the receiver side is .
66
Link Budget of the System

80
68.2197dBm
60
40 Signal Level
32dBm 27.7003dBm
20
DECIBELS
0
Pᴛₓ ERP EIRP EIRS ERS RSL
-20
-35.1732dBm
-40
-39.4656dBm
-60
-75.6925dBm
-80
67
2. TOWER LAYOUT
68
69
3. Waveguide Layout
Site A
70
Site B
71
4. Design Summary
SITE A SITE B
Basic information
Gabaldon, Science City of
Location Concepcion, Tarlac City
Muñoz
Latitude
Longitude
Path Length 50.689km

Elevation 55m 36m
Operating
Frequency
7.425GHz
Obstruction
Distance
16.5km 34.189km
Obstruction
Height
81.18344118 m
Antenna
Height Above 55.12m 55m
Ground Level
Tower Height 60m
Waveguide
Length
59.02256631m
Antenna alignment
Antenna ( ) ( )
Orientation
( ) ( )
Antenna
Tilting
0
Distance from
the Reflection
Point
Gains
Antenna Gain
System Gain
Losses
Waveguide
Loss
3.572440647dB
Radome Loss 0.7dB
Connector Loss 0.01dB
Free Space
Loss
72
Net Path Loss
Radio Equipment
Transmit
Power
32dB
Primary System
Receiver -69dBm
Threshold
Hot-standby System
-58dBm
System
Primary System
Fade Margin
Hot-standby System
Reliability of
Primary 99.91380956%
System
Reliability of
the Hot- %
standby
System
Reliability with
(1+1) 99.99917955%
protection
Reliability
Based on
Radio 99.9731269%
Frequency
Propagation
Reliability with
Space Diversity
Overall
Reliability with
(1+1)
Protection and
Space Diversity
⁄
Overall
⁄
Unavailability
⁄
73
CHAPTER VI
SAFETY ENGINEERING
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Microwave Communication Systems are subjected to electrical hazards
from exposure to the lightning and power systems and unless adequate
protection measures are employed, such exposure may result in fatality,
service interruptions and excessive maintenance expenses.
1. These are the primary considerations for electrical protection;
 To diminish, within the realm of possibility electrical hazards to persons
engaged in construction, operation, maintenance or used of
communication system.
 To reduce, within the realm of possibility damage to equipment.
 To eradicate, within the realm of possibility any fire hazards resulting
from the operation of a communication system.
 To minimize within the realm of possibility, acoustic shock hazards to
anyone using communication systems.
 The cost of protection measures employed plus the bulk required in
maintaining the protection level adopted.
 The value of damage to/or fatality to property and/or that of service
interruptions cause by electrical hazards.
74
2. The standard particularized in the odes revolves around optimum
protection, but sometimes the state of the area progresses which new
technique evolve that meet the intent of the code much more effectively
than its own specific requirements and such in cases, additional,
protection used without provisions in this code is violated. The amount of
interruption measured employed plus the amount required to maintain the
protection level adopted.
3. The protection measures maybe more costly or impractical to add an
operating plan, so it is fascinating to consider protection requirements in
initial setting-up the plant.
4. When safeties of human life is involved, even if not actually required by
this code, communication entity should update its practice voluntarily
and soon as possible rather than wait for the revision of this code.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
 One of the requirements for the well-equipped amateur station is the
fire extinguisher.
 Members/workers in the station should also know how to apply artificial
respiration.
 Knowledge in first aid and medical kits must also be in line. Be sure to
put directories for these matters.
75
POWER CONTACT INDUCTION
The joint occupancy of poles and support present power contact/induction
problem and the necessity for constructing power and communication’s
facilities near each other and the advantages to both the interest that must be
carefully contemplated.
1. Good construction and adequate spacing between power and
communication’s facilities are first line of defense against power
contact and induction hazards. This essentially keeps foreign potential
out of the communication plant.
2. Second measure is to provide paths to ground on the communication
facilities sufficient to prevent excessive voltage rise in the
communication plant and utilization of current limiting devices.
3. Insulation on the communication conductors may, in many instances
withstand secondary power potential but dependence on insulation
alone introduces a considerable hazard.
4. Where the possibility of power line contact is eminent, equipment
connected to such lines should be provided with protectors capable of
discharging sufficient current to fuse the line conductor or they should
be provided with line fuses and surge arrester. Shall protectors shall be
adequately rounded to prevent excessive rise in potential at the
equipment locations.
76
5. Communications control circuits serving electric, power station are
always required to function more so during periods when there are
faults on power systems, so adequate protection required.
6. A disturbance affecting communications circuits serving electric power
stations. This potential is developed between the power station ground
and the remote ground during periods when large grounds currents,
such as phase to ground fault current are flowing in the station ground.
The magnitude of this potential is the product of the ground current and
the ground impedance.
7. Isolating transformer and/or neutralizing transformers and/or
appropriate devices should utilize to prevent disturbances in
communications circuits exposed to arise in ground potential.
AC AND DC SAFETY
 The primary wiring for your station should be controlled by one master
switch and other members of your station should know how to shut
down the power in an emergency.
 All equipments must be connected to the ground.
 All wires carrying power around the station should be insulated for the
voltage level involved.
 Remember those high current low current sources.
 Respect even the lowest power supply in your station.
77
 Whenever possible, turn off the power and unplug the equipment
before working on it.
LIGHTNING AND EMP PROTECTION
 Antennas, radio and television masts of metal, located on protected
building, shall be bonded to the lightning protection system with main
size conductor and fittings.
 Lightning arresters, protectors or antenna discharge until shall be
installed on electric and telephone service entrances on radio and
television antenna lead-ins.
 The best protection from lightning is to disconnect all antennas from
equipment and disconnect the equipment from the power lines.
GROUNDING SYSTEM
 An effective ground system is necessary for every amateur station. The
mission of the grounding system is to two fold. First, it reduces the
possibility of electric shock if something in a piece of equipment should
fail and the chassis of cabinet become “hot”.
78
 The second job of the grounding system is to provide a low impedance
path to ground for any stray RF current inside the station.
ELECTRIC SHOCK
Current through the body rather than the voltage of the circuits
determines electric shock intensity. Voltage is significance only as far as it is
one of the factors determining the magnitude if the current:
a) Shock current is also dependent to the impedance of the circuit
contracted plus the body impedance of the victim.
b) The potential difference at any time between any exposed structure
(Equipment cabinets, housing, supports, etc.) to ground (floor, earth,
etc.) or between any exposed structures within reach of adult persons
approximately 1.5 meters shall be no greater than 45 volts RMS AC or
135 volts DC.
c) The potential difference at any time between two points on the floor or
earth surface separated by a distance of one space, or about 1 meter
in the direction of maximum potential gradient than 45 volts RMS AC or
135 volts DC.
79
TOWER SAFETY
Working on towers and antennas is dangerous, and possibly fatal, of
the person does not know what he is doing. Tower and antenna can cause
serious property damage and personal injury if any part of the installation
would fail. Always use the quality material in the systems. Do not overload the
tower, and if there are any doubts, seek professional assistance.
SAFETY HARNESSES AND CLIMBING ACCESSORIES
Any amateur with a tower must own a high-quality safety belt. Do not
attempt to climb and work at the tower without preparations. The belt allows
the climber to lean back away from the tower to reach the bolts and
connections.
A climber must trust his life to his safety belt. For this reason, nothing
less than a professional quality, commercially made, tested and approved and
safety belt is acceptable.
80
81
CLOTHING
The clothing when working on the towers and antennas should be
selected for maximum comfort and safety. Wear clothing that will keep you
warm, yet allow complete freedom of movement and glows in the dark like
those found in street authorities.
82
HARDHAT
Ground crew members should have hardhats for protection in case
something fails from the tower. It is not uncommon for the tower climber to
drop tools and hardware.
ROPE AND PULLEY
Every amateur who owns a tower should also own a good quality rope
at least as twice as long as the tower height. The rope is essential for safety
erecting towers and installing antennas and cables.
83
Check your rope before each use for tearing or chafing. Do not attempt
to use damage rope; if it is breaks with a tower section or antenna in the mid-
air, properly damage and personal injury are likely results. If your rope should
get wet, let it dry thoroughly before putting it away.
INSTALLING ANTENNAS ON THE TOWER
All antennas installations are different in some aspects. Therefore,
through planning is the most important first step in installing any antenna.
Consider what tools and parts must be assembled and what items must be
taken up the tower.
SOME TOWER CLIMBING TIPS
The following tower climbing tips were consolidated. The most
substantial safely factor in any kind of dangerous endeavor is the proper
attitude. Safety is important and worthy if careful consideration and
implementation is implied. The right attitude toward safety is requirement for
tower climbers. Lip service will not do, however, safety must be practiced. The
proper ham’s attitude: Do not take any unnecessary chances. There are no
exceptions to this plain and simple rule. It is the first rule of safety and of
course of climbing.
84
 Choose someone to be responsible for all activities on the ground and
for all communication with the climbers. Study the structure to be
climbed and choose the best route to your objective.
 Take time to plan your climb and must have step by step procedures to
be followed.
 Never underestimate the weather when climbing for additional
safeness.
 Use proper locks on any switches design to accept them.
 All switches/circuit breakers should be labeled correctly of what type
and function it is. Label those equipment and rooms that are
hazardous. Remember incidents will be managed safely by these
instructions.
EQUIPMENT PROTECTIONS
 UNPROTECTED (1+0 Configuration) – a method of transmission and
reception wherein no standby service is available.
 HOT STANDBY (1+1 Configuration) – a method of providing a reliable
radio service. Two transmitters are kept fully energized so that if one
fails, the other is readily available and immediately carries the signal.
85
 COLD-STANDBY – there are two radios but only one radio is
energized so there should somebody that operates in the area to turn
on the back up radio. Must have enough gain so that the desired path
loss between transmitter output receiver inputs is attained. In this,
impedance matching will be applied.
86
CHAPTER VII
GLOSSARY
Absorption - The way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter,
typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is
transformed into internal energy of the absorber, for example thermal energy.
Antenna (or aerial) - is an electrical device which converts electric power into
radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio
receiver.
Attenuation - Loss of signal in transmission through a filter, usually referring
to signal amplitude or signal power. Usually measured in decibels (dB).
Bandpass Filter - A filter that passes one band of frequencies and rejects
both higher and lower frequencies.
Bandwidth - The width of the pass band of a bandpass filter is usually
expressed as the frequency difference between lower and upper relative 3dB
points.
Beamwidth - The half power beam width is the angle between the half-power
(-3 dB) points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak effective of the
main lobe.
Center Frequency (fc) - The arithmetic means frequency is normally
calculated using the 3dB relative band edges (f1& f2).
87
Conversion Loss - The ratio in dB of the IF output of a mixer to the RF input
power. All conversion loss measurements and specification are normally
based on the mixer being terminated on all ports and a stated LO signal
power level being applied.
Cutoff Frequency (Fco) – It is the upper passband edge in lowpass filters or
the lower passband edge in highpass filters. It is the passband edge closest to
the stop band. Normally the point at which the VSWR equals to 1.5:1
Decibels (dB) – is a logarithmic unit of measurement in acoustics and
electronics.
Demultiplexer - is software that demultiplexes individual elementary streams
of amedia file, e.g., audio, video, or subtitles and sends them to their
respective decoders foractual decoding. Media demultiplexers are not
decoders themselves, but are formatcontainer handlers that separate program
streams from a file and supply them to theirrespective audio, video, or
subtitles decoders.
Dehydrator - An appliance or an engineered system designed to remove
water fromsubstances such as absorbents or food.
Dew Point Temperature - The temperature below which the water vapor in
air atconstant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same
rate at which itevaporates. The condensed water is called dew when it forms
on a solid surface.
Diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing.
88
Duplexer - A device that allows bi-directional (duplex) communication over a
single path.
Earth Bulge - A term used in telecommunications. It refers to the circular
segment of earth profile which blocks off long distance communications.
EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power - is the amount of power that
a theoretical isotropic antenna (which evenly distributes power in all
directions) would emit to produce the peak power density observed in the
direction of maximum antenna gain.
Fade Margin - A design allowance that provides for sufficient system gain
orsensitivity to accommodate expected fading, for the purpose of ensuring
that the required quality of service is maintained. It is the amount by which a
received signal level may be reduced without causing system performance to
fall below a specified threshold value.
Fading – It is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain
propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position or
radio frequency, and is often modeled as a random process.
First Fresnel Zone - The difference between the direct and an indirect path
that touches a single point on the border of the Fresnel zone is half the
wavelength.
Frequency - The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.
Unit inHertz or Cycles per Second (cps).
Fresnel Zone - Is one of a (theoretically infinite) number of concentric
ellipsoids which define volumes in the radiation pattern of a (usually) circular
aperture.
89
Free Space Loss (FSL) - the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic
wave that would result from a line-of-sight path through free space (usually
air), with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction.
Full Duplex - Allows communication in both directions and, allows this to
happen simultaneously.
Gain - is the ratio of the power output to the power input of the amplifier in dB.
The gain is specified in the linear operating range of the amplifier where a 1
dB increase in input power gives rise to a 1 dB increase in output power.
GHz – A one billion Hertz. Usually used in very high frequency
Highpass Filter - A filter which passes high frequencies and rejects low
frequencies.
Hot Standby - Is used as a failover mechanism to provide reliability in system
configurations. The hot spare is active and connected as part of a working
system. When a key component fails, the hot spare is switched into operation.
More generally, a hot standby can be used to refer to any device or system
that is held in readiness to overcome an otherwise significant start-up delay.
IDU (Indoor Unit) - Accesses a service signal, prompting baseband
processing, multiplexing and IF modulation.
Input/output Connection – It is the interconnections between the I/O
devices. Usually by the use of coaxial, BNC connectors etc.
Insertion Loss - is defined as the drop in power as a signal enters an RF
component. This value not only includes the reflected incoming signal, but
also the attenuation of the component.
90
Interface - The point of interaction with software, or computer hardware, or
with peripheral devices such as a computer monitor or a keyboard. Some
computer interfaces such as a touch screen can send and receive data, while
others such as a mouse or microphone can only send data.
Interference – is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to form a
resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. Interference usually refers to the
interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other, either
because they come from the same source or because they have the same or
nearly the same frequency.
Intermediate Frequency (IF) – a frequency to which a carrier frequency is
shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception. The intermediate
frequency is created by mixing the carrier signal with a local oscillator signal in
a process called heterodyning, resulting in a signal at the difference or beat
frequency.
Isolation - The ratio (expressed in dB) of the power level at one port
compared to the resulting power level of the output port.
Limiting Level - This is the input power level when the output power is goes
into compression and no longer becomes linear.
Linear Phase Filter – is a filter that exhibits a constant change in degrees per
unit of frequency. The resultant plot of frequency versus phase is a straight
line. This type of filter ideally displays a constant delay in its Passband.
Line-of-sight (LOS) - refers to electro-magnetic radiation or acoustic wave
propagation. Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling
in a straight line.
91
Lowpass Filter - A filter which passes low frequencies and rejects high
frequencies.
Magnetic North - the direction in which the north end of a compass needle or
other freely suspended magnet will point in response to the earth's magnetic
field. It deviates from true north over time and from place to place because the
earth's magnetic poles are not fixed in relation to its axis.
Maximum Power Output – is the actual amount of power (in watts) of
radiofrequency (RF) energy that a transmitter produces at its output.
Mb/s - A megabit per second. (Million bits in a second)
Microwave Communication – It is the transmission of signals via radio using
a series of microwave towers. Microwave communication is known as a form
of "line of sight" communication, because there must be nothing obstructing
the transmission of data between these towers for signals to be properly sent
and received.
Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) - is a device that modulates an analog
carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a
carrier signal to decode the transmitted information
Mean time between failures (MTBF) - is the predicted elapsed time between
inherent failures of a system during operation. MTBF can be calculated as the
arithmetic mean (average) time between failures of a system. The MTBF is
typically part of a model that assumes the failed system is immediately
repaired (mean time torepair, or MTTR), as a part of a renewal process.
92
Mean Time To Repair (MTRR) - is a basic measure of the maintainability of
repairable items. It represents the average time required to repair a failed
component or device. Expressed mathematically, it is the total corrective
maintenance time divided by the total number of corrective maintenance
actions during a given period of time.
MULDEM – A combination of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer in one packaging.
Multiplexer - is a device that selects one of several analog or digital input
signals andforwards the selected input into a single line.
ODU (Outdoor Unit) – Devices that processes the RF signal.
Passband - The frequency range in which a filter is intended to pass signals.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) - is a method used to digitally represent
sampled analog signals. It is the standard form of audio in computers,
Compact Discs, digital telephony and other digital audio applications.
Phase Shift - The changing of phase of a signal as it passes through a filter.
A delay in time of the signal is referred to as phase lag and in normal
networks, phase lag increases with frequency, producing a positive envelope
delay.
Radome - A structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a microwave
(e.g. radar) antenna. The radome is constructed of material that minimally
attenuates the electromagnetic signal transmitted or received by the antenna.
Relative Attenuation - Attenuation measured with the point of minimum
attenuationtaken as zero dB.
Return Loss (dB) - is defined as a ratio of the incoming signal to the same
reflected signal as it enters a component.
93
Signal generators – is electronic devices that generate repeating or non-
repeatingelectronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains).
Sensitivity - The minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a
specifiedoutput signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other
specified criteria.
System Gain – is the difference between the nominal output power of a
transmitter(Pt) and the minimum input power to a receiver (Cmin) necessary to
achievesatisfactory performance.
Stopband -The area of frequency where it is desirable to reject or attenuate
all signalsas much as practical.
Time Delay - The amount of time it takes for certain signals to pass through a
filter.
Tower - Typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also known
as aerials) for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television.
They are among the tallest man-made structures.
True North - is the direction along the earth's surface towards the geographic
North Pole. True geodetic north usually differs from magnetic north and from
grid north.
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - The ratio between the peak and valley of
standing waves on a transmission line.
Voice Channel Capacity - The tightest upper bound on the rate of
information that can be reliably transmitted over a communications channel.
Waveguide - A structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves
or soundwaves.
94
CHAPTER VIII
Technical References
95
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100
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Author’s Page
Garay, James Louis D. Garay, Melissa Ruth D.

Calculations Document Editor
Clemente, Siena Verina I. Delos Santos, Danica Marie M.

Considerations And Mapping Photo Shop And Power Point
Musni, Kimberly T. Nicdao, Camille T.

Equipment Specifications Autocad And Designs
105
Individual commitment to a group effort - that is what makes a team work, a

company work, a society work, a civilization work.
Vince Lombardi
James Louis Garay
As you navigate through the rest of your life, be open to collaboration. Other
people and other people's ideas are often better than your own. Find a group
of people who challenge and inspire you, spend a lot of time with them, and it
will change your life.
Amy Poehler
Melissa Ruth Garay
There are two kinds of people, those who do the work and those who take the
credit. Try to be in the first group; there is less competition there.
Indira Gandhi
Danica Marie Delos Santos
It is impossible to work in information technology without also engaging in

social engineering.
Jaron Lanier
Siena Verina Clemente
Software is a great combination between artistry and engineering.
Bill Gates
Camille Nicdao
Engineering, medicine, business, architecture and painting are concerned not

with the necessary but with the contingent - not with how things are but with
how they might be - in short, with design.
Herbert Simon
Kimberly Musni
106

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Wireless Communication Point to Point Design

OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN

Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting

information or energy by the use of wavelengths that are conveniently

measured in small numbers of centimetre, which are called microwaves. This

correspond to wavelengths from 30 centimetres down to 1.0 cm.

Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications

because of their small wavelength that allows conveniently-sized antennas to

frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-

carrying capacity. Microwaves are limited to the line of sight propagation so

that it cannot pass around hills or a mountain, which is one of its

In creating a microwave link a researcher must go through different

entire design. After conducting several researches, the researchers decided

which is a good location for voice, broadcasting, mobile communication and

data transmission in point-to-point microwave link or called “Line of Sight‟

distance of Site A to Site B is 50.689 km.

The proponents employed all known safety engineering practices and

techniques in designing a link, placement of obstruction beacon, lightning

reliable link points.

OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN

This “Wireless Communication System Design” connects Gabaldon,

band. This connection is considered as communication back bone that every

to avoid interferences or simply a full duplex communication. Site A to Site B

the High band denoted as f2.

The calculated reliability of the system is 99.99999998% and

unavailability 0.00001728seconds per day, 0.0005184 seconds per month

and 0.0063072seconds per year.

The microwave radio used is the MDR-8X08E, the Alcatel-Lucent’s®

premier digital microwave radio for long-haul, point-to-point wireless

communications. It has a common platform that supports virtually all

10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet, with the ability to upgrade capacity simply by

changing Capacity Keys. Wayside capacity provides an additional DS1 per

each DS3-equivalent available in the system. Compact mechanical

dimensions and low power consumption allow operators to place MDR-8X08E

in cramped spaces without sacrificing system performance and availability.

This flexible and scalable architecture provides reliable wireless backbone

communications for different departments and companies. (See Radio

The antenna used is manufactured by Grante® (antenna Development

and Production Corporation) well known to be one of the biggest military

telecommunication companies in the field of microwave communication. It is a

The standard molded radome used is manufactured by Gabriel

Electronics Incorporated® which has a diameter of 1.8 m and is designed to

withstand winds up to 125 mph without damage. (See Antenna Assembly)

The elliptical waveguide of Andrew® Fixed-tuned CPR112G 177SEis a

straight fixed – tuned waveguide made of brass is being used. A duplexer is

also used for the site.(See Transmission Line Specification)

In terms of power supply assemblies in case of power failure, an

SD100 industrial generator set is used. It is manufactured by Generac®, a

leading manufacturer superior in designing and manufacturing a quality

operate at temperature of 50°C with a temperature rise up to 43.3°C ambient.

A Cordex™ 4.4 kW rectifier for the AC/DC conversion, the Digital

Energy™ UPS LP33useries for the unexpected power interruption. (See

Power Supply Specification)

In addition to system protection, Erico® lightning arrester is used for

Lightning Protection and Surge Protection)

All these are provided at the Technical Specifications and the

Summary of Technical Specifications after Glossary.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers own project “microwave point to point design” is

point to point link that operates in full duplex mode.

In designing a point to point link, the researcher used the theoretical

and actual planning applying engineering management, theories,

methodologies and techniques that helps them in constructing this project.