1.

4 Antenna Height Calculation

DGC Total Distance (km) 50.46667856km

F Operating Frequency(GHz) 7.6375 GHz

T.G Tree Growth (m) 15m

Ea Elevation at Site A 42m

(m,AMSL)

Eb Elevation at Site B 140m

(m,AMSL)

Eo Elevation at Point of 137m

Obstruction(m,AMSL)

da Distance between the Point 49.5km

of obstruction and Site A
(km)

db Distance between the Point 1km

of obstruction and Site B
(km)

FIND:
eb= Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m,AMSL)
F1 = First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction
H = Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
aA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AGL)
aB = Antena Height at Site B (m,AGL)
hA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)
hB = Antenna Height at Site B (m,AMSL)
ho =Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)
4
k = 3 for dry, mountainous, typical inland, humid and coastal areas (unitless)
Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝑒𝑏 =
(12.75)𝑘

(49.5)( 1)
𝑒𝑏 =
4
(12.75) ( )
3

𝒆𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝒎

First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction

𝑑𝐴∙ 𝑑𝐵
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝐹𝐷𝐺𝐶

(49.5)(1)
𝐹1 = 17.3√
(7.6375)(50.46667856)

𝑭𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒎

Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction

𝐻 = (0.6)(𝐹1 )

𝐻 = (0.6)(𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟖)

𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟓m

Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)

ℎ𝑜 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑇. 𝐺 + 𝐸𝑜 + 10𝑚

ℎ𝑜 = 2.9117647𝑚 + 15𝑚 + 137𝑚 + 10𝑚

𝒉𝒐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝒎

ℎ𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴

ℎ𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝑎𝐵

𝑎𝐴 = Antenna height at Site A

𝑎𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐵

Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)

LET 𝒂𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎𝒎(𝑨𝑮𝑳)

ℎ𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝑎𝐴

ℎ𝐴 = 42𝑚 + 40𝑚

𝒉𝑨 = 𝟖𝟐𝒎(𝑨𝑴𝑺𝑳)

Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)

𝒅𝑨 (𝒉𝑨 −𝒉𝒃 )
𝑯= 𝑫𝑮𝑪
+ 𝒉𝑨 - 𝒉𝑶
Since we know that eB > eA, we can assume that hB>hA
49.5(𝒉𝑩 −82)
3.7198205 = 50.46667856
+ 𝟖𝟐+ 164.9117647

𝒉𝒃 = 170.3234013m (AMSL)
1.5 Antenna Orientation
1.5.1 Horizontal Panning Angle
Parameters:

Latitude of Site A 14° 55' 12.06"N

Latitude of Site B 15° 9' 28.29"N

 0°12′ 28.4"

𝐷𝐺𝐶 0.4543076364°

Unknown Parameters:

 = Included Angle

𝐵𝐴 = Bearing at A toward B

𝐵𝐵 = Bearing at B toward A

Note: According to Kizer (2011) Since Latitude at site B is greater than the Longitude

in Site A, we must use this formula`s in computing the bearing at each site.

𝐵𝐴 = 𝛼

𝐵𝐵 = 360°-𝛽
 (sin 𝐵) − (sin 𝐴)(cos 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )
𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos 𝐴)(sin 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

(sin(15 9′ 28.29”𝑁) ) − (sin(1455’12.06” )))(cos( 0.4543076364))

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos(15 9′ 28.29”𝑁” ))(sin( 0.4543076364))

𝛼 = 5820’23.04”

(sin 𝐴) − (sin 𝐵)(cos 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos 𝐵)(sin 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

(sin(1455’12.06”)) − (sin(159’28.29” ))(cos 0.4543076364)

𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos(159’28.29” ))(sin 0.4543076364)

𝛽 = 12131’ 0.81”

𝑩𝑨 = 𝑵𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟎’𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟒”𝑬

𝑩𝑩 = 𝑵𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓’𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟗”𝑬
1.5.2 Antenna Tilting

Parameters

DGC Total Distance(km) 50.46667856

hA Antenna Height of Site A,AMLS (m) 82

hB Antenna Height of Site b,AMLS (m) 170.3234013

Unknown:

𝜃𝑨 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝜃𝑩 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑩 = −𝜃𝑨

ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐷

170.3234013𝑚 − 82𝑚
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
50, 466. 67856 𝑚

𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟏°

𝜽 = 𝟎° 𝟔′ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗"
1.6 Reflection Point
Parameters:

hA Antenna height Site A, AMSL (ft.) 269.0288714

hB Antenna height Site B, AMSL (ft.) 558.80381

DGC Total Distance (mi) 31.3593976

Unknown Parameters:

𝑮𝑳 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝒅𝟏 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑚)

𝒅𝟐 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑚)

𝒚 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝒙 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝐻𝐵
𝑥=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2
𝟓𝟓𝟖.𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟏
𝑥= (𝟑𝟏.𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆)2 1 mile = 1.6093km

𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟗 1 foot = 0.3048m

𝐻𝐴
𝑦=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2

𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟒
𝑦=
(𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆)2

𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏
 1
𝐺𝐿 =
𝒚
1+√
𝒙

1
𝐺𝐿 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏
1+√
𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟗

𝑮𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟓

𝐷𝟏 = 𝐺𝑳 (𝐷𝑮𝑪 )

𝐷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟓(𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟔)

1.6093𝑘𝑚
𝐷1 = 18.51360756𝑚𝑖 ( )
𝑚𝑖

𝑫𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟓𝒌𝒎

𝐷𝟐 = 𝐷𝑮𝑪 − 𝐷1

𝐷2 = 50.46667856𝑘𝑚 − 29.79394865𝑘𝑚

𝑫𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟏𝒌𝒎
1.7 TRANSMISSION LINE CALCULATION

1.7.1 Radio Frequency Gain

Given Parameters

D Antenna Diameter 1.8

F Operating Frequency 7.6375 GHz

NOTE: Used the required antenna efficiency (i.e. 60%)

UNKNOWN:

G = Antenna Gain

𝑮𝑻 = Ratio Frequency Total Gain (dBi)

𝑮𝑻 = Gain of the antenna at Site A

𝑮𝑻 = 𝑮𝑨 + 𝑮𝑩

𝑮𝑨 = 𝑮𝑩

𝐺 =18 + 20logD + 20logF

𝐺 =18 + 20log (1.8) + 20log (7.6375)

𝑮 = 40.7644746dBi

𝑮 = 𝑮𝑨 = 𝑮𝑩

𝑮𝑻 = 𝑮𝑨 + 𝑮𝑩

𝑮𝑻 = 𝟐(𝟒𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟔)

𝑮𝑻 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟐𝒅𝑩𝒊
1.7.2 RADIO FREQUENCY LOSS

1.7.2.1 WAVE GUIDE LOSS

PARAMETERS

WOB Total waveguide length 34.4234013 m

without bending (Site B)

WOA Total waveguide length 44.1 m

without bending (Site A)

R Bending Radius 230 mm

nB Number of Bending 2

WA Waveguide attenuation 0.0588 db/m

factor

Unknown

𝑾𝒍𝑨 = Waveguide Total Length (SITE A)

𝑾𝒍𝑩 = Waveguide Total Length (SITE B)

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = Waveguide Total Loss (SITE A)

𝑾𝑳𝑩 = Waveguide Total Loss (SITE B)

𝑾𝑻 = Waveguide Total Loss at Site A AND Site B.

𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑾𝒍𝑩 = 𝑾𝑶𝑩 − [ (𝟐𝒏𝑩 )(𝑹)] + [( 𝟒
)(𝒏𝑩)]

𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝑾𝒍𝑩 = 34.4234013 − (𝟐)(𝟐)(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) + ( 𝟒
)(𝟐)

𝑾𝒍𝑩 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟏𝒎

𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 𝑾𝑶𝑨 − [ (𝟐𝒏𝑩 )(𝑹)] + [( 𝟒
)(𝒏𝑩 )]

𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 44.1 − (𝟐)(𝟐)(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) + ( 𝟒
)(𝟐)

𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟏𝒎

𝑾𝑳𝑩 = 𝑾𝒍𝑩 (𝑾𝑨 )

𝑾𝑳𝑩 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝒅𝒃/𝒎)

𝑾𝑳𝑩 =2.012486895dB

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = 𝑾𝒍𝑨 (𝑾𝑨 )

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟏𝒎(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝒅𝒃/𝒎)

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟗𝒅𝑩

𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑳𝑨 + 𝑾𝑳𝑩

𝑾𝑻 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟗𝒅𝑩 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟗𝟓𝒅𝑩

𝑾𝑻 =4.594139885dB
1.7.2.2 FREE SPACE PATH LOSS
PARAMETERS

DGC Total distance (km) 50.46667856

Operating Frequency GHz 7.6375

Unknown:

FSL = Free Space Path Loss

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇𝑮𝑯𝒛) + 𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 92.4 + 20 log(𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟓) + 20log(50.46667856)

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟗𝒅𝑩

1.7.2.3 NET PATH LOSS

PARAMETERS

WT Waveguide Loss at Site A and 4.594139885

Site B (dB)

FSL Free Space Path Loss (dB) 144.1191189

RL Radome Loss 0.8

(Antenna Assembly) (dB)
IL Insertion Loss 0.01
(Tx Line Aseembly) (dB)

Unknown:

NPL = Net Path Loss (dB)

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝑾𝑻 + 𝑭𝑺𝑳 + 𝟐𝑹𝑳 + 𝟒𝑰𝑳

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟓 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟗 + 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟖) + 𝟒(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟖𝐝𝐁

1.7.3 FM (Fade Margin)
PARAMETERS

NPL Net Path Loss (dB) 150.3532588

GT Radio Frequency Total Gain 𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟐

(dBi)

PO Transmitter Output Power 30

(See Radio Equipment Assembly)
(dBm)
RS Primary System Receiver -74.5
Threshold
(See Radio Equipment Assembly)
(dBm)

Unknown:

RSL = Receive Signal Level

FM = Fade Margin

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝐺𝑇 − 𝑁𝑃𝐿

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 30 + 81.528952 − 150.3532588

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −38.8243068𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − (−𝑅𝑆 )

𝐹𝑀 = −38.8243068 − (−74.5)

𝐹𝑀 = 35.6756932𝑑𝐵
1.7.4 RELIABILITY OF THE MAIN SYSTEM
Rayleigh Distribution Table

Fade Margin (dB) Reliability (%)

8 90

18 99

28 99.9

35.6756932 R=?

38 99.99

48 99.999

By using interpolation method

28 0.999
{ }
{ 35.6756932 𝑅 }
38 0.9999

38 − 35.6756932 0.9999 − 𝑅
=
38 − 28 0.9999 − 0.999

𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟒 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟒%

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟒%.

1.7.5 HOT-STANDBY SYSTEM
Given Parameters:

RS Primary system receiver 74.5

threshold

RSL Received signal level -38.8243068

Unknown:

𝑹𝑺𝑯 = 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑭𝑴𝑯 = 𝑭𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

𝐹𝑀𝑯 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑅𝑆𝐻

𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −(𝑅𝑆 − 1𝑑𝐵 − 10𝑑𝐵)

R SH = −[(74.5) − 1 − 10]

𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −63.5𝑑𝐵

𝐹𝑀𝐻 = −38.8243068 − (−63.5)

𝐹𝑀𝐻 = 24.6756932𝑑𝐵

Fade Margin Reliability

18 99

24.6756932 RH

28 99.9

𝑹𝑯 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

18 0.99
{{ 24.6756932 𝑅𝐻
}}
28 0.999
28 − 24.6756932 0.999 − 𝑅
=
28 − 18 0.999 − 0.99
 𝑹𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗%

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 − 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗%

1.7.6 OVER ALL SYSTEM RELIABILITY (1+1 REDUNDANCY)

Given Parameters

RH Reliability of the Hot-standby 99.60081239%

system

R Reliability of the Main system 99.96908124%

Unknown:

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚)

𝑼 = 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑹𝑻 = (𝑹𝑯 + 𝑹) − (𝑹𝑯 𝒙 𝑹)

𝑹𝑻 = (𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟒) − (𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟒)

𝑹𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟓 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟓%

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚) 𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟓%.

𝑼 = 𝟏−𝑹

𝑼 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟓

𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒

𝟑𝟔𝟓𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 ( )( )( )( )
𝟏𝒚𝒓 𝟏𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝒉𝒓 𝟏𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟒
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒 , 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟒 .
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓

1.7.8 UNAVAILABILITY BASED ON RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

FM Fade Margin of the Primary System (dB) 35.6756932

DGC Total Distance (mi) 31.3593976

F Operating Frequency (GHz) 7.6375

𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑭𝑴
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = (𝒂𝒃)(𝒇)𝟏.𝟔 (𝑫𝑮𝑪 )𝟑 (𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) (𝟏𝟎− 𝟏𝟎 )

a = roughness factor

= 4 over water or a very smooth terrain

= 1 over an average terrain

= 0.25 over a very rough, mountainous terrain

b = factor to convert a worst-month probability to an annual probability

= 1 to convert an annual availability to a worst-month basis

= 0.5 for hot humid areas

= 0.25 for average inland areas

= 0.125 for very dry or mountainous areas

35.6756932
Undp = [(1)(0.25)](7.6375)1.6 (31.3593976)3 (1.25x10−6 ) (10− 10 )

365days 24hr 60min 60sec

Undp = 0.000067469 ( )( )( )( )
1yr 1day 1hr 1min

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟒 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
1.7.9 RELIABILITY WITH SPACE DIVERSITY

FM Fade Margin (dB) 35.6756932

DGC Total Distance (km) 50.46667856

F Operating Frequency (GHz) 7.6375

C Speed of Light (m/s) 3 x 108

𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚)

𝑠 = 200𝜆

𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚)
𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓𝐻𝑧

𝐼𝑠𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝐹𝑀
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = (1.2 𝑥 10−3 ) ( ) (𝑠)2 (10 10 )
𝐷𝐺𝐶

𝑈𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝
𝑈𝑇 =
𝐼𝑠𝑑

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 𝑈𝑇

3𝑥108
𝜆 = 7.6375𝑥109

𝜆 = 0.03927986907𝑚

𝑠 = 200(0.03927986907)

𝑠 = 7.855973813𝑚

7.6375 35.6756932
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = (1.2 𝑥 10−3 ) ( ) (7.855973813)2 (10 10 )
50.46667856

𝐼𝑠𝑑 = 41.40922674
 0.000067469
𝑈𝑇 =
41.40922674

𝑈𝑇 = 0.000001629

𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 0.000001629

𝑹𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟕 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟕%

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟒 , 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝒐𝒓
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝒉𝒓
𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒 , 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟕%.
𝒚𝒓

1.8 OVERALL RELIABILITY OF THE SYSTEM AND THE PROPAGATED RADIO WAVE WITH
HOT-STANDBY AND SPACE DIVERSITY PROTECTION

RTS Total reliability with hot-standby protection 99.99987685%

RTR Total reliability with space diversity protection 99.99983707%

𝑅𝑂 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑈𝑂 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑈𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑅𝑂 = (𝑅𝑇𝑆 + 𝑅𝑇𝑅 ) − (𝑅𝑇𝑆 𝑥 𝑅𝑇𝑅 )

𝑅𝑂 = (0.9999987685 + 0.9999983707) − (0.9999987685 𝑥 0.9999983707)

𝑹𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖%

𝑈𝑂 = 1 − 𝑅𝑂

𝑈𝑂 = 1 − 0.999999999998

365days 24hr 60min 60sec

𝑈𝑂 = 0.000000000002 ( )( )( )( )
1yr 1day 1hr 1min

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒉𝒐𝒕
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
− 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐 , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕 ,
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖%.

OVERALL UNAVAILABILITY TIME TABLE

Time Rate Outage Time

Seconds per day 0.000000172

Seconds per month 0.000005256

Seconds per year 0.000063072

Minutes per day 0.000000002

Minutes per month 0.000000087

Minutes per year 0.000001051

Hours per day 0.000000048x10-3

Hours per month 0.000000001

Hours per year 0.000000017

1.8 Link Budget

PTX Transmitted Power 30dBm

GTX, GRX Gain of the Antenna of Site A and Site B 40.7644746dBi

FSL Free Space Path Loss 144.1191189dB

WLA Waveguide Loss at Site A 2.58165299dB

WLB Waveguide Loss at Site B 2.012486895dB

RL Radome Loss 0.8dB

IL Insertion Loss 0.01dB

BA = Branching loss at Site A

BB = Branching loss at Site B

ERP = Effective Radiated Power (dBm)

EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (dBm)

EIRS = Effective Isotropic Radiated Signal (dBm)

ERS = Effective Received Signal (dBm)

RSL = Receive Signal Level (dBm)

𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿𝐴 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )

𝐵𝐴 = 2.58165299 + 0.8 + 2(0.01)

𝐵𝐴 = 3.40165299𝑑𝐵

𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )

𝐵𝐵 = 2.012486895 + 0.8 + 2(0.01)

𝐵𝐵 = 2.832486895𝑑𝐵

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 − 𝐵𝐴
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 30 − 3.40165299

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 26.59834701𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅𝑃 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 26.59834701 + 40.7644746

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 67.36282161𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 67.36282161 − 144.1191189

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = −76.75629729𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 + 𝐺𝑅𝑋

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = −76.75629729 + 40.7644746

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = −35.99182269𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐸𝑅𝑆 − 𝐵𝐴

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −35.99182269 − 3.40165299

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −39.39347568𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 − 39.39347568𝑑𝐵𝑚.