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FIND:
eb= Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m,AMSL)
F1 = First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction
H = Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
aA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AGL)
aB = Antena Height at Site B (m,AGL)
hA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)
hB = Antenna Height at Site B (m,AMSL)
ho =Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)
4
k = 3 for dry, mountainous, typical inland, humid and coastal areas (unitless)
Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝑒𝑏 =
(12.75)𝑘
(49.5)( 1)
𝑒𝑏 =
4
(12.75) ( )
3
𝒆𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝒎
𝑑𝐴∙ 𝑑𝐵
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝐹𝐷𝐺𝐶
(49.5)(1)
𝐹1 = 17.3√
(7.6375)(50.46667856)
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒎
𝐻 = (0.6)(𝐹1 )
𝐻 = (0.6)(𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟖)
𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟓m
𝒉𝒐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝒎
ℎ𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴
ℎ𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝑎𝐵
LET 𝒂𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎𝒎(𝑨𝑮𝑳)
ℎ𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝑎𝐴
ℎ𝐴 = 42𝑚 + 40𝑚
𝒉𝑨 = 𝟖𝟐𝒎(𝑨𝑴𝑺𝑳)
𝒅𝑨 (𝒉𝑨 −𝒉𝒃 )
𝑯= 𝑫𝑮𝑪
+ 𝒉𝑨 - 𝒉𝑶
Since we know that eB > eA, we can assume that hB>hA
49.5(𝒉𝑩 −82)
3.7198205 = 50.46667856
+ 𝟖𝟐+ 164.9117647
𝒉𝒃 = 170.3234013m (AMSL)
1.5 Antenna Orientation
1.5.1 Horizontal Panning Angle
Parameters:
0°12′ 28.4"
𝐷𝐺𝐶 0.4543076364°
Unknown Parameters:
= Included Angle
𝐵𝐴 = Bearing at A toward B
𝐵𝐵 = Bearing at B toward A
Note: According to Kizer (2011) Since Latitude at site B is greater than the Longitude
in Site A, we must use this formula`s in computing the bearing at each site.
𝐵𝐴 = 𝛼
𝐵𝐵 = 360°-𝛽
(sin 𝐵) − (sin 𝐴)(cos 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )
𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos 𝐴)(sin 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )
𝛼 = 5820’23.04”
𝛽 = 12131’ 0.81”
𝑩𝑨 = 𝑵𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟎’𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟒”𝑬
𝑩𝑩 = 𝑵𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓’𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟗”𝑬
1.5.2 Antenna Tilting
Parameters
Unknown:
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑩 = −𝜃𝑨
ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐷
170.3234013𝑚 − 82𝑚
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
50, 466. 67856 𝑚
𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟏°
𝜽 = 𝟎° 𝟔′ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗"
1.6 Reflection Point
Parameters:
Unknown Parameters:
𝑮𝑳 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝒚 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝒙 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐻𝐵
𝑥=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2
𝟓𝟓𝟖.𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟏
𝑥= (𝟑𝟏.𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆)2 1 mile = 1.6093km
𝐻𝐴
𝑦=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2
𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟒
𝑦=
(𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆)2
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏
1
𝐺𝐿 =
𝒚
1+√
𝒙
1
𝐺𝐿 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏
1+√
𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟗
𝑮𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟓
𝐷𝟏 = 𝐺𝑳 (𝐷𝑮𝑪 )
𝐷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟓(𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟔)
1.6093𝑘𝑚
𝐷1 = 18.51360756𝑚𝑖 ( )
𝑚𝑖
𝑫𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟓𝒌𝒎
𝐷𝟐 = 𝐷𝑮𝑪 − 𝐷1
𝐷2 = 50.46667856𝑘𝑚 − 29.79394865𝑘𝑚
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟏𝒌𝒎
1.7 TRANSMISSION LINE CALCULATION
Given Parameters
UNKNOWN:
G = Antenna Gain
𝑮𝑻 = 𝑮𝑨 + 𝑮𝑩
𝑮𝑨 = 𝑮𝑩
𝑮 = 40.7644746dBi
𝑮 = 𝑮𝑨 = 𝑮𝑩
𝑮𝑻 = 𝑮𝑨 + 𝑮𝑩
𝑮𝑻 = 𝟐(𝟒𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟔)
𝑮𝑻 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟐𝒅𝑩𝒊
1.7.2 RADIO FREQUENCY LOSS
nB Number of Bending 2
Unknown
𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝑾𝒍𝑩 = 34.4234013 − (𝟐)(𝟐)(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) + ( 𝟒
)(𝟐)
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 𝑾𝑶𝑨 − [ (𝟐𝒏𝑩 )(𝑹)] + [( 𝟒
)(𝒏𝑩 )]
𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 44.1 − (𝟐)(𝟐)(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) + ( 𝟒
)(𝟐)
𝑾𝑳𝑩 =2.012486895dB
𝑾𝑳𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟗𝒅𝑩
𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑳𝑨 + 𝑾𝑳𝑩
𝑾𝑻 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟗𝒅𝑩 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟗𝟓𝒅𝑩
𝑾𝑻 =4.594139885dB
1.7.2.2 FREE SPACE PATH LOSS
PARAMETERS
Unknown:
Unknown:
Unknown:
FM = Fade Margin
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝐺𝑇 − 𝑁𝑃𝐿
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −38.8243068𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − (−𝑅𝑆 )
𝐹𝑀 = −38.8243068 − (−74.5)
𝐹𝑀 = 35.6756932𝑑𝐵
1.7.4 RELIABILITY OF THE MAIN SYSTEM
Rayleigh Distribution Table
8 90
18 99
28 99.9
35.6756932 R=?
38 99.99
48 99.999
28 0.999
{ }
{ 35.6756932 𝑅 }
38 0.9999
38 − 35.6756932 0.9999 − 𝑅
=
38 − 28 0.9999 − 0.999
Unknown:
R SH = −[(74.5) − 1 − 10]
𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −63.5𝑑𝐵
𝐹𝑀𝐻 = 24.6756932𝑑𝐵
18 99
24.6756932 RH
28 99.9
18 0.99
{{ 24.6756932 𝑅𝐻
}}
28 0.999
28 − 24.6756932 0.999 − 𝑅
=
28 − 18 0.999 − 0.99
𝑹𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗%
Given Parameters
Unknown:
𝑼 = 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑹𝑻 = (𝑹𝑯 + 𝑹) − (𝑹𝑯 𝒙 𝑹)
𝑼 = 𝟏−𝑹
𝑼 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟓
𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟒
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝟑𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒 , 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟒 .
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝑭𝑴
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = (𝒂𝒃)(𝒇)𝟏.𝟔 (𝑫𝑮𝑪 )𝟑 (𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) (𝟏𝟎− 𝟏𝟎 )
a = roughness factor
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟒 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
1.7.9 RELIABILITY WITH SPACE DIVERSITY
𝑠 = 200𝜆
𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚)
𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝐹𝑀
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = (1.2 𝑥 10−3 ) ( ) (𝑠)2 (10 10 )
𝐷𝐺𝐶
𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 𝑈𝑇
3𝑥108
𝜆 = 7.6375𝑥109
𝜆 = 0.03927986907𝑚
𝑠 = 200(0.03927986907)
𝑠 = 7.855973813𝑚
7.6375 35.6756932
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = (1.2 𝑥 10−3 ) ( ) (7.855973813)2 (10 10 )
50.46667856
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = 41.40922674
0.000067469
𝑈𝑇 =
41.40922674
𝑈𝑇 = 0.000001629
𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 0.000001629
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟒 , 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝒐𝒓
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝒉𝒓
𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒 , 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟕%.
𝒚𝒓
1.8 OVERALL RELIABILITY OF THE SYSTEM AND THE PROPAGATED RADIO WAVE WITH
HOT-STANDBY AND SPACE DIVERSITY PROTECTION
𝑅𝑂 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑈𝑂 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑈𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑈𝑂 = 1 − 𝑅𝑂
𝑈𝑂 = 1 − 0.999999999998
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒉𝒐𝒕
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
− 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟐 , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕 ,
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟖%.
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿𝐴 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )
𝐵𝐴 = 3.40165299𝑑𝐵
𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )
𝐵𝐵 = 2.832486895𝑑𝐵
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 − 𝐵𝐴
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 30 − 3.40165299
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 26.59834701𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 67.36282161𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = −76.75629729𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝐸𝑅𝑆 = −35.99182269𝑑𝐵𝑚
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐸𝑅𝑆 − 𝐵𝐴
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −39.39347568𝑑𝐵𝑚