In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in

ECE-ELEC05LAB

MICROWAVE DESIGN

SUBMITTED BY:

CAMONIAS, LENARD O.
RAYMUNDO, ALVIN
CUNANAN, MIKE
MARBAN, GLEN B.
IBANEZ, MARC AARON O.
FERNANDEZ, RACHEL JOY D.

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. IVANLEE MENDOZA

INSTRUCTOR

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 APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electronics Engineering, this project has been prepared and submitted by the following students:

CAMONIAS, LENARD O.
RAYMUNDO, ALVIN
CUNANAN, MICHAEL
MARBAN, GLEN B.
IBANEZ, MARC AARON O.
FERNANDEZ, RACHEL JOY D.

Approved by:

Engr. Ivan Lee Mendoza

Instructor

Approved and accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Electronics Engineering with a grade of _________.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to acknowledge and thank the following individuals who have

support our design. Firstly, we would like to express our gratitude to our instructor, Engr. Michael

Stephen T. Gorospe, for his unwavering support, guidance and insight throughout this research

study.

And finally, we would like to thank to our relatives and close friend, who encouraged and

believed on us. They have all helped us to focus on what we do, and of course to our beloved

lord, Thank you for the knowledge and this opportunity.

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DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate this design to their beloved families,

friends and almighty God, to their classmate, Instructors and to the instructor of this subject

ECE-ELEC05 (System Analysis and Design)

The researchers would also like to dedicate this project to their fellow Engineering

Student, for this might serve as reference for their research in the near future.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Title Page
II. Approval Sheet
II. Acknowledgement
IV. Dedication
V. Table of Contents
I. Overview of the Project
1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Design
II. Project Description
1. Significance of the Study
2. Statement of the Problem
3. Design Objective
4. Scope and Delimitations
5. Design considerations
5.1 Site Considerations
5.2 Line of Sight Considerations
5.3 Equipment Considerations
5.4 Operating Frequency Considerations
III. Microwave link Points
1. Location of Sites
2. Site A to Site B
2.1 Path Profiling
2.2 Reflection Point
IV. Floor Plans and Perspectives
1. Site A
1.1 Floor Plan
1.2 Perspective
2. Site B
2.1 Floor Plan
2.2 Perspective
V. Microwave Path link and Reliability Calculations
1.1 site Coordinates
1.2 Great Circle Distance
1.3 Operating Frequency
1.4 Antenna Height
1.5 Antenna Orientation
1.5.1 Horizontal Panning Angle

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1.5.2 Antenna Tilting
1.6 Reflection Point
1.7 Transmission Calculation

1.7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain

1.7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Loss
1.7.2.1 Wave Guide Loss
1.7.2.2 Free Space Path Loss
1.7.2.3 Net Path Loss
1.7.3 Fade Margin
1.7.4 Reliability of the Main System
1.7.5 Hot-Standby System
1.7.6 Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)
1.7.7 Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency Propagation
1.7.8 Reliability with Space Diversity
1.8 Overall reliability of the System and the Propagated Radio Wave with Hot-
Standby and Space Diversity Protection
1.9 Link Budget
2. Tower Layout
3. Waveguide Layout
4. Design Summary

VI. Safety Engineering

Safety Precaution
Electrical Safety
Power Contact Induction
AC and DC Safety
Ground
Electric Shock
Tower Safety
Safety Belt and Climbing Accessories
Clothing
Hard Hats
Rope and Pulley
Installing Antennas on the Power
Some Tower Climbing Tips
Equipment Protection

VII. Glossary

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VIII. Technical References
1. Formulas
2. References
3. Book References……………………………………………………..
4. PDF Files………………………………………………………………
5. Equipment and its Technical Specification……………….……….
Author’s Page

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I. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

INTRODUCTION
In today’s information age, knowledge is made readily available not only through cable
or wired connections but also through wireless communications. Knowing your way back in the
mountains is no longer a problem with GPS (Global Positioning System). Communicating with
family and friends without the use of landline phones is now possible with cellular phones.
Exchanging documents can be done in a minute using Bluetooth. Even accessing the internet
in a restaurant or while commuting is now a regular thing because of Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity).
And the one thing they all have in common is that they operate in microwave frequencies.

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from approximately
500MHz to 300GHz or more. The prefix "micro-" in "microwave" is not meant to suggest a
wavelength in the micrometers range. It only indicates that microwaves are "small" compared
to waves used in typical radio broadcasting, falling along 1.0mm to 30cm which are slightly
longer than infrared energy.

The main advantage of using microwaves in communications is that it has the capacity
to carry thousands of individual information channels between two points without the need for
physical facilities such as coaxial cables or optical fibers. It also avoids the need for right-of-
way acquisition between properties and are better suited for spanning large bodies of water,
going over high mountains, or going through heavily wooded terrain that impose formidable
barriers to cable systems. But with these advantages also comes disadvantages. Due to high
frequencies employed in microwave systems, it is more difficult to analyze and design circuits
and to implement measuring techniques and conventional components. Also, microwave
frequencies propagate in a straight line, limiting their use to line-of-sight applications.

Aside from those mentioned earlier, another line-of-sight application for microwaves is a
point-to-point communication link. It uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency
range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the Earth. A point-to-point
microwave communication link is often employed in the form of fixed-link operator, utility
private network, TV distribution network and mobile backhaul network among other things.

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OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN
The main advantage of using microwaves in communications is that it has the capacity to
carry thousands of individual information channels between two points without the need for
physical facilities such as coaxial cables or optical fibers. It also avoids the need for right-of-way
acquisition between properties and are better suited for spanning large bodies of water, going
over high mountains, or going through heavily wooded terrain that impose formidable barriers
to cable systems. But with these advantages also comes disadvantages. Due to high
frequencies employed in microwave systems, it is more difficult to analyze and design circuits
and to implement measuring techniques and conventional components. Also, microwave
frequencies propagate in a straight line, limiting their use to line-of-sight applications. Line-of-
sight application for microwaves is a point-to-point communication link. It uses a beam of radio
waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on
the Earth. A point-to-point microwave communication link is often employed in the form of fixed-
link operator, utility private network, TV distribution network and mobile backhaul network
among other things.
In the succeeding parts, the group will design a point-to-point microwave communication
link. In this design, the specified points of communication are In this design, the specified
points of communication are Guiguinto, Bulacan as the receiver site with a latitude of
14°49’36.40” N and Longitude of 120°52’2.51” E while the transmitter site located at Angeles
City Pampanga with a Latitude of 15°9’28.98” N and Longitide of 120°32’58.11”E. With a point
to point distance of 50.5 KM LOS. In terms of landslide susceptibility, no barangays in Angeles
City have the potential for landslide occurrence. And In terms of landslide susceptibility,
Guiguinto Bulacan have no potential for landslide occurrence.

It is a point to point (repeater less) communication with an Operating Frequency Band

of 7.6375 GHz. To meet ―industry standard, the performance requirements range per link
should be from a minimum of 99.999% availability (about300seconds outage a year) to
99.9996% (about 125seconds outage a year).

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II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN

The researchers own project “microwave point to point design” is relevant in

establishing good and erliable point to point microwave link. This study contains concrete yet
not complete information in the study about wireless communication. This can be a big help for
those who are designing point to point links.

This project will be a significant endeavor in promoting good work environment and to
provide reliable communication system in the particular rural areas.
Prior to the advent of commercial wireless communications in this day and age, most
microwave designs were destined for profitable applications. This study will also be beneficial
to the students to practice they have learned theoretically, and to cope up with
the technological advancements. Moreover, this design intends to introduce the basics of
microwave link system and will serve as a reference for students who will take up this subject
in the future.

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2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study involves the design of a microwave link, listed below are the factors and problems

that the researchers need to solve in order for the design be fully functional.

 Various link considerations must be taken into account first in order to make a functional

design.

 Ensuring that the measurements for the design is accurate.

 The compatibility of equipment for the design.

 Numerous factors and theories regarding microwave communication must be considered

to achieve accurate calculations and objectives of the design.

 Designation of different system protection and protocols for the precautions and safety

of both on-site equipment and site visitors and personnel.

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3. DESIGN OBJECTIVES

The researchers of this study have various objectives and goals that needs to be attained

in designing this microwave link.

 To design a reliable and efficient system that can be put into actual use in the field of

communication.

 To establish a system that enables a line-of-sight communication.

 To obtain knowledge in different concepts and theories, as well as factors, involved in

microwave link design.

 To acquire knowledge in selecting compatible equipment for the microwave link design.

 To attain a reliability of 99.999% that will serve as a basis for a functional microwave

communication system.

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4. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
SCOPE

 Wireless technologies such as 2G, 3G and 4G.

 The monitoring devices or facility monitoring system (FMS).
 A Wireless technology, microwave and FMS design that link from Angeles City
Pampanga to Guiguinto Bulacan.
 Provided information of the site location, regarding the climate condition, population,
land and coastal areas.
 Sufficient design information which includes path profile design, link budget analysis,
calculations, formulas, technical specification of equipment, references and factors to
consider, trusted software and standards recommended
 Mapping of the site to site using a topographical maps acquired from the National
Mapping and Resource Information authority(NAMRIA) and the path elevations,
terrains, latitude and longitude of the site, distance of both sites using Global
Positioning System(GPS) acquired from Google Earth
 Layout of the design of floor plan perspective, tower, antenna and waveguide
installation.
 Path clearance only based on Google earth.

DELIMITATIONS
 We only focused into the design itself, which not included how the wireless
technologies, microwave and FMS works and didn’t define or explain all of the topics
regarding the words like waveguide, path profile etc.

 We don’t consider a type of waveguide like rectangular waveguide.

 All materials used for the layout, the costs of equipment’s towers and other materials,
construction plan and electrical system on how it will work are not included.
 It is only licensed and should function inside the Philippines.
 Topographical maps and the Google Earth are outdated.
 Permit to design at specific location was not included.

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5. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
5.1 SITE CONSIDERATION
Point to point Microwave Communication link design from Brgy. Catacte Bustos,
Bulacan to Brgy. Anunas Angeles City, Pampanga.

The list below is the factor that we are consider in selecting our site.

POINT TO POINT DISTANCE: 50.5km (Via Google Earth)

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Center Point

CENTER POINT LOCATED ALONG QUEZON RD. MEXICO PAMPANGA.

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Fault Line Susceptability

Nearest Active Fault Line: 70.3km

Fault Name: Valley Fault System

Nearest Active Fault Line: 25.3km

Fault Name: Valley Fault System

1
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

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Soil Environment

Soil Type (Angeles City, Pampanga)

Angeles City has two distinct soil types: Angeles Coarse Sand and Angeles Fine Sand. These
soils are well drained and friable which make them suitable both for settlements
development and agriculture. Sandy soils being porous have high water absorption capacity
and easily drains after a heavy downpour. The estimated compositionof fine sand, silt and
clay for the different soil types of
Angeles City is found in Table 7-1.

http://angelescity.gov.ph/government/files/aep_c7.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2GXi3pfZH0QiLWD2D3StFoBpAcq2UDn
YnAHEeM_dzC3TI5UreKBv8YdY4

Soil Type (Bustos, Bulacan)

The size of bulacan is approximately 14% of the region’s total land area and about 0.88% of the
country’s total land area.

Bulacan’s soil types vary from the fine sandy loam type, abounding in the southeastern portion to the
silt loam type found in the northern part of the province

www.bulacan.gov.ph

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Landslide

Angeles City Pampanga

• In terms of landslide susceptibility, no barangays in Angeles City have the potential for
landslide occurrence.
• All thirty three (33) barangays have low susceptibility to flooding.
• Moderate to high level flooding are usually confined to creek and river channels and to
identified low-lying portions of the barangay. Agricultural areas are usually inundated during
heavy precipitation and are usually associated with typhoons.
• There are nine (9) barangays with identified riverbank erosion
(Ninoy Aquino, Pandan, Tabun, PulungMaragul, Amsic, Anunas, Margot, Sapangbato and
Balibago).
• Barangays adjacent to Abacan River are threatened with lahar flows.

region3.mgb.gov.ph

Bustos, Bulacan

In terms of landslide susceptibility, Bustos Bulacan have no potential for landslide

occurrence.

www.bulacan.gov.ph

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Rainfall

Angles City, Pampanga

Bustos, Bulacan

https://www.worldweatheronline.com

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Wind Speed

Angeles City, Pampanga

Bustos, Bulacan

https://www.worldweatheronline.com

Wind Characteristics of the Philippines

The wind resource in the Philippines is strongly dependent on latitude, elevation, and proximity to
the coastline. In general, the best wind resource, on an annual average basis, is in the northern and central
regions of the country and primarily on hilltops, ridge crests, and coastal locations that have excellent
exposure to the prevailing winds.
In general, locations in the Philippines with an annual average wind speed of 240kph.

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5.2 LINE OF SIGHT CONSIDERATION
Microwave communication broadcast signals through radio using a progression of

Microwave towers. Microwave is a form of line of sight communication, because it requires the
obstruction less transmission between the receiving and transmitting towers for signals to be
communicated properly at both ends. After the successful finding of area from Brgy. Anunas Angeles
City, Pampanga to Brgy. Catacte Bustos, Bulacan with a distance of 50.5 kilometer.

To have a clear LoS , We consider the land elevation of the Site location A and Site Location B. It
is almost the same and place on the ridge position. We contemplate the path elevation of the area
where the LoS of our microwave communication link will pass by to avoid the terrain such as trees,
building, mountains and other high structure that blocks the LoS causes diffraction and can prevent
signal to receive. We also consider the 10km radius from our site A, it includes the terrains such us rice
field, houses, trees

We also consider the rule of thumb is that 60% of the 1st Fresnel zone must be clear of
obstacles. This condition says that the link behaves essentially the same as a clear free-space path. In
modern radio communication systems operating above the 2.4 Ghz frequency requires clear LOS.

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III. MICROWAVE LINK POINTS

1. LOCATION OF SITES

Bustos Bulacan
LONGITUDE: 120° 57' 0.37"E
LATITUDE: 14° 55' 12.06"N
ELEVATION AMSL: 42m

Brgy. Anunas, Angles City, Pampanga

LATITUDE: 15° 9' 28.29"N
LONGITUDE: 120° 32 '58.11."E
ELEVATION AMSL: 140m

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2. SITE A TO SITE B

Site A (Bustos, Bulacan) to Site B (Angeles City, Pampanga).

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 2.1 PATH PROFILING

PATH PROFILE
Second Third
difference dist from Earth First fresnel Tree
dist from Tx.d1 Elevation 60% of Fresnel Fresnel Total Extended
Obstacle of dls Rx.d2 Curvature clearance (eb) Height TERRAIN
(km) (m) fresnel zone Clearance F2 Clearance Height
(km) (km) (m) (m) (m)
(m) (eb) F3 (m)

1 0 0 50.5 42 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 15 57.000000 LS

2 0.5 0.5 50 35 1.470588 2.646856 4.411426 6.238699 7.640814 15 55.882014 LS

3 0.5 1 49.5 28 2.911765 3.724456 6.207427 8.778627 10.751579 15 52.119191 RF

4 0.5 1.5 49 26 4.323529 4.538412 7.564020 10.697140 13.101267 15 52.887550 RF

5 0.5 2 48.5 23 5.705882 5.213701 8.689502 12.288811 15.050658 15 52.395384 RF

6 0.5 2.5 48 16 7.058824 5.798970 9.664950 13.668304 16.740185 15 47.723774 RF

7 0.5 3 47.5 20 8.382353 6.319281 10.532136 14.894689 18.242194 15 53.914488 RF

8 0.5 3.5 47 14 9.676471 6.789585 11.315974 16.003204 19.599843 15 49.992445 RF

9 0.5 4 46.5 15 10.941176 7.219660 12.032766 17.016901 20.841362 15 52.973943 RF

10 0.5 4.5 46 15 12.176471 7.616324 12.693874 17.951849 21.986434 15 54.870344 RF

11 0.5 5 45.5 14 13.382353 7.984559 13.307599 18.819787 23.049438 15 55.689952 RF

12 0.5 5.5 45 16 14.558824 8.328137 13.880228 19.629607 24.041261 15 59.439052 F

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13 0.5 6 44.5 8 15.705882 8.649996 14.416659 20.388235 24.970386 15 53.122542 LS

14 0.5 6.5 44 15 16.823529 8.952478 14.920797 21.101194 25.843579 15 61.744326 R

15 0.5 7 43.5 17 17.911765 9.237488 15.395814 21.772969 26.666332 15 65.307579 R

16 0.5 7.5 43 15 18.970588 9.506598 15.844329 22.407266 27.443184 15 64.814918 LS

17 0.5 8 42.5 15 20.000000 9.761121 16.268536 23.007184 28.177930 15 66.268536 R

18 0.5 8.5 42 15 21.000000 10.002173 16.670288 23.575348 28.873787 15 67.670288 RF

19 0.5 9 41.5 11 21.970588 10.230705 17.051175 24.114003 29.533501 15 65.021763 RF

20 0.5 9.5 41 15 22.911765 10.447539 17.412564 24.625085 30.159446 15 70.324329 RF

21 0.5 10 40.5 11 23.823529 10.653389 17.755648 25.110278 30.753684 15 67.579177 RF

22 0.5 10.5 40 11 24.705882 10.848880 18.081466 25.571055 31.318019 15 68.787349 RF

23 0.5 11 39.5 9 25.558824 11.034563 18.390939 26.008715 31.854040 15 67.949762 RF

24 0.5 11.5 39 8 26.382353 11.210926 18.684876 26.424406 32.363155 15 68.067229 RF

25 0.5 12 38.5 7 27.176471 11.378401 18.964002 26.819149 32.846615 15 68.140473 RF

26 0.5 12.5 38 6 27.941176 11.537376 19.228961 27.193857 33.305537 15 68.170137 RF

27 0.5 13 37.5 5 28.676471 11.688198 19.480330 27.549347 33.740922 15 68.156801 RF

28 0.5 13.5 37 6 29.382353 11.831178 19.718631 27.886355 34.153670 15 70.100984 RF

29 0.5 14 36.5 5 30.058824 11.966598 19.944330 28.205542 34.544593 15 70.003154 RF

30 0.5 14.5 36 4 30.705882 12.094711 20.157852 28.507508 34.914424 15 69.863735 RF

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31 0.5 15 35.5 5 31.323529 12.215748 20.359580 28.792794 35.263827 15 71.683109 RF

32 0.5 15.5 35 4 31.911765 12.329916 20.549860 29.061891 35.593402 15 71.461625 RF

33 0.5 16 34.5 3 32.470588 12.437406 20.729009 29.315246 35.903697 15 71.199597 RF

34 0.5 16.5 34 3 33.000000 12.538387 20.897312 29.553263 36.195207 15 71.897312 RF

35 0.5 17 33.5 3 33.500000 12.633018 21.055030 29.776309 36.468382 15 72.555030 RF

36 0.5 17.5 33 3 33.970588 12.721439 21.202399 29.984720 36.723632 15 73.172987 RF

37 0.5 18 32.5 4 34.411765 12.803780 21.339633 30.178798 36.961328 15 74.751397 RF

38 0.5 18.5 32 3 34.823529 12.880156 21.466926 30.358818 37.181807 15 74.290455 RF

39 0.5 19 31.5 2 35.205882 12.950673 21.584455 30.525029 37.385372 15 73.790337 RF

40 0.5 19.5 31 1 35.558824 13.015427 21.692378 30.677655 37.572300 15 73.251201 RF

41 0.5 20 30.5 1 35.882353 13.074503 21.790838 30.816898 37.742838 15 73.673191 RF

42 0.5 20.5 30 2 36.176471 13.127977 21.879962 30.942939 37.897206 15 75.056433 RF

43 0.5 21 29.5 4 36.441176 13.175919 21.959865 31.055939 38.035601 15 77.401041 RIVER

44 0.5 21.5 29 1 36.676471 13.218388 22.030646 31.156039 38.158198 15 74.707117 RF

45 0.5 22 28.5 5 36.882353 13.255436 22.092394 31.243363 38.265149 15 78.974747 RF

46 0.5 22.5 28 2 37.058824 13.287110 22.145183 31.318019 38.356583 15 76.204007 RF

47 0.5 23 27.5 2 37.205882 13.313447 22.189079 31.380096 38.432612 15 76.394961 RF

48 0.5 23.5 27 1 37.323529 13.334480 22.224133 31.429670 38.493327 15 75.547662 RF

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49 0.5 24 26.5 2 37.411765 13.350232 22.250387 31.466799 38.538800 15 76.662151 RF

50 0.5 24.5 26 3 37.470588 13.360723 22.267872 31.491527 38.569086 15 77.738461 RF

51 0.5 25 25.5 2 37.500000 13.365966 22.276610 31.503884 38.584220 15 76.776610 RF

52 0.5 25.5 25 1 37.500000 13.365966 22.276610 31.503884 38.584220 15 75.776610 RF

53 0.5 26 24.5 1 37.470588 13.360723 22.267872 31.491527 38.569086 15 75.738461 RF

54 0.5 26.5 24 0 37.411765 13.350232 22.250387 31.466799 38.538800 15 74.662151 RF

55 0.5 27 23.5 2 37.323529 13.334480 22.224133 31.429670 38.493327 15 76.547662 RF

56 0.5 27.5 23 2 37.205882 13.313447 22.189079 31.380096 38.432612 15 76.394961 RF

57 0.5 28 22.5 1 37.058824 13.287110 22.145183 31.318019 38.356583 15 75.204007 RF

58 0.5 28.5 22 0 36.882353 13.255436 22.092394 31.243363 38.265149 15 73.974747 RF

59 0.5 29 21.5 2 36.676471 13.218388 22.030646 31.156039 38.158198 15 75.707117 R

60 0.5 29.5 21 2 36.441176 13.175919 21.959865 31.055939 38.035601 15 75.401041 RF

61 0.5 30 20.5 2 36.176471 13.127977 21.879962 30.942939 37.897206 15 75.056433 RF

62 0.5 30.5 20 2 35.882353 13.074503 21.790838 30.816898 37.742838 15 74.673191 RF

63 0.5 31 19.5 4 35.558824 13.015427 21.692378 30.677655 37.572300 15 76.251201 RF

64 0.5 31.5 19 7 35.205882 12.950673 21.584455 30.525029 37.385372 15 78.790337 R

65 0.5 32 18.5 11 34.823529 12.880156 21.466926 30.358818 37.181807 15 82.290455 RF

66 0.5 32.5 18 11 34.411765 12.803780 21.339633 30.178798 36.961328 15 81.751397 LS

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67 0.5 33 17.5 13 33.970588 12.721439 21.202399 29.984720 36.723632 15 83.172987 LS

68 0.5 33.5 17 15 33.500000 12.633018 21.055030 29.776309 36.468382 15 84.555030 RF

69 0.5 34 16.5 17 33.000000 12.538387 20.897312 29.553263 36.195207 15 85.897312 RF

70 0.5 34.5 16 19 32.470588 12.437406 20.729009 29.315246 35.903697 15 87.199597 RF

71 0.5 35 15.5 23 31.911765 12.329916 20.549860 29.061891 35.593402 15 90.461625 R

72 0.5 35.5 15 28 31.323529 12.215748 20.359580 28.792794 35.263827 15 94.683109 LS

73 0.5 36 14.5 28 30.705882 12.094711 20.157852 28.507508 34.914424 15 93.863735 LS

74 0.5 36.5 14 30 30.058824 11.966598 19.944330 28.205542 34.544593 15 95.003154 R

75 0.5 37 13.5 37 29.382353 11.831178 19.718631 27.886355 34.153670 15 101.100984 RF

76 0.5 37.5 13 36 28.676471 11.688198 19.480330 27.549347 33.740922 15 99.156801 R

77 0.5 38 12.5 38 27.941176 11.537376 19.228961 27.193857 33.305537 15 100.170137 RF

78 0.5 38.5 12 42 27.176471 11.378401 18.964002 26.819149 32.846615 15 103.140473 R

79 0.5 39 11.5 46 26.382353 11.210926 18.684876 26.424406 32.363155 15 106.067229 RF

80 0.5 39.5 11 48 25.558824 11.034563 18.390939 26.008715 31.854040 15 106.949762 R

81 0.5 40 10.5 53 24.705882 10.848880 18.081466 25.571055 31.318019 15 110.787349 R

82 0.5 40.5 10 53 23.823529 10.653389 17.755648 25.110278 30.753684 15 109.579177 RF

83 0.5 41 9.5 55 22.911765 10.447539 17.412564 24.625085 30.159446 15 110.324329 RIVER

84 0.5 41.5 9 54 21.970588 10.230705 17.051175 24.114003 29.533501 15 108.021763 R

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
85 0.5 42 8.5 63 21.000000 10.002173 16.670288 23.575348 28.873787 15 115.670288 RF

86 0.5 42.5 8 65 20.000000 9.761121 16.268536 23.007184 28.177930 15 116.268536 R

87 0.5 43 7.5 70 18.970588 9.506598 15.844329 22.407266 27.443184 15 119.814918 R

88 0.5 43.5 7 72 17.911765 9.237488 15.395814 21.772969 26.666332 15 120.307579 R

89 0.5 44 6.5 78 16.823529 8.952478 14.920797 21.101194 25.843579 15 124.744326 R

90 0.5 44.5 6 85 15.705882 8.649996 14.416659 20.388235 24.970386 15 130.122542 R

91 0.5 45 5.5 89 14.558824 8.328137 13.880228 19.629607 24.041261 15 132.439052 R

92 0.5 45.5 5 94 13.382353 7.984559 13.307599 18.819787 23.049438 15 135.689952 R

93 0.5 46 4.5 96 12.176471 7.616324 12.693874 17.951849 21.986434 15 135.870344 R

94 0.5 46.5 4 103 10.941176 7.219660 12.032766 17.016901 20.841362 15 140.973943 R

95 0.5 47 3.5 106 9.676471 6.789585 11.315974 16.003204 19.599843 15 141.992445 R

96 0.5 47.5 3 108 8.382353 6.319281 10.532136 14.894689 18.242194 15 141.914488 R

97 0.5 48 2.5 113 7.058824 5.798970 9.664950 13.668304 16.740185 15 144.723774 R

98 0.5 48.5 2 125 5.705882 5.213701 8.689502 12.288811 15.050658 15 154.395384 R

99 0.5 49 1.5 132 4.323529 4.538412 7.564020 10.697140 13.101267 15 158.887550 R

100 0.5 49.5 1 137 2.911765 3.724456 6.207427 8.778627 10.751579 15 161.119191 R

101 0.5 50 0.5 137 1.470588 2.646856 4.411426 6.238699 7.640814 15 157.882014 R

102 0.5 50.46667856 0 140 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 15 155.000000 LS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LINE OF SIGHT

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
WHERE :

LS LAND SPACE

RF RICE FIELD

RV RIVER

R RESIDENCE

REFLECTION POINT RICE FIELD

HIGHEST OBSTRUCTION 137m

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
IV. Floor Plans and Perspectives

SITE A
1. TOWER2. STOCKROOM

3. BTS CABIN

4. GENERATOR

5. GATE

SITE B
1. TOWER

2. STOCKROOM

3. BTS CABIN

4. GENERATOR

5. GATE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PERSPECTIVE VIEW

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RIGHT SIDE VIEW

LEFT SIDE VIEW

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
REAR SIDE VIEW

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
V. Microwave Path link and Reliability Calculations
1.1 SITE COORDINATES
Site A (BRGY. CATACTE BUSTOS, BULACAN)
Latitude: 14° 55' 12.06"N
Longitude: 120° 57' 0.37"E

Site B (BRGY. ANUNAS, ANGELESCITY PAMPANGA)

Latitude: 15° 9' 28.29"N
Longitude: 120° 32 '58.11."E

1.2 Great Circle Distance

Longitude of Site A 120° 57' 0.37"E

Longitude of Site B 120° 32 '58.11."E
Latitude of Site A 14° 55' 12.06"N
Latitude of Site B 15° 9' 28.29"N

Unknown Parameters:
DGC = Great Circle Distance
C = Included Angle

DGC = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏[(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑨)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑩) + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑨)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑳𝒂𝒕𝑩)(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪)]

𝑪 = |𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝑨 − 𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝑩|
𝐶 = |120°57′ 0.37" − 120° 32′58.11"|
𝑪 = 𝟎°𝟐𝟒′ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔"

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1[(sin 14°55′ 12.06")(sin 159’28.29”)

+ (cos 14°55′ 12.06")(cos 159’28.29”)(cos 0°24′ 2.26")]
𝑫𝑮𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟒°

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 60 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 1.852𝑘𝑚
𝐷𝐺𝐶 = (0.4543076364°) ( )( )
1° 1 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝑫𝑮𝑪 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟔𝒌𝒎

NOTE:

1 = 60 Nautical Miles

1 Nautical mile= 1.852km

1 Nautical mile =
1.852km

1.3 Center Frequency Calculation

Given Parameters

fU UPPER FREQUENCY GHz 7.950

fL LOWER FREQUENCY GHz 7.325

Unknown Parameters:

𝑓𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑓𝑈 + 𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝑐 =
2

7.750 + 7.125
𝑓𝑐 =
2

𝒇𝒄 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟓𝑮𝑯𝒛

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.4 Antenna Height Calculation
DGC Total Distance (km) 50.46667856km

F Operating Frequency(GHz) 7.6375 GHz

T.G Tree Growth (m) 15m

Ea Elevation at Site A 42m

(m,AMSL)

Eb Elevation at Site B 140m

(m,AMSL)

Eo Elevation at Point of 137m

Obstruction(m,AMSL)

dA Distance between the Point 49.5km

of obstruction and Site A
(km)

dB Distance between the Point 0.99967856km

of obstruction and Site B
(km)

FIND:
eb= Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m,AMSL)
F1 = First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction
H = Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction
aA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AGL)
aB = Antena Height at Site B (m,AGL)
hA = Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)
hB = Antenna Height at Site B (m,AMSL)
ho =Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)
4
k = 3 for dry, mountainous, typical inland, humid and coastal areas (unitless)

Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝑒𝑏 =
(12.75)𝑘

(49.5)( 0.96667856)
𝑒𝑏 =
4
(12.75) ( )
3

𝒆𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟑𝒎

First Fresnel radius at the point of obstruction

𝑑𝐴∙ 𝑑𝐵
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝐹𝐷𝐺𝐶

(49.46667856)(1)
𝐹1 = 17.3√
(7.6375)(50.46667856)

𝑭𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟕𝒎

Optimum Fresnel clearance radius at the point of obstruction

𝐻 = (0.6)(𝐹1 )

𝐻 = (0.6)(𝟔. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟕)

𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟒𝒎

Total Height of obstruction (m,AMSL)

ℎ𝑜 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑇. 𝐺 + 𝐸𝑜 + 10𝑚

ℎ𝑜 = 2.814740513𝑚 + 15𝑚 + 137𝑚 + 10𝑚

𝒉𝒐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟓𝒎

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ℎ𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴

ℎ𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝑎𝐵

𝑎𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝑎𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

Antenna Height at Site A (m,AMSL)

LET 𝒂𝑩 = 𝟒𝟎𝒎(𝑨𝑮𝑳)

ℎ𝐵 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝑎𝐴

ℎ𝐵 = 42𝑚 + 40𝑚

𝒉𝑨 = 𝟖𝟐𝒎(𝑨𝑴𝑺𝑳)

Antenna Height at Site B (m,AMSL)

𝒅𝑨 (𝒉𝑨 −𝒉𝒃 )
𝑯= + 𝒉𝑨 - 𝒉𝑶
𝑫𝑮𝑪

Since we know that eB > eA, we can assume that hB>hA

49.5(𝒉𝑩 − 82)
3.657320524 = + 82 − 164.8147405 𝑚
50.46667856

𝒉𝑩 = 170.1607618m (AMSL)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.5 Antenna Orientation
1.5.1 Horizontal Panning Angle
Parameters:

Latitude of Site A 14° 55' 12.06"N

Latitude of Site B 15° 9' 28.29"N

 0°12′ 28.4"

DGC 0.4543076364°

Unknown Parameters:

 = Included Angle

𝐵𝐴 = Bearing at A toward B

𝐵𝐵 = Bearing at B toward A

Note: According to Kizer (2011) Since Latitude at site B is greater than the Longitude in Site

A, we must use this formula`s in computing the bearing at each site.

𝐵𝐴 = 𝛼

𝐵𝐵 = 360°-𝛽

(sin 𝐵) − (sin 𝐴)(cos 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos 𝐴)(sin 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

(sin(15 9′ 28.29”𝑁) ) − (sin(1455’12.06” )))(cos( 0.4543076364))

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos(15 9′ 28.29”𝑁” ))(sin( 0.4543076364))

𝛼 = 5820′23.04”

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 (sin 𝐴) − (sin 𝐵)(cos 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )
𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos 𝐵)(sin 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

(sin(1455’12.06”)) − (sin(159’28.29” ))(cos 0.4543076364)

𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos(159’28.29” ))(sin 0.4543076364)

𝛽 = 12131’ 0.81”

𝑩𝑨 = 𝑵𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟎’𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟒”𝑬

𝑩𝑩 = 𝑵𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓’𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟗”𝑬

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.5.2 Antenna Tilting

Parameters

DGC Total Distance(km) 50.46667856

hA Antenna Height of Site A,AMLS (m) 82

hB Antenna Height of Site b,AMLS (m) 170.1607618

Unknown:

𝜃𝑨 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝜃𝑩 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝜃 = −𝜃𝑩 = 𝜃𝑨

ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐷

170.1607618𝑚 − 82𝑚
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
50, 466. 67856 𝑚

𝜽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟗°

𝜽 = 𝟎° 𝟔′ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑"

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.6 Reflection Point
Parameters:

hA Antenna height Site A, AMSL (ft.) 269.0288714

hB Antenna height Site B, AMSL (ft.) 588.2702159

DGC Total Distance (mi) 31.3593976

Unknown Parameters:

𝑮𝑳 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝒅𝟏 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑚)

𝒅𝟐 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑚)

𝒚 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝒙 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

ℎ𝐵
𝑥=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2
𝟓𝟓𝟖.𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟗
𝑥= (𝟑𝟏.𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆)2 1 mile = 1.6093km

𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟏 1 foot = 0.3048m

ℎ𝐴
𝑦=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2

𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟒
𝑦=
(𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆)2

𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 1
𝐺𝐿 =
𝒚
1 + √𝒙

1
𝐺𝐿 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟏
1+√
𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟏

𝑮𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔

𝑑𝟏 = 𝐺𝑳 (𝐷𝑮𝑪 )

𝑑𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔(𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟔)

1.6093𝑘𝑚
𝑑1 = 18.50998487𝑚𝑖 ( )
𝑚𝑖

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒𝒌𝒎

𝑑𝟐 = 𝐷𝑮𝑪 − 𝐷1

𝑑2 = 50.46667856𝑘𝑚 − 29.79629613𝑘𝑚

𝒅𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟐𝒌𝒎

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.7 TRANSMISSION LINE CALCULATION

1.7.1 Radio Frequency Gain

Given Parameters

D Antenna Diameter 1.8

F Operating Frequency 7.6375 GHz

NOTE: Used the required antenna efficiency (i.e. 60%)

UNKNOWN:

G = Antenna Gain

𝑮𝑻 = Ratio Frequency Total Gain (dBi)

𝑮𝑨 = Gain of the antenna at Site A

𝑮𝑩 = Gain of the antenna at Site B

𝑮𝑻 = 𝑮𝑨 + 𝑮𝑩

𝑮𝑨 = 𝑮𝑩

𝐺 =18 + 20logD + 20logF

𝐺 =18 + 20log (1.8) + 20log (7.6375)

𝑮 = 40.76447457dBi

𝑮 = 𝑮𝑨 = 𝑮𝑩

𝑮𝑻 = 𝑮𝑨 + 𝑮𝑩

𝑮𝑻 = 𝟐(𝟒𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟕)

𝑮𝑻 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟑𝒅𝑩𝒊

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.7.2 RADIO FREQUENCY LOSS

1.7.2.1 WAVE GUIDE LOSS

PARAMETERS

WOB Total waveguide length 34.2607618 m

without bending (Site A)

WOA Total waveguide length 44.1 m

without bending (Site B)

R Bending Radius 230 mm

nB Number of Bending 2

WA Waveguide attenuation 0.0588 db/m

factor

Unknown

𝑾𝒍𝑨 = Waveguide Total Length (SITE A)

𝑾𝒍𝑩 = Waveguide Total Length (SITE B)

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = Waveguide Total Loss (SITE A)

𝑾𝑳𝑩 = Waveguide Total Loss (SITE B)

𝑾𝑻 = Waveguide Total Loss at Site A AND Site B.

𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑾𝒍𝑩 = 𝑾𝑶𝑩 − [ (𝟐𝒏𝑩 )(𝑹)] + [( )(𝒏𝑩)]
𝟒

𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝑾𝒍𝑩 = 34.2607618 − (𝟐)(𝟐)(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) + ( 𝟒
)(𝟐)

𝑾𝒍𝑩 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟏𝒎

𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 𝑾𝑶𝑨 − [ (𝟐𝒏𝑩 )(𝑹)] + [( 𝟒
)(𝒏𝑩 )]

𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 44.1 − (𝟐)(𝟐)(𝟐𝟑𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) + ( 𝟒
)(𝟐)

𝑾𝒍𝑨 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟏𝒎

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
𝑾𝑳𝑩 = 𝑾𝒍𝑩 (𝑾𝑨 )

𝑾𝑳𝑩 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝒅𝒃/𝒎)

𝑾𝑳𝑩 =2.002923693dB

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = 𝑾𝒍𝑨 (𝑾𝑨 )

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟏𝒎(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝒅𝒃/𝒎)

𝑾𝑳𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟗𝒅𝑩

𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝑳𝑨 + 𝑾𝑳𝑩

𝑾𝑻 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟗𝒅𝑩 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟑𝒅𝑩

𝑾𝑻 =4.584394592dB

1.7.2.2 FREE SPACE PATH LOSS

PARAMETERS

DGC Total distance (km) 50.46667856

Operating Frequency GHz 7.6375

Unknown:

FSL = Free Space Path Loss

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇𝑮𝑯𝒛 ) + 𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 92.4 + 20 log(𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟓) + 20log(50.46667856)

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟗𝒅𝑩

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.7.2.3 NET PATH LOSS
PARAMETERS

WT Waveguide Loss at Site A and 4.584394592

Site B (dB)

FSL Free Space Path Loss (dB) 144.1191189

RL Radome Loss 0.8

(Antenna Assembly) (dB)
IL Insertion Loss 0.01
(Tx Line Aseembly) (dB)

Unknown:

NPL = Net Path Loss (dB)

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝑾𝑻 + 𝑭𝑺𝑳 + 𝟐𝑹𝑳 + 𝟒𝑰𝑳

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟗𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟗 + 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟖) + 𝟒(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟓𝐝𝐁

1.7.3 FM (Fade Margin)

PARAMETERS

NPL Net Path Loss (dB) 150.3435135

GT Radio Frequency Total Gain 𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟑

(dBi)

PO Transmitter Output Power 30

(See Radio Equipment Assembly)
(dBm)
RS Primary System Receiver -69
Threshold
(See Radio Equipment Assembly)
(dBm)

Unknown:

RSL = Receive Signal Level

FM = Fade Margin

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝐺𝑇 − 𝑁𝑃𝐿

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 30 + 81.5289413 − 150.3435135

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −38.8145722𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − (−𝑅𝑆 )

𝐹𝑀 = −38.8145722 − (−69)

𝐹𝑀 = 30.1854278𝑑𝐵

1.7.4 RELIABILITY OF THE MAIN SYSTEM

Rayleigh Distribution Table

Fade Margin (dB) Reliability (%)

8 90

18 99

28 99.9

30.1854278 R

38 99.99

48 99.999

By using interpolation method

28 0.999
{ }
{ 30.1854278 𝑅 }
38 0.9999

38 − 30.1854278 0.9999 − 𝑅
=
38 − 28 0.9999 − 0.999

𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓%

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓%.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.7.5 HOT-STANDBY SYSTEM
Given Parameters:

RS Primary system receiver 69

threshold

RSL Received signal level -38.8145722

Unknown:

𝑹𝑺𝑯 = 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑭𝑴𝑯 = 𝑭𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

𝐹𝑀𝑯 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑅𝑆𝐻

𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −(𝑅𝑆 − 1𝑑𝐵 − 10𝑑𝐵)

R SH = −[(69) − 1 − 10]

𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −58𝑑𝐵

𝐹𝑀𝐻 = −38.8145722 − (−58)

𝐹𝑀𝐻 = 19.1854278𝑑𝐵

Fade Margin Reliability

18 99

19.1854278 RH

28 99.9

𝑹𝑯 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

18 0.99
{{ 19.1854278 𝑅𝐻
}}
28 0.999
28 − 19.1854278 0.999 − 𝑅
=
28 − 18 0.999 − 0.99

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 𝑹𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓%

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 − 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓%.

1.7.6 OVER ALL SYSTEM RELIABILITY (1+1 REDUNDANCY)

Given Parameters

RH Reliability of the Hot-standby 99.1066885%

system

R Reliability of the Main system 99.91966885%

Unknown:

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚)

𝑼 = 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑹𝑻 = (𝑹𝑯 + 𝑹) − (𝑹𝑯 𝒙 𝑹)

𝑹𝑻 = (𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓) − (𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟓)

𝑹𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟗%

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚) 𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟗%.

𝑼 = 𝟏−𝑹

𝑼 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟗

𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟔

𝟑𝟔𝟓𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝒉𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑼 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟔 ( )( )( )( )
𝟏𝒚𝒓 𝟏𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝒉𝒓 𝟏𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟔
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟔 ,
𝒚𝒓
𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟔 .
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 1.7.8 UNAVAILABILITY BASED ON RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

FM Fade Margin of the Primary System (dB) 30.1854278

DGC Total Distance (mi) 31.3593976

F Operating Frequency (GHz) 7.6375

𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑭𝑴
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = (𝒂𝒃)(𝒇)𝟏.𝟔 (𝑫𝑮𝑪 )𝟑 (𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) (𝟏𝟎− 𝟏𝟎 )

a = roughness factor

= 4 over water or a very smooth terrain

= 1 over an average terrain

= 0.25 over a very rough, mountainous terrain

b = factor to convert a worst-month probability to an annual probability

= 1 to convert an annual availability to a worst-month basis

= 0.5 for hot humid areas

= 0.25 for average inland areas

= 0.125 for very dry or mountainous areas

30.1854278
Undp = [(1)(0.25)](7.6375)1.6 (31.3593976)3 (1.25x10−6 ) (10− 10 )

365days 24hr 60min 60sec

Undp = 0.000238853 ( )( )( )( )
1yr 1day 1hr 1min

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟖 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟖
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓

R ndp = 1 − Undp = 1 − 0.000238853 = 0.999761147 = 99.9761147%

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟖 , 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟖
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 𝒉𝒓
𝒐𝒓 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟖 , 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟕%.
𝒚𝒓

1.7.9 RELIABILITY WITH SPACE DIVERSITY

FM Fade Margin (dB) 30.1854278

DGC Total Distance (km) 50.46667856

F Operating Frequency (GHz) 7.6375

C Speed of Light (m/s) 3 x 108

𝑠 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑚)

𝑠 = 200𝜆

𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚)
𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓𝐻𝑧

𝐼𝑠𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝐹𝑀
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = (1.2 𝑥 10−3 ) ( ) (𝑠)2 (10 10 )
𝐷𝐺𝐶

𝑈𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝
𝑈𝑇 =
𝐼𝑠𝑑

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 𝑈𝑇

3𝑥108
𝜆=
7.6375𝑥109

𝜆 = 0.03927986907𝑚

𝑠 = 200(0.03927986907)

𝑠 = 7.855973813𝑚

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 7.6375 30.1854278
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = (1.2 𝑥 10−3 ) ( ) (7.855973813)2 (10 10 )
50.46667856

𝐼𝑠𝑑 = 11.69689471

0.000238853
𝑈𝑇 =
11.69689471

𝑈𝑇 = 0.00002042

𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 0.00002042

𝑹𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟖 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟖%

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟖%.

1.7.9 OVERALL RELIABILITY OF THE SYSTEM AND THE PROPAGATED RADIO WAVE WITH HOT-
STANDBY AND SPACE DIVERSITY PROTECTION

RTS Total reliability with hot-standby protection 99.99928239%

RTR Total reliability with space diversity protection 99.99795798%

𝑅𝑂 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑈𝑂 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑈𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑅𝑂 = (𝑅𝑇𝑆 + 𝑅𝑇𝑅 ) − (𝑅𝑇𝑆 𝑥 𝑅𝑇𝑅 )

𝑅𝑂 = (0.9999928239 + 0.9999795798) − (0.9999928239 𝑥 0.9999795798)

𝑹𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗%

𝑈𝑂 = 1 − 𝑅𝑂

𝑈𝑂 = 1 − 0.9999999999

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 365days 24hr 60min 60sec
𝑈𝑂 = 0.0000000001 ( )( )( )( )
1yr 1day 1hr 1min

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑼𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟔
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒉𝒐𝒕
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
− 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟔 , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟔
𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓 𝒚𝒓
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗%.

OVERALL UNAVAILABILITY TIME TABLE

Time Rate Outage Time

Seconds per day 0.00000864

Seconds per month 0.0002628

Seconds per year 0.0031536

Minutes per day 0.000000144

Minutes per month 0.00000438

Minutes per year 0.00005256

Hours per day 0.000000002

Hours per month 0.0000000073

Hours per year 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟔

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1.8 LINK BUDGET

PTX Transmitted Power 30dBm

GTX, GRX Gain of the Antenna of Site A and Site B 40.76447457dBi

FSL Free Space Path Loss 144.1191189dB

WLA Waveguide Loss at Site A 2.581470899dB

WLB Waveguide Loss at Site B 2.002923693dB

RL Radome Loss 0.8dB

IL Insertion Loss 0.01dB

BA = Branching loss at Site A

BB = Branching loss at Site B

ERP = Effective Radiated Power (dBm)

EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (dBm)

EIRS = Effective Isotropic Radiated Signal (dBm)

ERS = Effective Received Signal (dBm)

RSL = Receive Signal Level (dBm)

𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿𝐴 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )

𝐵𝐴 = 2.581470899 + 0.8 + 2(0.01)

𝐵𝐴 = 3.401470899𝑑𝐵

𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )

𝐵𝐵 = 2.002923693 + 0.8 + 2(0.01)

𝐵𝐵 = 2.822923693𝑑𝐵

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 − 𝐵𝐵

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 30 − 2.822923693

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 27.17707631𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅𝑃 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 27.17707631 + 40.76447457

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 67.94155088𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 67.94155088 − 144.1191189

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = −76.17756802𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 + 𝐺𝑅𝑋

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = −76.17756802 + 40.76447457

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = −35.41309345𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐸𝑅𝑆 − 𝐵𝐵

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −35.41309345 − 2.822923693

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −38.23601714𝑑𝐵𝑚

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 − 38.23601714𝑑𝐵𝑚.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 Link Budget of the System
80
67.94155088
60

40 30

20 27.17707631
Decibels

0
PTx ERP EIRP EIRS ERS RSL
-20

-40
-35.41309345 -38.23601714
-60

-80 -76.17756802

-100

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
2. TOWER LAYOUT

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
3. WAVEGUIDE LAYOUT

Waveguide from the center point of the

tower to the antenna
length: 1.1m

Waveguide of the antenna based on

the computed antenna height.
Length: Site A: 27.27m

Site B: 25m

Waveguide of the antenna from

the cabinet to tower.
Length: 27.27m

Cabinet Height: 4m

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
4. Design Summary
SITE A SITE B
Basic Information
Brgy. Anunas Angeles City,
Location Brgy. Catacte Bustos, Bulacan
Pampanga
Latitude 14° 55' 12.06"N 15° 9' 28.29"N
Longitude 120° 57' 0.37"E 120° 32 '58.11"E
Path Length 50.46667856 km
Elevation 42 m 140 m
Operating
7.6375 GHz
Frequency
Obstruction
49.5 km 0.96667856 km
Distance
Obstruction Height 164.8147405 m
Antenna Height
Above Ground 40 m 30.1607618 m
Level
Tower Height 43 m 33 m
Waveguide Length 43.90256631 m 34.06332811 m
Antenna Alignment
Antenna
N58° 20' 23.04"E N238°25'59.19"E
Orientation
Antenna Tilting 0° 6' 0.33"
Distance From the
29.78811864 km 20.67855992 km
Reflection Point
Gains
Antenna Gain 40.76447457dBi
System Gain 81.52894913dBi
Losses
Waveguide Loss 2.581470899dB 2.002923693dB
Radome Loss 0.8dB
Connector Loss 0.01dB
Free Space Loss 144.1191189dB
Net Path Loss 150.3435135dB
Radio Equipment
Transmit Power 30dBm
Primary System
-69dBm
Reciever Threshold
Hot-Standby System
-58dBm
System
Primary System
Fade Margin
30.1854278dB

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 Hot-Standby System
19.1854278dB
Reliability of the
99.91966885%
Primary System
Reliability of the
Hot-Standby 99.1066885%
System
Reliability with
99.99928239%
(1+1) Protection

Reliability based on
Radio Frequency 99.9761147%
Propagation

Reliability with
99.99795798%
Space Diversity
Overall Reliability
with (1+1)
99.99999999%
Protection and
Space Diversity
0.0031536(sec/yr)
Overall
0.00005256(min/yr)
Unavailability
0.000000876(hr/yr)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VI. SAFETY ENGINEERING

SAFETY PRECAUTION
Wireless Communication Systems are subjected to electrical hazards from
exposure to the lightning and power systems and unless adequate protection measures
are employed, such exposure may result in fatality, service interruptions and excessive
maintenance expenses.

1. These are the primary considerations for electrical protection;

 To diminish, within the realm of possibility electrical hazards to persons
engaged in construction, operation, maintenance or used of communication
system.
 To reduce, within the realm of possibility damage to equipment.
 To eradicate, within the realm of possibility any fire hazards resulting from the
operation of a communication system.
 To minimize within the realm of possibility, acoustic shock hazards to anyone
using communication systems.
 The cost of protection measures employed plus the bulk required in
maintaining the protection level adopted.
 The value of damage to/or fatality to property and/or that of service
interruptions cause by electrical hazards.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

 One of the requirements for the well-equipped amateur station is the fire extinguisher.

 Member/worker in the station should also know how to apply artificial respirations.

 Knowledge in first aid kits must be also be in line.

 Be sure to put directories for this matter.

POWER CONTACT INDUCTION

The joint occupancy of poles and support present power contact/induction problem and

the necessity for construction power and communication facilities near each other and the

advantage to both the interest that must be careful planned.

1. Good construction and adequate spacing between power and communications

facilities are first line of defense against power contact and induction hazards. This essentially

keeps foreign potential of the communication plant.

2. Second measure is to provide paths to ground on the communication plant and

utilization of current limiting devices.

3. Insulation on the communication conductors may, in many instances withstand

secondary power potential but dependence on insulation alone introduces a considerable

hazard.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AC AND DC SAFETY

 The primary wiring for your station should be control by one master switch and other

member of your station should know how to shut down the power in the emergency.

 All equipment should be connected to the ground.

 All wires carrying power around the station should be insulated for the voltage level

involved.

 Remember those high current low current sources.

 Respect even the lowest power supply in your station.

 Whenever possible, turn off the power and unplug the equipment before working on it.

 Do not hold the open wire if there is power.

 Lightning and EMP Protection

 Antennas, radios and television mast of metal, located on protected building, shall be

bonded to the lightning protection system with main size conductor and fittings.

 Lightings arrester, protectors or antenna discharge until shall be install on electric and

telephone service entrance on radio and television antenna lead-ins.

 The best protection from the lightning is to disconnect all antennas from the equipment

and disconnect the equipment from the lower lines.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
GROUND

An effective ground system is necessary for every amateur station. The mission of the

grounding system is to two fold. First, it reduces the possibility of electric shock if something in

a piece of equipment should fail and the chassis of cabinet become “hot”.

The second job of the grounding system is to provide a low impedance path to ground for any

stray RF current inside the station.

ELECTRIC SHOCK

Current through the body rather than the voltage of the circuits determines electric shock

intensity. Voltage is significance only as far as it is one of the factors determining the magnitude

if the current:

a) Shock current is also dependent to the impedance of the circuit contracted plus the body

impedance of the victim.

b) The potential difference at any time between any exposed structure (Equipment cabinets,

housing, supports, etc.) to ground (floor, earth, etc.) or between any exposed structures within

reach of adult persons approximately 1.5 meters shall be no greater than 45 volts RMS AC or

135 volts DC.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TOWER SAFETY

Working on towers and antenna is dangerous, and possibly fatal to the person with less

knowledge in proper installation. Tower and antenna can cause serious property damage and

personal injury if any part of the installation would fail. Always use the quality material in the

systems. Do not overload the tower, and if there are any doubts, seek professional assistance.

SAFETY BELL AND CLIMBING ACCESSORIES

Any amateur with a tower must own a high-quality safety belt. Do not attempt to climb

and work at the tower without preparations. The belt allows the climber to lean back away from

the tower to reach the bolts and connections.

A climber must trust his life to his safety belt. For this reason, nothing less than a

professional quality, commercially made, tested and approved and safety belt is acceptable.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CLOTHING

The clothing when working on the towers and antennas should be selected for maximum

comfort and safety. Wear clothing that will keep you warm, yet allow complete freedom of

movement and glows in the dark like those found in street authorities.

HARD HATS

Ground crew members should have hardhats for protection in case something fails from

the tower. It is not uncommon for the tower climber to drop tools and hardware.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ROPE AND PULLEY

Every amateur who owns a tower should also own a good quality rope at least as twice

as long as the tower height. The rope is essential for safety erecting towers and installing

antennas and cables.

Check your rope before each use for tearing or chafing. Do not attempt to use damage

rope; if it is breaks with a tower section or antenna in the midair, properly damage and personal

injury are likely results. If your rope should get wet, let it dry thoroughly before putting it away.

INSTALLING ANTENNAS ON THE TOWER

All antennas installations are different in some aspects. Therefore, through planning is

the most important first step in installing any antenna. Consider what tools and parts must be

assembled and what items must be taken up the tower.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SOME TOWER CLIMBING TIPS

 The following tower climbing tips were consolidated. The most substantial safely factor

in any kind of dangerous endeavor is the proper attitude. Safety is important and worthy

if careful consideration and implementation is implied. The right attitude toward safety is

requirement for tower climbers. Lip service will not do, however, safety must be practiced.

 The proper ham’s attitude: Do not take any unnecessary chances. There are no

exceptions to this plain and simple rule. It is the first rule of safety and of course of

climbing.

 Take time to plan your climb and must have step by step procedures to be followed.

 Choose someone to be responsible for all activities on the ground and for all

communication with the climbers. Study the structure to be climbed and choose the best

route to your objective.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EQUIPMENT PROTECTION

 UNPROTECTED (1+0 Configuration) – a method of transmission and reception wherein

no standby service is available.

 HOT STANDBY (1+1 Configuration) – a method of providing a reliable radio service. Two

transmitters are kept fully energized so that if one fails, the other is readily available and

immediately carries the signal.

 COLD-STANDBY – there are two radios but only one radio is energized so there should

somebody that operates in the area to turn on the back up radio. Must have enough gain

so that the desired path loss between transmitter output receiver inputs is attained. In

this, impedance matching will be applied.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VII. GLOSSARY

A
Attenuation
Loss of signal in transmission through a filter, usually referring to signal amplitude or
signal power. (dB)

B
Bandwidth
The width of the pass band of a bandpass filter is usually expressed as the frequency
difference between lower and upper relative 3dB points.

C
Conversion Loss
The ratio in dB of the IF output of a mixer to the RF input power. All conversion loss
measurements and specification are normally based on the mixer being terminated on
all ports and a stated LO signal power level being applied.

D
Decibel
The Bel is a logarithmic scale for expressing gain, power and loss, based on logarithms
to the base 10 (common logarithms). The decibel is defined as one tenth of a Bel and is
abbreviated as dB.

Diplexer
A circuit which takes an input and then output it to one of two output ports depending
on the frequency of the signal. A signal in a certain bandwidth gets output to a specific
port.

E
Earth Bulge
A term used in telecommunications. It refers to the circular segment of earth profile
which blocks off long distance communications

EIRP (Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power) is the amount of power that

a theoretical isotropic antenna (which evenly distributes power in all
directions) would emit to produce the peak power density observed in the

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
direction of maximum antenna gain.

F
Fade Margin
A design allowance that provides for sufficient system gain orsensitivity to
accommodate expected fading, for the purpose of ensuring that the required quality of
service is maintained. It is the amount by which a received signal level may be reduced
without causing system performance to fall below a specified threshold value.

Fading
It is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain propagation media. The
fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency, and is often
modeled as a random process.

First Fresnel Zone

The difference between the direct and an indirect path that touches a single point on
the border of the Fresnel zone is half the wavelength.

Frequency
The number of cycles of a periodic activity per unit time. The typical measurement is Hz
(Hertz), which is cycles per second.

Fresnel Zone
Is one of a (theoretically infinite) number of concentric ellipsoids which define volumes
in the radiation pattern of a (usually) circular aperture.

Free Space Loss (FSL)

the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-
sight path through free space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection
or diffraction.

G
Gain
Gain is the ratio of the power output to the power input of the amplifier in dB.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 H
Highpass Filter
A filter which passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies.

Hot Standby
Is used as a failover mechanism to provide reliability in system configurations. The hot
spare is active and connected as part of a working system. When a key component fails,
the hot spare is switched into operation. More generally, a hot standby can be used to
refer to any device or system
that is held in readiness to overcome an otherwise significant start-up delay

Insertion Loss
Insertion Loss (dB) is defined as the drop in power as a signal enters an RF component.
This value not only includes the reflected incoming signal, but also the attenuation of
the component.

Interference
Is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to form a resultant wave of greater
or lower amplitude. Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are
correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same
source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency

L
Line-of-sight (LOS)
Refers to electro-magnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation. Electromagnetic
transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line.

Lowpass Filter
A filter which passes low frequencies and rejects high frequencies.

M
Microwave Communication
It is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave towers. Microwave
communication is known as a form of "line of sight" communication, because there

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data between these towers for signals
to be properly sent and received.

Modem (Modulator-Demodulator)
is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and
also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information

Mean time between failures (MTBF)

Is the predicted elapsed time between inherent failures of a system during operation.
MTBF can be calculated as the arithmetic mean (average) time between failures of a
system. The MTBF is typically part of a model that assumes the failed system is
immediately repaired (mean time to repair, or MTTR), as a part of a renewal process.

Mean Time To Repair (MTRR)

Is a basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average
time required to repair a failed component or device. Expressed mathematically, it is
the total corrective maintenance time divided by the total number of corrective
maintenance actions during a given period of time.
O
ODU (Outdoor Unit)
Devices that processes the RF signal.

P
Passband
The frequency range in which a filter is intended to pass signals.
R
Return Loss (dB)
is defined as a ratio of the incoming signal to the same reflected signal as it enters a
component.

S
System Gain
Is the difference between the nominal output power of a transmitter (Pt) and the
minimum input power to a receiver (𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) necessary to achieve satisfactory
performance.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Stopband
The area of frequency where it is desirable to reject or attenuate all signals as much as
practical.
T
Time Delay
The amount of time it takes for certain signals to pass through a filter.

Tower
Typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also known as aerials) for
telecommunications and broadcasting, including television.

V
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
The ratio between the peak and valley of
standing waves on a transmission line.

Voice Channel Capacity

The tightest upper bound on the rate of information that can be reliably transmitted
over a communications channel.

W
Waveguide
A structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves or soundwaves.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VIII. Technical References

FORMULAS
Great Circle Distance

Where

𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐴 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐵 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐴 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐵 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑘𝑚)

𝐶 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝐶 = |𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐴 − 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐵 |

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = cos−1[(sin(𝑙𝑎𝑡. 𝐴))(sin(𝑙𝑎𝑡. 𝐵)) + (cos(𝑙𝑎𝑡. 𝐴))(cos(𝑙𝑎𝑡. 𝐴))(cos 𝐶)]

Center Frequency

Where

𝑓𝑈 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝑓𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝑓𝐶 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝑓𝑈 + 𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝐶 =
2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Antenna Height Calculation

Where

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑘𝑚)

𝑓 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝑇. 𝐺. = 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ(𝑚)

𝑒𝐴 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

𝑒𝐵 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

𝑒𝑂 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

𝑑𝐴 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑘𝑚)

𝑑𝐵 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑘𝑚)

𝐹1 = 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚)

𝑒𝑏 = 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

𝐻 = 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚)

𝑎𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑚, 𝐴𝐺𝐿)

𝑎𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑚, 𝐴𝐺𝐿)

ℎ𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

ℎ𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

ℎ𝑂 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

4
𝑘= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑦, 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠, 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑, ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠)
3

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑒𝑏 =
(12.75)𝑘

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
𝐹1 = 17.3√
𝑓𝐷𝐺𝐶

𝐻 = (0.6)𝐹1

ℎ𝑜 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑇. 𝐺 + 𝐸𝑜 + 10𝑚

ℎ𝐴 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝑎𝐴

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ℎ𝐵 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝑎𝐵
𝑑𝐴 (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 )
𝐻= + 𝒉𝑨 − ℎ𝑜
𝐷𝐺𝐶
𝑑𝐵 (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 )
𝐻= + ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝑜
𝐷𝐺𝐶

Antenna Orientation

Horizontal Panning
Where
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐴 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝐵 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝜃 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑘𝑚)

𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝐵

𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝐴

𝐵𝐴 = 𝛼

𝐵𝐵 = 360°-𝛽

(sin 𝐵) − (sin 𝐴)(cos 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos 𝐴)(sin 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

(sin 𝐴) − (sin 𝐵)(cos 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ]
(cos 𝐵)(sin 𝑫𝑮𝑪 )

Antenna Tilting

Where

ℎ𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

ℎ𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑚, 𝐴𝑀𝑆𝐿)

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑘𝑚)

𝜃𝑨 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝜃𝑩 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
𝜃 = −𝜃𝑩 = 𝜃𝑨

ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝐷𝐺𝐶

Reflection Point

Where

ℎ𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 (𝑓𝑡)

ℎ𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (𝑓𝑡)

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑚𝑖)

𝑮𝑳 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝒅𝟏 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑚)

𝒅𝟐 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑚)

𝒚 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝒙 = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

ℎ𝐵
𝑥=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2

ℎ𝐴
𝑦=
(𝐷𝐺𝐶 )2

1
𝐺𝐿 =
𝒚
1 + √𝒙

𝑑𝟏 = 𝐺𝑳 (𝐷𝑮𝑪 )

𝑑𝟐 = 𝐷𝑮𝑪 − 𝐷1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Antenna Gain

Where

𝒅 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝒇 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

G = Antenna Gain

𝑮𝑻 = Ratio Frequency Total Gain (dBi)

𝑮𝑨 = Gain of the antenna at Site A

𝑮𝑩 = Gain of the antenna at Site B

𝑮𝑻 = 𝑮𝑨 + 𝑮𝑩

𝑮 = 𝑮𝑨 = 𝑮𝑩

𝐺 =18 + 20logd + 20logf

Free Space Path Loss

Where

𝑫𝑮𝑪 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝒌𝒎)

𝒇 = 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝑮𝑯𝒛)

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒇𝑮𝑯𝒛 ) + 𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑫𝑮𝑪)

Net Path Loss

Where

𝑾𝑻 = 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑩 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑹𝑳 = 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 (𝒅𝑩)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝑾𝑻 + 𝑭𝑺𝑳 + 𝟐𝑹𝑳 + 𝟒𝑰𝑳

Fade Margin
Where
𝑵𝑷𝑳 = 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑮𝑻 = 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑷𝑶 = 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 (𝒅𝑩𝒎)

𝑹𝑺 = 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅 (𝒅𝑩𝒎)

𝑹𝑺𝑳 = 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 (𝒅𝑩𝒎)

𝑭𝑴 = 𝑭𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝐺𝑇 − 𝑁𝑃𝐿

𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − (−𝑅𝑆 )

Hot-Standby System

Where

𝑹𝑺 = 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅 (𝒅𝑩𝒎)

𝑹𝑺𝑳 = 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 (𝒅𝑩𝒎)

𝑹𝑺𝑯 = 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑭𝑴𝑯 = 𝑭𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

𝐹𝑀𝑯 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑅𝑆𝐻

𝑅𝑆𝐻 = −(𝑅𝑆 − 1𝑑𝐵 − 10𝑑𝐵)

Overall System Reliability (1+1 Redundancy)

Where

𝑹𝑯 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒕 − 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒚 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
𝑹 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

𝑹𝑻 = 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒚)

𝑼 = 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑹𝑻 = (𝑹𝑯 + 𝑹) − (𝑹𝑯 𝒙 𝑹)

𝑼 = 𝟏−𝑹

Unavailability Based On Radio Wave Propagation

Where

𝑭𝑴 = 𝑭𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 (𝒅𝑩)

𝑫𝑮𝑪 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝒎𝒊)

𝒇 = 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝑮𝑯𝒛)

𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

a = roughness factor

= 4 over water or a very smooth terrain

= 1 over an average terrain

= 0.25 over a very rough, mountainous terrain

b = factor to convert a worst-month probability to an annual probability

= 1 to convert an annual availability to a worst-month basis

= 0.5 for hot humid areas

= 0.25 for average inland areas

= 0.125 for very dry or mountainous areas

𝑭𝑴
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒑 = (𝒂𝒃)(𝒇)𝟏.𝟔 (𝑫𝑮𝑪 )𝟑 (𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ) (𝟏𝟎− 𝟏𝟎 )

R ndp = 1 − Undp

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Reliability with Space Diversity

Where

𝐹𝑀 = 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝑑𝐵)

𝐷𝐺𝐶 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑚𝑖)

𝑓 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)

𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ( )
𝑠

𝑠 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑚)

𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚)

𝐼𝑠𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑈𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑠 = 200𝜆
𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝐺𝐻𝑧 𝐹𝑀
𝐼𝑠𝑑 = (1.2 𝑥 10−3 ) ( ) (𝑠)2 (10 10 )
𝐷𝐺𝐶

𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑝
𝑈𝑇 =
𝐼𝑠𝑑

𝑅𝑇 = 1 − 𝑈𝑇

Overall Reliability of the System and the Propagated Hot-Standby and Space Diversity
Protection

Where

𝑹𝑻𝑺 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑯𝒐𝒕 − 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒚 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑹𝑻𝑹 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑹𝑶 = 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝑼𝑶 = 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑼𝒏𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
𝑅𝑂 = (𝑅𝑇𝑆 + 𝑅𝑇𝑅 ) − (𝑅𝑇𝑆 𝑥 𝑅𝑇𝑅 )

𝑈𝑂 = 1 − 𝑅𝑂

Link Budget

Where

𝑃𝑇𝑋 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐺𝑇𝑋, 𝐺𝑅𝑋 = 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑊𝐿𝐴 = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝑊𝐿𝐵 = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴

𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)

𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝑑𝐵𝑚)

𝐵𝐴 = 𝑊𝐿𝐴 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )

𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝐿𝐵 + 𝑅𝐿 + 2(𝐼𝐿 )

Since the transmitting tower is Site B,

𝐸𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 − 𝐵𝐵

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅𝑃 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑆 + 𝐺𝑅𝑋

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐸𝑅𝑆 − 𝐵𝐵

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
REFERENCES
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
www.bulacan.gov.ph
www.region3.mgb.gov.ph
https://www.worldweatheronline.com
https://www.commscope.com/catalog/cables/pdf/part/1396/EW77.pdf
https://www.commscope.com/catalog/antennas/pdf/part/65391/VHLPX6-7W_D.pdf
http://gabrielantenna.com/quickfire-antenna/radomes/
http://www.e-meca.com/rf-microwave-blog/isolator-circulator-basics
Specs: https://mcli.com/products/isolators-circulators/waveguide-isolator-and-circulator
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/grounding
Specs: https://www.amazon.com/Erico-615840UPC-Ground-Rod/dp/B000HEKUDG
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/1024/hot-standby
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission

http://www.slideshare.net/…/diversity-techniques-in-mobile-…

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks_in_Asia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_frequency_bands
http://globemobile31.blogspot.com/.../Philippines-GSM...

http://www.cisco.com/…/wir…/wireless-fixed/9217-p2p-faq.html

http://radiomobile.pe1mew.nl/…
http://www.slideshare.net/SAIFUUU/microwave-link-design

http://www.academia.edu/…/Microwave_Radio_Transmission_Desi…
http://www.microwave-planning.com/wissen/wissen02.htm

http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/…/cha…/fading/fading.htm
http://sysmasteronline.com/pdf/ANNEX_I.pdf

http://eshop.lastmile.no/…/aviat%20odu%20600%20(etsi)%20tec…

http://www.fortech.lt/…/SAF_produktu…/Radio_and_antennas.pdf
http://www.rfdesign-int.com/pdf/EclipseODU300.pdf

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT

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