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PAPER PRESENTATION

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ABSTRACT:

Not so long ago, satellites were exotic, top-secret devices. They were
used primarily in a military capacity, for activities such as navigation
and espionage. Now they are an essential part of our daily lives. We see
and recognize their use in weather reports, television transmission by
DIRECTV and the DISH Network, in everyday telephone calls,in
GPS(global positioning system)and by the media in transmitting their
text and images to multiple printing sites for speed local distribution.

In the context of a worldwide communications network, satellite Follow


communications systems are very important. Satellite communications
links add capacity to existing communications capabilities and provide
additional alternate routings for communications traffic. Satellite links, BLOG ARCHIVE
as one of several kinds of long-distance links, interconnect switching
▼ 2010 (100)
centers located strategically around the world. They are part of the
▼ April (100)
defense communication systems (DCS) network. One important aspect
NANOPARTICLES IN THE
of the satellite communications network is that it continues in
DRUG DELIVERY
operation under conditions that sometimes render other methods of
communications inoperable. Because of this, satellites make a NEW DISTRIBUTED QUERY
significant contribution to improved reliability of Navy OPTIMIZATION
communications. TECHNIQUES
PALLADIUM A
REVOLUTIONARY BREAK
When satellite television first hit the market in the early 1990s, home THROUGH
dishes were expensive metal units that took up a huge chunk of yard role of grid computing in
space. In these early years, only the most die-hard TV fans would go internet
through all the hassle and expense of putting in their own dish.
STEGANOGRAPHY AND
Satellite TV was a lot harder to get than broadcast and CABLE AND TV.
DIGITAL WATERMARKING
Today, you see compact satellite dishes perched on rooftops all over the
nanoelectronics single electron
United States. Drive through rural areas beyond the reach of the cable
transistor
companies, and you'll find dishes on just about every house. The major
satellite TV companies are luring in more consumers every day with molecular nanotechnology
movies, sporting events and news from around the world and the information security and
promise of movie-quality picture and sound. advantages
Satellite TV offers many solutions to broadcast and cable TV problems.
Information security
Though satellite TV technology is still evolving, it has already become a
SOFTWARE TESTING
popular choice for many TV viewers.
METHODOLOGIES
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3/3/2019 Paper presentation: satellite communication

Simple Statistical Algorithm for


WHAT IS A SATELLITE AND IT’S WORKING: Biological Sequen...
SUPERVISORY CONTROL
AND DATA ACQUISITION
A satellite is basically any object that revolves around a planet in a
shortest path computation in a
circular or elliptical path. The moon is Earth's original, natural
transmission line n...
satellite, and there are many manmade (artificial) satellites, usually
closer to Earth. quantum computers
• The path a satellite follows is an orbit. In the orbit, the farthest point mobile communications
from Earth is the apogee, and the nearest point is the perigee. paper on grid computing
• Artificial satellites generally are not mass-produced. Most satellites
optical and wireless lan s
are custom built to perform their intended functions. Exceptions
include the GPS satellites (with over 20 copies in orbit) and the Iridium Nanotechnology: The Future on
satellites (with over 60 copies in orbit). a Pin-Tip
• Approximately 23,000 items of space junk-objects large enough to nano technology overview
track with radar that were inadvertently placed in orbit or have customer information
outlived their usefulness -- are floating above Earth. The actual number management system
varies depending on which agency is counting. Payloads that go into
design languages for embeded
the wrong orbit, satellites with run-down batteries, and leftover rocket
systems
boosters all contribute to the count. This online catalogs of satellite has
almost 26,000 entries! quantum dots
Although anything that is in orbit around Earth is technically a broadband over power lines
satellite, the term "satellite" is typically used to describe a useful object code division multiple access
placed in orbit purposely to perform some specific mission or task. We
embeded spiking neural
commonly hear about weather satellites, communication satellites and
network
scientific satellite
hacking
applied cryptography and
• THE SOVIET SPUTNIK SATELLITE WAS THE FIRST TO network security
ORBIT EARTH, LAUNCHED ON OCTOBER 4, 1957. Artificial Intelligence and Global
Risk
TYPES OF SATELLITES:
asimo

Satellites come in all shapes and sizes and play a variety of roles. For biocomputing and informatics
example: biometrics in various feild
• Weather satellites help meteorologists predict the weather or see
components of distributed
what's happening at the moment. Typical weather satellites include the database
TIROS, COSMOS and GOES satellites. The satellites generally contain
computer generated hiologram
cameras that can return photos of Earth's weather, either from fixed
for real time display...
geostationary positions or from polar orbits.
• Communications satellites allow telephone and data conversations to Grid Computing On Virtual
be relayed through the satellite. Typical communications satellites Machines
include Telstar and Intelsat. The most important feature of a Broadband over Power Lines
communications satellite is the transponder -- a radio that receives a Energy-Adaptive Display
conversation at one frequency and then amplifies it and retransmits it System Designs For Future ...
back to Earth on another frequency. A satellite normally contains
extreme programming
hundreds or thousands of transponders. Communications satellites are
usually geosynchronous. facts
• Broadcast satellites broadcast television signals from one point to hacking
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3/3/2019 Paper presentation: satellite communication

another (similar to communications satellites).


haptic technology
• Scientific satellites perform a variety of scientific missions. The
hybrid electric bus
Hubble Space telescope is the most famous scientific satellite, but there
are many others looking at everything from sun spots to gamma rays. mpeg4 video wter marketing
• Navigational satellites help ships and planes navigate. The most using 3-d discrete wave...
famous are the GPS NAVSTAR satellites. vehicle monitoring and control
• Rescue satellites respond to radio distress signals . system using microc...
• Earth observation satellites observe the planet for changes in
virus- the devil of computer
everything from temperature to forestation to ice-sheet coverage. The
computer security
most famous are the LANDSAT series.
wireless and mobile
SATELLITE TELEVISION-A MERGE: communications
Wireless Communication With
Why do we have satellite television? What's wrong with the terrestrial WIBRE
broadcasts that we have enjoyed for five decades or more? Well the real
wireless lan technology
benefit lies in the fact that you get more channels. You get more
Worldwide Interoperability for
channels because satellite broadcasts are able to utilise more
Microwave Access
bandwidth than conventional terrestrial systems and can therefore fit
more separate channels into the space allowed. future mechanics
Fuzzy Image Processing
Sattellite television really becomes important in areas where it is not
harnessing energy from moon
possible to install cable and the broadcast television reception is poor.
military robots
Both systems use radio wave signals to transmit and the waves travel in
straight lines. That means for broadcast television, which is nano electromechanical system
transmitted and received via land-based antenna, that the natural Optical computing
curvature of the earth will eventually break the signals' line of sight. It
pillcam
also means that other land based signals and obstructions are likely to
interfere with the TV signal and cause some distortion. java technology
separation theory of resstriction
Satellites that transmit TV are placed in orbit over 22,000 miles above mapping
the Earth and they rotate around the planet once every 24 hours and in software architecture
the same direction that the Earth is rotating in. Because the Earth
spintronics
rotates once every 24 hours and the satellite moves around the Earth at
the same velocity in the same direction, the satellite always stays over spintronics
the same point on the surface. The satellites are said to be in teleportation
geostationary orbit. Because they are high in the sky a satellite beams
universal mobile access
signals over a wide area of the planets surface. The satellites are also in
voice recognition using dsp
communication with each other so that they can relay the same
broadcast to all satellites in orbit over different parts of the world. This wireless communication
is how we are able to get TV live from anywhere on the Earth and view wearable computers
it at the same time as everyone else on the planet receiving a signal
A TECHNICAL PAPER ON
from a satellite. When you think about it it's a pretty amazing feat of
Broadband over Power Lines
technology.
A...

Abstract: Nanotechnology is
When satellite television was first introduced the dishes required to
defined as the study a...
receive the signal were very expensive and people were able to set them
up to receive programmes that were not really intended for everybody simulation of human
to see. Nowadays people tend to subscribe to a 'Direct Broadcast intelligence
Satellite' (DBS) provider such as DirecTV or Dish Network in the US
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3/3/2019 Paper presentation: satellite communication

and Sky in the UK. These providers are able to select programs and resource sharing on internet
broadcast them to people as set packages, for example the 'Family', A Nanotechnological Approach
'Sports' or 'Movie' packages. Cost will depend on which one you choose to Contaminated Water...
to buy.
improving database security
through face recogniti...
SATELLITE TV SYSTEM:
grid computing overview
Today, most satellite TV customers get their programming through a grid computing
direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as DirecTV or DISH nanotechnology
Network. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to
robotics and computer version
subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider's goal is to bring
dozens or even hundreds of channels to your TV in a form that palm vein technology
approximates the competition, cable TV. resource sharing on internet
Unlike earlier programming, the provider's broadcast is completely
optical character recognition for
digital, which means it has much better picture and sound quality.
tamil characters...
Early satellite television was broadcast in C-band radio -- radio in the
information technology
3.7-gigahertz (GHz) to 6.4-GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast
applications in transportat...
satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (11.7 GHz to
14.5 GHz ). NANO TECHNOLOGY NANO
GENERATOR TO POWER
NANO DEVI...
least mean square algorithm

grid computing
grid computing
global positioning system
free space optics

facial recognition using theory


of biometrics
evolution in grid computing

biometric security- iris


recognisation technology
automated testing of embeded
system
Attacks on security control
system

The Components: advanced grid computing

satellite communication
There are five major components involved in a direct to home (DTH) or
grid computing
direct broadcasting (DBS) satellite system: the programming source,
the broadcast center, the satellite, the satellite dish and the receiver. smart antenna systems
• Programming sources are simply the channels that provide the eyegaze communication
programming for broadcast. The provider doesn't create original system
programming itself; it pays other companies (HBO, for example, or wireless charging of mobile
ESPN) for the right to broadcast their content via satellite. In this way, phones using micro wav...
the provider is kind of like a broker between you and the actual
wireless communication
programming sources. (Cable TV companies work on the same
bluetooth technology
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principle.)
vlsi chip and sdr
• The broadcast center is the central hub of the system. At the
Solar power generation
broadcast center, the TV provider receives signals from various
optimisation
programming sources and beams a broadcast signal to satellites in
geosynchronous orbit.
• The satellites receive the signals from the broadcast station and
rebroadcast them to Earth.
ABOUT ME
• The viewer's dish picks up the signal from the satellite (or multiple
AZHAR
satellites in the same part of the sky) and passes it on to the receiver in
the viewer's house. VIEW MY COMPLETE PROF ILE

• The receiver processes the signal and passes it on to a standard TV.

SATELLITE TV PROGRAMMING:

Satellite TV providers get programming from two major sources:


national turnaround channels (such as HBO, ESPN and CNN) and
various local channels (the ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and PBS affiliates in a
particular area). Most of the turnaround channels also provide
programming for cable TV, and the local channels typically broadcast
their programming over the airwaves.
Turnaround channels usually have a distribution center that beams
their programming to a geosynchronous satellite. The broadcast center
uses large satellite dishes to pick up these analog and digital signals
from several sources.
Most local stations don't transmit their programming to satellites, so
the provider has to get it another way. If the provider includes local
programming in a particular area, it will have a small local facility
consisting of a few racks of communications equipment. The
equipment receives local signals directly from the broadcaster through
fiber-optic cable or an antenna and then transmits them to the central
broadcast center.
The broadcast center converts all of this programming into a high-
quality, uncompressed digital stream. At this point, the stream
contains a vast quantity of data -- about 270 megabits per second
(Mbps) for each channel. In order to transmit the signal from there, the
broadcast center has to compress it. Otherwise, it would be too big for
the satellite to handle. In the next section, we'll find out how the signal
is compressed

Satellite TV Signal:
Satellite signals have a pretty long path to follow before they appear on
your TV screen in the form of your favorite TV show. Because satellite
signals contain such high-quality digital data, it would be impossible to
transmit them without compression. Compression simply means that
unnecessary or repetitive information is removed from the signal
before it is transmitted. The signal is reconstructed after transmission.

Standards of Compression:

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Satellite TV uses a special type of video file compression standardized


by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). With MPEG
compression, the provider is able to transmit significantly more
channels. There are currently five of these MPEG standards, each
serving a different purpose. DirecTV and DISH Network, the two major
satellite TV providers in the United States, once used MPEG-2, which is
still used to store movies on DVDs and for digital cable television
(DTV). With MPEG-2, the TV provider can reduce the 270-Mbps
stream to about 5 or 10 Mbps (depending on the type of programming).
Now, DirecTV and DISH Network use MPEG-4 compression. Because
MPEG-4 was originally designed for streaming video in small-screen
media like computers, it can encode more efficiently and provide a
greater bandwidth than MPEG-2. MPEG-2 remains the official
standard for digital TV compression, but it is better equipped to
analyze static images, like those you see on a talk show or newscast,
than moving, dynamic images. MPEG-4 can produce a better picture of
dynamic images through use of spatial (space) and temporal (time)
compression. This is why satellite TV using MPEG-4 compression
provides high definition of quickly-moving objects that constantly
change place and direction on the screen, like in a basketball game.

Satellite TV Encoding and Encryption:


At the broadcast center, the high-quality digital stream of video goes
through an MPEG encoder, which converts the programming to
MPEG-4 video of the correct size and format for the satellite receiver in
your house.
Encoding works in conjunction with compression to analyze each video
frame and eliminate redundant or irrelevant data and extrapolate
information from other frames. This process reduces the overall size of
the file. Each frame can be encoded in one of three ways:
• As an intraframe, which contains the complete image data for that
frame. This method provides the least compression.
• As a predicted frame, which contains just enough information to tell
the satellite receiver how to display the frame based on the most
recently displayed intraframe or predicted frame. A predicted frame
contains only data that explains how the picture has changed from the
previous frame.
• As a bidirectional frame, which displays information from the
surrounding intraframe or predicted frames. Using data from the
closest surrounding frames, the receiver interpolates the position and
color of each pixel.
This process occasionally produces artifacts -- glitches in the video
image. One artifact is macroblocking, in which the fluid picture
temporarily dissolves into blocks. Macroblocking is often mistakenly
called pixilating, a technically incorrect term which has been accepted
as slang for this annoying artifact. Graphic artists and video editors use
"pixilating" more accurately to refer to the distortion of an image.
There really are pixels on your TV screen, but they're too small for your

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human eye to perceive them individually -- they're tiny squares of video


data that make up the image you see.

Satellite Dish:
When the signal reaches the viewer's house, it is captured by the
satellite dish. A satellite dish is just a special kind of antenna designed
to focus on a specific broadcast source. The standard dish consists of a
parabolic (bowl-shaped) surface and a central feed horn. To transmit a
signal, a controller sends it through the horn, and the dish focuses the
signal into a relatively narrow beam.

The curved dish reflects energy from the feed horn, generating a
narrow beam.

The dish on the receiving end can't transmit information; it can only
receive it. The receiving dish works in the exact opposite way of the
transmitter. When a beam hits the curved dish, the parabola shape
reflects the radio signal inward onto a particular point, just like a
concave mirror focuses light onto a particular point.

The curved dish focuses incoming radio waves onto the feed horn.

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In this case, the point is the dish's feed horn, which passes the signal on
to the receiving equipment. In an ideal setup, there aren't any major
obstacles between the satellite and the dish, so the dish receives a clear
signal.
In some systems, the dish needs to pick up signals from two or more
satellites at the same time. The satellites may be close enough together
that a regular dish with a single horn can pick up signals from both.
This compromises quality somewhat, because the dish isn't aimed
directly at one or more of the satellites. A new dish design uses two or
more horns to pick up different satellite signals. As the beams from
different satellites hit the curved dish, they reflect at different angles so
that one beam hits one of the horns and another beam hits a different
horn.
The central element in the feed horn is the low noise blockdown
converter, or LNB. The LNB amplifies the radio signal bouncing off the
dish and filters out the noise (radio signals not carrying programming).
The LNB passes the amplified, filtered signal to the satellite receiver
inside the viewer's house.

Photo courtesy DirecTV

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Satellite Receiver:
The end component in the entire satellite TV system is the receiver. The
receiver has four essential jobs:
• It de-scrambles the encrypted signal. In order to unlock the signal,
the receiver needs the proper decoder chip for that programming
package. The provider can communicate with the chip, via the satellite
signal, to make necessary adjustments to its decoding programs. The
provider may occasionally send signals that disrupt illegal de-
scramblers as an electronic counter measure (ECM) against illegal
users.
• It takes the digital MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 signal and converts it into an
analog format that a standard television can recognize. In the United
States, receivers convert the digital signal to the analog National
Television Systems Committee (NTSC) format. Some dish and receiver
setups can also output an HDTV signal.
• It extracts the individual channels from the larger satellite signal.
When you change the channel on the receiver, it sends just the signal
for that channel to your TV. Since the receiver spits out only one
channel at a time, you can't tape one program and watch another. You
also can't watch two different programs on two TVs hooked up to the
same receiver. In order to do these things, which are standard on
conventional cable, you need to buy an additional receiver.
• It keeps track of pay-per-view programs and periodically phones a
computer at the provider's headquarters to communicate billing
information.
Receivers have a number of other features as well. They pick up a
programming schedule signal from the provider and present this
information in an onscreen programming guide. Many receivers have
parental lock-out options, and some have built-in digital video
recorders(DVRs), which let you pause live television or record it on a
hard drive.
These receiver features are just added bonuses to the technology of
satellite TV. With its movie-quality picture and sound, satellite TV is
becoming a popular investment for

consumers. Digital cable, which also has improved picture quality


and extended channel selection, has proven to be the fiercest
competitor to satellite providers. The TV war is raging strong between
satellite and digital cable technologies as well as between the providers
who offer these services. Once considered luxuries in most households,
satellite and digital cable are becoming quite common as providers
bundle TV with Internet and phone services to offer competitive deals
and win over customers.

Problems with Broadcast TV:


Conceptually, satellite TV is a lot like broadcast TV. It's a wireless
system for delivering television programming directly to a viewer's
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house. Both broadcast television and satellite stations transmit


programming via a radio signal.
Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio waves to
the surrounding area. Viewers can pick up the signal with a much
smaller antenna. The main limitation of broadcast TV is range. The
radio signals used to broadcast television shoot out from the broadcast
antenna in a straight line. In order to receive these signals, you have to
be in the direct line of sight of the antenna. Small obstacles like trees or
small buildings aren't a problem; but a big obstacle, such as the Earth,
will reflect these radio waves.
If the Earth were perfectly flat, you could pick up broadcast TV
thousands of miles from the source. But because the planet is curved, it
eventually breaks the signal's line of sight. The other problem with
broadcast TV is that the signal is often distorted, even in the viewing
area. To get a perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to
be pretty close to the broadcast antenna without too many obstacles in
the way.
The Satellite TV Solution:

Satellite TV solves the problems of range and distortion by transmitting


broadcast signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are
high in the sky, there are a lot more customers in the line of sight.
Satellite TV systems transmit and receive radio signals using
specialized antennas called satellite dishes.

Satellites are higher in the sky than TV antennas, so they have a much
larger line of sight range.

The TV satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit, meaning that they


stay in one place in the sky relative to the Earth. Each satellite is
launched into space at about 7,000 mph (11,000 kph), reaching
approximately 22,200 miles (35,700 km) above the Earth. At this
speed and altitude, the satellite will revolve around the planet once
every 24 hours -- the same period of time it takes the Earth to make
one full rotation. In other words, the satellite keeps pace with our
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moving planet exactly. This way, you only have to direct the dish at the
satellite once, and from then on it picks up the signal without
adjustment, at least when everything works right.
At the core, this is all there is to satellite TV. But as we'll see in the next
section, there are several important steps between the original
programming source and your TV set.

ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS:


. Satellite links are unaffected by the propagation variations that
interfere with hf radio. They are also free from the high attenuation of
wire or cable facilities and are capable of spanning long distances. The
numerous repeater stations required for line-of-sight or troposcatter
links are no longer needed. They furnish the reliability and flexibility of
service that is needed to support a military operation.
Capacity:
The present military communications satellite system is capable of
communications between backpack, airborne, and shipboard
terminals. The system is capable of handling thousands of
communications channels.
Reliability:
Communications satellite frequencies are not dependent upon
reflection or refraction and are affected only slightly by atmospheric
phenomena. The reliability of satellite communications systems is
limited only by the equipment reliability and the skill of operating and
maintenance personnel.
Vulnerability:
Destruction of an orbiting vehicle by an enemy is possible. However,
destruction of a single communications satellite would be quite difficult
and expensive. The cost would be excessive compared to the tactical
advantage gained. It would be particularly difficult to destroy an entire
multiple-satellite system such as the twenty-six random-orbit satellite
system currently in use. The earth terminals offer a more attractive
target for physical destruction. These can be protected by the same
measures that are taken to protect other vital installations.
A high degree of freedom from jamming damage is provided by the
highly directional antennas at the earth terminals. The wide bandwidth
system that can accommodate sophisticated anti-jam modulation
techniques also lessens vulnerability
Flexibility
Most operational military satellite earth terminals are housed in
transportable vans. These can be loaded into cargo planes and flown to
remote areas. With trained crews these terminals can be put into
operation in a matter of hours. Worldwide communications can be
established quickly to remote areas nearly anywhere in the free world.

IT’S FUTURE-THE CONCLUSION:

In the future SATELLITE TV will open up so many possibilities that it


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3/3/2019 Paper presentation: satellite communication

is hard to imagine what our lives will be like in 30, or even just 20 years
from now. To give an idea of how fast things are going. 50 years ago,
there was nothing in space that was made by humans. Now there are
even satellite graveyards (specific orbits where obsolete satellites are
"parked"). The possibilities of satellite TV technology are growing
faster every year. What took 10 years to develop 30 years ago is now
done in 2 years.

Satellite TV is one of the driving forces for satellite technologies


because the need to please million of subscribers is much stronger than
the need to please the relative limited needs of communications for
commercial purposes. The future of satellite TV is so bright, that a
supernova would pale in comparison.

POSTED BY AZHAR AT 11:53 PM

3 COMMENTS:

chankansin April 26, 2010 at 4:15 AM


Working of Satellite TV shown above gives detailed
information to any layman.
Reply

Unknown January 26, 2018 at 6:07 AM


Why you choose only this topic that is satellite communication
Reply

Bindhu Bin December 17, 2018 at 11:18 PM


Very nice collection, thanks for sharing…

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