UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN QUANTITY SURVEYING

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING

COURSE CODE: QUS213

YEAR I- SE MESTER I THEORY/PRACTICAL Version 1: December 2008

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

Table content - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2

Course out line - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

Week 1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 11

Week 2 Materials, Tools and Equipment used in Drawing - - 16

Week 3 Conventional Indications and Representations - - 27

Week 4 Drawing Coding, Layout and Reproduction - - 31

Week 5 Types of Drawing - - - - - - 35

Week 6 Architectural Working Drawing - - - - 39

Week 7 Anthropometrics application to Building Design - - 46

Week 8 Perspective Drawing - - - - - - 50

Week 9 Perspective Elements - - - - - 55

Week 10 One Point Perspective Drawing Procedure - - - 57

Week 11 Two Points Perspective Drawing Procedure - - - 59

Week 12 Tracing of Drawing - - - - - - - 61

Week 13 Free-hand Drawing (Arts) - - - - - - 63

Week 14 Colour Application - - - - - - - 66

Week 15 Computer Aided Drawing - - - - - - 68

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WEEK 1.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The course is an introduction to the study of the fundamentals of architecture as it relates to the design

and drawing of buildings. Hence a brief definition of the following terms is very important. These term

are: (1) Architecture (2) Design (3) Drawing and (4) Building.

• Architecture:- Architecture is the process and the final creation of man made environment in

ways that is functional, economical to build and emotionally appealing to the user and the

independent viewer.

• Architectural Design:- Is the continuous integration of ideas in order to come out with the most

acceptable solution. It is not a copy work of others hence it must be original.

• Drawing:- Drawing is the graphic representation of idea, thought or design.

• Building:- Is any structure that is used for human habitation.

• Architectural Design Fundamentals:- Are (1) Efficiency (2) Appearance

Efficiency (practical aspects) involves combining all practical aspect necessary to produce a building that
is functional and skillfully produce.

While Appearance (visual aspects) is the aesthetic or external appearance of the building. The
component of appearance of building includes [ 1 ] form and shape [ 2] ratio, proportion and scale,[ 3 ]
balance [ 4 ] aesthetics and [ 5 ] unity or harmony.

• Form and Shape figure 1a is the external appearance of the building.

• Ratio is the comparison of the parts
• Proportion figure 1b is the relationship of the building element and the whole building.

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 • Scale figure 1c is the dialogue between human and the building. (d)
• Balance figure id is the placement of object for strength and stability.
• Aesthetics is the features that are incorporated in the design of the building to make its
appearance beautiful and acceptable.
• Unity or Harmony is the final appearance and sense of completeness of the building.

•
Figure 1a.

1(b)

b Fig 1c
b a1
a a to a1
a
b to b1
b1

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 Fig 1b.

Fig 1d Fig 1c Scaled No scaled

Requirement for Architectural Drawing:-

• Artistic ability – One should be able to have a freehand drawing ability.

• Study habit – One should always be hardworking and willing to learn
• Neatness – One should be neat and presentable at all times
• Fastness – One should not only be hardworking but combining with speed to beat time.
• Accuracy – Drawing should be accurately presented and free of unnecessary errors.
• Good understanding of parallel drawing.- - One should be conversant with simple straight lines
drawing as a prelude e.g isometrics, axonometric etc

Architectural Design Elements

Architectural design elements are (1) Lines (2) Form (3) Colour (4) Tones and (5) Texture on building

• Line Figure 2: Line is path of point in space to form objects of different shapes. It is the starting
point of all compositional work and with the abstract relationship line, colour, form and
space a pure beauty is attained.
• Form Figure 3: Form is a three dimensional shape or shapes. Figure 3.
• Tone Figure 4: Tone is the contrast between light, dark, halftone in building L – Light, S – Shade,
H shadow.
• Texture: Texture is the contrast on the surface of a building. Figure 5
• Colour: Is the one that creates mood which gives a building its final finish. Figure 6.

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Figure 2:

(a) Straight (b)S (c)Curve (d) Circle (e) Square (f) Triangle

(g) Cylinder figure 3

L
S
Figure 4.

L H W

Figure 6 Figure 5

EXERCISES

(a) Measure and draw the width and height of the Doors and Windows in your class rooms and

compare the proportion with your class width and height.

(b) Draw the figures using different types of lines shown in figure 2.

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 WEEK 2.
DRAWING MATERIALS

There are difference types of materials required for drawing practice. Some of these are (1) Pencils (2)

Erasers (3) Papers (4) Tapes (5) Ink etc. Figure 7a – c

• Pencil Figure 7a: Is a common material that is painted for writing or drawing and usually black

and draw fine lines on white background. Pencil can be lead in wood or clutch with varying

degree of hardness and softness from 9 H TO 6B. They are categorized into Hard, Medium and

Soft grades from 9H – 4H, 3H – HB and 2B – 7B respectively.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

• Erasers: Are soft materials that are used to erase mark of pencil or ink on drafting paper or

tracing paper. It can be vinyle, rubber, electric or ink.

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• Papers: (Drawing or detail) It’s a thin sheet, light with strong fibres for superior erasing quality
folding strength, toughness. fine grain etc. Tracing paper is a thin transparent paper upon which
drawings are made in pencil or ink. Tracing papers can be treated with oils, wax or not. Paper
sizes ranges from A4 – A0 for intertional standard, while American national standard ranges
from A – E.

A4 [210x292], A3 [292 x420], A2 [420

x594], A1 [594 x841], A0 [841 x 1189].

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 Figure 7(b)

Fastener figure 7c: Are materials used to fasten drawing papers on the board. For fastening sheets on

board. Masking tape, clips, staplers etc

figure 7(c) Fig 7d

• Ink: The ink in use is waterproof or non water proof and is of different colours and usually in a

bottle which is refill in the pen when it finished. Figure 7(d)

Drawing Tools/ Instrument

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Figure 8a – h are any instrument used in doing work.

The tools commonly use for building drawing are (1) T-square (2) Set squares (3) Pen (4) Scale (5)
Compass (6) Dividers (7) Protectors (8) Templates (9) Board e.t.c. Figure 8:

• T-square figure 8a is a long straight edged blade with T shape head that plastic, wood,
allumiinium etc that is used to draw straight lines.
• Set-square figure 8b is a triangular shaped adjustable or not that is used in conjunction with the
T-square to draw various angles. Commonly seen is the 45o or 60/30o set-squares. It can be
made of wood, plastic, steel or even alluminium.
• Pen figure 8c is a fountain pen usually filled with ink and of different sizes of 0.1mm – 2.0mm
thickness. It is used perpendicular to the paper for best results.
• Scale rule figure 8d is a plastic, wooden, aluminum scale that is used to proportionally reduced
buildings on smaller sheets of paper. Scale rules can be engineers, architects and can be in
metric or imperial.
• Compass figure 8e is an instrument that is used to draw circles with one and made to receive
pencil and the other for pinning to the paper.
• Dividers figure 8f are two leged instrument that is used to divide distance into required units or
for transferring distances.
• Protractor figure 8g is used for setting of angles other than those obtainable with the triangles.
• Templates are simple instruments of various types for use to represent shapes or letters of a
reduce scale.
• B
o
a
r
d
s

a
r
e

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straight edged, flat and smooth surfaces that are made of usually wood, plastic steel etc and in
conjunction with other instrument to draw straight or inclined lines.

Figure 8

Fig 8a

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Fig 8b

Fig 8c

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Fig 8d and e

Fig 8f

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Fig 8h

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 Fig 8i

Drawing Equipment General

Equipment use for drawing includes, (a) Drafting machine (b) Computers e.t.c. Figure 9a & b.

• Drafting machines figure 9a are machines that are used to displace the combine use of T-square,
board, setsquare, scales and protractor which helps speed up drawing.
• Computer drawing figure 9b is the application of conventional computer techniques with the aid
of one of many graphic data processing systems available to the analysis modification and the
finalizing of a graphical solution.

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 Fig 9a

Fig 9b

Maintenance

It is the work undertaken in order to keep every facility in its normal working condition. Maintenance of
drawing materials tools and equipment is to be given serious attention for their longevity. Drawing
items has to be tidy, clean, dusted, washed, serviced, covered, to avoid heat, dust and dirt from
affecting the items. Cleanliness in drawing is very important and its achieved by conscious effort to
observe correct procedures offence hands should be clean at all times, graphite from pencils should be

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allowed on the drawing environment, wipe pencil point with clean cloth, do not work with your sleeves
or hand on board, avoid unnecessary sliding of instruments on board etc.

*Practical Practice:- Demonstrate the setting up of drawing using a drawing board, T-square, drafting
paper and making tape.

EXERCISES Fold and setup your Drawing paper according the A4 – A0 and draw a labeled T-square,
protractor, scalerule, circular and elliptical template and a compass.

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 WEEK 3

CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION IN ARCHITECTURAL GDRAWING

Different conventional methods and representations used on architectural drawings for lines, openings,
materials, fittings, fixtures furniture. Lines have different meanings and can be pictorial or symbolic.

Lines:- There are various types of lines used on drawing for construction and setting out. Some lines are
made tight, broken, strong to represent finish, hidden, object lines etc. Figure 10(a)

fig 10a

Openings Representations:- This is a drawing representation for doors and windows either wood or

metal made. However, there is no hard and fast rules because variation exists in usage. Figure 10(B)

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 Fig 10b

Materials Representation:- This is a conventional line indication of materials in general uses.

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 Figure 10c

Fittings Representations:- This is used to represent sanitary fittings in plane or elevations.

Figure 10 d

Bath Shower WHB WC Fridge Cooker

o o
o o
4 o 9
o o
5
0

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Furniture Representations:- This is a conventional indications of domestic furniture/fittings drawings.

Figure 10(e)

*Practical Practice:- Redraw the given drawing showing clearly the various conventional types of lines
used.

EXERCISES Use scale 1:50 Template to draw using a HB pencil the plan of the following; Bath, Shower
tray, Wash hand Bash, Sink, Cooker, Fridge and Water closet, Adining table, cussion set, Bed and
Wardrobe.

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WEEK 4

DRAWING CODING LAYOUT AND REPRODUCTION

Coding Drawing Figure 11a:- Coding of drawing is a simple numbering system that helps o sort out
drawing. The coordinated building communication (CBC) uses coding of letters and number
internationally for easy reference.

A = Assembling drawing
CBC

24 = element code (stairs)

2 = sheet number.

A (24) 2

Figure 11a

Drawing Layout Figure 11(a) & (b) :- Layout of drawings involves the proper arrangement of the title
block and margins either horizontally or vertically. Folding of drawing ensures title block is on the face.

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Drawing Reproduction:- Drawing reproduction involves the reproduction of drawing needed exactly, in
large quantity fast and economical.

Equipments/Machines:- Machines used for this are (1) Photocopier (2) Plan printing (3) Computer (4)
Scanner , Plotter etc.

Photocopier:- Photostat is a photographic process using camera for making copies of any kind.

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 Fig 11c

Printing Machine:- This is used to produce copies of drawing prints from the negative fed into it.
Printing Machine uses the principles that is based on the sensitivity of light on some chemical when
exposed to vapour for development.

Fig 11d

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Scanner:- Is a device hat captures images from photo graphic prints, posters etc for computed editing
and display.

Fig 11e

Maintenance of Drawing Producing Machines:- Maintenance of the above machines is usually

preventive (daily) corrective and predictive by covering sensitive parts after use to avoid dust, moping to
keep them dry, checking for sufficient compound before operation, greasing, tightening of moving parts
etc.

* Practical Practice:- Demonstration of the various methods of reproducing drawings with

photocopying machine, plan printing and computer.

EXERCISES

1. (a) Draw a title block Horizontally and Vertically on A4, A3, A2 and A1 papers. (b) State the
maintenance procedure the following machines; (1) Photocopier (2) Plant printer (3) Scanner.

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WEEK 5

TYPES OF DRAWING

Drawing or graphic representation was developed along two distinct lines as (1) Artistic and (2)
Technical drawing.

Fig 12 Fig 13

Artistic drawing figure 12 is the drawing used to express aesthetic philosophy or other Abstract ideas
for time immemorial since books or prints do not exist, people look at sculptures and drawings as
sources of information. Technical drawings figure 13 were used earlier to convey instructions on how to
construct, dams, theater etc. Technical drawing is any drawing used to express technical ideas it self was
categorized in to (1) Mechanical drawing ( precision drawing) and (2) Building (Architectural ) drawing.

There are four types of Architectural drawing exist as (1) Preliminarily sketch (2) Presentation (3)
Working and (4) Shop drawings. Figure 12a, b & C.

Preliminary Drawing:- Preliminary drawing are prepared during promotional stage of building
development.

Presentation Drawing:- Presentation drawing figure 14 are meant to convey the proposed building
attractively in its natural settings and not normally dimensioned.

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 Fig 14

(1) Presentation

Working Drawing:- Working drawing figure 15 are usually orthographic in nature. It is the technical
direction in graphic form that is needed by various tradesmen to complete a building project. Its
dimensioned and specifications attached.

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 Fig 15

Shop Drawing:- Shop drawing figure 16 are technical drawings prepared by the architect or tradesmen
to show how the building and or its components for a specific information on the items in question

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 Figure 16

EXERCISES

A box measuring 30 x 30cm is placed on a table of 1m height above the ground.

(a) Produce the artistic impression of the box (b) Draw the box using technical instrument to scale
1:20 (c) Draw the same box to a scale of 1:5 and give all its measurements.

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 Weeks 6

ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWING

Architectural working drawing as discussed above is divided into seven types namely (1) Site plan (2)
Floor plan (3) Roof plan (4) Section (5) Elevation (6) Details and (7) Schedule.

• Site Plan Figure 17:- Site plan is the drawing that shows the relationship between the proposed
building and its natural or artificial settings. Architects do understand the optimal building site
location by carrying out a site inventory and resource analysis of soil, vegetation services,
climate, topography aesthetics, land use as well as obstructions on the site.

Fig 17

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• Steps in Drawing Site Plan :- (1) Site sketching by physical site inspection, noting the
regulations, orientation, total area, property line, services etc. (2) Scaling the drawing. (3) Site
designing by proposing the new building, new street, contours, services etc.

• Floor Plan Figure 18:- Floor plan is the Horizontal section view of a building viewed from 1.2 –
1.5m above which shows the building components, layout of walls and arrangement of rooms.
• Steps in Drawing Floor Plan:- (1) Scaling and layout on board (2) Drawing walls, doors, windows
etc (3) Drawing details e.g. stair case (4) Dimension the drawing (5) Lettering titles, notes and
symbols (6) Checking the plan.

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 Fig 18

• Roof Plan Figure 15:- Roof plan is the top view of the building showing the overall arrangement
of roof system.

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• Steps in Drawing Roof Plan: (1) Scaling the drawing (2) Direction of the fall (3) Drawing the
outline (4) Setting roof members to show components. (5) Labeling and dimensioning of
components etc.

Fig 19

• Section Figure 20:- Section is the theoretical cutting through of the building vertically and
showing the cut members. Details are normally enlarged from the section.

Fig 20

• Steps in Producing Section:- (1) Picking the section line from plan (2) Drawing all members cut
by the plane (3) Labeling the components (4) Giving the dimension of members

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• Elevation Figure 21:- Elevation is the drawing that shows how a building look like if viewed from
any of the sides it shows the height and width of the building. It is drawn from the plan and of
the same scale. Elevation can either be exterior or interior bur generally are of four types
depending on the usage. Elevation can be drawn in relation to the frontal view or the North
direction. For Frontal view related elevation, we have the front, rear, left and right elevations
while in the North related view there is the North, South, West and East views respectively.

• Steps in drawing Elevation:- (1) Establish a scale and use the plan (2) Establish reference lines
(3) Draw roof lines (4) Establish door and window heights and width (5) Draw stair footing height
where applicable (6) Check the elevation very well.

Fig 21

• Details:- Details are the enlarged portion of the section or plan for a much specific informations.

• Steps in producing Detail Drawing:- (1) Choose the scale to be used (2) Select the area needing
the detail by circling (3) Blow the indicated part to the scale required (4) Elaborate other
information required.

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 Fig 22

• Schedules Figure 23 :- Schedules are tabular description of the quantity, symbol, measurements
sketches of Doors and Windows used in the building drawing.

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 • Steps in producing Schedule:- (1) Create the required table based on the required information
(2) Identify the doors, window symbols, measurement quantity, location, from the plan.
Sign Sketch Meast Qty Loct Description

Pallour
1200 Gitall
D1 5
x hope
Door

2100
Window

1200

Bedroom
5
W1 x Gitall

2100 hope

Schedule

Fig 23

*Practical Practice:- Reproduce the given set of the working drawing using the same scale in the
following order: Site plan, Plan, Roof plan, section, Elevations, Details and Schedules.

EXERCISES

You are required to produce a working drawing of a simple Two Bedroom House on a plot of 15 x 30m..
Using a scale of 1:100 for site plan, 1:50 for floor plan, roof plan, section, elevations and scale 1:10 for
details.

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 WEEK 7

APPLICATION OF ANTHROPOMETRICS IN BUILDING DRAWING

Anthropometrics is the measurements of size and shape of human body for comfort in and around the
building in space and applied to set standard for designs of building components, units and spaces.

• Principles of Anthropometerics Figure 24a-c 2.5

• Principles of Anthropometric are based on the fact that people by reasons of Age, Sex physique
and disability show wide range of body and dimension reach. Hence average Human figure is
used for Architectural criteria.
525
Figure 24 a-c 2100 min

2160
1720 300

1600
1080
ْ

00 540
500
920 to 10

(a) (b) (c)

Anthropometric application

• Building Space Requirement Figure 25a-b

Space requirements entail the space needed by humans to move and utilize the various spaces in
building.

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 Item Area Cir. Total

Sink
(a) (b)
0.8 x 1.8 0.72 2.16
Fridge

Cooker 0.7 x 0.55 0. 0.6

2 vp

0.6 x 0.5 0.15 0.45

Space requirement
3.21m2
Kitchen functional relationship

Prepare
Wash

Mix
Serve
Cook

Fig 26: Kitchen bubble diagram

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space required for furniture Design and Arrangement

fig 27

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 Fig 28

Fittings and fixtures arrangement in toilet

*Practical practice: Carry out your body measurements as you are seated in the class and relate this to
your space requirements in your class.

EXERCISES

Design a space requirement for your giving room that has a set of cussion, bookshelves, TV stand and
centre table, add circulation space to be 50% of the individual space and arrange the furniture
to get good functional circular.

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 WEEK 8

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Perspective is the art of drawing solid object in three dimension on a flat two dimensional surface. So as
to give the right impression of the relative height, width, dept, distance etc. It is a pictorial drawing
method of representing building very much as the lense of a camera records an image on film. It is a
most helpful tool for the architect or owner to sell the proposed building.

Principles of Perspective Drawing Figure 29a-b

Principles of perspective is based on the optical illusion that (1) all parallel lines tends to converge (2) all
perspective rays are radiating from a single source (3) buildings are to be drawn as seen not as they are
known (4) buildings appear to get smaller as they recede.

(a) (b)

• Types of Perspective Figure 30(a-c)

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 Types of perspective are of three namely (1) one point, (2) two points and (3) three points. The
difference being in the number of vanishing points they have. One point with all lines recedes to the
only point e.g rail line it is suitable for interior views. Two points with the two vanishing points but
vertical parallel lines do not vanish but horizontal lines do e.g. building viewed at a distance corner.
Three points has three vanishing points and no parallel edges parallel to the picture plane e.g tall
building. Generally two points perspective is most often used and both two and three points
perspective are most suitable for exterior views.

Fig 30a

50
Fig. 30b

Fig 30c

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 • Classes of Perspective Figure 31 (abc)
Perspective is classified into three viz: (1) normal (2) birds eye view, and (3) frogs eye view. A normal
perspective is the one mostly used for illustrations because the vanishing point is on the horizon line.
Birds eye view (avail perspective) has the building below the observers eye in the same way the birds
sees the building as it flies. The frogs eye view perspective has the level below the object as the frog
sees the building above.

vp vP

vp vp vp

vp

Normal Birds eye view

(a) (b) Frogs eye view

(c)
• Methods of Perspective Drawing
Methods of perspective drawing are three (1) approximate (2) mechanical and (3) computer.
Approximate perspective is used mostly for preliminary studies and presentations and the finish drawing
will be similar to those drawn mechanically or by computer. It is better to learn how to use the
approximate perspective before attempting the other methods. Mechanical perspective are of several
types but all based on the same principles. Computer perspective uses computer aided design like
AutoCAD, ArchiCAD etc. it is faster, accurate, ease of recollection.

• Terms or Elements of Perspective Figure 32

Terms (elements) of perspective are many and the best way to learn them is to practice the way they
are constructed. They are (1) picture plane (pp), (2) ground plane (GP), (3) station point (SP), (4)

52
horizontal line (HL), (5) vanishing point (VP), (6) true height line (THL), (7) visual rays (VR), (8) vanishing
lines (VL), (9) centre of vision (CV), (10) cone of vision (COV), (11) angle of vision (AV), (12) eye level (EL),
(13) object (O).

CV

HL/EL VP

VP O

THL

GP

Figure 32

*Practical Practice: Demonstrate the practical application of the principles of perspective on rail and

road for one point perspective and at long building corner for two point perspectives. Demonstrate the

application of the classes of perspective with elevated block, block placed on ground and placed at eye

level for the frogs eye, birds eye and normal perspective.

EXERCISES

(a) Visit a rail way line and a major road then draw how they recedes from your standing point for
one point perspective .

(b) Draw your class from a corner and observe how the walls and roof vanish for two points
perspectives.

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WEEK 9

PERSPECTIVE ELEMENTS

Picture Plane (PP):- A Transparent Imaginary Plane Of Projection. A Transparent Vertical Plane Upon
Which The Perspective Is Drawn. The Lower Part Of The Plane Interest The Ground Plane And On The
Plan Portion View Of The Layout, It Appears As A Line Parallel To The Ground Plane And Usually Is Placed
Between The Station Point And The Object.

Ground Plane (GP):- Is The Horizontal Plane Which Is Represented By A Line On The Elevation Portion Of
The Layout. Gp Is Always Parallel To The Horizontal Line And Represent By The Intersection Of The
Picture Plane And The Ground. This Is The Place That The View Is Standing In Plane.

Station Point (SP):- Is the origination of the usual rays as the object is observed through the picture
plane. It will appear as a point in both plan and elevation which will fall on the horizontal. This
determines the view of the object, this determines the favourable position of the observed.

Horizon Line (HL):- Is the eye level of the viewer. It’s the intersection of the sky and the ground and
therefore only represented on the elevation position of the drawing. It’s usually paced above the ground
line (plane) and the amount dets the height of observation since its always at the eye level and parallel
to the ground line and passes through the picture plane.

Vanishing Point (VP):- Is made of the left and right vanishing point for two pt pers or central for the 1 pt
perspective. This is a specific point or pts located on the horizon line where all parallel lines drawn in the
perspective coverage.

True Height Line (THL):- It is a vertical line of the object touches the picture plane, the line will appear
full length on the finished perspective thus providing a convenient method for projecting true height.

54
Visual Rays (VR):- Are imaginary lines drawn from the station pt to any specific pt with the designated
scope of the plane layout of the object. The pt at which this projected lines passes through the picture
plane will det the location of that pt in perspective.

Vanishing Lines (VL):- Horizontal lines of the object which coverage on the vanishing point.

EXERCISES

(a) Define and draw all the perspective elements of a box measuring 30 x 30cm placed at your eye
level.

WEEK 10

ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING PROCEDURE

General procedure for producing a normal mechanical perspective are (1) Scale the drawing (2) Index all
perspective elements using numbers (3) Label all perspective elements using letters (4) Identify the
various lines used and (5) Revisit the drawing process stage by stage to ensure accuracy.

One Point Perspective Drawing Procedure

55
Steps in producing a one point perspective Figure 33

• Draw the plan (P) to scale

• Draw the station point(s)
• Draw the picture plane (PP)
• Draw lines from station point to corners of plan
• Draw the elevation
• Determine the eye level height (EL)
• Draw centre of vision (CV)
• All construction lines should be light
• Cross check the procedure to ensure accuracy.

Below sketch shows a perspective procedure for one point perspective by labeling and indexing. (1P)
Plan, (2St/O) Station Point/observer, (3 CV) Centre of Vision, (4 COV) Cone of Vision, (5PP) Picture Plane,
(6 HL//EL) Horizon Line/ Eye Level, (7 VP) Vanishing Point, (8 GL) Ground Level, (9 AV) Angle of Vision,
(10 THL) True Height Line.

3 CV

7 VP
6 EL/HL
7 VP

10THL
8 GL

5 PP
1P

4 COV

450 450 9 AV
2 SP/O
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 Figure 33

*Practical Practice: Produce a simple one point perspective of an open box measuring 400mm x 300mm
to a scale of 1:10

EXERCISES

Construct a one point perspective of your bed room by locating all the components on the floor plan to
a scale of 1:50.

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 WEEK 11

TWO POINTS PERSPECTIVE DRAWING PROCEDURE

Steps in producing a two points perspective figure 34a

• Draw the plan to scale (P)

• Draw station to scale (S)
• Draw the centre of vision (CV)
• Draw picture plane (PP)
• Draw lines from station point(s) to the picture plane parallel to plan for vanishing points (VP)
• From vanishing points (VP) draw horizontal line to determine the eye level (EL)
• Draw elevations and the true height line (THL)
• From height line determine ground level based on scale.
• Cross check the procedure to ensure accuracy.
Below sketch shows a perspective procedure for one point perspective by labeling and indexing. (1P)
Plan, (2St/O) Station Point/observer, (3 CV) Centre of Vision, (4 COV) Cone of Vision, (5PP) Picture Plane,
(6 HL//EL) Horizon Line/ Eye Level, (7 VP) Vanishing Point, (8 GL) Ground Level, (9 AV) Angle of Vision,
(10 THL) True Height Line. 3 CV

10THL

7· VP 7·VP

8 GL

5 PP
30 60
Figure 34a 1P

4 COV

9 AV 45 0
450
2 SP/O

58
 Fig 34b

Above sketche shows a perspective procedure for two points perspective by labeling and indexing. (1P)
Plan, (2St/O) Station Point/observer, (3 CV) Centre of Vision, (4 COV) Cone of Vision, (5PP) Picture Plane,
(6 HL//EL) Horizon Line/ Eye Level, (7 VP) Vanishing Point, (8 GL) Ground Level, (9 AV) Angle of Vision,
(10 THL) True Height Line.

∗ Practical practice: Produce a two points perspective of a simple block, place on the ground and
measuring 450mm x 250m x 230mm to a scale of 1:10.

EXERCISES

Construct a two points perspective of your class room to scale of 1:50.

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 WEEK 12

TRACING OF DRAWING
The principal objective of tracing drawing is to produce a finished work through practice in manipulation
of the instruments. Tracing can be in pencil or in pen and done by placing a terracing paper on the
drawing sheet. Sheet for improved visibility placing a white backing

• Steps in Tracing Drawing Figure 35

Good tracing is achieved by (1) accuracy (2) speed (3) legibility and (4) neatness.

Accuracy is the exactness in tracing without errors or mistakes.

Speed fastness in tracing to save time, it comes with study and practice.

Legibility is the clarity of tracing to sere as a medium of communication to others effectively.

Neatness is the cleanliness of the drawing to covey its accuracy and legibility.

Procedure for tracing involves (1) getting instruments around (2) tidying work area (3) preparing the
board (4) selecting the pen (5) testing and correcting instrument (6) layout of sheet (7) correct holding
or positioning of pen (8) timing for ink to dry (9) control of line thickness.

• Order of tracing:- (1) mark all points in pencil directly (2) Draw horizontal, then vertical then
incline lines (3) ink arrow heads notes (4) Draw left to right, up to down etc.

Correct Wrong Wrong

Figure 35

Stenciling is the process of using pen and template to draw shapes and write information on the
drawings figure ----

∗ Practical practice: Use drawing pens to trace a simple finish pencil working drawing given to
you.

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 Demonstrate how to hold pens for tracing drawing and how to maintain them.

EXERCISES

Trace the simple plan given to you in pen and ink with points 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2mm.

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 WEEK 13

FREEHAND DRAWING (ARTS) FIGURE 36 (a-f)

Artistic drawing is an aspect of mental development, imaginative, creative and aesthetics through what
the eye sees, what the mind imagine and what is translated in a graphic form. Training in freehand
drawing consist of (1) training the eye and (2) training the hand to express what is seen simultaneously.

Square
Horizontal line 0
Vertical line 45
circle
(a) (e)
(b) (c)
(d)

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 Materials and Tools for Freehand Drawing Figure 37a – fMaterials and tools for freehand
drawing are water colour, sponge, ink, erasers, brush, pen, spray gum, knife etc.

Fig 38 (a-f)

• Freehand Rendering Figure 38 (a b and c)

Freehand rendering shows the effective of relative sizes, dept, width, light and darkness as well as the
solidity of the building.

Light Halftone

Shade

Shadow

Hatching Cross hatching

(a) (b) (c)

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 Fig 38(a, b & c)

• Shading:- Is to give a feeling of recession, solidity and dept to buildings. Shade is that surface of
a building in darkness, light is that surface subjected to rays. Halftone (casting edge) is the
intersection between light and dark sides. Shadow is the image of the building casting on ground
or other object.
∗ Practical practice: Produce a rectangle and square shapes using freehand sketching.
Demonstrate the use of the various materials and tools used for artistic production.

EXERCISE

(a) Use a HB pencil and draw 10 lines each horizontally, vertically, circular, triangle, square,
rectangle and diagonally.

(b) Place a box outside your class on a sunny day at around 10am and produce the tonal effect of
the box.

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 WEEK 14

APPLICATION OF COLOUR FIGURE 39

• Colour is the decomposition of white light into the seven colours spectrum of red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Some colours are good on buildings while some are not.
yellow

yellow orange yellow-green primary colours – red, yellow and blue

secondary “ – orange, purple and green

green - - -
White
orange Blue green

orange red --- Intermediate “ – yellow green, blue

green, Blue purple,

Red orange and

Red Blue yellow orange

Blue purple

Red-Purple purple

The colour wheel

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 • Principles of Colour Harmony
Principles of colour harmony consist of two laws (1) colours must be related (2) one colour must
dominate. Colour harmony consist of (1) single colour with neutral (2) Harmony of adjacent colours (3)
harmony of complementary colours.

∗ Practical practice: Demonstrate colour spectrum produced using a prism or water spray to
obtain rainbow. Mix five different colours to produce colour harmony.

EXERCISE

Obtain the seven primary colours and mix them up to obtain the secondary and intermediate colours.

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 WEEK 15

COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

Traditionally, Drawing is prepared using the instruments outlined in week 2, but

their accuracy depends on the skill of the drawer, is more cumbersome,
modifications and repetition as well as time consuming, hence the popularity of
Computer Aided Drawing is the application of conventional computed techniques
with the aid of one or many graphic data processing systems available to analyse,
modify and finalize graphic solution.

Fig 40

• Computer aided drawing is the process of preparing of a building on the screen of a computer.
• Since using instrument is time consuming susceptible to error, difficulty in modification and
repetition and cumbersome.
• Computer used in drawing has the advantage of producing neat, fast, retrieve, and make
amendments etc easily. The basic hardware components includes the key board, mouse,
monitor, UPS, scanners, printer, plotter etc. Application of the computer to draw coordinates,
layers, simple shapes, edit drawing, save drawing, erase drawing, copy etc.

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 • Hardware is the set of all the physical components of computer system which can be seen or
touched. Software on the other hand is a set of electronic instructions for computer that makes
the hardware to perform the given task. The component of a computer hardware are input
devices, central processing unit, output devices. The input devices convert information given by
the user into electrical signals and sent to the computer system. Central processing unit is the
nerve centre of the computer, receives information and processes it and sends it to the output
devices. The output devices displays or print the end product of the given task. The computer
Aided Drawing soft ware either operating or application software. The operating software
system are MS DOS, Windows, Window XP etc. Application software system are MS Office,
AutoCAD, CorelDraw etc.

∗ Practical practice: Identify the various hardware components, their uses and the maintenance
procedure
EXERCISE

Draw a simple block layout using a computer from creating title block to full dimensioning.

REFERENCES.

Architectural Draughtmanship by Fresiser Reekie.

Reading Architectural Working Drawing by Edward J. Muuer.

Technical Drawing 7th Edition by Gieseke, Michael Speneer and Dygdon.

Lecture Manual Prepared by Arc. H.I. Kwami Department of Architecture Kaduna Polytechnic.

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