DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 1

SCHOOL: LOVELY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

Course code: 407

Course title: Dissertation

Name of student: Gaurav Agrawal

Registration number: 11507783

Section number: A1502

Roll number: RA1502B32

Academic year: 2018-2019

Batch: 2015-2020

Name and signature of faculty adviser mentor: Ar. Vijay Kumar

Name and signature of Head of Department: Ar. Narinderjit Kaur

Name and signature of Head of school: Ar. Atul Kumar Singla

 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me

throughout the course of this dissertation project. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance,

invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely

grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues

related to the project.

I express my warm thanks to Ar. Vijay Kumar for her support and guidance.

I would also like to thank all the people who provided me with the facilities being required

and conductive conditions.

Thank you,

Gaurav Agrawal
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 3

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary

spaces for the future cemeteries” submitted by Mr. Gaurav Agrawal in partial fulfilment for
the award of degree of Bachelors of architecture from Lovely Professional University, is a
record carried out by his in our supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in this
dissertation work, other than that acknowledged as reference, has not been submitted for any
other degree or diploma.

Recommended by:

................................

Name of supervisor: AR. Vijay Kumar

Designation: Assistant Professor

School: Lovely School of Architecture and Design,

Lovely Professional University,

Phagwara, Punjab
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 4

DECLARATION

I Gaurav Agrawal, author of the dissertation “DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary

spaces for the future cemeteries” hereby declare that this is an independent work carried out
in partial fulfilment for award of Bachelor’s degree in Architecture at Lovely Professional
University, Punjab.

This work has not been submitted to any other institute for award of any degree/ diploma.

Date: Nov., 2018 Gaurav Agrawal

Place: Lovely Professional University 11507783

Punjab B. Architecture

LSAD

Session: 2015-20
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 5

ABSTRACT

Cemetery has been lost in the modern land use of today. In today’s scenario these spaces are
left as vacant or called haunted and only visited on mournful occasions. “The best way to
predict the future is to design it” as said by great Architect Buckminster Fuller. It is now the
turn of memories to be designed. With the rapid growth in the population, the world one side
is facing the problem of open spaces and global warming and on the other side there is a
shortage of Land to live. Community open space and respecting and aiding the healing
process to cemetery design deaths capes can once again function as integral element of the
community. Life and Death presents an eternal topic for human beings to study. Cemetery
space can be regarded as sacred in that it acts as a focus for the pilgrimage of friends and
family and is protected from activities seems disrespectful’. However, cemeteries are
principally secular spaces: ownership is almost always by municipal authorities or private
sector concerns. The sites are intended to serve the whole community, and in doing so are
closely integrated into community history. The sites are able to carry multiple social and
political meanings.
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Table of contents

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 5

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................7
1.1 Research Question........................................................................................................ 8
1.2. Methdology.................................................................................................................. 8

2. Classification of Graveyard and Cemeteries..................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................9
2.1. History of cemeteries....................................................................................................9

2.2 Types of cemeteries…………………………………………………………………..10

3. Case studies.................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Bunurong Memorial Park............................................................................................. 13
3.2 Forest Lawn Memorial Park, California....................................................................... 15

4. Interpretation of Findings..............................................................................................19
4.1 Community Open Space...............................................................................................19
4.2 Sustainability............................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Space……………………………………………………............................................ 19
4.4. The Healing Process .................................................................................................... 20

5. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 21

6. References ...................................................................................................................... 22
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 7

1. INTRODUCTION:

We are a part of 21st Century where everything is advancing each moment. It is

time where Architecture has touched sky with the help of technology. Each part of
Architecture has witnessed Innovation with the passage of time. If we see the Journey of
Skyscrapers from Home Insurance building in 1884 which was just 42m high to a structure
that floats above the clouds “Burj Khalifa” that is 829.8m high. Every part in this world is
functioning on the concept of “Change is Constant”. At the same time there is a part of
Architecture which is most untouched, in fact where the old systems are hold fasted. This
segment (i.e., Graveyards) screams for a revolutionary change. Dig a 1.8m deep hole, put the
corpse and fill the earth back and erect a monument. Nothing has changed in last many
centuries. But with the change in living style, increasing density of people, deteriorating
conditions of Graveyard there is a need of Innovation in Graveyards. Burial grounds,
graveyards, cemeteries, memorial parks and deaths capes while all of these words describe
the same type of space within a community, each word conjures a different vision. Burial
grounds are thought of to be archaic and primitive while graveyards bring visions of
Medieval church-side grounds with wooden crosses or even Horror films. Cemeteries are
packed full of stone monuments, giant spindly oak trees and black crows. Memorial parks are
common, grassy spaces that are typically only visited for funerals. The main aim of the
dissertation is to create a cemetery as a community space. Objectives of the research is to
designing a contemporary landscape design along with the cemetery space with the help of
various journals and various types of land use. Also collaborative study of the history of
burial ground or cemeteries. To design a public space with help of mixed land use of
cemetery spaces and contemporary design.

This dissertation adopts two research methods: case study research and casual comparative
study to analyse and compare the current knowledge of urban cemetery design.

Case study: Case study dedicated to understanding the relevant historical and contemporarily
projects as well as the existing theory that could unravel the past design discipline and
provide a good foundation for the future research.
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 8

Casual comparative study: Comparison analysis of the cases summarizes the important
design parameters of the contemporary cemetery. Understanding the essence of each case
through the comparative approach will set up a solid research background to help to identify
the common threads of urban cemetery design.

This research, however, proposes the term as the future of cemeteries – where designs with
death become a part of the lives of the living. A future where a cemetery once again becomes
a part of a sustainable community fabric and is used as a public green space on a daily basis
while still serving the needs of those in mourning or who have expired.

1.2 Research Question

This research explores modern issues with cemetery design in India. As communities
continue to expand and covering the more and more open spaces with in the cities place more
pressure on natural resources. cemeteries must adapt in order to allot these resources to the
living. Healthy communities require outdoor public spaces in which to interact with nature as
well; however, cemeteries are mainly used as spaces for burial and mourning, not community
open spaces. The question then becomes: How can cemetery design change to address the
modern issues of sustainability and community open space while respecting and aiding the
healing process?

1.3 Methadology Chart

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2. CLASSIFICATION OF GRAVEYARD AND CEMMETRIES

Scenes witnessed at one region of the world is different from the other region. There are
some components like Environment, Culture, Tradition, lifestyle, religion etc. which makes
the scene diverse. These factors also dictate the burial process. Muslim, Christians and Sri
Lankan Buddhist bury their dead body where Buddhist in other part of the world only decay
the ruins or ashes. With the passage of time humans have adopted different type of burial
rituals and that led to the evolution of different type of Graveyards and Cemeteries.
Throughout history, society has set aside space to memorialize their dead. Some 300,000
years ago, early humans had modest grave fields filled with flowers for their loved ones.
Ancient Egyptians and Romans built elaborate structures to honour their dead. As societies
evolved, so did our final resting places. Let’s look at the history of the cemeteries used to
honour, memorialize, and remember our loved ones.

2.1 History of Cemetery

Prehistory

Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the term “grave field”. In Mumford’s book The City
in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects, he talked about the origin of
cemetery. “Human life swings between two poles: movement and settlement.” The first
permanent dwelling was for the dead such as a cave, a mound marked by a caring or a
collective barrow. The living returned to these landmarks at intervals to commune with or
placated the ancestral spirits. In one sense, indeed, the city of the dead is the forerunner of
every living city. The first traveller who approached to a Greek or a Roman city, he would
have passed the row of graves and tombstones that lined the roads to the city. After the city
was formed, there are two rites that draw men into the city which are social and religious
impulses. Once the city becomes crowded modern city, the most general exodus occurred,
which is the migration of the dead from the urban to the sub-urban cemetery. The sub-urban
cemetery is relatively quiet and closer to a romantic Elysium. Elysium is a conception of the
afterlife which allows the dead to live in a perfect blessed adobe.

Early Christianity

From the seventh century, European burial only could occur in the holy church ground. But
the practice is different in continental Europe, which the bodies were usually buried in a mass
grave for decomposition. Bones were excavated and stored in the box, either place in the
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 10

cemetery or place under floor slabs and behind walls of the church. More words and symbols
engraved on the tombstone, more expensive it was. Wealthy families used to compete for the
artistic value of their family headstone to others by adding statue on the grave. Those who
cannot pay a tombstone usually have some religious symbol such as Christian cross made
from wood or metal.

Modernity

From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the rapid population growth during the
industrial revolution cause the outbreak of infectious diseases near the cemetery and limit the
burial space in the cemetery. Because of this, burial in graveyards was eventually banned by
the government legislation in many European countries. The new burial places were moved
to rural area where not heavily populated. New cemeteries either owned by the government
or by private corporations, and thus the new cemetery is completely separated from
churchyards. Another concept of burial, landscape-style cemetery, occurred in Europe when
Napoleonic invasions. In Britain, the public health concern drove the landscape style. After,
the Metropolitan Burial Act establish the first national system of government funded
municipal cemeteries and opening the way for massive expansion burial infrastructure.

2.2 Types of cemeteries

Urban Cemetery

Urban cemetery located in the village, town or city. The burial plots of urban cemetery often
use grid layout to show it is orderliness. As urban development over time, urban cemetery
becomes more landscaped formed to show more comprehension of urban civilization and
harmony with nature. Sanitary is the primary public health concern of urban cemetery. Safely
dispose the decomposing corpses is a difficult process. Even with deep burial, the
decomposition of human corpses could generate pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses
which could cause disease and illness. Coffin and burial equipment could also release toxic
chemicals such as arsenic and formaldehyde and toxic metals. Multiple burials in the same
grave is another problem which result the size limitation of the urban cemetery. Three
problems need to be considered in the future urban cemetery design is sanitary issue, reuse
possibility, and size of burial plot.

Rural or Garden Cemetery

 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 11

Rural cemetery or garden cemetery typically associates with landscape design. Plants such as
trees, bushes, and flowers are the most important design elements along with the burial
ground. The garden cemetery usually located on the rural area where the land is cheap and
abundant. But garden cemetery can be located in the urban area as well, as a garden or park
form. Nowadays, garden cemetery usually features monuments and memorials, mausoleums,
and columbaria.

Monumental Cemetery

Monumental cemetery is one of the traditional cemeteries. Because of the headstone or the
monuments usually made of marble or granite and it rise vertically above the ground, it is
easy to be damaged overtime base on the difficulty of maintenance. The family members are
responsible for the maintenance of the headstone, but could not help deterioration overtime.

Natural Cemetery

Natural cemetery is a way of eco burial which desire to motivate environmental protection.
The burial site of natural cemetery usually is in the forest or natural wetland because the soil
condition could help rapidly decomposing the body. “Returning to nature” is the major
concept of the natural cemetery, therefore, typically there is no grave marking such as
tombstones. Instead, a rock or a tree is more appropriate way to commemorate the dead.

Columbarium wall

Columbarium wall is a common feature of many cemeteries since the cremation popularized
and increased. High space efficiency is the primary advantage of columbaria wall where each
niche is just big enough for a person’s cremains. Compare with other types of burial plot,
columbarium wall is a cheaper alternative. The niches going close to ground level are not
popular because it is hard to read, especially for older people who cannot bend down very
low. The eye levelled niches are the most popular ones. Low maintenance is another big
advantage of columbarium wall.

Future Cemeteries

It’s expected that both our funeral traditions and need for space will influence how we bury
the dead in the future. So what could a cemetery look like 10-20 years down the line? It’s
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 12

hard to say for certain, but that hasn’t stopped people from speculating. Here are a few of the
ideas proposed:

A cemetery with gravestones that “come to life” via augmented reality

Vertical cemetery “high-rises” in urban areas

Mourning parks with grave markers that light up using human biomass for energy

CHAPTER 3
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 13

3. CASE STUDIES

3.1 Bunurong Memorial Park

Cemeteries were once designed for a few, and looked only to the past. Bunurong Memorial
Park transforms the conventional to create a contemporary community park for all, for
everyday use, for walking and playing, in addition to being a most special place to
memorialise the lives of those now passed. Bunurong Memorial celebrates the unique
landscape of Australia, and embraces the diversity of cultural and religious traditions, to
fashion a place that gives a contemporary, elegant and unique experience.

The plantings of the park are still to mature, but the structure of the design is visible and soon
in spring the newly planted Australian flower garden will bloom. A timelessness pervades the
design. A collection of outdoor rooms is shaped for the many journeys people will take
through the site and as part of memorial programs, and they provide a rich selection of
possibilities for memorialising your loved one.

Bunurong Memorial Park is unique, Australian, contemporary, distinguished from the more
European and traditional cemeteries of Melbourne and across Australia.
Working closely with BVN Architects, ASPECT Studios delivered the 11hectare site
including 80,000 native trees and shrubs, three architectural designed chapels, administration
and function centre, funeral services centre, café, florist, multi-faith rooms, and road works.
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 14

Bunurong Memorial Park

Client | Southern Metropolitan Cemeteries Trust (SMCT)

Project Lead | BVN Architects

Landscape Architect | ASPECT Studios

Project Team:
ASPECT Studios
BVN Architects
Bonacci Group (civil and structural engineering)
Murchie (ESD/Services)
Ratio (Traffic)
Tree Logic (Horticultural specialist)
Sally Tyrell (Horticultural specialist)
Dr Peter May (Soil specialist)

Photography | John Gollings

Year | 2016
Area size | 10 Hectares
Budget | approximately $42 million
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 15

3.2 Forest Lawn Memorial Park, California

During its heyday in the 1940’s and 1950’s, Forest Lawn hosted millions of funerals,
weddings and tourists, all passing through the wrought iron gates in Glendale Dr. Hubert
Eaton, founder of Forest Lawn, strove to create an environment of bliss for visitors, claiming
the depressing days of massive monuments with weeping angels and skulls were over: “a
beautiful passage to eternal life,” he stated, “where lovers new and old shall love to stroll and
watch the sunset glow” (Time, 1959). Eaton roamed through Europe seeking out classical
style sculptures and artists willing to reproduce famous Renaissance pieces like
Michelangelo’s La Pieta, David and Moses. Many of these statues once piped narratives
about the pieces and music to educate visitors. Eaton continued his quest for artworks,
eventually creating what became known as Classical Statuary of Forest Lawn Memorial Park,
Glendale, California. Forest Lawn’s “Sacred Trilogy”, a collection of three two-dimensional
artworks depicting the last three episodes of Christ’s life. The first was a custom made
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 16

stained glass reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper, installed in the Great
Mausoleum in 1931. The second was a massive 195-foot-long by 45-foot-tall painting by
Polish artist Jan Styka depicting the moment before Christ’s crucifixion. This painting
depicted the resurrection of Christ and was displayed with The Crucifixion in what is now
called the Hall of the Crucifixion-Resurrection. Over the years, the atmosphere of the
cemetery has changed. Disneyland opened in 1955 and by 1957 superseded Forest Lawn as
the top tourist destination in the area (Pool, 2006). While funerals and weddings alike are still
held on the grounds, tourism has dropped dramatically. Many tourists seem more attracted to
who is buried in the cemetery rather than the cemetery itself. Beyond grave hunters, the
occasional jogger can be seen on early mornings and local resident reading on the few and far
between benches. Picnics, commercial and professional photography, pets, solicitation,
loitering and lying down are strictly forbidden on the grounds, although a meditation garden,
exclusively for the use of mourning visitors, is provided for long visits. Although the site is
surrounded almost entirely by residences, a large concrete wall blocks neighbourhood
inhabitants from accessing the site easily, thus limiting use. The display of The Last Supper
Window can be seen every half hour and with a ten-minute early arrival, guests can access
the mausoleum early to view the Michelangelo reproductions of La Pieta, the Medici
Madonna, Madonna of Bruges, Day and Night and Twilight and Dawn.
The Great Mausoleum which houses The Last Supper Window also holds the remains of
Elizabeth Taylor and Michael Jackson. While Taylor’s resting place dominates the entry
corridor with a giant marble angel, Jackson’s crypt is behind locked iron gates and many
floors below. While new areas are full of flowers and visitors, older ones, which have been
full for years, show signs of neglect. Sections like “Baby Land” and“Rest Haven,” some of
the first areas created in the late 1910s by Eaton, is now Desolate. No flowers or visitors walk
amongst the graves, many of which are now overgrown with grass. Other headstones have
shifted with settling soils and Eaton is credited with revolutionizing the modern funeral
business by creating the pre-need market and offering extravagant services with
embalmment, concrete vaults and steel caskets with innerspring mattresses. By 1932, Eaton
brought all funeral services under one roof with the infamous slogan displayed for years on
all of Forest Lawn’s Forest Lawn Memorial Park Map, Glendale, California. Map provided
by Forest Lawn Memorial Park. advertising: “Everything at time of sorrow, in one sacred
place, under one friendly management, with one convenient credit arrangement and a year to
pay...ONE TELEPHONE CALL DOES EVERYTHING” (Time, 1959).
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 17

In 1948, a satirical novel, and later a movie, titled The Loved One: An Anglo-American
Tragedy was published about the burial of a man in a fictional cemetery called “Whispering
Glades” (representing Forest Lawn), in which Eaton’s overthe-top services and grounds (even
the titles to the cemetery sections) are openly mocked for their excessive nature (Lynch,
1983). Many of these critics attack Forest Lawn’s wedding services, accusing Forest Lawn of
producing absurd and inappropriate schemes purely for profit. The Los Angeles Times
reported that several large cemeteries in the Los Angeles area have discontinued allowing
weddings on the premises, stating the celebrations of marriage were (Oring, 2000). No
depictions of Christ on the cross can be found, as this does not display the “Happy Christ”
Eaton wanted to encourage (Oring, 2000). (Oring, Figure 3.10: Joyful Christ of Forest Lawn
Memorial Park, Glendale, California.000). In one of the newer sections of the property, the
Gardens of Contemplation, the addition of a labyrinth in the cement walkway entering the
section offers mourners more primitive form of contemplation. Eaton also laimed that by
eliminating annuals from the property and strictly using evergreen tree sand shrubs, the
eternal rather than seasonal beauty of the grounds would also promote the essence of
immortality. This might be true; however, Forest Lawn’s excessive use of grass in-between
these evergreens ARE unsustainable. Located in a region whose annual rainfall is Just over
thirteen inches per year, the Forest Lawn turf will continue to place Considerable strain on
the local water supply for the foreseeable future.

Phenomenal amounts of water are required for such lush green lawns and non-native
Plantings. While the water feature in the Court of the Christos utilizes recycled water, the
staff Vivalda Slope of Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California. have taken few
efforts to improve sustainability. The excessive air-conditioning of the mausoleums (enough
to make guests with jackets shiver) exacerbates the problem. In order to adapt to a more
environmentally protective society, Forest Lawn most likely will have to alter their designs
and maintenance to more sustainable practices.
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 18

4. INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Community Open Space

As an important part of modern cemetery properties, overall designs of these park areas
should incorporate symbolism and deeper meanings as well as provide spaces for passive
recreation. A clear communication of pedestrian priority will draw users out of their vehicles
and homes and into park spaces (Rutledge, 1971). Basic amenities like trash cans, water
fountains, benches (both shaded and sunny), tables, bathrooms and lighting are vital.
Successful parks also include small enclosed spaces (typically with seating) that provide
privacy and comfort at the human scale for users who feel less comfortable in open spaces
In the absence of play equipment, a variety of natural forms and spaces can ignite creativity
and social interaction, like providing a steep sloped hill where children can sled in the winter
and ride cardboard boxes down in the summer or design a sculpture garden or shrub maze
that can be used for hide-and-go seek. An open grass field can be used by adults for
community tai-chi, yoga, Pilates, croquet, bean bag toss, horseshoes and lawn darts. As local
residents become more comfortable with these spaces, open fields could also be used for
community festivals, events, performances and even family movies.
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 19

4.2 Sustainability

While “going green” and “sustainable design” are popular contemporary buzzwords, they are
less commonly used when discussing cemetery design. However, as a vital public green
space located in both dense urban centres and open rural communities, cemeteries have been
“going green” for centuries. With the exception of vegetation-free Renaissance cemeteries,
their successors house plant life, offset the urban heat island effect, remove many airborne
toxins and provide wildlife habitat. Urban cemeteries also alleviate stress on sewer systems as
infiltration sites for storm water runoff.

4.3 Space

On the other hand, cemeteries find a new role as they confront the issues of limited space in a
modern society concerned with limiting urban sprawl. As necessary amenities in society,
these death spaces serve both as utilitarian spaces of body disposal/memorialization and
public green spaces. This integration of use supports the new urbanist goals of sustainable
community planning and multipurpose designed spaces. It would be foolish to ignore the
drastic reduction in physical land used to inter cremains as well. Many survivors choose to
scatter ashes, display them in the house, place them in a columbarium niche (typically 0.44 to
1.33 square feet) or bury them in a small grave (typically four to six square feet). In contrast,
a traditional burial plot occupies 40 to 48 square feet.
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 20

4.4 The healing process

Cemeteries are dynamic spaces defined by the emotions they embrace. Eight primary
emotions have been identified that are commonly felt within a cemetery including grief,
sadness and pensiveness, sorrow and solace, guilt, respect, loss, loneliness, fear and anger
(Bachelor, 2007). Cemeteries permitting weddings, such as Forest Lawn Memorial Park, or
offering tours and festivals such as Oakland Cemetery in Atlanta, encompass an even greater
variety of emotions on the grounds. Although the funeral is considered by many to be an
extremely private affair, the space within a cemetery is intended to be a public space for
personal grief and expression. With the exception of church, it is one of the only spaces in the
public realm where someone lamenting, weeping or in deep conversation with the dead is
acceptable. With this, the design and laws governing the appearance of a cemetery are
capable of either aiding or impeding the emotional healing process undergone by grieving
visitors.
 DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 21

5. CONCLUSION

“Our imagination is the only limit to what we can hope to have in the future.”
Charles F. Kettering

This paper aims to provide the solutions for space shortage in urban cities whereas most of
the valuable spaces are used for the cemeteries and graveyards and also the dilemma in
cultural inheritance problems of existing cemetery. Future of the cemetery in the city needs to
explore the relationship between life and death within the cultural context of the community.
Space efficiency should not be only the concern of designing. These spaces can also be used
as public open spaces and can be used as a public park for neighbouring community for
everyday use with taking care of the religious feelings of the community.
Design suggestions for future cemeteries in the city as follows:
1. These cemeteries should function as a social hub for multiple purpose. Architectural design
must incorporate various functions and provide more services for the community.
2. Change is constant, designing the contemporary landscape in cemetery will help the people
to get over mental illness and anxiety and also can solve the problem of shortage of open
spaces in the society.
DEATHSCAPES:-Designing contemporary spaces for the future cemeteries 22

BIBLIOGRAPHY