Session 1 Fundamental Concepts Part 1

AISC NIGHT SCHOOL: Lecturer: Tom Murray, P.E.
, PhD
FUNDAMENTALS OF CONNECTION DESIGN Emeritus Professor, Virginia Tech
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Session 1: Fundamental Concepts Part I
January 14, 2013
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Thomas M. Murray, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor
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Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

January 14, 2013 American Institute of Steel Construction 1
AISC NIGHT SCHOOL: Lecturer: Tom Murray, P.E., PhD
SCHEDULE
REFERENCE
• January 14, 2013 Fundamental Concepts Part I
DOCUMENTS
• January 28, 2013 Fundamental Concepts Part II
• February 4, 2013 Shear Connections Part I and
• February 11, 2013 Shear Connections Part II
• February 25, 2013 Moment Connections Part I NOMENCLATURE
• March 4, 2013 Moment Connections Part II
• March 11, 2013 Moment Connections Part III
• March 18, 2013 Bracing Connections
5 6
SPECIFICATION AND SPECIFICATION AND

MANUAL PROVISIONS MANUAL PROVISIONS
AISC/ANSI 360-10 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Chapter D Design of Members for Tension
Chapter J Connection, Joints and Fasteners
14th Edition AISC Manual of Steel Construction
RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using

ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
7 8

Nomenclature Nomenclature
LRFD: Load and Resistance Factor Design ASD: Allowable Strength Design
Factored Loads and Resistance Factors, φ Service Loads and Factors of Safety, Ω
Required Strength < Design Strength Factored Loads < Allowable Strength
Ru < φRn R a < R n/ Ω
where Ru = Required Strength using LRFD Load where Ru = Required Strength using ASD Load
Combinations (Factored Loads) Combinations (Service Loads)
φ = Resistance Factor Rn = Nominal Strength
Rn = Nominal Strength Ω = Factor of Safety
φRn = Design Strength Rn /Ω = Allowable Strength
9 10
Nomenclature Nomenclature
Note: Available Strength is generic for For the course:
Design Strength and Allowable Strength in AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural Steel
the Specification. Buildings ► AISCS
AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings ► AISCS 14th Ed. Steel Construction Manual ►AISCM
14th Ed. Steel Construction Manual ►AISCM RCSC Specification ► Bolt Spec.
RCSC Specification ► Bolt Spec.
11 12

Nomenclature Steel Properties
A36 Steel: Primarily Plates and Angles
Resistance Factors:
Fy = 36 ksi (Tension Yield Stress)
Ductile Limit States: φ = 0.9
Fu = 58 ksi (Tension Rupture Strength)
Example: Tension Yielding
A992 Steel: Beams and Columns
Non-Ductile Limit States: φ = 0.75 Fy = 50 ksi Fu = 65 ksi
Example: Tension Rupture Note:
Shear Yield = 0.6 Fy
Shear Rupture = 0.6 Fu
13 14
TOPICS
• Types of Connections
FUNDAMENTAL
• Classification of Beam-to-Column Connections
CONCEPTS
• Limit States in the Load Path
PART I • Basic Bolt related Limit states and Detailing
• Basic Weld Related Limit States and Detailing
15 16

CONNECTION TYPES Hanger

Connection
• TENSION CONNECTIONS
Direct Loaded
Hanger
Light and Heavy Bracing
17

Please do not design a beam

CONNECTION TYPES bearing connection like one.
• COMPRESSION CONNECTIONS
Column Splice
Beam Bearing Plate
Column Base Plate
21 22
CONNECTION TYPES
• FRAMING (SHEAR) CONNECTIONS
Double Angles
Single Angle
Shear Tab
Shear End-Plate
Tee Connections
Seated
23 24

Double Angles
Single Angle
Shear Tab Shear End-Plate

CONNECTION TYPES
• MOMENT CONNECTIONS
Flange Welded
Flange Plate Welded
Tee Connection Flange Plate Bolted
Tee-Stub
Flange Angle
Moment End-Plate
30
Flange Welded
Flange Plate
Bolted

Tee-Stub
Flange Angle
33 34
CLASSIFICATION
OF CONNECTIONS
Moment
End-Plate
36

Classification of Connections Classification of Connections
FR Moment Connection
Classification: All techniques depend on
M = 0.9MF
member length and moment
Typical Beam Line
Moment, M
diagram/magnitude of
PR Moment Connection
moment.
Example: Beam Line/Connection Curve
M = 0.2MF
PR Pinned
Rotation, θ θS
37 38
Classification of Connections Classification of Connections
• Fully Restrained – FR • Partially Restrained – PR

Flange Welded Flush End-Plate
Flange Plate Welded or Bolted Flange Angle
Tee-Stub Double Angles
Moment End-Plate
39 40

Classification of Connections
LIMIT STATES
• Partially Restrained/Pinned – PR IN THE
Double Angles
Single Angle
LOAD PATH
Shear Tab
Shear End-Plate
Seated Connections
41 42
Load Paths/Limit States Load Paths/Limit States

1 A
2
Example: Tension Connection
3,4 Tu
5/16
2L 4 x 3 1/2 x 1/4 LLBB 4 2
5/8" PL 1 A
A
1. Angle Yielding
Tu
2. Angle Rupture including Shear Lag
A
Section A-A
3. Angle Bolt Bearing/Tear Out
3/4" Dia.
A325 Bolts, Typ 4. Angle Block Shear
43 44

Load Paths/Limit States
BASIC BOLT RELATED
5. Bolt Shear LIMIT STATES
6. Plate Bearing / Tear Out AND
7. Plate Block Shear (N/A) 5
8. Plate Rupture
9 8 DETAILING
10
9. Plate Yield
10. Weld Rupture 6,7
7
98
45 46
Bolt Types Bolt Types
A307 – machine bolts Group A – high strength bolts – Ft = 90 ksi

Ft = 45 ksi ASTM A325, A325M, F1852,
Group A – high strength bolts A354 Grade BC, A449
Ft = 90 ksi Group B – high strength bolts – Ft = 113 ksi
Group B – high strength bolts ASTM A490, A490M, F2280, and
Ft = 113 ksi A354 Grade BD
Note: F1852 and F2280 are “Twist-Off” Bolts
Ft = tensile strength from AISCS Table J3.6
47 48

A325 and A490 Bolts ASTM F1852 Twist-Off Bolt
3/4 in. Dia.
7/8 in. Dia.
1 1/4 in. Dia.

Note: Requires a special tightening tool.
Note: Thread length is a function of bolt diameter

49 50
Bolts: Connection Types Bolts: Tightening

Types of Connections: -N or -X Bearing Type Bolts
(a) Bearing Type • Snug Tight (Tightened so that a wrench is
N - threads included in shear plane needed to remove the nut.)
X - threads excluded from shear plane • Pretensioned with no faying surface
(b) Slip Critical preparation)
SC - slip critical (friction)
Example Designations: ¾ in. A325 – N
1 in. A490 – SC
51 52

Bolts: Tightening Bolts: Pretensioned Installation
-SC Slip Critical Type Bolts
Turn of Nut Tightening
Requires faying surface preparation and
field inspection
Pretensioning - Turn of Nut Method
- Calibrated Wrench
- Direct Tension Indicator
- Twist-Off Bolt
Θ from Bolt Spec. Table 8.2
Example: Bolt Length < 4db, Θ = 1/3 Turn
53 54
Bolts: Pretensioned Installation Bolts: Pretensioned Installation

Direct Tension Indicator
Calibrate
Wrench
Tightening
55 56

Bolts: Pretensioned Installation Bolt Holes
Twist Off Bolt Hole Types and Dimensions (Table J3.3)

• Standard (STD) db + 1/16 in.
• Oversized (OVS) db + (3/16 in. to 5/16 in.)
• Short Slots (SS) STD by OVS + 1/16 in.
• Long Slots (LS) STD by up to 2.5 bolt
diameters
(Standard Hole, STD, is Default for Course.)
57 58
Use of Slotted Holes Bolt Tensile Strength

Design Tensile Strength of one Bolt, φrt
(AISCS – J3.6)
φ = 0.75
rt = Ft Ab
Ab = nominal bolt area
Ft = nominal strength from Table J3.2
φrt = 0.75 Fv Ab = Design Tensile Strength
Note: Tensile area is accounted for in Ft.0
59 60

Bolt Shear Strength Bolt Nominal Strengths
Design Shear Strength of one Bolt, φrv
(AISCS – J3.6)
φ = 0.75
rv = Fv Ab
Ab = nominal bolt area
Fv = nominal strength from Table J3.2
φrv = 0.75 Fv Ab = Design Shear Strength
Note: Area at threads is accounted for in Fv.
61 62
Bolt Nominal Strengths Bolts: Connection Length Effect

Table J3.2 Continued Table J3.2 Footnote [b]
63 64

Bolt Shear Strength Bolt Slip (-SC Connections)
Section J3.8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-
Design Strength of the Connection
Critical Connections
φRv = 0.75 rv x Number of Bolts
rsc = μ Du hf Tb ns (J-3.4)
x Number of Shear Planes
φ = 1.00 for STD and SS Perpendicular
φTn / 2
φT n = 0.85 for OVS and SS Parallel
φTn / 2
= 0.70 for long slots Note: Section J3.8 of ASICS
indicates that Eq. J-3.-4 is
Ex. For three bolts per row, there are twelve Design Strength: “available” strength. It is
actually “nominal strength.
(3x2x2) shear planes in this connection. φrsc = φ μ Du hf Tb ns
65 66
Bolt Slip (-SC Connections) Bolt Slip (-SC Connections)

Section J3.8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip- Section J3.8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-
Critical Connections Continued Critical Connections Continued
φrsc = φ μ Du hf Tb ns (J-3.4) φrsc = φ μ Du hf Tb ns (J-3.4)
μ = mean slip coefficient depending on hf = factor for fillers
faying surface preparation: = 1.0 for no fillers or one filler
Class A – 0.3 Class B – 0.5 = 0.85 for two or more fillers
Du=1.13, a multiplier that reflects the ratio Tb= minimum fastener pretension, Table J3.1
of the mean installed pretension to the Ns= number of shear planes
specified minimum bolt tension
67 68

Bolt Slip (-SC Connections) Bolt Slip (-SC Connections)
IMPORTANT:
• Slip Critical Connections are expensive because of
faying surface preparation, tightening and
inspection requirements.
• SC-Connections are not needed for typical framing
connections and most moment connections.
• SC-Connections may be needed when dynamic or
vibration loads are present or may be used to
control drift in frames and are required in some
moment connections.
69 70
Bearing Bolts: Combined Bolts: Combined Tension and

Shear and Tension Strength Shear Strength in Bearing
ft AISCS J3.7 Combined Tension and Shear Bearing
φR n = φ F'nt A b φ = 0.75 ft
F
F'nt = 1.30Fnt − nt f v ≤ Fnt
φ Fnv
and f v ≤ φ Fnv fv
Fnt = nominal tensile stress from Table J3.2
fv Fnv = nominal shear stress from Table J3.2
Bearing Bolt Interaction Diagram f v = the required shear stress = Vu/ Ab
71 72

Bolt Holes in Calculations Bolts: Bearing and Tear Out
• For all hole related limit states except tear

out, the effective hole diameter used in T
Bearing u
calculations is
d′h = dh + 1/16 in.
The additional 1/16 in. accounts for damage
from punching and drilling. Tear-Out Tu
• For tear out, the actual hole diameter is used.

Lc Lc
Note: For bearing, the bolt diameter is used.
73 74
Bolts: Bearing and Tear-Out Bolts: Bearing and Tear-Out

Section J3.10 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
φ = 0.75
Tear-Out For standard, oversized, and short-slotted holes
Rn = 1.2 L ct Fu < 2.4 db t Fu
1.2 L ct Fu is the tear out strength

2.4 db t Fu is the bearing strength
Lc = clear distance between
Bearing between holes or to edge
Tu
Lc Lc
75 76
76

Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear-Out Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear-Out
Design Strength Design Strength
PL 1/2" x 7"
A36, Fu = 58 ksi Tear-Out Strength:
112"
4" φTn Edge Bolts: L c = 1.5 – 13/32 = 1.09 in.
1
12 " 1.2LctFu = 1.2 x 1.09 x 0.5 x 58 = 37.9 k < 52.2 kips
3/4" A325-N Bolts
112" 3" Std. Holes = 13/16 in. Other Bolts: L c= 3.0 – 13/16 = 2.19 in.
Bearing Strength at Holes: 1.2 L ct Fu = 1.2 x 2.19 x 0.5 x 58
2.4dbtFu = 2.4 x 0.75 x 0.5 x 58 = 52.2 k = 76.2 k > 52.2 k
77 78
Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear Out Bolts: Minimum Spacing and

Design Strength
Edge Distance
e s
Design Strength:
φTn = 0.75 [2 x edge + 2 x other] e
s Tu
= 0.75 [2 x 37.9 + 2 x 52.2] e
PL 1/2" x 7"
=135.2 k A36, uF= 58 ksi Section J3.3 Minimum Spacing
112" The distance between centers of standard,
4" φTn
oversized, or slotted holes, shall not be less than
112" 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener;
3/4" A325-N Bolts a distance 3d is preferred.
121" 3" Std. Holes
Typical spacing when db < 1 in. is 3 in.
79 80

BASIC WELD RELATED

LIMIT STATES
AND
DETAILING
81 82
Weld Rupture Weld Rupture

J2. Welds J2.4. Design Strength Fw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5θ)
Design Strength = φ Fw Aw.
θ
Tu
For Fillet Welds
θ = 0o Fw = 0.6FEXX θ = 90o Fw = 1.5x0.6FEXX
φ = 0.75 Weld
Fw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5θ)

FEXX = electrode strength, ksi
θ = angle of loading measured from
the weld longitudinal axis, degrees θ = 45o Fw = 1.3x0.6FEXX
= (angle of attack)
83 84

Weld Rupture – Special Case Weld Rupture: Effective Areas
t t
Tu
t t
Rwt ° Rwl ° for t < 3/8” teff = t

teff = 0.707 t
Rn = max Rwl + Rwt for t > 3/8” teff = t + 0.11”
0.85Rwl + 1.5Rwt
Rwl and Rwt are the weld strengths with θ = 0o. FCAW, GMAW, SMAW SAW (Machine
(Manual Welding) Welding)
85 86
Weld Rupture: SMAW Weld Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes
Example: θ = 00 E70xx
1/16 1"
φRn = 0.75 (0.6x70)(0.707x 1/16) = 1.392 k/in/1/16
Example: E70xx
1/4 5"
Let D = no. of 1/16’s
φRn = 1.392 D Lweld= 1.392 x 4 x 5 = 27.84 k
87 88

Maximum Fillet Weld Size Base Metal Strength at Weld
Maximum Fillet Weld Size: Section J4.1 Shear Rupture Strength

The design rupture strength for the limit state
(AISCS – J2.2b) of rupture along a shear failure path in the
affected elements of connected members
tp < ¼ in. tw = tp shall be taken as
1/16"
φRn = 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anw)
tp > ¼ in. tw = tp – 1/16 in. Where Anw = area of the element at the weld
Fu = tensile strength of base metal
89 90
Example: Determine φTn for Welds

PL 3/8" x 8"
A36 Steel E70XX
1/4
Fu = 58 ksi
φTn End of Session 1
PL 5/16" x 5" Thank You for
Weld Rupture: 5"
φTn.= (1.392x4) (5x2) = 55.7 k Attending

Base Metal:
φTn.= 0.75 (0.6 Fu Anw) Next Up
= 0.75 (0.6x58) (5/16) (5x2) = 81.6 k
φTn = 55.7 k
91 92

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93


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AISC NIGHT SCHOOL: Lecturer: Tom Murray, P.E.

Today’s audio will be broadcast through the

Thank you. International callers, dial 00+1 212 231 2900.

Fundamentals of Connection Design

International callers, dial 00+1 212 231 2900.

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

SPECIFICATION AND SPECIFICATION AND

RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

RCSC Specification ► Bolt Spec.

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

• Basic Weld Related Limit States and Detailing

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

CONNECTION TYPES Hanger

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Please do not design a beam

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Shear Tab Shear End-Plate

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Classification of Connections Classification of Connections

• Fully Restrained – FR • Partially Restrained – PR

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Load Paths/Limit States Load Paths/Limit States

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Bolt Types Bolt Types

A307 – machine bolts Group A – high strength bolts – Ft = 90 ksi

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

3/4 in. Dia.

7/8 in. Dia.

1 1/4 in. Dia.

Note: Thread length is a function of bolt diameter

Bolts: Connection Types Bolts: Tightening

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Bolts: Pretensioned Installation Bolts: Pretensioned Installation

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Twist Off Bolt Hole Types and Dimensions (Table J3.3)

Use of Slotted Holes Bolt Tensile Strength

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Bolt Nominal Strengths Bolts: Connection Length Effect

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Bolt Slip (-SC Connections) Bolt Slip (-SC Connections)

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Bearing Bolts: Combined Bolts: Combined Tension and

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

• For all hole related limit states except tear

• For tear out, the actual hole diameter is used.

Bolts: Bearing and Tear-Out Bolts: Bearing and Tear-Out

1.2 L ct Fu is the tear out strength

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Example: Determine the Bearing/Tear Out Bolts: Minimum Spacing and

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

BASIC WELD RELATED

Weld Rupture Weld Rupture

Fw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5θ)

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Rwt ° Rwl ° for t < 3/8” teff = t

Weld Rupture: SMAW Weld Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013

Maximum Fillet Weld Size: Section J4.1 Shear Rupture Strength

Example: Determine φTn for Welds

φTn.= (1.392x4) (5x2) = 55.7 k Attending

Session 1 Fundamental Concepts, Part I Copyright © 2013