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Revision guide for Physics
Name: _________________________________________
Class: 8CI__
CONTENTS
What you’ve learned…………………………………………………………2-11
1 Forces .............................................................................................2
2 Energy .............................................................................................4
3 Speed ..............................................................................................6
4 Sound ..............................................................................................7
5 Earth and beyond ...........................................................................7
6 Light ................................................................................................8
7 Magnetism ......................................................................................9
8 Electricity ..................................................................................... 10
Appendix…………………………………..…………..……………………….12-13
1 Electric circuit symbol ............................................................ 12
2 Investigating science experiments .......................................... 13
3 Exam tips .............................................................................. 13
Blank page. Do some of the example exercises below here, or write anything you need.
[2]
Things to remember
1 FORCES
Tinycards link: https://tiny.cards/decks/HfW7TD82/forces
1.1 DEFINITION
Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an
object. Force happens when two objects interact with each other.
1.3 DENSITY
1.3.1 Definition
1.3.2 Formula
𝑚
𝐷= 𝑣 m
𝑚 =𝐷×𝑣 ÷ ÷
𝑚 D × V
𝑣= 𝐷
1.4 PRESSURE
1.4.1 Definition
1.4.2 Formula
𝐹
𝑃= F
𝐴
𝐹 ÷ ÷
𝐴=𝑃
P × A
F= 𝑃×𝐴
1.5 TURNING
1.5.1 Definition
A force has a turning effect when it causes an object to turn about a pivot1
1.5.3 Formula
𝑀 = 𝐹×𝑑
M
𝐹
𝑑= 𝑀
÷ ÷
𝑑 F × d
𝐹=𝑀
1
Pivot: a fixed point of any rotational system
[4]
2 ENERGY
Tinycards link: https://tiny.cards/decks/HfqXXY74/energy
Fossil fuels are natural fuels, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms
Renewables energy resources include wind, water, solar and biofuels. They cannot be
used up-they are replaced naturally
b. Non-renewables
2.3.2 Usage
Most human activities require a supply of energy. Energy consumption varies around the world
[5]
2.4.2 Convection
Energy transfer through a fluid when the fluid moves. Warmer fluid is less dense, thus so it floats
upwards through the cooler fluid.
2.4.3 Radiation
Energy transfer through a vacuum or transparent substance by infra-red radiation. Matt black
surfaces are good at absorbing radiation, while shiny surfaces are good at reflecting radiation.
2.4.4 Evaporation
Evaporation happens at any temperature. When evaporation occurs, the temperature of the liquid
decrease (because it is an endothermic process). Faster particles escape from the liquid, become
steam in the air.
[6]
3 SPEED
Tinycards link: https://tiny.cards/decks/HfpJG7At/speed
3.1 DEFINITION
3.2 FORMULA
𝑑
𝑠= d
𝑡
𝑡=
𝑑 ÷ ÷
𝑠
s × t
𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡
The unit of speed is 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑘𝑚/ℎ or 𝑚𝑝ℎ
Remember…
decreasing speed constant speed
25 25
20 20
distance (m)
distance (m)
15 15
If the speed is constant, the 10 10
line connecting the points 5 5
should be straight. 0 0
If the object is stationary, the 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
line should be parallel to the time (s) time (s)
x-axis
If the speed is increasing, the
line should be steeper and increasing speed stationary
steeper 25 25
If the speed is decreasing, 20 20
distance (m)
distance (s)
4 SOUND
Tinycards link: https://tiny.cards/decks/Hfr59K91/sound
4.1 DEFINITION
4.2 KEYWORDS
Amplitude: greatest distance the object moves from its rest position.
Hertz (Hz): unit measures frequency, 1Hz means 1 vibration per second.
4.3 FORMULA
𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝐻𝑧) =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑠)
5.1 EARTH
5.1.1 Rotation around the axis
You can see the sun moves from east to west. This is because the Earth is turning, west to east (anti-
clockwise). One full rotation (a sidereal day) takes 23.9 hours.
The phase of the moon changes as it travels around its orbit because we see it from different angles
Between the rocky planets and gas giants is the asteroid belt
[8]
The universe is made of billions of galaxies. Each galaxy is made up of billions of stars
Despite difficulties, 12 people have landed on the moon (all are American in the Apollo program)
6 LIGHT
Tinycards link: https://tiny.cards/decks/Hfr7eeFd/light
6.1 KEYWORDS
Luminous: an object that gives out light
Non-luminous: an object that does not give out light, but reflects light
6.2.2 Shadows
Shadow forms when an opaque object blocks the light.
6.2.3 Reflection
Reflection forms when light reaches a smooth object.
6.2.4 Refraction
Refraction occurs when light enters and/or leaves a transparent material.
[9]
7 MAGNETISM
Tinycards link: https://tiny.cards/decks/HfpNegaT/magnetism
7.1 KEYWORDS
Magnetic material: a material which is attracted by a magnet
Magnets have two poles: North (N) or South (S). Like poles repel, while unlike
poles attract.
7.2.3 Electromagnet
An electromagnet is made of a coil in which an electric current flows. The core is optional
Coil (usually from copper) In order to make an electromagnet stronger, you can:
8 ELECTRICITY
Tinycards link: https://tiny.cards/decks/HfWx8dgH/electricity (static electricity)
Two types of charge: Positive (+) and negative (-). Same charge repel, unlike charge attract
8.3 CIRCUIT
8.3.1 Flow of current
A current is a flow of charge
Circuit: All components are connected end-to-end, as the current is the same everywhere
The greater the resistance, the smaller the current. Every component has resistance
[12]
Appendix
1 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT SYMBOL
Name Symbol Usage/How to draw
Allow current to past from one part of the
Wire
circuit to another
A ‘blob’ should be drawn where wires are
Wires joined
connected.
Wires in a circuit but not connected at the
Wires crossing
junction
Supply electrical energy
Cell
The larger terminal is positive (+)
Light Converts electrical energy to light
Converts electrical energy to kinetic energy
Motor
(motion)
Buzzer Converts electrical energy to sound energy
2.1 VARIABLES
Control variable: the variable that you keep the same throughout the experiment.
o In this experiment, it is the size of shoes and roughness of the table
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1
type of shoe force needed (N)
A 1 0.5
B 2
0
C 1.5 A B C
Example 2:
Hassan does an experiment to find the maximum friction force between a wooden block and
different surfaces.
friction force in N
surface test 1 test 2 test 3 test 4
carpet 25.0 32.6 26.4 25.0
glass 9.3 9.6 10.2 10.7
wood 15.0 18.1 16.4 17.2
2.3 DATA
Anomalous data: data(s) that does not fit the pattern.
o In this experiment, the data at test 2, carpet surface (32.6) is anomalous
Anomalous data should be ignored when drawing the line of best fit or calculating the mean
[14]
carpet
35 This is an anomalous data. Ignore this
friction force (N) 32 when drawing the line of best fit.
29
26
23
20
The line of best fit crosses through
0 1 2 3 4 most points.
test
3 EXAM TIPS
When calculating using formulae, you should present the formula so you still can get points
for the method if the answer is wrong
Don’t forget the unit
Try to learn the formula triangle. It’s easier than learning each formula one by one