GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITY

IN TERMS OF GENDER, AGE, EDUCATION, AND CULTURE

ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2 WED 02.30

MUHAMMAD SASTRO ADIWIGUNA (21)
Entrepreneurship is an attitude, soul and ability to create something new that is very valuable
and useful for himself and others. Entrepreneurship is a mental and soul attitude that is
always active or creative empowered, created, created and modest and strives in order to
increase income in its business activities. Someone who has an entrepreneurial character is
always not satisfied with what he has achieved. Entrepreneurs are people who have the ability
to see and assess business opportunities, gather resources needed to take appropriate actions,
take advantage and have the nature, character and willingness to creatively create innovative
ideas into the real world in order to achieve success in order to increase income. The point is
an entrepreneur is people who have entrepreneurial character and apply the essence of
entrepreneurship in his life. In other words, entrepreneurs are people who have a high spirit
of creativity and innovation in their lives. Mc Ber & Co's research in the United States in
small businesses (Zimmerer & Scarborough, 1998) found nine characteristics of successful
entrepreneurs, which were divided into three categories, namely (1). proactive, ie high and
assertive initiatives; (2). achievement orientation, namely seeing opportunities and acting
directly, efficiency orientation, emphasizing high quality work, systematic planning,
monitoring; (3). commitment with other parties, namely a high commitment to work, and
realizing the importance of basic business relationships. Whereas Sukardi (1991) states nine
characteristics that exist in entrepreneurship, namely: (1) instrumental nature, namely
responsiveness to opportunities and business opportunities. ; (2). achievement orientation,
namely seeing opportunities and acting directly, efficiency orientation, emphasizing high
quality work, systematic planning, monitoring; (3). commitment with other parties, namely a
high commitment to work, and realizing the importance of basic business relationships.
Whereas Sukardi (1991) states nine characteristics that exist in entrepreneurship, namely: (1)
instrumental nature, namely responsiveness to opportunities and business opportunities
or relating to work improvement; (2) Prestative nature, which is always trying to improve
performance, use feedback, enjoy challenges and strive so that the results of his work are
always better than before; (3) The flexibility of getting along, which is always active in
getting along with anyone, fostering new acquaintances and trying to adjust to various
situations; (4) The nature of hard work, which is trying to always be involved in work
situations, not giving up before work is finished. Never give himself the opportunity to stand
idly by, devote his full attention to work, and have the energy to be constantly involved in
work; (5) The nature of self-confidence, is in all its activities full of optimism that the
business will succeed. He is confident that he is directly involved in concrete activities, rarely
looks doubtful; (6). The nature of risk taking is taken into account, namely not worrying
about facing an uncertain situation where the effort does not necessarily produce success; (7).
Self-control nature, that is, really determines what must be done and is responsible for itself;
(8) Innovative nature, which is always working hard to find new ways to improve its
performance. Open to new ideas, views, discoveries that can be utilized to improve their
performance; (9). Self-reliance, ie what is done is personal responsibility.

In recent years, factors

determinants of entrepreneurship have received attention large in empirical research. There are
various entrepreneurial determinants, at all stages, which was explored in Kyvler (2007)
research,Kyvler et al. (2008), Nga et al. (2010), and Nerves (2015) assess individual-level
determinants entrepreneurial activity across countries with a focus on individual perceptions
of themselves. Results their research shows the importance of perception variables affecting
individual decisions to be involved in entrepreneurial activities. Grilo et al. (2008) explore
entrepreneurial determinants in various levels of involvement in Europe and America Union.
Davidsson and Honig (2003) in their research in Sweden found that people who have parents
involved in business or have close friends or inner neighbors businesses are more likely to
become new entrepreneurs because personally know the person who has start a business. De
Clercq and Arenius (2006) in research found a positive correlation in both Belgium and France
in their sample. In the analysis of the Global Entrepreneurship database Monitors (GEM) taken
in 29 countries, Morales-Gualdron and Roig (2005) too concludes that knowledge is related to
someone who has started a business has positive impact on people's decisions to be
businessman. Analyze the same sample, but only the Nordic country and only women, Arenius
and Kovalainen (2006) found the same thing in relationship of competence and courage to take
risk tends to encourage someone to be an entrepreneur. In the next section, we review existing
literature for these factors. For discussion purposes, we have classified characteristics into
broad category variables following.

Demographic variable
A. Age
The possibility of starting a business varies
with age. However, empirical findings state
ambiguous relationship between age and possibility
become a new entrepreneur. Klyver et al. (2007)
and Grilo et al. (2008) have found evidence that
age has a negative impact on possibilities
thinking of starting a business. Blanchflower
(2004) show that, despite the probability
being a businessman is higher when people
older, but the possibility of intention
starting a business maximized among individuals
young (Minniti and Arenius, 2006). Arenius and
deClercq (2005) found that age became
not significant in entrepreneurial intentions.
Koellinger et al. (2005), and Bonte et al. (2009)
shows that age has a relationship
arch or non-linear with start-up business.

B. Gender
Most studies find
that men have a higher probability
involved in the intention to start a business rather than a woman
(Arenius and deClercq, 2006; Grilo et al, 2008;
Klyver et al., 2007). Terjesen et al. (2007) researching
dimensions and measures of cultural differences
impact on gender differences in levels
start entrepreneurship in all countries. Results
His research put forward the following propositions:
countries with more agricultural sectors
large will be more likely to have that level
higher in business start-ups for men, and
countries with larger service sectors
more likely to have a start up level of business
higher, especially for women. Evidence
from Rocha et al. (2005) also suggested that
countries with wage gaps will be more
great allows to have a start-up level
business is higher than for women. Langowitz
and Minniti (2005) found that women
and men have the same tendency
in starting a business

C. Human Capital
Previous research has suggested the importance
individual knowledge and skills in
entrepreneurship (Davidsson and Hoing, 2003).
This knowledge and skills are often used
one unit together in the literature and recognized
as human capital. In general, two dimensions
the main human capital is discussed in the literature
related to education and status
work / experience.

D. Education.
Empirical findings for the relationship between
individual education level and possibility for
intention to do business is very convincing. Some
researchers argue that people are more
educated more likely to identify
entrepreneurial opportunities, while others
argue that educational attainment
involves the opportunity costs of looking
better job opportunities, so
reduce motivation to look for start-up opportunities
(Arenius and deClercq, 2005). Arenius results and
deClercq (2005) shows that individuals
with a high or low education level will
see more opportunities compared
with education levels only at the level
middle class. One explanation for positive relationships
between low education levels and
the possibility of starting a business because of encouragement
the necessity of being forced to become an entrepreneur
because there are no other alternative jobs.