Price Fluctuation:

A price mechanism or market-based mechanism refers to a wide variety of ways to match

up buyers and sellers through price rationing. It also describes the price of goods and
services based on the demand and supply.
An example of a price mechanism uses announced bid and ask prices. Generally
speaking, when two parties wish to engage in a trade, the purchaser will announce a price
he is willing to pay (the bid price) and seller will announce a price he is willing to accept
(the ask price).
The main advantage of such a method is that conditions are laid out in advance and
transactions can proceed with no further permission or authorization from any participant.
When any bid and ask pair are compatible, a transaction occurs, in most cases
automatically.

Exploitation of labor and capital:

The exploitation theory is the theory, most associated with Marxists, that profit is the
result of the exploitation of wage earners by their employers.
It rests on the labor theory of value which claims that value is intrinsic in a product
according to the amount of labor that has been spent on producing the product. Thus the
value of a product is created by the workers who made that product and reflected in its
finished price. The income from this finished price is then divided between labor
(wages), capital (profit), and expenses on raw materials. The wages received by workers
do not reflect the full value of their work, because some of that value is taken by the
employer in the form of profit. Therefore, "making a profit" essentially means taking
away from the workers some of the value that results from their labor. This is what is
known as capitalist exploitation.

Monetary Policy:
Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the
supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest to attain a set of objectives oriented
towards the growth and stability of the economy. These goals usually include stable
prices and low unemployment. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft
optimal monetary policy.

Fiscal policy:
In economics, fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and revenue collection
to influence the economy.
Fiscal policy can be contrasted with the other main type of macroeconomic policy,
monetary policy, which attempts to stabilize the economy by controlling interest rates
and the money supply. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government
expenditure and taxation.

Tax Rate:
In a tax system and in economics, the tax rate describes the burden ratio (usually
expressed as a percentage) at which a business or person is taxed. There are several
methods used to present a tax rate: statutory, average, marginal, effective, effective
average, and effective marginal. These rates can also be presented using different
definitions applied to a tax base: inclusive and exclusive.

ECC Policies:
The Council for Economic Education (the new name, since 2009 January, of the National
Council on Economic Education) is a national non-profit organization "committed to
empowerment and opportunity through economic and financial literacy."
The mission of the Council for Economic Education is two-fold: To advocate for better
and greater school-based economic and personal finance education at the kindergarten
through 12th grade levels (K-12); and to educate young people in the United States and
around the world, primarily through well-prepared teachers, so they may become
empowered with economic and financial literacy.

OPEC:
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent,
intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–
14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The five Founding
Members were later joined by nine other Members: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962) –
suspended its membership from January 2009; Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
(1962); United Arab Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973) –
suspended its membership from December 1992-October 2007; Angola (2007) and
Gabon (1975–1994). OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in the first five
years of its existence. This was moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965.

LDC:
Least Developed Country (LDC) is the name given to a country which, according to the
United Nations, exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the
lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world.
Countries may "graduate" out of the LDC classification when indicators exceed these
criteria. The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed
Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States
coordinates UN support and provides advocacy services for Least Developed Countries.

Consumption Pattern:
Consumption is a common concept in economics, and gives rise to derived concepts such
as consumer debt. Generally, consumption is defined in part by opposition to production.
But the precise definition can vary because different schools of economists define
production quite differently. According to mainstream economists, only the final
purchase of goods and services by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types
of expenditure — in particular, fixed investment and government spending — are placed
in separate categories. See consumer choice. Other economists define consumption much
more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design,
production and marketing of goods and services (e.g. "the selection, adoption, use,
disposal and recycling of goods and services").
Haseeb Uddin Qureshi

MBA 5th (Evening)

Assignment
Strategic management

Submitted to
Sir Mehmood Shah