ABSTRACT:

Earthquake cause thousands of deaths and property is lost throughout the

world, most all earthquakes are preceded physical vibration processes, which
are commonly known as earthquake precursors. Earthquakes and tsunamis
resulting from large vibration between two plates surface as earthquakes canter
under the sea are of particular concern. They generally occur with very little
without advance warning. An instrumentation system is demonstrated here for
the detection of the surface variations in pressure and vibration which gives all
warning before the disaster. It consists of a sensor coupled smart embedded
system; precise detected the variation in physical-electrical pressure and
vibration parameters. This will interface with the microcontroller through
embedded software and send an alarm in the audio and visual form when the
parameters exceed beyond certain critical threshold. The measurements of the
dynamic variations of the parameters indicate a departure from the routine
values. This alarm enables us to put in place the preventive safety measures.
The instrumentation includes the vibration, pressure sensor as the predominant
sensor for detecting the relative parameters. The instrumentation system
monitoring of such parameters with standards along with an alarm system to
trigger off during exceptional variations.
Earthquake:

Earthquakes produce all three types of seismic waves: P waves, S waves, and
Surface waves travel at different velocities, the time it takes each wave to arrive
depends on the distance to the earthquake (just like thunder and lightning; the
farther away the lightning is, the longer it takes the thunder to arrive). If we
have are cording of the seismic waves made by a seismometer, we can measure
the time between the P and S waves. From that time, we can calculate the
distance to the earthquake. It has been observed that before the actual
occurrence of an earthquake, anomalous change in various environmental
parameters of the Earth take place. These variations effect the thermosphere,
ionosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere in space and time. Which changes geo-
physical parameter E-flux (electron flux) which changes after the coronal mass
ejection from the outer periphery of the sunspots. When 4 the E-flux (electron
flux) changes suddenly it affects the environment of the earth. This
phenomenon changes the thermosphere, ionosphere atmosphere and lithosphere
locally as well as globally. The response of the magnetosphere to interplanetary
shocks or pressure pulses can result in sudden injections of energetic particles
into the inner magnetosphere. It has been recorded that 22 -36 hours before the
occurrence of the earthquake; the E-flux increases drastically.

INSTRUMENTATION

The transducer/sensor which converts the physical parameter into usable

electrical output. The signal conditioner converts the transducer output into an
electrical quantity for control, recording and display. The display or read out
devices which display the required information about the physical parameter in
certain units. The power supply for the signal conditioners and display devices.
Transducers/Sensors:

The study of control and monitoring of any physical parameter through an

electronic instrumentation, called transducer/sensor. This converts the variation
in the physical parameter to a variable electrical pulse signal. Transducers
usually generate output signals in the mV range (spans of 10mV to250mV),
often amplified to the voltage level (1 to 5V) and converted to current loops,
usually 4-20mA dc [4]. Quartz based Electrostatic Pressure Sensors are the most
preferred sensors because these transducers are small and rugged. The force
applied to the crystal longitudinally or transverse direction Voltage output
proportional to the force applied. The crystals self- generated voltage signal is
useful because providing power to the sensor is impractical or impossible.
These sensors also provide high speed responses (30 kHz to 100 kHz), which
makes them ideal for measuring transient phenomena.

Vibration sensor:

The vibration is the main source of disturbing the performance of the system
and same data analysis so we observed the vibration of system. Also the in
prospective application the vibration data give the information of the material
characterization and status of material. The more vibration is shows the poor
performance of the system and durability of the system is less. Here we used the
capacitive vibration, which give the smallest vibration
Circuit diagram

Working-

In the circuit diagram we will use a vibration sensor to detect the earthquake
this signals will be given to the 8051 microcontroller which will process the
Signals and update the details on 16 cross 2 LCD. A buzzer is connected with
the microcontroller which will sound whenever earthquake is detected. A 10
kilo ohm register network is connected with the LCD port to improve the
current capacity of the microcontroller. We have used 11 megahertz crystal
oscillator with the microcontroller to provide the necessary clock pulses for
operation. Whole system will operate on 5 volt dc supply which will be
generated by the standard bridge rectifier and power regulation circuit. The
earthquake sensor is very sensitive we need to install it at 45 degrees vertically
for proper operation.

The Power supply-

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c.
input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V
and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c
voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the
rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after
rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure
constant dc voltage.

Block Diagram:
Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and

these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained
directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be
brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus,
a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating. D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this
project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification.

Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant
until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of
the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a
regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage Regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order
to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent
the required output voltage levels.A variable regulated power supply, also called
a variable bench power supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the
output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is
the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts
placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide.

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your
unregulated. DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input
pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on
the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin.

Circuit Features:

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output
current

capability of 100 mA Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts

down output when regulator IC gets too hot Circuit complexity: Very simple
and easy to build Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable
operation Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common
basic components Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have
used this circuit successfully as part of many electronics projects
Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply

Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply

Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA

Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input
transformer

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig : Power Supply Circuit Diagram

This 5V dc acts as Vcc to the microcontroller. The excess voltage is dissipated

as heat via an Aluminum heat sink attached to the voltage regulator.

Bridge Rectifier:

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit as

shown below, that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any polarity
of the input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion
of alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as
a bridge rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full-
wave rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase AC when no
transformer center tap is available. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes
in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used
configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single
component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Typical Bridge Rectifier

For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a Forward
path through the diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause Current to flow in
the same direction through the load resistor, accomplishing full-wave
rectification. While one set of diodes is forward biased, the other set is reverse
biased and effectively eliminated from the circuit.

Current Flow in the Bridge Rectifier

 Current in Bridge Rectifier for + ve half cycle

Current in Bridge Rectifier for -ve half cycle

LM7805 Voltage Regulator:

Features:

• Output Current up to 1A

• Thermal Overload Protection

• Short Circuit Protection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Description:

The MC7805 three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-
PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a
wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal
shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A
output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and
currents.

MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52 :

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

with 8 Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard
80C51 instruction set and pin out. The
on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-
bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic
chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which
provides a highly-
flexible and cost-
effective solution to
many embedded control
applications. The
AT89S52 provides the
following standard
features: 8K bytes of
Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three
16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to
continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupter
hardware reset.

Pin Description

VCC: - Supply voltage.

GND: - Ground.

Port 0:-

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be
used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the
multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the
code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during
program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.

Port 1:-

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to
be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2
trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1
also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.

Port 2:-

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during
fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2
uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data
memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of
the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address
bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3:-

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull-ups.

RST:-

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the
Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be
used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET
HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an
output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external
memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.
Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external
data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR
location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable
bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN:-

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are
skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP:-

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H
up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(VPP) during Flash Programming.

XTAL1:-

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

XTAL2:-

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

LED
 Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit.
But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out,
and they don't get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of
electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor.

In this article, we'll examine the simple principles behind these ubiquitous
blinkers, illuminating some cool principles of electricity and light in the process.

How Can a Diode Produce Light?

Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom. It is made up of many

small particle-like packets that have energy and momentum but no mass. These
particles, called photons, are the most basic units of light.

Photons are released as a result of moving electrons. In an atom, electrons move

in orbital around the nucleus. Electrons in different orbital have different amounts of
energy. Generally speaking, electrons with greater energy move in orbital farther away
from the nucleus.
 For an electron to jump from a lower orbital to a higher orbital, something has to
boost its energy level. Conversely, an electron releases energy when it drops from a
higher orbital to a lower one. This energy is released in the form of a photon. A greater
energy drop releases a

Higher-energy photon, which is characterized by a higher frequency. (Check out How

Light Works for a full explanation.)As we saw in the last section, free electrons moving
across a diode can fall into empty holes from the P-type layer. This involves a drop
from the conduction band to a lower orbital, so the electrons release energy in the form
of photons. This happens in any diode, but you can only see the photons when the diode
is composed of certain material. The atoms in a standard silicon diode, for example, are
arranged in such a way that the electron drops a relatively short distance.

As a result, the photon's frequency is so low that it is invisible to the human eye -- it is
in the infrared portion of the light spectrum. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, of course:
Infrared LEDs are ideal for remote controls, among other things.
RESISTORS:

A Resistor is a heat-dissipating element and in the electronic circuits it is mostly used

for either controlling the current in the circuit or developing a voltage drop across it,
which can be utilized for many applications. There are various types of resistors, which
can be classified according to a number of factors depending upon:

 Material used for fabrication

 Wattage and physical size
 Intended application
 Ambient temperature rating
 Cost
Basically the resistor can be split in to the following four parts from the construction
viewpoint.
 Base
 Resistance element
  Terminals
 Protective means.
The following characteristics are inherent in all resistors and may be controlled
by design considerations and choice of material i.e. Temperature co–efficient of
resistance, Voltage co–efficient of resistance, high frequency characteristics, power
rating, tolerance & voltage rating of resistors.
There are three classes of resistors;

 Fixed
 Semi variable
 Variable resistor.
They are also classified according to the material from which they are made. The typical
resistor is made of either carbon film or metal film. There are other types as well, but
these are the most common.

The resistance value of the resistor is not the only thing to consider
when selecting a resistor for use in a circuit. The "tolerance" and the electric power
ratings of the resistor are also important. The tolerance of a resistor denotes how close it
is to the actual rated resistance value. For example, a ±5% tolerance would indicate a
resistor that is within ±5% of the specified resistance value. The power rating indicates
how much power the resistor can safely tolerate. Just like you wouldn't use a 6 volt
flashlight lamp to replace a burned out light in your house, you wouldn't use a 1/8 watt
resistor when you should be using a 1/2 watt resistor.

Fixed Resistors:-

A fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change.

This is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. Usually the tolerance of the resistance
value is ±5%. Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used. Carbon film
resistors have a disadvantage; they tend to be electrically noisy. Metal film resistors are
recommended for use in analog circuits. However, I have never experienced any
problems with this noise.

The physical size of the different resistors is as follows.

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A miniature 4 MHz quartz crystal enclosed in a hermetically sealed HC-49/US

package, used as the resonator in a crystal oscillator. A crystal oscillator is an
electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of
piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and
to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common
type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits
designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a device that stores charge. A capacitor functions much like a battery but
charges and discharges much more efficiently (batteries though, can store much more
charge). A basic capacitor is made up of two conductors separated by an insulator, or
dielectric. The dielectric can be made of paper, plastic, mica, ceramic, glass, a vacuum
or nearly any other nonconductive material.
Capacitor electron storing ability (its capacitance) is measured in Farads. One Farad is
actually a huge amount of charge so we usually rate capacitors in microfarads (uF =
0.000 001F) and Pico farads. Capacitors are also graded by their breakdown voltage.
Capacitors rated for lower voltages are generally smaller.

Design of capacitor depends on the proper dielectric material with particular type of
application. The dielectric material used for capacitors may be grouped in various
classes like Mica, Glass, air, ceramic, paper, Aluminum, electrolyte etc. The value of
capacitance never remains constant. It changes with temperature, frequency and aging.
The capacitance value marked on the capacitor strictly applies only at specified
temperature and at low frequencies.

Transistor

A Transistor is an semiconductor which is a fundamental component in

almost all electronic devices. Transistors are often said to be the most
significant invention of the 20th Century. Transistors have many uses including
switching, voltage/current regulation, and amplification - all of which are useful
in renewable energy applications.

A transistor controls a large electrical output signal with changes to a small

input signal. This is analogous to the small amount of effort required to open a
tap (faucet) to release a large flow of water. Since a large amount of current can
be controlled by a small amount of current, a transistor acts as an amplifier.

A transistor acts as a switch which can open and close many times per second.

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The most common type of transistor is a bipolar junction transistor. This is

made up of three layers of a semi-conductor material in a sandwich. In one
configuration the outer two layers have extra electrons, and the middle layer has
electrons missing (holes). In the other configuration the two outer layers have
the holes and the middle layer has the extra electrons.

Layers with extra electrons are called N-Type, those with electrons missing
called P-Type. Therefore the bipolar junction transistors are more commonly
known as PNP transistors and NPN transistors respectively.

Bipolar junction transistors are typically made of silicon and so they are very
cheap to produce and purchase.
1.1 How do Transistors Work

Transformer

A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in

one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another
circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding
decrease or increase in current.
Principle :

Transformer Principle

The basic principle of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits

linked by a common magnetic flux.
In brief, a transformer is a device that
transfers electric power from one circiut to another.

it does so without a change of frequency.

it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and

where the two circuit are in mutual inductive influence of

each other.

Diode

A diode is formed by joining two equivalently doped P-Type and N-Type

semiconductor. When they are joined an interesting phenomenon takes place.
The P-Type semiconductor has excess holes and is of positive charge. The N-
Type semiconductor has excess electrons. At the point of contact of the P-Type
and N-Type regions, the holes in the P-Type attract electrons in the N-Type
material. Hence the electron diffuses and occupies the holes in the P-Type
material. Causing a small region of the N-type near the junction to loose
electrons and behaves like intrinsic semiconductor material, in the P-type a
small region gets filled up by holes and behaves like a intrinsic semiconductor.
This thin intrinsic region is called depletion layer, since its depleted of charge
(see diagram above) and hence offers high resistance. Its this depletion region
that prevents the further diffusion of majority carriers. In physical terms the size
of he depletion layer is very thin.

The LCD display

A 16 Character x 2 Line LCD Modules are very common these days, and are
quite simple to work with The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few
which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors,
the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may
have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to place the Data bus into
reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into
write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we
cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has
accepted and finished processing the last instruction.
This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program. The 10k
Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench
power supply set to 5v or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-
coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working
properly. The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide
range of manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The
one I used to test this circuit was a Power tip PC-1602F and an old Philips
LTN211F-10 which was extracted from a Poker Machine! The diagram to the
right, shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the
left pin is pin 14 and the right pin is pin1.

16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Features

 Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller

and RAM providing simple interfacing
 61 x 15.8 mm viewing area
 5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line
 Can display 224 different symbols
 Low power consumption (1 mA typical)
 Powerful command set and user-produced characters
 TTL and CMOS compatible
  Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers

16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Specifications

Symbol Level Function

Pin

1 VSS - Power, GND

2 VDD - Power, 5V

3 Vo - Power, for LCD Drive

 Register Select Signal
4 RS H/L H: Data Input
L: Instruction Input

H: Data Read (LCD->MPU)

R/W H/L
5 L: Data Write (MPU->LCD)

6 E H,H->L Enable

Data Bus; Software selectable 4- or 8-bit

7-14 DB0-DB7 H/L
mode

15 NC - NOT CONNECTED

16 NC - NOT CONNECTED

ADVANTAGES

1. This system can save life

2. Easrly warning can save infrastructure losses
3. Useful in research

LIMITATION

1. Low alarming sound

2. No call or SMS feature

FUTIRE SCOPE

1. Autiomatic help number sialing can be added

 2. More sensors can be added for accurate results

RESULT: The data capture by the microcontroller 8051 is converted into string
format using the standard library function and end through the serial port which
is already defined in the code wizard. The lab view and microcontroller is
configured with the tool VISA available in library. The received string is stored
at location and same string is used with string splitter tool with the common
separate or symbol. The separate logic of string to numeric converter the string
data is converted into the numeric floating point data. The data acquired by the
microcontroller is shown on the LCD display attached with the microcontroller-
developed board.

CONCLUSION: The instrumentation setup was intended to work on the basic

principles of Physics and Electronics. This is the first time that such
instrumentation is set up using systems based on Microcontroller and interfaced
with the circuitry developed for monitoring the output parameters. Incidentally
these are the very parameters which are understood to develop weeks before the
advent of the actual earthquake.

FUTURE SCOPE No part of the world is immune from earthquakes.

Developing countries, in particular, are the most affected because response
services may not be available even in less stressful times. Earthquake prediction
research in the country should be taken seriously, of course, along with other
necessary measures aimed at reducing damage and minimizing human
suffering. Almost all earthquakes are preceded by physical processes which are
commonly known as earthquake precursors .