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Assignment

Submitted to: Ma’am Bushra Shaikh Submitted by: SYED MUBASHAR ALI
Date: 22/04/2019 Roll No: KF16ES-37

1) WIFI
 Back in the 1990s, there were no smartphones, tablets or
other wireless devices. If you were browsing online you had
to rely on fixed wires.
 Today in this world of technology, Wi-Fi is our daily need.
Even we are at home or office, most prefer Wi-Fi technology.
 Today, this wireless network connectivity is in products such
as phones, televisions, cameras, laptops, printers, routers and
games consoles. In fact, our WLAN technology is estimated to be in more than five billion
devices worldwide. It is used in Wi-Fi hotspots in offices, public buildings, homes
and even coffee shops.

Who invented WI-FI? In which year it was invented? How it was


invented?

 WI-FI was invented by Radio Astronomer “John O’Sullivan” and his team
“Teary Perceval” and “John Deane” who worked for
commonwealth Scientific and industrial research organization “CSIRO”
 Firstly this team was working on Exploring Mini holes in which the main aim was to track
out the different speed of radiations that emit from the black hole on a single path for that
the equation of “Fourier transform” is used. As a result the experiment on exploding mini
black holes was failed but this Transfer function was in the favor of Wi-Fi.

 In 1990 the CSIRO team taught that the internet access should be wireless, every time being
connected with Wire is quite difficult.
 By this idea the concept of WI-FI was came in mind.
 When the signal from one device was send to another device lot of information lost because
WI-FI works on the Radio Signals, hence if the signal came in contact with any kind of
matter that losses a information.
 For Example:

 At that time, whole world worked on this technology but nobody get the correct results.
 Then the CSIRO team had to do something, they decided to transfer information by
dividing that information into small packages, lots of copies of each packages carrying
information were sent to the receiver side and the information could be collected by the
receiver end by using Fourier Transform Equation. After it data can be transferred by one
device to another but there was still some lost in the information.
 To detect this error “Error Correction Technique” was used.

 In 1993, there was a device with zero error detection that could be the best choice for
upcoming generation but at that time there was no any kind of speed chip available.
 In 1996 this invention was awarded by License

 In 1999, it was written in IEEE and this technology was preferred best.
 In 2001, when the different companies get to know about this technology they invented their
own name products without permission. CSIRO decided to take action on all companies.
 In 2007, CSIRO won the case
 In 2012, this technology was sold in 2Million dollar.

Devices that use this technology

 In this world of revolutionize everyone is using this technology whether he/she is at office
or anywhere else.
 Devices that can use Wi-Fi technologies include, among others, desktops and laptops, video
game consoles, smartphones and tablets, smart TVs, printers, digital audio players, digital
cameras, cars and drones. Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via
a WLAN and a wireless access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about
20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small
as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometers
achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.

Working Principle
 Wi-Fi is a high speed internet connection and network
connection without use of any cables or wires. The
wireless network is operating three essential elements that
are radio signals, antenna and router. The radio waves are
keys which make the Wi-Fi networking possible. The
computers and cell phones are ready with Wi-Fi cards. Wi-
Fi compatibility has been using a new creation to
constituent within the ground connected with community
network. The actual broadcast is connected with in
sequence in fact it is completed by way of stereo system
surf as well as the worth of wires with monitor to
classification prone. Wi-Fi allows the person in order to
get access to web any place in the actual provided area. You can now generate a system
within Resorts, library, schools, colleges, campus, personal institutes, as well as espresso
stores as well as on the open public spot to help to make your company much more lucrative
as well as interact with their own customer whenever. Wi-Fi compatibility can make surf
with stare to company using their inspiring cable television much a smaller amount force
down.
 The radio signals are transmitted from antennas and routers that signals are picked up by
Wi-Fi receivers, such has computers and cell phones that are ready with Wi-Fi cards.
Whenever the computer receives the signals within the range of 100-150 feet for router it
connect the device immediately. The range of the Wi-Fi is depends upon the environment,
indoor or outdoor ranges. The Wi-Fi cards will read the signals and create an internet
connection between user and network. The speed of the device using Wi-Fi connection
increases as the computer gets closer to the main source and speed is decreases computer
gets further away.

 Many new laptops, mobile phones have inbuilt Wi-Fi card you don’t have to do any thing
which is one of the best thing. If it is a free- based type of network connection the user will
be promoted with a login id and password. The free base network connections also well in
some areas. The Wi-Fi network connection is creating hot spots in the cities. The hot spots
are a connection point of Wi-Fi network. It is a small box that is hardwired in to the internet.
There are many Wi-Fi hot spots available in public places like restaurants, airports, and hotels
offices, universities etc.

Types of WI-FI Technologies


Currently they are four major types of WIFI technologies.

 Wi-Fi-802.11a
 Wi-Fi-802.11b
 Wi-Fi-802.11g
 Wi-Fi-802.11n
802.11a is the one of a series of wireless technology. That defines the format and structure of the
radio signals sent out by WI-FI networking routers and antennas.

Wi-Fi-802.11b:
802.11b is the one of a series of wireless technology. 802. 11b support bandwidth 11mbps. Signal
in unregulated frequency spectrum around 2.4 GHz. This is a low frequency compared with Wi-
Fi-802.11a means it is working reasonable distance. It is interference with micro owns cordless
phones and other appliance. It is low-cost; signal range is good using home appliance.
Wi-Fi-802.11g
In 2002 and 2003, This Technology supporting a newer slandered products. It is best technology
of 802.11a and 802.11b. The 802.11 b support bandwidth upto 54mbps and it use a 2.4 GHz
frequency for greater range. This cost is more than 802.11b. It is fast accessing and maximum
speed.

Wi-Fi-802.11n
The 802.11n is the newest WIFI technology. It was designed to improve on 802.11g .The amount
of bandwidth supported by utilizing multiple wireless signals and antennas instead of one. It
supports 100 mbps bandwidth and increased signal intensity.

Applications
 Mobile applications
 Business applications
 Home applications
 Computerized application
 Automotive segment
 Browsing internet
 Video conference

Advantages

 Wireless laptop can be moved from one place to another place


 Wi-Fi network communication devices without wire can reduce the cost of wires.
 Wi-Fi setup and configuration is easy than cabling process
 It is completely safe and it will not interfere with any network
 We can also connect internet via hot spots
 We can connect internet wirelessly

Resources
https://www.data61.csiro.au/en/Our-Work/Future-Cities/Planning-sustainable-infrastructure/WiFi
2) Hotspot
 For users of portable computers equipped for
wireless, a hot spot (or hotspot) is a wireless
LAN (local area network) node that provides
Internet connection and virtual private
network (VPN) access from a given location.
For example, a business traveler with
a laptop equipped for Wi-Fi can look up a
local hot spot, contact it, and get connected
through its network to reach the Internet and
their own company remotely with a secure
connection. Increasingly, public places, such
as airports, hotels, and coffee shops are providing free wireless access for customers.
 Mobile hotspots are a recent technology that allows you to connect your Internet-
capable devices to the Internet through a wireless, portable device.
 The hotspot forms an on-the-spot Wi-Fi network, and you can connect a number of
computers or gadgets to the network for simple, fast Internet access.

Mobile Hotspots: Internet On-the-Go


 Hotspots can find Internet connections throughout most of the United States by using
the 4G and 4G LTE networks set up by major providers.

 You can use any Wi-Fi capable device with a mobile hotspot, including most laptop
computers, tablets and Smartphones.

 To use your hotspot, you will power it on and use your computer’s Wi-Fi adapter to
find the network, although some providers offer small USB hotspots that connect
directly to your computer.

 Mobile hotspots and smart phones use the same types of data networks. 4G mobile
hotspots are an especially popular option, since they offer connection speeds roughly
equivalent to home broadband connections.

 You can even turn your phone into a mobile hotspot.

Types of Mobile Data Connections


 All mobile hotspots offer broadband Internet, which means that they provide a
relatively fast and consistent connection. There are several types of wireless mobile
network technologies, but the two most common are 4G and 4G LTE.
 These terms stand for “fourth generation” and “4G Long Term Evolution”
respectively, and they are important terms to understand when choosing a mobile
hotspot. The two technologies vary in terms of speed and coverage area.

 4G networks provide a consistent connection to the Internet. Most 4G LTE networks are
significantly faster.

 The standards of 4G networks are a bit confusing, but on any given network, 4G speeds
are generally at least twice as fast as 3G. However, it is important to note that network
speeds vary from one carrier to the next. If you use AT&T, for instance, you will notice
a major difference between 4G and 3G connections, but the speeds are not necessarily in
line with the speeds of other providers.

3) Bluetooth
Introduction

 As the number of Bluetooth products increases each year, it is


important to develop applications and services to take full advantage
of their potential and capabilities. A broadband hotspot is one
application where Bluetooth has a value in providing Internet access
to mobile users. Consumers owning a Bluetooth enabled mobile
phone can easily access a Bluetooth hotspot to browse the internet
without having to carry a PDA or a laptop. A higher proportion of
PDA owners use the device to access the Internet through Wi-Fi
which is more costly as compared to Bluetooth. The penetration rate for using mobile phone
is very high. In fact, it is becoming the internet access point for many people encountering
the Internet for the first time. The size of the device is getting smaller, making it convenient
for consumers to carry and the capabilities are becoming more powerful and sophisticated.
Mobile phone creates more possibilities for social networking.
 In terms of social conception, Bluetooth hotspots have the ability to bridge the digital
divide between people who do or do not have access to the technology. It is not necessary to
purchase a PC, a laptop or a PDA which are often used for business and work related
purposes, for occasionally checking email and browsing the Internet. There are some
consumers who are not a frequent user of the Internet due to the nature of their work,
lifestyle or income. This group of people can invest in a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone to
access the Internet.

Purpose of System

 There are two major components of the entire system. The first component is the Bluetooth
hotspot network which consists of many machines in a client server configuration. The
Bluetooth network is essentially a collection of many Bluetooth devices like mobile phones.
A "Bluetooth Server" connects the entire network to the Internet acting as a gateway to the
"clients".
 The second part of the network is the Bluetooth service manager. This is mainly the
software used to manage the users of that particular system. This system takes care about the
login and authentication. The customer enters his/her user details to gain access to the
service. Then the authentication process validates the users. User details are stored in a
database with access details.

Methodology:
 Before the clients can be connected to the server, they have to be paired with the Bluetooth
Server. Pairing is an important part in a Bluetooth setup. When the client requests to be
connected to the server, the server asks for a passkey. When the client and the server enter
the same passkey then the devices are paired together and can perform network functions.
For a hotspot network, a common passkey could he maintained for the day. The patrons can
be provided this passkey over the counter. This passkey can be changed on a daily basis.
Authentication is probably the most important part of the system. Therefore we prefer a
manual control on the devices present in the hotspot in the form of hotspot manager.
 The server has to be setup to enable Internet Connection and redirect the web pages to
mobiles. The server recognizes the client‘s request for Internet access and sends the request
to the Internet Server. It gets the web page in the format accessible in mobiles from the
Internet Server and sends it to the requesting client and thus enables the client to access
Internet.
 A centralized database will maintain the details of all users along with date and time of login
registered to the system. Once the user enters the hotspot, a simple "Passkey" facility will
enable the user to access the Internet.
LiFi Technology
LiFi is a wireless technology holds the key to solving challenges faced by 5G. LiFi can transmit
at multiple gigabits, is more reliable, virtually interference free and uniquely more secure than
radio technology such as Wi-Fi or cellular.

LiFi is a mobile wireless technology that uses light rather than radio frequencies to transmit data.
The technology is supported by a global ecosystem of companies driving the adoption of LiFi,
the next generation of wireless that is ready for seamless integration into the 5G core.

How does it work?

LiFi is high speed bidirectional networked and mobile communication of data using light. LiFi
comprises of multiple light bulbs that form a wireless network. When an electrical current is
applied to a LED light bulb a stream of light (photons) is emitted from the bulb. LED bulbs are
semiconductor devices, which means that the brightness of the light flowing through them can be
changed at extremely high speeds. This allows us to send a signal by modulating the light at
different rates. The signal can then be received by a detector which interprets the changes in light
intensity (the signal) as data.
The intensity modulation cannot be seen by the human eye, and thus communication is just as
seamless as other radio systems, allowing the users to be connected where there is LiFi enabled
light. Using this technique, data can be transmitted from a LED light bulb at high speeds.

Advantages
Following are the some advantages of Li-Fi technology

 Speed & Bandwidth


LiFi can deliver multiple Gbps speeds in mobile devices. This next generation technology will
drive wireless beyond any current capability, opening up unprecedented bandwidth.

 Reliability
Li-Fi provides enhanced reliability enabling interference-free communications and 1000s times
the data density, dramatically improving the user experience.
 Low Latency
Li-Fi currently offers latency by a factor of three times lower than Wi-Fi and can radically enable
innovation, automation, and applications such as AR and VR.
Security. Light can be contained, and secured in a physical space. Li-Fi enables additional
control as Li-Fi offers precise localization for asset tracking and user authentication.

 Localization
Li-Fi is fully networked, and each Li-Fi enabled light has it a unique IP address which means
advanced geo fencing can be deployed simply in a Li-Fi network.

 Interference Free
RF is vulnerable to interference from a wide range of devices such as cordless phones,
microwaves and neighboring Wi-Fi networks. LiFi signals can be defined by the area of
illumination, which means interference is much simpler to avoid and even stop altogether. This
also means LiFi can be used in RF hostile zones such as hospitals, power plants and airplanes.

Disadvantages of Li-Fi:

Special Hardware Needs: It needs specialized hardware for implementation which isn't
currently available on a large scale.
Technological Advancements: The current technology must be upgraded in order for Li-Fi to
be implemented on a large scale and for common public to use it.
Cost Factor: Since the technology is new, there has been a huge amount invested in its R&D and
hence Li-Fi is very expensive.
Uplink Issues: Li-Fi has demonstrated extremely high downlink speeds. There has never been
any mention regarding the uplink and any clarity on how it is being implemented.
Interference: LiFi signals are prone to interference from everyday lightings such as sunlight,
common household lighting etc due to the use of visible light for its transmission.
Limited Range: The range of LiFi is limited by two major factors: Dispersion of light and
inability of light to penetrate optically opaque objects (like walls of a room).
Use of WiFi: The widespread use of WiFi is a major factor preventing the use of LiFi. The
limitations of LiFi makes it a difficult task to replace conventional WiFi networks.
Can we see LiFi lights flicker?

The LED lights used to transmit LiFi signals are modulated at such a fast
rate that the eye cannot perceive the modulation or “flicker”. This is
similar to the way our eyes do not interpret the break between film frames
in a motion picture. Just as you see a smooth motion on the cinema screen,
you will see an uninterrupted source of steady light streaming from a Li-
Fi enabled luminaire. As a comparison, the lowest frequency at which the
lights are modulated is 1MHz and this is 10,000 times higher than the
refresh rate of our computer screens.

Application

• Underwater communications: Since radio waves cannot be used under water because these
waves are strongly absorbed by sea water within feet of their transmission and this renders it
unusable underwater but LIFI is suitable for underwater communication
• Health sector: Since WIFI is not safe to be used in hospitals and other various health care sectors
because it penetrates human body. LIFI can be implemented and well suit in this sector.
• Internet anywhere: street lamps, light of vehicles can be used to access internet anywhere in
footpaths, roads, malls, anywhere where light source is available.
• Safety and management: it can be used to update traffic information at almost every instant
and it will be easy for traffic police to deal with traffic and catch the one who breaks the rule.

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