Bucyrus OH Survey Report March 2012 PDF

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE & ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES
PERFORMED THIS
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE MULTI SURVEY
FOR
BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD
Date: February 2012

Reference No: 00000
CONTENTS PAGE
SECTION
STATEMENT PAGE
EXECUTIVE & FUTURE ACTIONS SUMMARY 1
NOISE SURVEY 2
ERGONOMICS ASSESMENT 3
ILLUMINATION SURVEY 4
5
INDOOR AIR QUALITY SURVEY
6
LOCAL EXTRACTION VENTILATION SURVEY
7
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EXPOSURE
GLOSSARY AND REFERENCES 8
CERTIFICATES 9
STATEMENT PAGE
I, T. Setshedile performed this Occupational Hygiene Survey on behalf of Gijima Occupational Hygiene and
Environmental Services at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD, Germiston, Linbro Park and Middelburg sites in
February 2012.
Recommendations made in this report are made in good faith and every effort was made to ensure the professional integrity
there-of. The final responsibility however still lies with the client to ensure the suitability and correctness there-of, prior to
implementation. Gijima Occupational Hygiene and Environmental Services shall in no way be liable for any losses suffered by
the client as a result of the implementation any of these recommendations.
Gijima Occupational Hygiene and Environmental Services is a Department of Labour: Approved Inspection Authority for the
monitoring of Physical and Chemical Stress factors (including Lead and Asbestos), and Ventilation, Approval No: CI 029 OH.
This report is subject to our Quality Management System and is approved and verified by a certified Occupational
Hygienist as per requirement(s) of the Department of Labour and the Southern African Institute for Occupational
Hygiene (SAIOH).
Please note that if this report is published or reproduced by the client, it must be in full, unless prior written approval for the
publication or reproduction in abridged form is granted by Gijima Occupational Hygiene and Environmental Services.
Although Gijima OHS provides and accepts the use of reproductions in electronic format, it should be noted that all
reproductions of this report that do not bear the signature of the responsible Occupational Hygienist cannot be used for the
purposes of legal records.
GIJIMA OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

Private Bag X1807
Middelburg
1050
Tel & Fax: 013 246 8600/8601

Fax: 013 246 1009/086 622 7932
CELL: 073 302 0429
E-mail:OHES@gijima.com
THAPELO SETSHEDILE (Report Author) STEPHAN VAN WYK (Quality Controller
CERTIFIED OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE TECHNOLOGIST CERTIFIED OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST

(S.A.I.O.H. Membership No. 0669) (S.A.I.O.H. Membership No. 0431)
DATE: MARCH 2012

BUCYRUS | 00000 Occupational Hygienist Signature Page | 1 of 134
I. PREMISES
This Occupational Hygiene Survey was performed in February 2012 at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD,
Germiston, Linbro Park and Middelburg sites.
This survey was initiated at the request of:

EHS(Q) MANAGER
SOUTHERN AFRICA
TEL: (011) 842 2841
FAX: (011) 873 2140
MOBILE: 083 229 2160
FOR ATTENTION: Mr. Matt Prinsloo

E-MAIL: Matt.Prinsloo@cat.com
II. PURPOSE
The purpose of this Report is to reflect the Results and findings of an Occupational Hygiene Survey conducted at
Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD, Germiston, Linbro Park and Middelburg sites; which included the
following:
a. Noise measurements for noise zoning and Hearing conservation Purposes:
 Determine noise zones for demarcation purposes in accordance with the Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Regulations; OHS Act. And SANS 10083 : 2004 “The measurement and assessment of occupational noise for
hearing conservation purposes”, and;
 The results of this survey will enable management to implement an appropriate hearing conservation
program, based on recommendations that will be provided; which includes demarcation of noise zones,
selection of appropriate control measures, medical surveillance requirements, etc.
b. Ergonomic Survey:
 The purpose of the Ergonomics Assessment is to assist management in identifying any potential ergonomic
problems to the workforce and to recommend corrective or control measures necessary so that timely and
appropriate intervention strategies may be implemented.
c. Artificial Illumination Survey:
 To measure Artificial Illuminance (lighting levels) in all work areas in accordance with the requirements of
the Environmental Regulations for Workplaces, under the OHS Act; Act 85 of 1993, by quantifying day-time
illumination levels in those areas that are active during the day (Admin and Workshop areas, etc.).
 To recommend appropriate Illumination improvement measures, to ensure legal compliance.
d. Air Quality Survey/Ventilation
 To measure ventilation efficiency/breathing air quality in Indoor areas in accordance with the requirements
of the Environmental Regulations for Workplaces, under the OHS Act; Act 85 of 1993 and applicable
standards including ASHRAE.
e. Local Extraction Ventilation
 The purpose of this survey was to test the Facility’s Local extraction ventilation systems’ and components’
performance for compliance to guideline standards stipulated in the General Safety Regulations, regarding:
 Extraction air velocities and flow rates when spray painting is performed in any cabinet or enclosure.
Gijima Occupational Hygiene & Environmental Services | Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD – Occupational hygiene survey February 2012
j. Hazardous Chemical Substance Exposure Survey:
 To selectively measure employee exposures to VOC’s during painting activities.

 To Identify and Assess employee exposures to Metal fumes and Total Inhalable Dust.
 To measure and evaluate the LEL percentage of H2 Gas at the Battery Charging Bay of Linbro Park site.
 To Recommend appropriate Occupational Health Risk management measures, to ensure legal
compliance and for the prevention of occupational diseases and ill health effects, amongst employees.
1.0 EXECUTIVE AND FUTURE ACTION SUMMARY

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE SURVEY
BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD, GERMISTON,
LINBRO PARK AND MIDDELBURG SITES, FEBRUARY 2012
1.1. INTRODUCTION
This Occupational Hygiene Survey was performed at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD, Germiston, Linbro Park
and Middelburg sites and included a Noise Survey for Noise Zoning and Hearing Conservation purposes, Ergonomics
Survey, an Illumination Survey, Air Quality Survey, Local Extraction Ventilation and Hazardous Chemical Substances
Survey.
This Occupational Hygiene Survey was not only performed to establish compliance with the relevant Occupational
Health and Safety legislation, but also to provide recommendations on Occupational Health Hazard Control and
Occupational Hygiene Management measures.
1.2. FINDINGS
THE ASSESSMENT REVEALED THE FOLLOWING PRIORITY RISKS:
a. Noise Survey
From the noise survey results obtained at the premises of Bucyrus Africa Underground, Germiston and Middelburg
sites, the following is concluded:
The following area was identified as Noise zone (area with average noise Rating levels ≥85dB(A)):
 Bay 2 (Hydraulic Bay) - Shock absorber Assemble area
 Compressor Room
The following machines/tools and activities were identified as noisy machines/tools:

 Baby grinder
• Shock Absorbers Assembly and Testing Machines
• Shot Blasting Cabinet (Motor)
• Hammer
• Cutter Head Tester
• Gouging activity
• High Pressure Jet Water spray
• Extraction fans of the Cyclone and Spray booths
 Bench grinder
 Welding activities
Mostly workshop areas of Bucyrus Africa Underground, Germiston and Middelburg sites that only becomes noise
zones as soon as noisy equipment are utilised
Employees working in the above-mentioned noise zones and/or engaged in operating of the above-mentioned
noisy machines and activities, are at risk of developing noise induced hearing loss.
Employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs, with a NRR of 20. These HPD,s are thus capable of providing
adequate protection against noise levels as high as 95 dB(A). These HPD’s will not be able to protect the employees
adequately during hammering and gouging activities. Employees should wear ear muffs in conjunction with the ear
plugs when these activities are performed.
Currently no noisy activities are performed at Linbro Park site.
b. Ergonomic Survey:
From the Ergonomic assessment conducted the following is concluded:
 One of the chairs (Finance open plan offices) is not provided with armrest, this may cause the employee to
adapt awkward postures (i.e. wrists at an angle, lifting shoulders, leaning forward, twisting trunk) - developing
neck and back pain (musculoskeletal disorders).
 Work stations at the Finance department does not comply with good ergonomic requirements such as a
computer screen to the side and thus leading to employees leaning forward on desks and/or stretching and
twisting to look at the monitor. Inadequate space on desks to accommodate specific equipment (keyboards,
documents, printers, in/out trays), resulting in desk being clustered.
 The positioning of computers in relation to the windows results in employees experiencing glare which leads
to visual discomfort.
 Employees have not received any training in ergonomics and how to properly setup a workstation according
to each individual’s needs.
c. Illumination Survey:
Most of illumination levels measured complied with the minimum statutory requirement with only 25 % (55/220)
of the measured areas that do not conform to the OHS Act minimum requirements.
A substandard illumination level measured at a number of offices was due to:
 defective lamps,
 too few/insufficient number of luminaires/lamps,
 luminaire were not located directly above the computer workstations and
 no power connected to luminaires.
Only Day-time illumination measurements were performed as no significant since no night time work is performed
at any of the Bucyrus sites.
d. Air Quality/Ventilation Survey:

From the results of the Indoor Air Quality Survey performed during normal employee occupancy at Bucyrus Africa
Underground (PTY) Ltd at Linbro Park, Germiston and Middelburg sites, it is concluded that the indoor air is
considered “Acceptable” in most of the offices and areas monitored.
The Workshop Areas at Germiston site are naturally ventilated through Bay doors; natural ventilation relied on
elements such as wind and thermal forces to remove contaminated air and to replace it with fresh air.
Most offices at the three sites were fitted with Wall console air and Split level air conditioning units which
regulate indoor air temperature and facilitate air movement and regulate indoor air temperature.
Offices such as the General storage facility office and Small parts storage area at Middleburg site; as well as the
foreman’s office in the warehouse of Linbro Park site were not supplied with fresh outside air. It is stipulated
under the National Building Regulations (SANS Code 10400 Part O) that offices be supplied with outside air at rates
no less that 5 l per second per person or be or be provided with an openable glazed window (openable to the
2
outside) which is no less than 5% of the floor area of the room or 0.2m , whichever is the greater.
Office 6 at Middleburg site had a defective air conditioning unit.
Relative humidity did not conform to the recommended standard in the following areas:
 Open plan office in the ground floor of Germiston site

 Procurement office, foreman’s office and Board room (Finance department) of Linbro Park site.
The measured Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide levels at all of the areas conform to the recommended guidelines.
e. Local extraction survey:

The local extraction ventilation systems evaluated complied with the minimum statutory requirements as
stipulated in section 4 of the General Safety Regulations (OHS Act no 85 of 1993).
Spray painting booths
Measurement obtained during the Ventilation Survey exceeded the minimum flow rate (>0.5m/s) required for a
spray booth face exceeding two square meters.
Fumes Extraction System
Below is the maximum allowable distance of each unit (extractions arms) from the source where the capture
velocity will exceed 0.75m/s:
Arm 1 (Closest to the bay door) - 30 cm

Arm 2 – 26 cm
Arm 3 – 22 cm
Arm 4 – 29 cm
When the system is used properly as stated above, it should be able to remove fumes released into the workplace
during activities such as welding, gouging e.t.c.
f. Hazardous Chemical Substances Survey

The results of the Hazardous Chemical substances survey performed at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd –
Germiston and Middelburg sites conclude the following:
Volatile Organic Compounds:

None of the employees who performed painting (spraying of Anti-Spat Plascon Paints and Primer) were
overexposed to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Painting was only performed for short periods during the time
of the survey. Exposure levels are anticipated to be much higher should painting be performed for more than 4
hours per day.
Total Inhalable Dust/Fume (Metallic Elements):

Of the employees subjected to dust/fume exposure sampling at Bucyrus, the following were found to be
significantly exposed to Total Metal Fume and Iron Oxide (exposure levels exceeding of the OEL):
 K. Van Vuuren: Welder (Welding Bay) – Total Welding fume and Iron Oxide fume.
S. Nzimande: Welder (Welding Bay) was found to be exposed to Total Inhalable fumes and Iron Oxide at
concentrations 50% above the respective OELs.
Both the Welders’ combined or synergistic exposure to total Welding fumes and metal elements as reflected
through the Exposure Index (EI) exceeded the statutory limit of 1.
Engineering control measures in the form of local extraction ventilation systems installed at the welding bay,
however, the mobility of the system is limited to the four arms that is connected to the system reducing the
effective of utilizing the system at the different areas where welding is performed.
Of the employees subjected to Total Inhalable Dust exposure sampling at Bucyrus, the following were found to be
significantly exposed to Total Inhalable dust (exposure levels exceeding of the OEL):
 S. Mphambo: Shot blaster Operator (Shot blaster) – Total Inhalable dust
The Operator made use of and air supplied respiratory hood/face mask that is deemed adequate for the task. The
use of a FFP2 dust mask for cleaning up afterwards is also deemed adequate.
Compressed air is used to perform general cleaning at some of the Bucyrus areas. The use of compressed air as a
means to clean surfaces, articles or clothing is a contravention of the OHS Act HCS Regulations, unless no
alternative exists (due to this practice causing unnecessary dust exposure).
Diesel Particulate Matter:

C. van der Westhuizen (Forklift Operator exposure to Diesel Particulate Matter exceeded the ACGIH’s TLV for Diesel
Particulate Matter (Total and Elemental Carbon). The open cab and the position of the exhaust system increased
the possibility of exposure. Exposure levels will also depend mainly on the workload. Currently no Respiratory
protection is used while operating the Forklift.
Hydrogen gas:
Gas testing was conducted at the Battery Charging bay to determine the Hydrogen gas concentration level.
Levels below 0.5% were measured at the battery bay that had no dedicated ventilation system to reduce the
built-up of Hydrogen gas. Although measured levels were low, the risk of an explosion still exists due to the lack
of ventilation in the area.
1.3. FUTURE ACTIONS SUMMARY
The following tables contain recommendations and possible actions, which when implemented by management
could:
 Assist in reducing exposure (risk and exposure concentrations) to specific high risk stresses; and
 Serve to improve working conditions and workers’ health and safety.
TABLE 1.1: BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON, LINBRO PARK AND
MIDDELBURG SITES
AREA/OH RESP. COMPL.
FUTURE ACTIONS
HAZARDS PERSON DATE
1. WORKSHOPS NOISE
Noise; throughout Monitoring Requirements: AIA
the workshop  Conduct representative Noise measurements throughout Bucyrus
section: Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd – Germiston and Middelburg sites
at intervals not exceeding 24 months.
Administrative Requirements: Internal/

Division
• It is recommended that the Hydraulic and Fabrication Bays of the
Workshop (including the Compressor Room and Shot Blasting
Booth) must be demarcated or should remain to be demarcated
as noise zones hence the frequent use of noisy machines/tools
and equipment.
• The following machines/tools must be labelled as noisy
machines/tool:
 Grinders (Including the bench grinder)
 Shock Absorbers Assembly and Testing Machines
 Compressors

 Gouging
 Hammer
 High Pressure Jet Water spray
• Hearing protection device application compliance in the noise
zones must be strictly enforced (management must set an
example).
• All employees and visitors must receive training on how to
apply/insert earplugs correctly.
• All employees must receive formal training on hearing
conservation.
• A system of record keeping on all documentation related to
hearing conservation must be implemented and maintained.
 Providing quiet areas for food and rest breaks will reduce
employee exposure to noise from production activities.
 Maintenance personnel should wear Hearing Protective
Devices (HPDs) when entering the compressor room and
should also be subjected to an audiometric testing Program.

FUTURE ACTIONS
HAZARDS PERSON DATE
1. WORKSHOPS NOISE (Continued)
Engineering Controls: Internal/
 Specific engineering control options provided per area should be Division
considered and implemented in order to reduce noise levels:
o Compressors, Shot Blaster, motors and pumps must be kept
in good condition to reduce noise at source.
o Furthermore, Noise propagated through the building
structure of the Hydraulic Bay (Bay 2) due to the absence of
vibration isolation of the motor can be reduced by fitting
vibration damping material between the vibrating screen
housing and building structure.
o The isolation pads that are widely used for vibration
isolation. They are relatively cheap, easy for installation and
replacement, and have the advantage of good high-
frequencies isolation.
Example of isolation pads
 It is recommended that work benches (at least one per workshop)

on which hammering are performed should be lined with an
isolation material (old conveyor belt). This could also reduce the
level of impact noise from hammering activities.
PPE: Internal/
 Employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs, with a NRR of Division
20. These HPD,s are thus capable of providing adequate
protection against noise levels as high as 95 dB(A). However,
noise levels measured for some activities like hammering,
gouging, cutter head test and Angle grinders (Bosch 26-239B and
GWS 8-115B) were above 95 dB(A) hence HPD’s with higher NRR
(NRR 30 and above) is required.
 Employees should wear ear muffs in conjunction with these ear
plugs (mentioned above) when conducting hammering and
gouging activities.

FUTURE ACTIONS
HAZARDS PERSON DATE
1. WORKSHOPS NOISE (Continued)
Medical Surveillance: Internal/
Division
 Conduct annual Audiometric Testing on the employees exposed to
noise at rating levels exceeding 85 dB(A) but not 105 dB(A).
 Employees working with tools or conducting activities that liberate
noise levels above 105 dB(A) shall undergo audiometric at 6
monthly intervals until it is established that no referral threshold
shift is present. Thereafter their audiometric testing may be
extended to one year.
 Audiometric Testing must be performed according to SANS
10083: 2004 and Regulation 8 in the Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Regulation.

FUTURE ACTIONS
HAZARDS PERSON DATE
2. OFFICE ERGONOMICS
OFFICE Engineering Controls: Internal/
ERGONOMICS:  Provide Office personnel with chairs that comply with ergonomic Division
requirements i.e. arm rests that does not interfere with the
 Finance workstation, etc.
Department
(all administrative
offices included)
Ergonomic workstation design.

Computers: Division
 The following suggestions can help prevent the development of
eye strain, neck pain and shoulder fatigue while using your
computer workstation:
o Make sure the surface of the viewing screen is clean.
o Adjust brightness and contrast to optimum comfort.
o Position the monitor directly in front of user to avoid
excessive twisting of the neck.
o Position the monitor approx. 50-66 centimeters (arm's
length) from user.
o Tilt top of the monitor back 10 to 20 degrees.
o Position monitors at right angles from windows to reduce
glare.
o Position monitors away from direct lighting which creates
excessive glare or use a glare filter over the monitor to
reduce glare.
 The top of the viewing screen should be at eye level when the
user is sitting in an upright position.
 If the person is short, then he/she must be provided with a
footrest because blood flow is cut off to the lower legs when their
feet hang in the air.

FUTURE ACTIONS
HAZARDS PERSON
DATE
OFFICE ERGONOMICS (Continues)
OFFICE Administrative Requirements: Internal/
ERGONOMICS: Division
Glare:
 Finance
Department
(all administrative
offices included)
Typical sources of Glare in the office.
 Keep blinds closed when the sun is low; i.e. in the morning or late
afternoon or if glare is detected on PC monitors.

o
Position monitors at right angles (90 ) to windows so that glare
effects from sunlight entering through windows is eliminated or
reduced.
 Use darker glass tint or darker coloured blinds to reduce sun
penetration into offices.
 If the above is not feasible, use anti-glare mesh filter on monitors
or replace with flat panel screens with anti-glare features.
Anti-Glare Filter
 Adjust the brightness and contrast controls on the screen to suit

lighting conditions in the room.
AREA/OH RESP.
FUTURE ACTIONS COMPL. DATE
HAZARDS PERSON
3. ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION
ARTIFICIAL Engineering Controls: Internal/
ILLUMINATION:  Reposition luminaires to improve illumination levels at most of Division
the toilets in the administration building at the Middelburg site.
 Defective lamps should be replaced on an on-going basis to
ensure adequate illumination of work areas.
 Lights should be placed and distributed in such a way that:
o Easy access for cleaning purposes exists.
o No dark spots or contrast problems occur, i.e. ensure
uniform Illuminance distribution.
o Ensures adequate screens and monitors.
 Consider replacing luminaires consisting of one Fluorescent tube
with luminaires consist of 2 or 3 Fluorescent tubes to ensure
higher light output where needed.
 Ensure that office furniture or luminaires are placed in relation to
each other to achieve best possible illumination.
 Consider installing additional Luminaires to ensure even
distribution of light in the areas where the Illumination level is not
uniform (refer to Table 2.2. Different types of Luminaires).
 Investigate means to supply power to the containers used for
yard office containers at Middelburg.

 Implement an effective lighting maintenance programme to Division
ensure defective lamp replacement.
Monitoring Requirements: AIA

 Repeat the artificial illumination survey at intervals not exceeding
24 months (as recommended best practice).
AREA/OH COMPL.
FUTURE ACTIONS RESP. PERSON
HAZARDS DATE
4. INDOOR AIR QUALITY (VENTILATION)

INDOOR AIR Administration Requirements:
QUALITY:
 Openable windows should be kept open during warmer periods
to allow for the introduction of fresh outside air where
practicably possible.
 Employees in offices where the air conditioning units are
installed should be informed of the need to use units in order
to facilitate air movement and regulate the dry bulb
temperature and, by-so-doing, ensure a measure of thermal
comfort to occupants.
Engineering Requirements: Internal/

Division
 Where practicably possible, provide mobile fans at the general
areas to increase the amount of linear air movement, thereby
ensuring a measure of thermal comfort
 Repair the defective air conditioning unit of office 6

(Middelburg site).
 Maintenance of Air conditioning systems should include:

o Ensuring that regular maintenance is performed
on all air conditioning units i.e. air conditioners are
re-gassed, filters are changed etc.
o regular inspection for signs of damage or
malfunction;
o monitoring of performance (e.g. correct
temperature readings);
o routine replacement of components known to
have a limited life (e.g. drive belts on fans, dirty
filters); and prompt repair or replacement of worn
or damaged components.
Monitoring Requirements: AIA
 Repeat the Indoor Air Quality (Ventilation) and Thermal Comfort

survey during summer months and at intervals not exceeding 24
months (as recommended best practice).
5. LOCAL EXTRACTION VENTILATION
 Spray booths Monitoring Requirements: AIA
 Fumes  Test the efficiency of the spray booths and fume extraction
Extraction systems at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD, Germiston
systems site at intervals not exceeding 24 months.
Engineering Controls: Internal/

 Maintaining equipment in good condition including regular Division
inspections, cleaning of clogged-up filters as well as replacement
of parts that are worn-out.
 Records shall be kept off test carried out or maintenance
performed on any engineering control measures.
AREA/OH COMPL.
FUTURE ACTIONS RESP. PERSON
HAZARDS DATE
6. HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

Hazardous Engineering Control: Internal/
Chemical  Regularly maintain the current extraction systems, fans and Division
replace filters (at the Spray painting cabinets, Shot blaster and
Substances, welding bays).
consisting of at  Test efficiency of extraction system according to regulation 4 of
least: the General Safety Regulations Standards (OHS Act No 85 of
1993).
 Total Inhalable
 Excessive welding/gouging fume exposures inside the sections
Dust and Metal
should be prevented by means of either mobile or centralised
fumes
fume extraction systems, with flexible ducts and at-source
extraction hoods.
 In order to prevent the re-introduction of extracted welding
fumes into the workplace air, such mobile units should be fitted
with exhaust air filtering devices, preferably electrostatic
precipitators.
 The design of any fume extraction system should be as such
that fumes would be removed at-source, at a capture velocity of
at least 0.75m/s (As measured in section 6 of this report).
 Examples of the LEV systems for welding fumes are the
A. Mobile Nederman or Horizon Fume Extraction Systems which have
Welding/cutting different products such as mobile and central/fixed fume
Fume Extractor extraction systems (See figure A).
Unit  Consider changing the way dust is cleaned in the Workshop
areas, especially in the Cyclone rooms of the Shot blasting
booths which is sweeping up dust. However, more efficient
cleaning can be achieved through vacuuming and collection of
potential hazardous components into a dust collector allowing
air to pass through a high efficiency particle arrestor filter (HEPA
filter). Where compressed air is available on site, vacuums for
industrial cleaning and material recovery may be utilized (See
figure B).
B. Use a vacuum  Consider changing the way blast rite is removed in the shot
cleaner fitted with blasting booth i.e. sweeping it up. This can be achieved by
a HEPA filter to changing the floor of the booth from solid metal to grid floor
clean the (See figure C).
Workshop areas.
C. example of a
Shot Blasting
Booth made of
grids to allow for
easy removal of
blast rite with little
or no sweeping at
all
COMPL.
AREA/OH HAZARDS FUTURE ACTIONS RESP. PERSON
DATE
6. HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (Continued)

Hazardous Chemical Personal Protective Equipment: Internal/
Substances (continues)  3M 9928 FFP2 disposable dust mask (with Carbon Division
layer) (protection factor of 10) is recommended for
all employees performing welding and gouging.
Personal Protective Equipment (for Spray Painters): Internal/

 The provision of half mask respirators fitted with A2 Division
filtration cartridge is recommended for any means
of Spray Painting in order to provide adequate
protection against Organic vapours.
 Cartridges should be regularly replaced (as soon as
paints and thinners can be smelled while the
respirator is used).
 Respiratory protective equipment should be stored
separately from the paint and thinners and in a
sealable container/bag.
 Thinners should not be used to clean respirators.
Alcohol wipes should be provided to clean the mask
and rinsed thoroughly with soap and water.
Special Medical Tests: Registered

All Employees: Occupational
 Full lung function tests (Spirometry), for early Medicine
detection of Chronic Obstructive, or Constrictive Practitioner
Pulmonary Disease.
Special Medical Tests (for Spray Painters): Registered

 Toluene: Occupational
o Hippuric Acid in urine Medicine
 Xylene: Practitioner
o Methylhippuric acid in urine
 These should be performed at random (no more
than once per year), purely for record keeping
purposes.
2.0. NOISE SURVEY

BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD, GERMISTON
AND MIDDELBURG SITES
FEBRUARY 2012
2.1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this Report is to reflect the results and findings of Noise measurements for noise zoning and
Hearing conservation Purposes.
2.2. HEALTH HAZARDS

Noise may be defined as unwanted, disturbing and physiologically damaging sound. Continuous exposure to
noise levels equal to or above 85 dB(A), averaged over eight hour work day, may cause noise induced
hearing loss (NIHL) which is permanent and irreversible.
The effects of the above noise exposure on employees include:
 noise induced hearing loss,

 masking of wanted sounds such as warning signals and conversation,
 non-auditory effects such as abnormal adrenal hormone secretion, increased heart rate, disturbed sleep
patterns and fatigue.
2.3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY
A calibrated (external calibration at the M and N Acoustic Services CC, as well as internally calibrated before
and checked after measurements) Type 1, Quest 1900 Precision, Integrating, Sound Level meter (Serial No.
CC8020009, 2064022), was used to determine the average, equivalent, continuous Noise Levels; L Req,T. and 8
Hour Equivalent Noise Rating Levels (L Req,8h).
The noise survey was performed in strict accordance with the legislated method for evaluating the workforce
for hearing conservation purposes as prescribed in the SABS/SANS Code of Practice 10083 of 2004: “The
measurement and assessment of occupational noise for hearing conservation purposes”. The formulas
specified in the above-mentioned code were also used to convert the measured Noise Levels (L Req,T) to 8 Hour
Equivalent Noise Rating Levels (LReq,8h), where applicable.
Care was taken to take enough measurements, over long enough periods and in normal working conditions
as to evaluate noise levels as near as possible to representative exposure levels. Measurement positions
were determined by selecting representative workstations or alternatively at least 3 positions were selected
which are representative of the work area noise characteristics. Each individual measurement was taken
over a representative period of time to ensure that all possible variations in noise generation in the area i.e.
all possible noise sources are included in the measurement value. Measurements were taken over shorter
periods of time where there were no/ limited variation in the noise generation i.e. the noise generated will
be constant/the same for the whole shift or duration of a specific activity (i.e. operating a specific piece of
machinery).
The noise rating levels, which can be defined as the values of the impulse-corrected equivalent continuous A-
weighted sound pressure levels, within a specific time interval that is representative of the noise in the
working environment, were determined and are presented in the results Tables.
The following definitions & formulae were utilized in order to assess noise exposure levels, and are expressed
in appropriately corresponding terms when referenced in the results tables.
A-weighted sound pressure level (LpA), in decibels: Where:

ρA – is the A-weighted root-mean-square sound
LpA = 10 log (ρA/ρO) 2 pressure, in pascals; and
ρO– is the reference sound pressure (ρO = 20 µPa).
Equivalent continuous rating level (LReq,T), in decibels: Where:

LAeq,T – is the equivalent continuous A-weighted
LReq,T = LAeq,T+ Ci sound pressure level (refer to clause 3.1.15
of SANS10083 for the equation); and
Ci – is the impulse correction (a standard
adjustment for impulsiveness of the sound)
Where individual work shifts differ in duration from Where:

a normal 8 hour work shift, the 8 h equivalent LReq,8h – is the equivalent continuous rating level,
continuous rating level (LReq,8h) was calculated from determined for a time interval of the duration of
the following equation: the work shift;
Ts – is the total duration of the work shift, in hours;
8 – is the total duration of the reference time interval,
in hours
Note that if the time duration of the work shift is 8 h, the equivalent continuous
shift rating level becomes the equivalent continuous 8 h rating level and this
calculation is therefore not required.
Please consult SANS 10083: 2004 for further supporting information on the acoustical terminology and
assessment methods utilised in this report
2.4. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
In terms of Noise Induced Hearing Loss Regulations, 2001, promulgated under the Occupational Health and
Safety Act (OHS Act; Act 85 of 1993), no employers shall require or permit an employee to work in an
environment in which he is exposed to an average, 8 Hour Equivalent Noise Rating Level, equal to or
exceeding 85 dB(A).
Furthermore, in terms of the OHS Act in general and the Noise Induced Hearing Loss Regulations - 2001 in
specific, every employer has an obligation to assess/identify, evaluate and control all potential health hazards
(including noise) to which his employees may be exposed.
2.5. RESULTS
The Results of the Noise survey performed during February 2012, at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD,
Germiston and Middelburg sites are reflected in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
TABLE 2.1: NOISE SURVEY RESULTS BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND – GERMISTON, FEBRUARY 2012
MEASURED NOISE AVERAGE NOISE

AREA OR NOISY
LEVELS (LReq,T) in RATING LEVEL DISCUSSION EVALUATION OF CURRENT CONTROL MEASURES
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
dB(A) (LReq,8h) in dB(A)
1.0 Bay 2 (Hydraulic Bay)
 Shock absorber 87.1# ≥85 The employees in the Hydraulic Bay assemble Engineering Controls:
Assemble area shock absorbers. The Hydraulic bay is separated from the adjacent bays by
 Shock absorber 82.3 <85 Noise generating equipment in the Hydraulic bay means of a solid wall to prevent employees working in the
testing area are: others being exposed to noise.
 Shot blasting Cabinet 85.3# ≥85  Pump
Motor  Motor Administrative Controls:
The Hydraulic Bay is currently not demarcated as noise
The oil pump at the shock absorber assemble zone.
area liberates noise above the noise rating limit.
The noise generated from the pump is of a Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
steady nature, while being switched on. The Program.
pump is only used for fairly long periods at a
time during the shock absorber assembly. PPE/HPDs:
Employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs, with a
The noise measured at the Shock absorber NRR of 20. These HPD,s provides adequate protection
testing area of Bay 2 was below the noise rating against noise levels as high as 95 dB(A).
limit.
The running motor of the Shot blasting cabinet

liberates steady noise.
The workshop employees do not make use of the

equipment (generating noise levels exceeding
85dB(A)) on a regular basis.

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
2.0 Bay 3 (Fabrication Bay)
 Cutter head test 97.5# ≥85 The workshop employees do not make use to the Engineering Controls:
bench (Head test cutter head tester on a regular basis The Fabrication Bay is separated from the adjacent bays
motor) by means of a solid wall to prevent employees working in
Employees in this area currently work an 8 hour the others being exposed to noise.
shift.
The main noise source in this area is the head Administrative Controls:
rest motor. The Fabrication Bay (Bay 3) is currently not demarcated as
noisy areas.
Noise in this area is of an intermittent and steady
nature. Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
Program.
Employees wore their HPDs diligently and fitted
it correctly. PPE/HPDs:
NRR of 20. These HPD,s are thus capable of providing
adequate protection against noise levels as high as 95
dB(A). The Cutter Head test liberated the noise level
above 95 dB(A) (protection afforded by the HPD
provided). The HPD with a higher NRR is required (e.g.
NRR of 26 dB(A).

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
3.0 Bay 4 (Fabrication Bay)
 Bosch (GWS 8-115) 93.2# ≥85 The Workshop employees use these tools Engineering Controls:
115mm Baby grinder intermittently but not regularly. The Fabrication Bay (Bay 4) is separated from the adjacent
 Hammering activity 110.2# ≥85 bays by means of a solid wall to prevent employees
The main noise sources in this area include working in the others being exposed to noise.
hammers and grinders.
Administrative Controls:
The baby grinder liberates fluctuating noise, These tools are not labelled as noisy tools.
whilst the noise associated with hammer work is
considered high intensity, impulsive noise. Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
Program.
These tools are not labelled as noisy tools.
PPE/HPDs:
Employees in this area currently work an 8 hour Employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs, with a
shift. NRR of 20. These HPD,s are thus capable of providing
Noise in this area is of an intermittent and dB(A). These HPD’s will not be able to protect the
fluctuation nature employees adequately during hammering activity.
Employees should wear ear muffs in conjunction with
Employees wore their HPDs diligently and fitted these ear plugs when hammering activities is performed.
it correctly.

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
4.0 Bay 7 (Assemble Bay)
 Bosch (GWS 26-230B) 101.8# ≥85 The Workshop employees use the grinder and a Engineering Controls:
230mm Angle grinder hammer on a regular basis. The Assemble Bay (Bay 7) is separated from the adjacent
 Gouging activity 108.4# ≥85 bays by means of a solid wall to prevent employees
 Hammering activity 114.3# ≥85 The grinder and gouging activities liberate working in the others being exposed to noise.
 Extraction ventilation 81.9 <85 intermittent fluctuating noises, whilst the noise
system associated with hammer work is considered high Administrative Controls:
intensity, impulsive noise. These tools are not labelled as noisy tools. The Assemble
Bay (Bay 7) is currently demarcated as noisy areas.
Employees wore their HPDs but some fitted
them incorrectly. Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
Program.
Employees in this area currently work an 8 hour
shift. PPE/HPDs:
Employees wore their HPDs diligently and fitted NRR of 20. These HPD,s are thus capable of providing
it correctly. adequate protection against noise levels as high as 95
dB(A).
These HPD’s will not be able to protect the employees

adequately during grinding (using a GWS 26-230B grinder
fitted with 230 mm discs), hammering and gouging
activities. Employees should wear ear muffs in conjunction
with these ear plugs when hammering activities is
performed.

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
5.0 Bay 8 (Wash Bay)
 High pressure jet 91.6# ≥85 The employee in the washing bay uses the Engineering Controls:
water spray. equipment throughout the shift to degrease The Wash bay (Bay 8) is separated from the adjacent
parts and body panels. Gearbox Assembly Area, to prevent Gearbox Assemble
employees from being exposed to the noise, by means of
The noise source in this area is a High pressure a solid wall to prevent employees working in the others
jet water spray that liberates fluctuating noise. being exposed to noise.
Employees in this area currently work an 8 hour Administrative Controls:

shift. The area is currently demarcated as a noise area.
Employees donned their HPDs diligently and Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
fitted it correctly. Program.
PPE/HPDs:
adequate protection against noise levels as high as
95dB(A).

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
6.0 Compressor Room and Spray Booth
 Compressor 89.6# ≥85 The compressor liberates a continuous steady Engineering Controls:
noise throughout the day from the time when The Compressor and the Cyclone Rooms were by means
it’s switched on until the end of the shift when of a solid wall to prevent employees working in the others
it’s switched off. being exposed to noise.
 Cyclone Room West 87.4# ≥85
of the Shot Blasting No one works specifically in the compressor Administrative Controls:
Booth (Extraction room except when there is a need for The compressor room and shot blasting booth area
fans) inspections. demarcated as noise zones.
 Cyclone Room East of 89.7# ≥85
the Shot Blasting The cyclone fans liberate a continuous steady Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
Booth (Extraction noise throughout the day. The extraction system Program.
fans) is only switched on when blasting is in progress.
PPE/HPDs:
 Shot Blasting Booth 81.9 <85 The noise rating levels measured in the blasting All employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs,
(without Shot booth was below the noise rating limit. with a NRR of 20. These HPD,s are thus capable of
Blasting being providing adequate protection against noise levels as high
performed) Employees in this area currently work an 8 hour as 95 dB(A).
shift.
The main noise sources in this area include

extraction fans in the blower rooms and the
compressor in the compressor room.
Employees donned their HPDs diligently and

fitted it correctly.
FIGURE 2.1: BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON AREA NOISE SURVEY, FEBRUARY 2012
Cyclone Room on West
87.4
Shot Blasting Booth

89.6
81.9
Cyclone Room on East
89.7 Compressor Room
Shot Blasting Booth

and Cyclone Rooms
Legend:
______ = Noise Zone Boundaries.
X.Y = Noise Measurement Positions

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
7.0 Spray booth at Bay 6
Spray booth extraction 82.0 <85 The spray booth is situated within a noisy area as Administrative Controls:
fans a result of activities like grinding and hammering Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
is performed regularly. Program.
The employees switch the extraction system on PPE/HPDs:

only when spray painting is conducted. Employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs, with a
Amount of work conducted in the spray booth adequate protection against noise levels as high as 95
varies and depends on the demand. Employees dB(A).
can spend up to 2 to 3 hours per day performing
spray painting.
The extraction systems liberate steady noise. The

noise levels measured are below the 85 dB(A)
Noise Rating Limit.

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
8.0 Lease Facility at Ivor Road
 Bosch (GWS 8-115B) 96.0# ≥85 The employees use the Angle grinder, hammer Administrative Controls:
115mm Angle grinder and bench grinder intermittently but not These tools are not labelled as noisy machines/tools. The
 Welding process 86.5# ≥85 regularly. Welding is also an intermittent activity. Facility however is demarcated as a noise zone.
 Hammering activity 109.7# ≥85
 Bench Grinder 89.7# ≥85 The grinders and welding activity liberate Employees are subjected to an audiometric testing
 Fans of the extraction 82.1 <85 intermittent fluctuating noises, whilst the noise Program.
systems at the lease associated with hammer work is considered high
Facility intensity, impulsive noise.
 Compressor Area 83.2 <85 PPE/HPDs:
behind the Spray The employees switch the extraction systems of Employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs, with a
booth the spray booth on only when spray painting is in NRR of 20. These HPD,s are thus capable of providing
conducted. adequate protection against noise levels as high as 95
dB(A).
The extraction systems liberate steady noise. The
noise levels measured were below the 85 dB(A) These HPD’s will not be able to protect the employees
Noise Rating Limit. adequately during hammering activity. It is recommended
that employees wear ear muffs in conjunction with the
ear plugs when hammering activities is performed.
Legend:
Figure = measured equivalent, continuous noise level (LReq,T) equal to or exceeding 85dB(A).
Figure = 8 hour equivalent average noise rating level (LReq,8h) equal to or exceeding the Statutory Limit of 85dB(A)
# = Noise level to which the operator is exposed for the duration of the task (noisy machine/tool operation)
TABLE 2.2: NOISE SURVEY LEVELS AT BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – MIDDELBURG, FEBRUARY 2012

AREA OR NOISY
ACTIVITY SURVEYED
1.0 Middelburg
 Bosch (GWS 8-115B) 93.2# ≥85 The employees use these tools intermittently but Administrative Controls:
115mm Angle grinder not regularly. These tools are not labelled as noisy machines/tools. The
 Hammering activity 110.2# ≥85 Facility is currently demarcated as a noisy zone.
The angle grinder liberates intermittent
fluctuating noises, whilst the noise associated PPE/HPDs:
with hammer work is considered high intensity, Employees are issued with Uvex reusable earplugs, with a
impulsive noise. NRR of 20. These HPD,s are thus capable of providing
Employees were observer to wear their HPDs dB(A).
diligently and fitted it incorrectly.
These HPD’s will not be able to protect the employees
adequately during hammering activities. It is
recommended that employees wear ear muffs in
conjunction with the ear plugs when hammering activities
is performed.
Legend:
Figure = measured equivalent, continuous noise level (LReq,T) equal to or exceeding 85dB(A).
Figure = 8 hour equivalent average noise rating level (LReq,8h) equal to or exceeding the Statutory Limit of 85dB(A)
# = Noise level to which the operator is exposed for the duration of the task (noisy machine/tool operation)
2.5. CONCLUSION
From the noise survey results obtained at the premises of Bucyrus Africa Underground, Germiston and Middelburg
sites, the following is concluded:
The following area was identified as Noise zone (area with average noise Rating levels ≥85dB(A)):
 Bay 2 (Hydraulic Bay) - Shock absorber Assemble area
 Compressor Room
The following machines/tools and activities were identified as noisy machines/tools:

 Baby grinder
• Shock Absorbers Assembly and Testing Machines
• Shot Blasting Cabinet (Motor)
• Hammer
• Cutter Head Tester
• Gouging activity
• High Pressure Jet Water spray
• Extraction fans of the Cyclone and Spray booths
 Bench grinder
 Welding activities
Mostly workshop areas of Bucyrus Africa Underground, Germiston and Middelburg sites that only becomes noise
zones as soon as noisy equipment are utilised
Employees working in the above-mentioned noise zones and/or engaged in operating of the above-mentioned
noisy machines and activities, are at risk of developing noise induced hearing loss.
Currently no noisy activities are performed at Linbro Park site.
2.6 RECOMMENDATIONS
2.6.1 Area zoning
The above-mentioned noise zones are demarcated as such, by posting the following sign (SANS 1186-1, Sign MV4) at
all entrances to, and/or along the boundaries of the area.
Similarly, Noisy Machines/Tools used by employees should be identified as such by

pasting stickers depicting this sign on the machine/tool itself.
This symbolic sign conspicuously identifies the area as a Noise Zone,

or the machine/Tool as a Noisy Machine/Tool and indicates that the wearing of
Hearing Protection Devices (HPD’s) is COMPULSORY!, irrespective of the duration of entry or for the period that that
piece of machinery/tool is operated.
2.6.2 Engineering Controls
Noise from the compressor, motors and pumps are propagated through the building structure because of the lack of
proper isolation. It is recommended that vibration damping material should be inserted between it and the floor.
Noise from the motors and compressors is propagated through the building structure due to the absence of
vibration isolation can be reduced by fitting vibration damping material between them and floor.
2.6.3 Hearing Protection Devices (HPDs)
Any person required to enter, or work in any of the above-mentioned Noise Zones, or use a piece of noisy
machinery/too, must be issued with appropriate Hearing Protective Devices (HPD’s).
Based on the results of his survey, reusable HPDs with the following nominal Noise Reduction Ratings (NRR’s) are
recommended for the following Areas/Noise Zones:
 Workshop areas – NRR of 30 (for protection up to noise levels of 105 dB(A).
 Double hearing protection (Ears Plugs and Muffs) is recommended for Hammering and Gouging activities.
In order to ensure success with enforcing the compulsory wearing of HPD’s in the Noise Zones, individual employees
should be allowed to select a HPD of his/her choice.
The HPD’s provided to employees (and visitors) should comply with the requirements specified in SANS 10451 Parts
1 or 2 and should be:
 for the sole use of a person;
 maintained in an efficient and hygienic condition;
 stored in a clean, dust-free container when not in use, and
 of a type that is comfortable and preferred by employees as this usually assists in breaking down resistance to
the wearing of HPD’s.
Individualised selection and consultation with the Occupational Health Practitioner towards that end must:
a) Consider the level and nature (relative to frequency) of protection provided by a given HPD in conjunction with
that required for a given work situation/noise environment and any pre-existing hearing loss, with cognisance of
the fact that unnecessarily high attenuation levels would cause sensory deprivation and interference with
communication, especially for individuals with appreciable hearing loss,
b) Consider that environmental conditions and physical work rate may render some HPD’s unsuitable for certain
work situations (e.g. where hot, humid conditions and/or physical exertion would lead to discomfort and heavy
perspiration), despite the devices’ other attributes,
c) Provide for an acceptable level of user comfort with regard to fitment, weight, thermal conditions in the
workplace and, where applicable, clamping force,
d) Ensure HPD compatibility with other forms of PPE, e.g. hardhat, safety glasses/goggles or respiratory equipment
where the use of such equipment is required, and
e) Consider possible safety implications of the attenuation provided by HPD’s, not only for the user, but for co-
employees as well.
 Fitment
Individualised selection and fitment of HPD’s must be conducted by a competent person, i.e. an OHP or other
suitably competent person, preferably in conjunction with the Risk Based Medical Examinations (in this case
Audiometric Testing).
This examination incorporates an HPD compatibility assessment, the findings of which must be considered
during selection and fitment, as should the selection criteria. Accordingly and as stated previously, selection,
fitment and instruction with regard to HPD’s should be addressed at the time of the audiometric test.
The competent person conducting HPD fittings must be satisfied that the employee is well capable of inserting
or otherwise applying the devices selected, so as to obtain a level of protection that is adequate for the noise
environment where he or she will work.
Fitment Diagram
Pulling the pinna outward and

upward while inserting an earplug.
2.6.4 Medical Surveillance
(1) Medical Surveillance (in this case, Audiometric Testing) may only be conducted by a certified, competent person.
Meaning:
a person registered in terms of the Health Professions Act, 1974 (Act No. 56 of 1974), with the Health Professions
Council of South Africa in any of the following three categories:
 Otorhinolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat specialist);

 speech therapist and audiologist;
 orccupational medicine practitioner or
a person with a qualification in audiometric techniques obtained from an institution registered with the South
African Qualification Authority or any of its structures in terms of the South African Qualifications Authority Act,
1995 (Act No. 58 of 1995), and registered with the South African Society for Occupational Health Nursing (SASOHN);
(2) All persons that are potentially excessively exposed to noise, or could in future be excessively exposed to noise (I.e.
new employees, or those regularly operating noisy machinery, their assistants, and persons regularly working in the
noise zones), should be subjected to an audiometric testing programme, as contemplated in Regulation 8 of the
Noise Induced hearing Loss Regulations and SANS 10083:2004, that includes:
(a) a baseline audiogram which is recorded—
 in the case of a new employee, before the employee commences employment or within 30 days of
commencement of such employment; or
 in the case of all other employees in the employment of the employer, before 16 November 2003; and
 in accordance with the requirements of Instruction No. 171: Provided that the baseline audiogram
conducted in terms of that instruction applies to that employee for the rest of his or her working career;
(b) a periodic audiogram which is conducted in accordance with SANS 10083 : 2008 and which, during the first
three years of employment, is obtained at least annually and thereafter at intervals which may be extended
to a maximum period of two years if no referral threshold shift is evident; with the provision that where
employees working in or are required to enter a noise zone, where the noise rating level is ≥105dB(A) (as is
the case with the hammering and gouging activities) audiometric testing must be conducted at 6 monthly
intervals until it is established that no referral threshold shift is evident and thereafter the interval between
tests may be extended to a maximum interval of one year.
(c) consists of an exit audiogram, conducted in accordance with SANS 10083 (most recent revision), which is
obtained for every employee whose employment is terminated or who is permanently transferred to
another workplace in respect of which audiometric tests are not required: Provided that an audiogram
conducted within six months prior to termination of employment or transfer shall meet this requirement;
and
(d) is performed by a competent person: Provided that if it is impossible for the competent person to establish a
baseline audiogram for an employee as contemplated in paragraph (a,), the employee must be referred to
an audiologist who may establish baseline-hearing levels by using other techniques, such as speech
reception thresholds.
(3) An employer shall ensure that—
(a) copies of the audiograms contemplated in subparagraphs (2)(a), (b) and (c) are entered into the employee’s
record of medical surveillance;
(b) a copy of each audiogram contemplated in subparagraphs (2)(a) and (c) is given to the employee when he or
she leaves the employment of that employer;
(c) new employees provide him or her with their baseline audiograms, exit audiograms or most recent
audiograms and the percentage of loss of hearing calculated in accordance with instruction No. 171; and
(d) in the case of an employee whose percentage loss of hearing has deteriorated by 10% or more since the
baseline audiogram was recorded or an employee for whom no baseline audiogram is available but who has a
10% or more loss of hearing that is not obviously due to medical causes, and that has been confirmed by a
repeat audiogram—
 the relevant health and safety committee or the relevant health and safety representative is informed of
the finding;
 the employee is refrained and re-instructed;
 noise control measures are reassessed; and
 such hearing loss is reported to the provincial director, on form WCL1/2, as contemplated in Regulation 6 of
the General Administrative Regulations, 2003.
2.6.5 Training
After consultation with the health and safety committee and the health and safety representative, designated for
that workplace, a Training Program must be established for all employees who may be exposed to noise at or above
the Noise Rating Limit that incorporates the following:
 the content and scope of the NIHL Regulations
 the potential sources of exposure to noise in the specific work environment
 the potential risks to health and safety caused by exposure to noise
 the measures taken by the employer to protect an employee against the detrimental effects of exposure to
noise
 the precautions to be taken by the employees to protect themselves against the health risks associated with
the exposure, including the wearing and use of earplugs and earmuffs
 the necessity, correct use, maintenance and limitations of hearing protectors, facilities and engineering control
measures provided
 the assessment of exposure, the purpose of noise monitoring, the necessity for medical surveillance and the
long-term benefits and limitations of undergoing such surveillance
 the Noise Rating Limit for hearing conservation and its meaning
 the procedures for reporting, correcting and replacing defective personal hearing protectors and for
engineering noise control measures
Records of training given to an employee, as detailed above, must be kept for as long as the employee remains
employed at the workplace in which he/she is being exposed to noise.
Such training must also be conducted prior to the placement of the relevant employee.
Refresher training must be conducted annually or at intervals that may be recommended by the health and safety
committee and the health and safety representative.
The above-mentioned training must be provided by a person who is competent to do so and who has adequate
personal practical experience and theoretical knowledge of all aspects of the work carried out by the employee.
All visitors or persons other than employees who may be affected by noise exposure at the workplace, must also be
given adequate information, instruction and training and must be provided with at least disposable hearing
protectors
2.6.6 Records
Records of assessments, noise monitoring (i.e. this Report) and all medical surveillance records, including the
baseline audiogram of every employee, must be kept for a minimum period of 40 years.
If the employer ceases activities, his personal records must be handed over or forwarded by registered post, to the
relevant provincial director, provided that those records shall contain at least the following information:
 Each employee’s surname, forenames, gender, date of birth, name of spouse or closest relative and, where
available, permanent address and postal code
 a record of the types of work carried out that caused noise exposure and, where relevant, their location, with
starting and finishing dates and with average duration of exposure in hours per week
 a record of any previous work-related noise exposure prior to an employee’s current employment
 the dates of medical surveillance and results of all audiograms
 Records of training given to an employee, as detailed above, must be kept for as long as the employee remains
employed at the workplace in which he/she is being exposed to noise.
2.6.7 Workplace monitoring
Noise exposure assessments and/or measurements must be repeated at intervals not exceeding 2 years or as soon
as any changes occur that could result in a change in or redistribution of noise levels, or if there is any suspicion that
the current/previous assessment is no longer valid (upon acquisition of new machinery/equipment, relocation of
potentially noisy equipment, etc.).
3.0 ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT

LINBRO PARK SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
3.1. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

The term “Ergonomics” is derived from the Greek words “ergos or ergon” – meaning human work and strength – and
“nomos” – meaning laws and rules, and is primarily a study of how work affects people. Ergonomic assessment provides
a standardised approach towards the analysis of the interactions between humans and machines.
Ergonomics is a multidisciplinary subject, which studies three basic areas of the human-machine work system namely:
 Human components (hands, feet, voice, musculoskeletal, senses, psychosocial, etc.);

 Machine components (process, displays, controls);
 Environmental components (workspace, work pace, noise, vibration, lighting, climate, etc.).
Ergonomics deals with the compatibility between workers and their work. Work is made up of the work
environment, workstations and tasks. Poor ergonomic conditions exist when the work is incompatible with the
workers’ bodies and their ability to continue working. Such conditions may cause discomfort, fatigue and injury.
Injuries resulting from poor ergonomic conditions are known as musculoskeletal injuries (MSI), repetitive strain
injuries (RSI) or repetitive motion injuries (RMI). The causes of these injuries are prolonged work involving
repetitive movements, forceful movements and awkward postures. MSI’s are painful and often disabling injuries
which mainly affect the wrists, back, legs, shoulders, neck, muscles and joints.
Adequate environmental conditions are important for the overall well-being of workers and productivity. Poor
environmental conditions may result in annoyance, fatigue, stress, eyestrain, headache and other similar
conditions, and in extreme cases environmental conditions can cause illness.
The economic consequences of poor ergonomic conditions are poor quality and poor productivity.
Injuries and illnesses related to poor ergonomic conditions can be prevented by making the workplace and the
work organization fit the physical and mental needs of each individual worker.
3.2. HEALTH HAZARDS
Musculo Skeletal Disorders (MSD’s)
MSD’s are disorders involving the muscles, bones, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage or spinal disks. The
term “work-related musculoskeletal disorders” or WMSD’s refers to (i) MSD’s to which the work environment and
the performance of work contribute significantly or (ii) MSD’s that are made worse or longer lasting by work
conditions. In general, MSD’s develop when physical stressors overcome the body’s ability to heal and repair itself.
Physical risk factors in the workplace, or “ergonomic stressors,” along with personal characteristics and social
factors, are thought to contribute to the development of MSD’s (Cohen, 1997). Some MSD’s are caused by physical
exposures in nonworking activities such as sports and hobbies.
Genetics, age and other medical conditions such as arthritis, diabetes or degenerative disease can cause or
contribute to the development of MSD’s. MSD’s can also result from certain psychosocial factors such as job
dissatisfaction, monotonous work and limited job control (U.S. General, 1997). This assessment addresses only
physical factors in the workplace.
Common Cumulative Trauma Disorders in the Workplace:
 Tendinitis is an inflammation of a tendon usually associated with overuse of that tendon or rubbing of the
tendon against bone.
 Epicondylitis is an inflammation of the tendon attachments on the inside of the elbow. Medial epicondylitis
(often called golfer’s elbow) is associated with repetitive flexion of the wrist while exerting a grip force (manual
screwdriver action). Lateral epicondylitis (often called tennis elbow) is associated with repetitive gripping
exertions with an extended wrist.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms associated with swelling within the carpal tunnel.
The carpal region stretches from the lower palm to the tender portion of the wrist. A bundle of tendons and
the median nerve are located within the carpal tunnel, which is about the size of a dime. Exposure to stressors
can cause swelling within the tunnel. This can also cause the tendons to enlarge and impinge the median nerve
resulting in pain and numbness.
 Tendosynovitis is an inflammation of the synovial sheath that covers the tendon.
 De Quervain’s Syndrome is a common tenosynovitis of the thumb tendons resulting from the repetitive
motions of the thumb.
 Trigger Finger is a common term for tendinitis or tenosynovitis that causes locking of the finger(s) while
bending or flexing.
 Raynaud’s or Vibration Syndrome is a circulatory disorder that is also called the “white finger syndrome.”
Symptoms such as pain and whitening of hands and fingers are exacerbated by cold and vibration.
 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome can be caused by several different problems. The thoracic outlet is the route utilized
by nerves and blood vessels to pass from the upper body into the arms. Nerves and blood supply passing
through the thoracic outlet may be pinched, which then causes pain and/or numbness down the arm and to
the fingers. Repetitive reaching above the head or behind the body is thought to stress this region.
 Low back pain of cumulative origin is thought to be a result of natural, gradual changes in the passive tissues of
the spine (disks, ligaments and vertebrae) with age, but it is thought to be accelerated due to work activities
involving repetitive lifting, awkward postures and forceful exertions.
Ergonomic-related Acute Trauma:
 Strained muscles can occur when a muscle is overloaded resulting in the partial tearing of fibers. Scar tissue
may form, which can cause chronic tension and make the muscle susceptible to re-injury. Common muscle
strains occur in the shoulders, upper arms and forearms, and lower back.
 Lower back pain of acute origin is generally attributed to muscle strains of the lumbar region. Poor lifting
postures, heavy loads and/or repetitive exertions are often cited as activities that preceded the acute injury. In
many cases the specific cause of acute low back pain is unknown.
The details in this Ergonomic Report will contain:

 Employee Task description
 Discussion/Interpretation of Results
 Recommendations on Ergonomics Hazard Exposure Control and Management
 Measures (Administrative and Engineering Controls)
It is then possible to obtain an initial indication as to whether or not a certain job or operation entails physical load
dangerous to health, and in this way an initial documentary basis for remedial action. This involved familiarity
with the work environment, work procedures, and existing control measures.
The frequency, duration, level, type of exposure and work performed are assessed for risk evaluation purposes.
Ergonomic stress
Ergonomic exposure factors that contribute to Work-Related Musculo-Skeletal Disorder (WMSD) risks are broadly
categorized into Upper Extremity risks (e.g. neck, shoulders, arms, wrists, fingers etc.), and Lower Extremity risks
(e.g. lower back, legs, feet). This assessment technique has been adapted from Manitoba's Ergonomics Guideline.
The use of an Ergonomic Risk Factor (ERF) Checklist adapted from Manitoba’s Ergonomics Guideline provides for a
simple and rapid assessment of WMSD risk factors and is therefore used in this assessment as a basic screening
tool for establishing control & intervention priorities. This Assessment technique does not constitute a
thorough/comprehensive ergonomic assessment, but rather highlights those aspects requiring immediate
intervention, and/or further in-depth investigation.
WMSD Risks are broadly prioritised as follows:
Ergonomic stresses are generally addressed as a qualitative assessment of exposure based on the evaluation of the
following work system categories:
 Physical demands;
 Workplace characteristics;
 Perceptual demands; Illumination quality is addressed under workplace
 Psychosocial aspects; characteristics and perceptual demands
 Environmental influences.
Dynamic work is the alternate flexing and relaxing of muscles while work is done. Static work is the flexing of
muscles in a fixed position. Static work is more fatiguing than using moving muscles. Static work must be phased
out.
The following factors were considered in the control of the work environment, namely:
 Workplace design
 Work organization
 Work environment
Workplace design
1. Accessories:
This includes foot rests, foot rails, arm & wrist rests etc. These accessories are intended to support feet,
legs, arms and wrists. Poorly designed, improperly adjusted accessories may not provide support; this
may cause personnel to use awkward body positions and to experience body strain.
Tools should be ergonomically efficient, with proper grips and functioning properly with the least amount
of effort. Visual display terminals (VDT’s) monitors should be in good working condition with a clear
picture to prevent the effects of eyestrain.
2. Work surfaces:
This is the desk, table, control panel and bench we work at. If the work surface is too high or low for our
body size and the task we are doing, then we are required to perform tasks in awkward body positions.
Work surfaces include cleanliness and labelling. Clean and labelled surfaces ensure adequate
identification of objects and create a good state of general hygiene and well-being.
3. Seats / Chairs:
The seat should enable the worker to work without using awkward body positions or forceful
movements.
4. Workstation Layout:
Arrange work in a semi-circle on an office worktable. Ensure enough space at workstations to allow free
movement and to prevent awkward body positions or forceful movements
Work Organisation:
Work organisation determines what jobs we do and how we do them, whether we have to perform manual work
or if tasks have been automated. It gives us the flexibility to vary body positions and reduce the time we spend
doing the same repetitive or forceful movements. Important components of good work organisation are:
 Work pace
 Training and education
 Rest breaks
 Adjustment periods
 Work breaks
Work Environment
This is areas where employees spend the majority of their time during a shift. In these areas they are exposed to
ergonomic factors (e.g. illumination, noise, air quality, etc.) that may cause strain, injury or health impairment.
Information was collected by walkthrough survey of all workstations and interviews with the relevant personnel.
This was then evaluated against guidelines for recommended practice.
It is the legal responsibility of every employer to provide employees with work environments (and equipment),
which conform to ergonomic best practices and standards, and to train/ educate them to that regard.
According to the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHS Act No 85 of 1993), Regulation 8: “Every employer shall
provide and maintain a working environment that is safe and without risk to the health of his employees.”
In terms of best practice and recommended standards (extracted from Council Directive 90/269/EEC – European
Economic Community – Minimum health and safety requirements for the manual handling of loads), the employer
shall take appropriate measures in order to avoid the need for the manual handling of loads by workers.
Furthermore, where the need for manual lifting cannot be avoided, the employer shall take appropriate measures
to reduce the risk involved in the manual handling of loads.
3.5. RESULTS AND EVALUATION
The results of the Ergonomic Survey at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd - Linbro Park Site during February 2012
can be viewed in Table 3.1.
TABLE 3.1: ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT RESULTS ON OFFICE PERSONNEL AT BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD– LIMBRO PARK, FEBRUARY 2012
Assessment
Ergonomic Parameter Discussion/Comments
Requirement Findings
Chairs  Backrest (>65cm height)  Meet requirement.  One of the chairs (Finance open plan offices) is
 Armrest (required for general office work,  One office chair at the Finance open plan not provided with armrest.
except for typists) office does not have armrests.  Chairs were found to be height adjustable;
 5-arm casters and swivel  Meet requirement. however these chairs are only effective if
 Lumbar Support  Meet requirement. adjusted correctly to suite the individual.
 Height adjustable  Meet requirement.  Reflective and direct glare in the offices on the
 Backrest that tilts separate to the seat pan  Meet requirement. Western side of the building resulted from the
Desks  Layout (equipment to be arranged in a semi-  Inadequate space on desks to office layout and the sun shining through
circle, and readily accessible to avoid accommodate specific equipment windows due to the absence of blinds.
stretching/body twisting during reaching) (keyboards, documents, printers, in/out  Insufficient legroom at some of the
trays), resulting in desk being clustered. workstations, results in person leaning forward
 CPUs, Wiring and computer cables on the on desk. Working in these postures may lead
 Leg-room floor; to back pain and fatigue, which most
 Insufficient legroom, resulting in person employees complain about.
leaning forward on desk;  Employees have not received official
Computer Monitor  Brightness and/contrast adjustable  Conforms. awareness training/ instruction with respect to
 Glare  No blinds at the Finance department and limiting awkward posture and correct office
 Computer monitor to the side glare results as the computer screens are ergonomics.
facing the windows.
 Computer monitors to the side of the use
results in twisting of the body and neck
when one needs to look at the screen.
Training  Proper posture  Lack of training in ergonomics and how to
 Proper Work methods properly setup a workstation according to
 When and how to adjust workstations each individual’s needs.
 Rest breaks (e.g. rest eyes every 20 minutes)  Rest breaks taken according to individual
needs/desires.
Table continues
Assessment
Ergonomic Parameter Discussion/Comments
Requirement Findings
Computer in front  Employees need to rest their eyes by looking  The dividers of the computer workstations  Employees that face workstation dividers
of divider/wall at distant object in front of them when were too high and did not allow workers to behind the computer workstation have no
taking their eyes off the screen. focus on a distant object in front of them depth perception and their eyes cannot be
when they look away from the computer relaxed by focusing on distant objects from
screens to rest their eyes. time to time.
Figures 3.1 – 3.4: The following pictures represent the office layout for Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd, Linbro Park Site.
Figure 3.1: Figure 3.2:
Examples of an Office Chair without arm rests Examples of inadequate office space.
Figure 3.3: Figure 3.4:
Example of a workstation with too high dividers. Examples of a workstation with the computer to the side.
3.6. CONCLUSION
From the Ergonomic assessment conducted the following is concluded:
 One of the chairs (Finance open plan offices) is not provided with armrest, this may cause the employee to
adapt awkward postures (i.e. wrists at an angle, lifting shoulders, leaning forward, twisting trunk) - developing
neck and back pain (musculoskeletal disorders).
 Work stations at the Finance department does not comply with good ergonomic requirements such as a
computer screen to the side and thus leading to employees leaning forward on desks and/or stretching and
twisting to look at the monitor. Inadequate space on desks to accommodate specific equipment (keyboards,
documents, printers, in/out trays), resulting in desk being clustered.
 The positioning of computers in relation to the windows results in employees experiencing glare which leads
to visual discomfort.
 Employees have not received any training in ergonomics and how to properly setup a workstation according
to each individual’s needs.
3.7. RECOMMENDATIONS (GENERAL)
The following recommendations are offered in an attempt to reduce ergonomic risk.
3.7.1. Proper office chairs should feature the following:

 Stable base: 5 legs with castors for easy movement and stability.
 Adjustable height and back support.
 Use a footrest where the feet cannot rest on the floor.
 The ability to swivel so that one can avoid twisting the body.
 A rounded front edge to help prevent pressure on the back of the legs.
 Armrests where practical; either none or sloped/ adjustable armrests for computer operators and
‘normal’ armrests for mixed office work.
 Backrest should be high (neck height) with proper lumbar support; lumbar curve or pad that supports the
lower back.
 Backrest that tilts separate to the seat pan.
Figure 3.5: Ergonomic workstation design.
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3.7.2. Desk Layouts:
 Arrange work in a semi-circle.

 The semi-circle layout can be applied to office/desk or control panel workstations.
 Use a swivel chair to reduce body twisting, to allow easy movements, and to reduce side-to-side motions.
 Use sloping work surfaces where practical to reduce bending, and to encourage an upright position while sitting
or standing.
Arrange the desk layout to make best use of available space. Use the mouse (or trackball) close to the keyboard.
Document management is very important.
 Other tools, such as the telephone, should also be readily accessible without stretching and twisting (cables
should be long enough so that equipment can be moved).If you need to look at the keyboard when typing, the
best place for the document holder is between the monitor and the keyboard.
 Make sure there is a comfortable viewing distance between your eyes and the screen and have some space
between the keyboard and the front of the desk.
 Place the screen in front of you so that you face it without twisting your body. Ensure your legs are not
obstructed by any drawers under the desk.
 Clear the space under the desk so that you can place your legs underneath it without twisting or leaning forward.
If the drawers or pedestal are free-standing or detachable and you have sufficient space, create further legroom
by moving them clear of the desk.
Figure 3.6: Desk Layout.
3.7.3. "Good" sitting position
A poor body position is largely responsible for the ill effects of prolonged sitting.
Poor body positions can also originate from an unsuitable job design that requires employees to sit
uninterrupted for longer than one hour. The duration of sitting, along with the shape of the body in a sitting
position, is the most critical risk factor in work in a sitting position.
A "good" position is a set of naturally chosen body positions that fall within an acceptable range. A workstation
that allows frequent changes and more mobility allows an employee to have a more natural and healthier work
pattern.
Recommendations on how to sit properly are not compulsory. Sometimes, it is acceptable to deviate with
outstretched or cramped positions to relieve muscle tension.
The following are general recommendations for good body position during sitting work. Occasional changes
beyond the ranges are acceptable and sometimes beneficial.
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Figure 3.7: Good sitting posture.
A "good" sitting position at work can be achieved only by focusing efforts on the three areas that are identified as
potentially hazardous:
 workplace design (including tasks, workstation, and chair design)
 job design, and
 training.
3.7.4. Computer Workstation
3.7.4.1 Visual Requirements
The monitor is an integral part of a computer workstation. When placed in the wrong position it can force the
operator to work in a variety of awkward positions. Common complaints among computer operators include
discomfort, aches and pains in the neck and shoulder, but also eyestrain.
Postural discomfort and the consequent aches and pains result from the effort to view the monitor when it is set at
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the wrong place in relation to the operator's position. Two factors come into play: viewing angle and viewing
distance:
 Viewing angle refers to the degree above or below an imaginary horizontal line at the level of the viewer's
eyes and the center of the object being looked at; in case of a computer work it is the centre of the screen
(see Figure 1);
 Viewing distance refers to the space between the operator's eyes and the screen (see Figure 12).
At rest, the eyes naturally assume a downward (see Figure 12) and straightforward cast - a normal line of sight. A
poor angle leads to postural (neck and shoulders) discomfort, while the wrong distance can contribute to eyestrain.
Postural discomfort and static loading of the neck muscles can be avoided if the visual component of the task is
kept within a cone from straight-ahead line of sight to 30 degrees below and 15 degrees to the left and right. A
viewing distance of between 60 cm and 80 cm should be maintained. For VDT users carrying out editing tasks,
document holders should be provided and places orthogonal to the line of sight and adjacent to the VDT screen.
It is also important to consider the employee eyesight and the quality of lighting in the working environment. If
visual requirements exceed worker abilities, poor postures may result.
Figure 3.7: Computer monitor – Viewing Angle
 For comfortable viewing of images on a computer screen, place the monitor at about 15 degrees below the
horizontal line.
 Such a location creates a preferable visual zone of 30 degrees (+ 15 degrees to -15 degrees from the normal
line of sight).
 The static loading on neck muscles can be avoided if the visual component of the task is kept within a cone of
15 degrees to the left and the right.
i. Guideline one:
It is common practice to place the monitor on top of the computing module commonly called CPU. A monitor
located that high is a source of discomfort and, in the long run, can cause musculoskeletal problems in the
neck and shoulder area.
At a workstation where the desk and chair heights are properly adjusted, the monitor should be placed at the
same level as the keyboard.
ii. Guideline two:

When using a larger monitor (17", 19" or larger), make sure that the top of the screen is not at a level higher
than the operator's eye.
iii. Golden rule:

Regularly (a minute or two every 20 minutes) take a rest break (for the body and eyes); get off the chair and
walk a few paces, and stare into the distance. This maintains good blood circulation (and combats the
formation of varicose veins) and prevents the distant focus muscles of the eyes from becoming weak and lazy.
3.7.4.2. Postural requirements

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The position of the hands, arms and feet is another determinant of posture. The working area of the desk or
bench should be close to its front edge and with relatively unobstructed access. The preferred zone of work for
work objects lies in the front 40 cm of the bench or desktop.
3.7.4.3. Temporal requirements
The temporal requirements (work organization) of tasks are a major consideration in the design of workspaces
and exert a moderating influence on the effects of other factors. In a multi-user computer workstations in which
employees spend only short periods at a time working on the system, a sit-stand workstation using a high bench
and stool might be appropriate. At the other extreme, certain data entry or clerical jobs require employees to
carry out repetitive tasks over the whole day. These jobs impose a high degree of postural constraint, as the
keyboard, documents and screen fixes the body’s position.
The constraint/ unconstraint distinction is useful in evaluating workstations in an organization. Jobs may be
categorized in terms of the degree of postural constraint they impose on an employee. Jobs falling into the highly
constrained category require more flexibility to be built into the workplace (i.e. adjustable chairs) to compensate
for the lack of flexibility in the design of the job. Current thinking about VDT work suggests that all VDT jobs must
be designed with frequent natural rest breaks and by providing alternative tasks.
3.7.5. Laptop Ergonomics
The use of notebook computers (laptops) has become a worldwide issue in terms of ergonomics. One in three
computer users suffer from overuse syndromes. More and more health providers are treating overuse and
postural symptoms as the use of laptops increases.
It is still difficult to fully establish a scientific causal link between computers and musculoskeletal disorders. It is
obvious however to ergonomists that most users of laptops have poor posture when using their computer. This is
because the keyboard and screen are so close together, that to type; your laptop’s screen has to be too low. This
causes you to tilt your head down, hunch over your shoulders, and put additional pressure on your neck and
spine. Most laptop users are not aware of good ergonomic practice and quickly establish bad habits.
Figure 3.9: Bad ergonomic posture during laptop use.
Many ergonomic experts agree that it may take up to ten years before severe symptoms and pain is felt. By then
it may be impossible to reverse the physical damage caused by poor posture.
How to set up a laptop computer ergonomically?
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 Select a laptop with a large screen, so the user will have a better view;
 Position the Laptop Ergonomics keyboard at elbow height, and keep wrists straight while keying;
 Experiment with table and chair height as well as Laptop Ergonomics keyboard angle to maintain neutral
wrist positions;
 Keep head and neck in a relaxed posture; avoid excessive neck flexion or rotation;
 Schedule mini-breaks every 20 to 30 minutes to avoid repetition and static positions;
 If the chair has to be raised, use a footrest to support your feet. When seated your hips should be slightly
higher than your knees;
 Add an external Laptop Ergonomic keyboard and place it on an adjustable Laptop Ergonomics keyboard/
mouse platform;
 Attach an external Laptop Ergonomics mouse instead of using the small constricted touchpad or trackball;
 If user is sitting in a side chair or couch, use a pillow to support arms while keying;
 Avoid resting wrists while typing. Keep wrists as flat as possible. Use whole hand and arm movements to
navigate the Laptop Ergonomics keyboard. Avoid bending neck and head forward to see the screen. This is
the way to arrange your seating posture to avoid Ergonomic Laptop disorders;
 Clean the screen regularly using appropriate antistatic cleaning fluid;
 Hands and wrists should be kept in a straight wrist posture when typing and should not be resting on a palm
rest, table or lap while typing. This can cause Ergonomics Laptop disorders;
 Place the Laptop on a stand, book or other surface that raises it to a height that you can see the screen
without having to bend or rotate your neck;
A Laptop stand can be used to raise the screen’s height.
 Position laptop screen at arm’s length, with fingers outstretched, from user;
 Tilt the screen upward for easier viewing;
 Position laptop screen to avoid glare from windows and overhead lights;
 Use a special document holder or clipboard to prop up reference documents at an angle.
 The general Laptop Ergonomics exercise is that, during rest breaks do stretches and exercises. As a general
rule, none of these should involve movement outside the normal range of motion and nothing should be
done that hurts. The purpose of stretching is to maintain flexibility and balance to avoid Ergonomics Laptop
disorders. More general aerobic exercise, of done regularly, will sustain strength and improve
cardiovascular conditioning and offers a way of venting energy or tension.
A Laptop setup and layout diagram follows on the next page.
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Glare:
To reduce glare on computer screens and work surfaces the following is recommended:
 Shield light sources;

 Move the monitor so that light enters from the side and not from the back. Do NOT tip monitor down;
 Make use of matte finishes instead of glossy finishes (walls and tables); and
 Move light sources
3.7.7. Administrative Controls
Training
Employees should be trained in how to set up and maintain a healthy workspace in the office. (See above mentioned
recommendations).
Training should encourage employers and employees to adopt methods that reduce fatigue from too little and too
much a workload.
Training should also explain the health hazards of prolonged sitting and give recommendations on what a worker in
a given workplace can do to improve the working position. Employees need to know how to adjust the workstation
to fit their individual needs for specific tasks. They also must know how to readjust the workstation throughout the
day to relieve muscular tension.
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Training should also emphasize the importance of rest periods for the employees' health and explain how active rest
can do more for keeping employees healthy than passive rest.
3.7.8. Medical Surveillance
 Medical tests should include specialised tests for musculo-skeletal system integrity and tests to identify the
early symptoms or development of Lumbar region, inter-vertebral disc compression or any other related
musculo-skeletal system effects.
4.0. ILLUMINATION SURVEY

BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD -
LINBRO PARK SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
Illumination in workplace is provided by specific sources of light/luminaires (i.e. fluorescent, mercury, tungsten and
natural lighting from the sun admitted through windows, skylights and other openings). It is important to utilise
effective lighting by illuminating the task and the surroundings with light of adequate quantity and quality from the
most advantageous direction without causing eye strain through glare/reflection and also to conserve energy.
The advantages of good lighting include the following:
 Improved production from better efficiency, less waste and time loss.
 Improved safety. Approximately 80% of all information is obtained visually; therefore any improvement to
facilitate vision will help to detect the causes of accidents, (i.e. unsafe working conditions) and thereby
preventing them from occurring.
 Improved quality and accuracy. Adequate illumination results in less error and enhances the efficiency of
inspection.
 Savings in human energy. Improved illumination reduces physical and mental strain, i.e. less fatigue, eyestrain
and headaches.
 Better working conditions. Well-lit areas promote better housekeeping and improved morale.
 Better utilisation of people, materials and space.
 Cost saving: reduce high electricity bills by conserving energy through more effective illumination, thus no
unnecessary and dysfunctional lights installed. Lower costs regarding maintenance, electricity consumption,
consumables/spares etc.
The purpose of this Report is to reflect the results and findings of an Illumination Survey performed in all work areas
of Linbro Park, Germiston and Middelburg sites - Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd.
4.2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION
A calibrated, colour and cosine corrected Goldilux GAL (Serial No. 11123/0728) Lux meter was used to determine the
illumination levels. The Lux meter was zeroed before the survey commenced. The Lux meter was calibrated to a
national standard by Technology Solutions.
The recommended standards and/or abridged methods as prescribed in the SANS 10114 – 1: 2005 Interior Lighting,
Part 1: “Artificial lighting of interiors” were applied to measure the average artificial illumination in the workplace. All
illumination measurements were taken during daytime. Illumination measurements were taken at representative
working planes, for appropriate evaluation against the illumination standards. The correction factors supplied by the
Calibrating Laboratory as indicated on the calibration certificate were applied to the measured average illumination
levels to compensate for the calibration conditions and to improve accuracy.
The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993) under its' Environmental Regulations for
Workplaces (Regulation 3), especially requires employers to ensure that every workplace is illuminated in accordance
with minimum Illuminance values specified in the Schedule to these Regulations. Where specialised lighting is
required, it should be available and used by the relevant employees. Further, the Employer shall ensure that:
 Glare should be reduced not to impair vision;

 Lamps/Lights/Covers to be kept clean, maintained and replaced as soon as possible (if defective);
The Schedule to the Environmental Regulations for Workplaces refers to the Minimum Average Values of Maintained
Illuminance and is measured on the working plane unless otherwise stated.
4.4. RESULTS AND EVALUATION
The Results of the Illumination Survey performed at the Materials Handling plant of Bucyrus Africa Underground
(PTY) Ltd, Germiston, Linbro Park and Middelburg sites during February 2012 are reflected in Tables 4.1 to 4.4.
For reference to some of the luminaires recommended in the result Tables, see Table 4.4.
Measurements indicated in RED reflect substandard illumination conditions.
 Priority rating, in the comments column as a rough guide for assigning priority to corrective actions, is also
provided in the results table.
 An average value representing <50% of the minimum standard is indicated as a high priority deviation, also
in Red,
 An average value representing ≥ 50% <80% of the minimum standard is indicated as a moderate priority
deviation in Orange,
 An average value representing ≥ 80% <100% of the minimum standard is indicated as a low priority
deviation in Yellow.
Priority rating bears no legal status. It advises the client to address high priority deviations first, but does not
eliminate a need to control moderate and low priority deviations.
Note that various factors were taken into consideration while identifying priority ratings, for example potential
consequences vs. probability of consequence occurring, based on location, activity, and lighting level.
TABLE 4.1. DAY-TIME ILLUMINATION MEASUREMENTS FOR BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD– LINBRO PARK, FEBRUARY
2012
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
ARTIFICIAL MEASUREMENT
NO. AREA REQUIREMENT
ILLUMINATION LEVEL RANGE (LUX) COMMENTS RECOMMENDATIONS
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
1. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, GROUND FLOOR

1.1 Reception Area  High Priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
PC 59 59 500  This office is illuminated by means the computer workstation to
of compact Fluorescent lamps. improve illumination levels.
Waiting Area 99 87 − 108 100  No lamps above computer work  Install additional lamps.
station.
 Too few lamps noted.
1.2 Kitchen 257 189 − 253 150  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing
 Area was illuminated by means of installations.
Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
recommendations at the
end of this Section.
1.3 Finance Open Plan 512 312 – 791 500  Adequate illumination  Provide luminaires above
Office  Area was illuminated by means of the computer workstation to
Fluorescent tubes. improve illumination levels.
1.4 Human Resource Office  Low priority deviation for the  Provide luminaires above
Human Resource 95 569 500 Printer. the Printer or alternatively
Office  The Office is illuminated by means move the printer to below
of Fluorescent tubes. luminaires.
 No lamps above the Printer.
Printer 453 453 500
AVERAGE OHS ACT

LEVEL RANGE (LUX) COMMENTS RECOMMENDATIONS
ILLUMINATION (LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
1. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, GROUND FLOOR (Continued)
1.5 Human Resource/Finance Open 382 123 – 641 500  Moderate priority deviation for the  Provide luminaires above
Plan Office PC. the computer workstation
 The Office is illuminated by means to improve illumination
of Fluorescent tubes. levels.
 No lamps above some computer
work stations.
1.6 Human Resources Board room 637 637 300  Adequate illumination.  Maintain existing light
 Office is illuminated by means of installations.
Fluorescent tubes in addition to  Also refer to the general
natural light allowed through recommendations at the
windows. end of this Section.
1.7 Sales Office  High Priority deviation.  Install a few more lamps of
Sales Board room 109 70 – 199 300  Board room is illuminated by means high intensity output.
of low intensity down lights.  Replace fused lights to
 Defective lights noted. improve illumination
levels.
Open Plan Office 341 291 – 690 500  Moderate priority deviation for the  Provide luminaires above
PC. the computer workstation
 The Office is illuminated by means to improve illumination
of Fluorescent tubes. levels.
 No lamps above some computer
work stations.
1.8 Ablutions  High Priority deviation for the  Replace fused lamps to
Male toilets 121(AFL) 121(AFL) 100(AFL) Disable toilet. improve illumination
 The toilets are illuminated by means levels.
Female toilets 219(AFL) 219(AFL) 100(AFL) of Fluorescent tubes.
 Defective lamps noted in the
Disable toilets 40(AFL) 40(AFL) 100(AFL) disabled toilet.
AVERAGE OHS ACT

MEASUREMENT
NO. AREA ARTIFICIAL REQUIREMENT
ILLUMINATION (LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
2. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, FIRST FLOOR
2.1 Commercial sales  Low priority deviation.  Install additional lamps to
Stairs to first floor 98(AFL) 60 – 136(AFL) 100(AFL)  The Stairs are illuminated by means improve illumination levels.
of compact Fluorescent tubes.
 Too few lamps.
Board room 320 320 300  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Open Plan Office 638 553 – 723 500  Low priority deviation for the  Maintain existing light
Printer. Installations.
Printer 433 433 500  Area was illuminated by means of  Provide luminaires above
Fluorescent tubes. the Printer or alternatively
 No lamp covers above printer. move the printer to below
luminaires.
After Sales Managers Office 234 234 500  High priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
 The Office is illuminated by means the computer workstation
of Fluorescent tubes. to improve illumination
 No lamps above some computer levels.
work stations.
Manager’s Office 1 (Adjacent to Locked Locked 500 N/A N/A
After Sales Manager’s Office)
Manager’s Office 2 (Adjacent 456 456 500  Low priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
Office 1)  The Office is illuminated by means the computer workstation
 No lamps above computer work levels.
station.
AVERAGE OHS ACT

MEASUREMENT
ILLUMINATION (LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, FIRST FLOOR (Continued)
2.2 Kitchen 198 198 150  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
2.3 Executives’ Offices  High priority deviation.  Replace fused lights to
Board room 147 60 – 136 300  The Board room is illuminated by improve illumination
means of Fluorescent tubes. levels.
 Defective lamps noted.
Corridor 322(AFL) 322(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Male Toilets 197(AFL) 197(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Jaco’s Office 227 227 500  High priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
station.
Roger’s Office 227 227 500  High priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
station.
AVERAGE OHS ACT

MEASUREMENT
ILLUMINATION (LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
2. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, FIRST FLOOR (Continued)
Cont. Executives Offices (Continued)  High priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
Lamy’s Office 212 212 500  The Office is illuminated by means the computer workstation
station.
Main Open plan Office 497 388 – 607 500  Low priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
 No lamps above some computer levels.
work stations.
Printer 197 197 500  High priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
 The Office is illuminated by means the Printer or alternatively
of Fluorescent tubes. move the printer to below
 No lamps above the Printer. luminaires.
Reception Office 280 60 – 136 100  Medium priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
station.
AVERAGE OHS ACT

MEASUREMENT
ILLUMINATION (LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
3. WAREHOUSE AND WAREHOUSE OFFICES
3.1 Warehouse Offices  High priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
Warehouse and Logistics 136 129 – 142 500  The Office is illuminated by means of the computer workstations
Fluorescent tubes. to improve illumination
stations.
Procurement Office 195 182– 209 500  High priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
 The Office is illuminated by means of the computer workstations
Fluorescent tubes. to improve illumination
stations.
Foreman and despatch & 344 344 500  High priority deviation.  Repair defective lamps
receiving staff office  The Office is illuminated by means of  Provide luminaires above
-Printer 388 344 500 Fluorescent tubes. the computer workstation to
 Defective lamp above computer improve illumination level.
noticed.
 No lamps above the printer.
Managers Office 634 388 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
AVERAGE OHS ACT

MEASUREMENT
ILLUMINATION (LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
4. WAREHOUSE AND WAREHOUSE OFFICES
4.1 Warehouse  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Despatch and Receiving areas 857 606 – 1108 150  Area was illuminated by means of installations.
Mercury vapour lamps. Most of the  Also refer to the general
light is from natural light due to recommendations at the
open bay doors. end of this Section.
Small storage area 174 169 – 179 150  Medium priority deviation for  Provide luminaires above
- Stairs stairs. the stairs to improve
76 76 100  Area was illuminated by means of illumination levels.
Mercury vapour lamps.
 No localised illumination at the
stairs.
Large materials storage area 65 52 – 79 75  Low priority deviation.  Install additional lamps.
 Area was illuminated by means of
Mercury vapour lamps.
 Insufficient number of lamps.
Table Footnotes:
AFL - At Floor Level
The standards used for evaluation purposes were obtained from the Schedule contained in the Environmental Regulations for Workplaces (OHSAct).
TABLE 4.2 . DAY-TIME ILLUMINATION MEASUREMENTS FOR BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD– GERMISTON, FEBRUARY 2012
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

1.1 Reception area  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Computer 703 703 500  The reception area was illuminated installations.
by means of decorative down lights.  Also refer to the general
Counter 1326 1326 100 recommendations at the
Waiting area 554 554 100
1.2 Stairs to first floor 324(AFL) 324(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination

 The area is illuminated by means of
decorative down lights.
1.3 Ismail’s office 519 519 500  Adequate illumination
Fluorescent tubes.
1.4 Field Technician’s office 507 507 500
1.5 Photocopy room 307 307 500  Medium priority deviation for  Provide luminaires above
stairs. the printer to improve
 Area was illuminated by means of illumination.
Fluorescent tubes.
printer.
1.6 Engineering office 760 760 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
NO. AREA REQUIREMENT COMMENTS RECOMMENDATIONS
ILLUMINATION LEVEL RANGE (LUX)
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, GROUND FLOOR (Continued)

1.7 Electrical office 574 574 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
1.8 Kitchen 187 187 150 recommendations at the
1.9 IT office 388 388 500  Medium priority deviation for  Provide luminaires above
stairs. the computer to improve
Fluorescent tubes.
computer workstation.
1.10 Boardroom 745 745 300  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
1.11 Toilets  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Gents toilets 309(AFL) 309(AFL) 100(AFL)  Area was illuminated by means of installations.
Ladies toilets 223(AFL) 223(AFL) 100(AFL) end of this Section.
1.12 Meeting room 387 387 300
1.13 File store 453 453 150
1.14 Loss control office 768 768 500
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
1.15 Open plan office 292 245 – 338 500  Medium priority deviation for  Provide luminaires above
 Area was illuminated by means of illuminations.
Fluorescent tubes.
computer workstations.
1.16 Office adjacent open plan office 345 345 500  Medium priority deviation for  Repair defective lamps.
stairs.
Fluorescent tubes.
1.18 Ablution facility 131 (AFL) 131(AFL) 100(AFL) recommendations at the
1.19 Filing store 1401 1401 150
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

2.1 MD’s office 1085 1085 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
 Areas were illuminated by means of installations.
2.2 Secretary to MD’s office 541 541 500 Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
2.3 Waiting area 512 512 100 end of this Section.
2.4 Boardroom 442 442 300
2.5 Project and transport office 1314 1314 500
2.6 Business Development 682 682 500

Manager’s office
2.7 Matt Prinsloo’s office 641 641 500
2.8 Gents toilet 349(AFL) 349(AFL) 100 (AFL)
2.9 Kitchen 1074 1074 150
2.10 Ladies toilet 77(AFL) 77(AFL) 100(AFL)  Medium priority deviation for  Repair defective lamps.
stairs.
Fluorescent tubes.
2.11 Credit control 681 681 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
2.12 Accounts office 552 552 500 Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
2.13 Open plan Accounts office 1029 756 – 1302 500 end of this Section.
2.14 Financial Director’s office 1541 1541 500
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

2.15 Admin assistant 342 342 500  Medium priority deviation for  Replace the prismatic
stairs. diffusers.
Fluorescent tubes.
 Tarnished/old prismatic diffusers.
2.16 Legal advisor’s office 592 592 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
2.17 Transport Manager’s office 350 350 500  Medium priority deviation for  Provide luminaires above
Fluorescent tubes.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
3. WORKSHOP AREAS
3.1 Electrical department  Low priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
Offices 435 323 – 571 500  Area was illuminated by means of the computer to improve
Fluorescent tubes. illumination.
Electrical workshop 266 266 200  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
(wiring/cabling station)  Areas were illuminated by means of installations.
Mercury vapour lamps in addition to  Also refer to the general
Store 585 561 – 609 150 natural light allowed through recommendations at the
File store 329 329 150 translucent panels in the roof of end of this Section.
workshop.
Drilling workbench 455 455 200
Small parts store 188 153 – 223 150

Workshop walkway 165 106 – 223 100
Change room 201(AFL) 201(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Kitchen 302 302 150 Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
3.2 Bay 1 (Receiving bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
General area 398 398 150  Area was illuminated by means of installations.
translucent panels in the roof of end of this Section.
workshop.
Office 675 675 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
2. WORKSHOP AREAS (Continued)

3.3 Bay 1 (Machine shop)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Lathe machine 421 421 200  Areas were illuminated by means of installations.
Drilling machine 419 419 200 natural light allowed through recommendations at the
Bench grinder 204 204 200 workshop.
Saw machine 253 253 200
3.4 Bay 2 (Hydraulic bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light

Shot blasting cabinet 100 100 200  Areas were illuminated by means of installations.
Walkway 174(AFL) 174(AFL) 100(AFL) natural light allowed through recommendations at the
Shock absorbers storage area 192 192 150 workshop.
Small parts store 129 129 150  Low priority deviation.  Repair defective lamps.
 Areas were illuminated by means of
Mercury vapour lamps in addition to
natural light allowed through
translucent panels in the roof of
workshop.
3.5 QC Department  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Open plan office  Areas were illuminated by means of installations.
- Computers 582 502 – 625 500 Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
- Printer 544 544 500 end of this Section.
General Store 210 210 150
Small parts storage area 171 171 150
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

3.6 Bay 3 (Fabrication bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
General work area 345 345 200  Areas were illuminated by means of installations.
Workbench 709 709 200
Walkway 816(AFL) 816(AFL) 100(AFL) translucent panels in the roof of end of this Section.
workshop.
Storage area 830 830 150
3.7 Bay 4 (Fabrication bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Drilling workstation 318 318 200
workshop.
3.8 Bay 5 (Welding bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Workbenches 905 706 – 1094 200
Storage area 687 687 150 workshop.
3.9 Bay 6 (Assembly bay)

Workbenches 505 319 – 691 200
Walkway 240(AFL) 240(AFL) 100(AFL)
Storage area 719 719 150
3.10 Spray booth 110 110 250  High priority deviation.  Provide more to improve
 The booth is illuminated by means of illumination levels.
one portable lamp of low intensity.
 Insufficient lamps.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

3.11 Bay 7 (Assembly bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Workbenches 595 442 – 747 200
Storage area 334 334 150 workshop.
Spray painting workstation 448 193 – 703 200
3.12 Bay 8 (Drilling bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light

Workbench 279 279 200  Areas were illuminated by means of installations.
Storage area 590 520 – 659 150 workshop.
3.13 Bay 8 (Gearbox making/assembly bay)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Storage area 264 264 100 natural light allowed through recommendations at the
3.14 Bay 8 (Wash bay) workshop.
General area 435 435 200
3.15 Paint store 1779 1779 150  Adequate illumination  Install lamps.
 Areas were illuminated by means of
3.16 Oil store 2501 2501 150 naturally through the doors.
 No lights installed.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
3. WORKSHOP AREAS (CONTINUED)

3.17 Shot blasting booth  Adequate illumination  Repair defective lamps.
Shot blasting area 65 36 – 110 200  Areas were illuminated by means of  Clean dirty or replace aged
Fluorescent tubes. diffusers.
 Defective lamps.
 Dirty/aged prismatic diffusers.
Cyclones/Extraction fan areas 593 559 – 625 200  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
natural light allowed through  Also refer to the general
translucent panels in the roof area. recommendations at the
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
4. LEASE FACILITY AREA, FIRST LEVEL

4.1 Tea room 493 493 100  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
4.2 Ablution facilities 193(AFL) 193(AFL) 100(AFL) Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
5. LEASE FACILITY AREA, GROUND LEVEL
5.1 Tea room 1003 1003 100  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
5.2 Toilets 141(AFL) 141(AFL) 100(AFL) Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
5.3 Kitchen 206 206 150 end of this Section.
5.4 Stairs to first floor 92(AFL) 78 – 107 (AFL) 100(AFL)  Low priority deviation.  Provide a local lamp to
 Areas were illuminated by means of illuminate the stairs.
fluorescent tubes.
stairs.
6. LEASE FACILITY AREA, WORKSHOP
6.1 Workbench 281 281 200  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
6.2 Drilling workstation 402 402 200 Mercury vapour lamps.  Also refer to the general
6.3 Bench grinder 213 213 200 end of this Section.
6.4 General store 278 278 150
6.5 Paint store 962 962 150
Table Footnotes:
TABLE 4.3 . DAY-TIME ILLUMINATION MEASUREMENTS FOR BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD– MIDDELBURG SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

1.1 Reception area  All measurements do not comply  Relocate Luminaires fitted
Computer 455 455 500 with the OHS Act’s minimum with Fluorescent tubes to an
statutory requirements. area above the computer
Waiting area 88 88 100  Office illuminated by means of aged workstation.
Fluorescent tubes in addition to by  Install more lamps at the
low intensity down lights above the waiting area.
computer.
 Few lamps noted at the waiting
area.
1.2 Office 16 419 419 500  Low priority deviation.  Provide luminaires above
 Area was illuminated by means of the computer to improve
- Printer 2352 2352 500 Fluorescent tubes. illumination.
1.3 Boardroom (Room 17) 538 538 300  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

1.4 Gents toilets 90(AFL) 90(AFL) 100(AFL)  Low priority deviation.  Replace the aged
 Toilets were illuminated by means Fluorescent tubes with new
1.5 Ladies toilets 59(AFL) 59(AFL) 100(AFL) of Fluorescent tubes. ones.
 Small fluorescent tubes mounted on  Clean the dirty diffusers
the walls. and/or replace if tarnished.
 Aged Fluorescent tubes were noted.
 Dirty prismatic diffusers.
1.7 Corridor 141(AFL) 106 – 176(AFL) 100(AFL) Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
1.8 Safety office end of this Section.
Computers 682 667 – 697 500
Printer 914 914 500
1.9 warehouse (Near kitchen) 475 427 – 523 150
1.10 Office 9 686 686 500
1.11 Office 6 230 159 – 301 500  High priority deviation.  Provide lamps above
 The office is illuminated by means of computers to improve
fluorescent tubes. illumination levels.
 No lamp installed above the  Two or more fluorescent
computer workstation. tubes should be fitted per
 One fluorescent tube fitted on one of luminaire to improve
the luminaires. illumination levels.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
1.12 Office 3 (Open plan)  High priority deviation.  Provide lamps above
 The office is illuminated by means of computer workstation and
Computer workstations 166 130 – 190 500
fluorescent tubes. printer to improve
Printer 220 220 500  No lamp installed above the illumination levels.
computer workstation and printer.
1.13 Office 2 145 145 500  High priority deviation.  Replace aged lamps or
 The office is illuminated by means of lamps of low intensity with
fluorescent tubes. lamps of high intensity
 Aged/low intensity lamps noted. output.
1.14 Kitchen(near Office 2)  Low priority deviation for the food  Provide luminaires at the
Food preparation area 99 99 150 preparation area. food preparation area to
 Areas were illuminated by means of improve illumination.
Dining area 407 407 100 Fluorescent tubes.
 No localised illumination at the food
preparation area.
1.15 Kitchen (near Office 1) 22 22 150  High priority deviation.  Install a lamp with high
 Area was illuminated by means of a intensity output and mount
small Fluorescent tube mounted on it on the wall.
the wall.
1.16 Office 1 373 373 500  Moderate priority deviation.  Provide lamps above
 The office is illuminated by means of computer workstation to
fluorescent tubes. improve illumination level.
 No lamp installed above the
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
1. ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, GROUND FLOOR (CONTINUED)

1.17 Gents toilet 325(AFL) 325(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination  Mount the lamp on the
 Area was illuminated by means of a ceiling and not the wall.
small low intensity Fluorescent tube
mounted on the wall.
 Amount of light in the toilet is mostly
due to natural light through the
windows.
1.18 Ladies toilet 17(AFL) 17(AFL) 100(AFL)  High priority deviation.  Replace the lamp of low
 Area was illuminated by means of a intensity with lamp of high
small low intensity Fluorescent tube intensity output and mount
mounted on the wall. the lamp on the ceiling, not
the wall.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

2.2 Office 28 776 776 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
2.3 Office 30 578 578 500  High priority deviation.  Provide lamps above
 The areas were illuminated by means computer workstations to
- Server Room 115 115 500 of fluorescent tubes. improve illumination level.
computer workstation in the server
room.
2.5 Office 25 637 637 500  Moderate priority deviation for the  Provide lamps above the
printer. printer to improve
- Printer 308 308 500  The office is illuminated by means of illumination level.
fluorescent tubes.
 No lamp installed above the printer.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

2.6 Gents toilet 168(AFL) 168(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination  Mount the lamp on the
 Area was illuminated by means of a ceiling and not the wall.
small as well as low intensity
Fluorescent tube mounted on the
wall.
 Amount of light in the toilet is mostly
due to natural light through the
windows.
2.7 Ladies toilet 98(AFL) 98(AFL) 100(AFL)  Low priority deviation  Replace the lamp of low
 Area was illuminated by means of a intensity with lamp of high
small as well as low intensity intensity output and mount
Fluorescent tube mounted on the the lamp on the ceiling, not
wall. the wall.
2.8 Boardroom (Room 23) 937 937 300  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
 One fused tube noted recommendations at the
2.10 Main boardroom 516 255 – 776 300  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
2.11 Corridor 553(AFL) 553(AFL) 100(AFL) Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
2.12 Kitchen (on the west side of the 183 183 150 end of this Section.
building)
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)

2.13 Gents toilets (on the west side 336(AFL) 336(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
of the building)  Area was illuminated by means of a installations.
small Fluorescent tube.  Also refer to the general
2.14 Ladies toilets (on the west side 372(AFL) 372(AFL) 100(AFL)
of the building)
2.15 Stairs (on the west side of the 161(AFL) 161(AFL) 100(AFL)
building)
2.16 Office 18 393 393 500  Medium priority deviation.  Provide lamps above
 The areas were illuminated by means computer workstations to
2.17 Office 20 305 305 500 of fluorescent tubes. improve illumination level.
 No lamps installed above the
2.18 Office 21 435 435 500 computer workstations.
2.19 Office 22 444 444 500
2.20 Stairs (near main boardroom) 127(AFL) 127(AFL) 100(AFL)  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
 Area was illuminated by means of a installations.
small Fluorescent tube.  Also refer to the general
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
3. WAREHOUSE
3.1 Dispatch office 785 634 – 935 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
3.2 Supervisor’s office 364 364 500  Medium priority deviation.  Provide lamp above
 The office illuminated by means of computer workstation to
3.3 Receiving office 668 668 500  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
3.4 Quality control office 434 434 500  Medium priority deviation.  Provide lamp above
 The office illuminated by means of computer workstation to
3.6 Filing area  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
3.7 General area 449 386 – 579 150 Fluorescent tubes.  Also refer to the general
3.8 Stairs 168(AFL) 168(AFL) 100(AFL) end of this Section.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
3. WAREHOUSE (Continued)
3.9 Small parts storage area  Medium priority deviation for the  Provide lamp above desk to
desk improve illumination level.
3.10 General area 169 153 – 192 150  The area illuminated by means of
fluorescent tubes.
3.11 Desk 196 196 300  No lamp installed above the desk.
3.12 Parts receiving area  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light

Counter 2015 2015 200
Mercury vapour lamps.  Also refer to the general
Storage area 381 381 150 recommendations at the
3.13 Parts pool storage area 247 153 – 308 75
3.14 Warehouse general area 262 197 – 296 75
- Walkway 164(AFL) 151 – 177(AFL) 100(AFL)
4. GENERAL STORAGE FACILITY (NEAR WAREHOUSE)

4.1 Consumables store 81 81 150  Low priority deviation.  Repair defective lamps.
defective Mercury lamps and
spotlights.
4.2 Tool store 65 27 – 102 150  Medium priority deviation for the  Provide lamp above desk to
desk improve illumination level.
- Desk 183 183 300  The area illuminated by means of
fluorescent tubes.
 Luminaires are installed above and
not parallel to the shelves.
 No lamp installed above the desk.
 Defective lamps.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
4. GENERAL STORAGE FACILITY (NEAR WAREHOUSE), (Continued)

4.3 Office 220 220 500  High priority deviation.  Provide lamp above the
 The office is illuminated by means of printer and computer to
- Printer 128 128 500 fluorescent tubes. improve illumination level.
 No lamp installed above the printer  Provide lamps with shades.
and computer.
 The lamps were not shaded.
4.4 Equipment store 105 87 – 123 75  Adequate illumination  Maintain existing light
Mercury vapour lamps.  Also refer to the general
5. YARD AREA
5.1 Workshop  Medium priority deviation for the  Provide lamp above
computer. computer to improve
Office 429 429 500
 The area illuminated by means of illumination level.
Kitchen 181 181 150 fluorescent tubes.
 No lamp installed above the above.
 Fused lamps.
General storage area 704 704 150  Medium priority deviation for  Maintain existing light
cable store. installations.
Cable storage area 81 81 150  Area was illuminated by means of  Also refer to the general
Mercury vapour lamps. recommendations at the
Workbench 396 396 200  No lamp installed in the cable end of this Section.
storage area.
AVERAGE
OHS ACT
(LUX)
LEVEL (LUX)
5. YARD AREA (Continued)

5.2 Yard office containers  Adequate illumination  Connect power to the
Tea room 940 940 100  Containers were fitted with luminaires installed in the
fluorescent tubes, however, no containers.
Kitchen 1398 1398 150 power was connected to the
container.
Lockers (Currently in use) 1924(AFL) 1924(AFL) 100(AFL)  The container was naturally
illuminated by means of windows
Supervisor’s office 953 239 – 2001 500 and open doors.
 Overcast weather conditions may
Safety office 1883 1883 500
results in low illumination levels in
these areas.
Tool store 1502 1502 150  Low priority deviation for small  Connect power to the
parts store area. luminaires installed in the
- Small parts store area 81 81 150  Containers were fitted with container.
fluorescent tubes, however, no
Consumables store 201 201 150 power was connected to the
container.
Workers’ locker room – (Not 1616(AFL) 1616(AFL) 100(AFL)
currently in use and only used  The container was naturally
illuminated by means of windows
on clients sites)
and open doors.
Line boring store 1430 1430 150
Overcast weather conditions may
results in low illumination levels in
these areas.
5.3 Ablution facility 974(AFL) 974(AFL) 100(AFL)  Low priority deviation for small  Provide lamp above
parts store area. computer to improve
5.4 Transport supervisor’s office 484 484 500  Containers were fitted with illumination level.
fluorescent tubes.
 No luminaires installed above the
computers.
Table Footnotes:
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4.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

In evaluating the illumination levels according to the Minimum illuminance values of the Environmental
Regulations for Workplaces (Incorporated under the OHSAct No. 85 of 1993), the subsequent recommendations
made in this report stemmed from finding that 25 % (55/220) of the measured areas do not conform to the OHS
Act minimum requirements. Non- conformances are as a result of:
4.5.1. Defective lamps:
Linbro Park
 Administration offices (Executive area)
o board room
Germiston
 Administration offices
o Office (adjacent to the open plan office)
o Ladies
o Administration assistant (first floor)
 Warehouse
o Small parts store
 Shot blasting booth
Middelburg
 Warehouse
o Tools store
 Yard
o Small parts store
4.5.2 Few/Insufficient number of lamps:
Linbro Park
 Reception
o Waiting area
o Stairs
 Warehouse
o Large Material storage area
Germiston
 Spray booth
4.5.3 Incorrect positioning of lamps /PCs/Workstations:
Linbro Park
o Reception
o Human Resources Printer
o Human Resources Open plan office
o Sales Open plan office (some computer workstation)
 Administration offices (Executive area)
o Jaco’s office
o Roger’s
o Lamy’s
o Printer
o Reception
 Warehouse
o Procurement office
o Foreman’s office
00000
Germiston
o Printer in a Photocopy room
o IT Office
o Open plan office
o Transport office (first floor)
 Warehouse
o Electrical department office
o Stairs to first floor
Middelburg
o Office 16
o Office 6 (One tube per luminaire)
o Office 3
o Kitchen (Food Preparation area)
o Office 1
o Office 2a
o Office 30 (Server room section)
o Office 25 (Printer)
o Offices 18,20,21 and 22
 Warehouse
o Supervisor’s office
o Quality control office
o Desk in the small part storage area
o General store office
 Yard
o Workshop office
o Transport supervisor’s office
4.5.4 Aged/Down light decorative
Middelburg
 Administration office
o Reception
o Ladies and Gents toilets (Near Reception)
o Office 2
o Ladies toilet (Ground floor)
o Ladies toilet (First floor)
4.5.5 No lamps installed
Middelburg
 Yard Workshop
o Cable storage area
Gijima Occupational Hygiene & Environmental Services | Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD – Occupational hygiene survey
February 2012
00000
4.6. RECOMMENDATIONS
4.6.1. Regulation 3 of the Environmental Regulations for Workplaces, framed under the OHSAct (Act 85 of 1993) states
that:
 Every employer shall cause every workplace in his undertaking to be lighted in accordance with the illuminance
specified in the Regulations. (Schedule of minimum illuminance).
 Every employer shall ensure that:
o glare in any workplace is reduced to a level that does not impair vision;
o luminaries and lamps are kept clean and, when defective, are replaced or repaired forthwith.
4.6.2. In view of the above-mentioned legal requirements, the following GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND
COMMENTS will add benefit towards improving illumination levels:
 Implement an effective lighting maintenance programme to ensure defective lamp replacement.

 Employ task lighting such as desk lamps to supplement lighting and achieve the required illuminance levels.
 Install lumianires with parabolic reflectors for downward directional luminance onto desks and computers.
 Install lamps to adequately illuminate areas such as walkways, the lamps should preferably be mounted
above the walkway to improve illumination. Areas that are located at the periphery of the plant such as
cooling beds and walkways should also be adequately installed with lamps to improve illumination.
 Regular assessment of illumination levels of the lamps and a repeat of assessment after replacement of the
faulty lamps.
 Employees should be urged to promptly report faulty luminaries and lamps. Such reporting must be followed
by swift maintenance response.
4.6.3. Lamps installed should be placed and distributed in such a way that:
 Easy access for cleaning purposes exists.

 Dark spots or contrast problems are kept to a minimum, i.e. ensure uniform illuminance distribution.
4.6.4. The light output of artificial lighting equipment decreases progressively with time due to:
 Gradual fall in illumination intensity/output of the lamps with age;

 The accumulation of dust or other deposits on the transmitting or reflecting surfaces; and
 Permanent discoloration of the transmitting or reflecting surfaces caused by age, etc.
It is important that an effective lighting maintenance programme be established to ensure lamp replacement and
especially cleaning of light fittings. In many situations lamps are replaced but are not kept clean. Cleaning
schedules should be determined.
Maintenance frequency will be determined through experience (life of lamps, soiling, etc.) and the results of
periodic lighting surveys. The Lamp supplier will also provide valuable information as far as the maximum period of
lamp usage before replacement.
It is estimated that the amount of light that a standard Fluorescent lamp provides at end of life can drop to about
one third of the light that they produce when new (but it still uses the same amount of energy) – therefore
timeous replacement of lamps (i.e. not waiting until the lamp is completely spent) will not only ensure sufficient
light but will also save on energy costs.
4.6.5. Investigate the provision of mobile spotlights and/or Lead lamps for tasks that require access to work surfaces
that are obscured from general lighting (such as underneath Locos at the Loco section of Equipment
Maintenance workshop). This equipment is particularly beneficial for those tasks that are performed on an
irregular/infrequent basis and where the installations of fixed lighting installations are not warranted.
4.6.6. For a reference to some of the luminaires recommended in Section 3., see Table 5.1 below.
February 2012
00000
TYPES OF LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES
TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

A compact Fluorescent light bulb (CFL) is Fluorescent
lighting designed to be used in a standard
(incandescent) light bulb socket. Fluorescent lighting
works by passing a current through a gas-filled tube.
Requires luminaire to provide directional illumination.
Flat round CFL provide poor illumination due to lack of
Incandescent vs.
directional focus.
compact Fluorescent
luminaire
Incandescent light works by heating up a metal filament
until it is white-hot. Incandescent bulbs produce mostly
heat, which is why a Fluorescent using only 13 watts of
electricity can produce light comparable to an
incandescent 60 watts.
Fluorescent lighting works by passing a current through

a gas-filled tube.
Single and twin tube
Twin Fluorescent provides higher light output (lux/
Fluorescent luminaires –
lumens).
plastic cover luminaire
or open luminaire.
Plastic cover protects lamp but may accumulate dust
that will reduce light output.
Fluorescent lighting works by passing a current through

a gas-filled tube.
Single to four tube
Fluorescent Luminaires Provides best reflection of light and improves
– polished Aluminium illumination.
parabolic reflectors
Does not accumulate dust as to lamps are not enclosed.
Equipped with one of a variety of different size solar

panels, sealed-gel batteries, and a fixture head fitted
with from 18W to 32W compact Fluorescent lamps may
be used in various locations.
This designed lighting system incorporates many

Solar powered lamps innovative features, such as the controller
programmable regulator which controls flow of energy
from panels to batteries and lamping. No cabling, no
trenching, no wiring, and no electric bills.
4.7. Re-evaluate illumination measurements when:

 Degenerated or defective lamps have been replaced;
 It is anticipated that work might have to be conducted during night periods in areas not occupied at night
previously;
 A significant proportion of the lamps have been replaced as indicated by an illumination maintenance
programme.
 At 24 month intervals as a general guideline, irrespective of the above.
February 2012
5.0 INDOOR AIR QUALITY SURVEY

BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD; LINBRO PARK,
GERMISTON AND MIDDELBURG SITE
– FEBRUARY 2012
Good air quality is an important component for a healthy indoor environment. The following components
define good air quality and are essential to maintain a healthy environment:
 Introduction and distribution of sufficient volumes of “fresh” breathing air required for respiration
(and to remove or reduce the levels of particularly Carbon dioxide; the gas that is exhaled, which can cause
ill health effects such as headaches, tiredness, reduced concentration, etc.)
 To remove or reduce the levels of hazardous airborne contaminants and odour causing agents (nuisance
odours).
 To maintain and acceptable levels of temperature and humidity.
Ventilation of an indoor area for the supply of breathing air can be achieved naturally (by means of outside
doors and windows) whereas ventilation for the control of hazardous airborne contaminants and odour
nuisance causing agents in enclosed/indoor environments, are best achieved by means of artificial ventilation
(mechanical induced air supply and extraction ventilation).
The purpose of this Report is to reflect the results and findings of an efficiency/breathing air quality survey in Indoor
areas.
5.2. HEALTH HAZARDS
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is naturally present in the atmosphere at levels of approximately 0.035% (or 350ppm).
Short-term exposure to CO2 at levels below 2% (20000 ppm) has not been reported to cause harmful
effects. Higher concentrations can affect respiratory function and cause excitation followed by depression
of the central nervous system. High concentrations of CO2 can displace oxygen in the air, resulting in lower
oxygen concentrations for breathing. Therefore, effects of oxygen deficiency may be combined with effects
of CO2 toxicity. At levels of 900 ppm and above, effects such as headaches, tiredness and lack of
concentration could start setting in. At higher concentrations the air is perceived as being stale.
Carbon Monoxide Gas:
CO gas is odourless and colourless, with a vapour density of 0,967 (air = 1) which means that it is slightly
lighter than air.
Inhalation:
Carbon Monoxide combines with haemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and this
reduces the blood’s ability to supply oxygen to the tissues, particularly the brain and heart - health effects
are related to this tissue hypoxia.
NB:
The effects of Carbon Monoxide inhalation depend on the following factors:
 The concentration of CO gas in inhaled air.
 The duration of inhalation exposure.
 The personal susceptibility of the individual, i.e. persons with heart, lung or blood disorders that
cause diminution of circulating oxygen are pre-disposed to CO poisoning and/or aggravation of the
existing cardiovascular disease. Smokers have a higher “starting” COHb level than that of non-
smokers and would therefore approach dangerous COHb concentrations more rapidly.
 The degree of exertion, i.e. heavy work increases the hazard.
At concentrations of 9 ppm, some individuals may start to experience headaches, tiredness and loss of
concentration.
Temperature
If temperature and humidity levels in the office are too high or too low, occupants can be dissatisfied with
the environment, uncomfortable and less effective in their tasks. Comfortable conditions in mechanically
ventilated buildings depend on six variables: air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, radiant
temperature, occupant's clothing insulation and occupant's activity level.
The higher density of occupants and equipment in most open-plan offices increases the amount of heat
released (and thereby the cooling requirements) in the space. Thus the heating/cooling system must have
the capacity to handle the occupant density, and be operated appropriately to meet thermal requirements.
Relative Humidity
When relative humidity is kept at about 30-60%, office workers have fewer respiratory problems
(specifically in the winter) and generally feel better. Higher humidity makes the office feels"stuffy". More
important, it can contribute to the development of bacterial and fungal growth (especially in closed
ventilation systems).
Humidity lower than 30% causes discomfort by drying out the mucous membranes, contributing to skin
rashes, and causing some electrostatic disturbances to offices.
A calibrated TSI Alnor, Model CF930 (Serial No. 9300927002) Indoor Air Quality Monitor was used to evaluate
the ventilation in Office/Administrative Areas and Plant Sections (breathing air quality measurements for
determining air “freshness”).
5.4. STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
In addition to comparing the indoor air quality with the recommended comfort guidelines a comparison between the
Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality was established. The measurements attained from this survey were compared to
Indoor Air Quality Guidelines set by ASHRAE.
Occupational Health and Safety Act, Act 85 of 1993:

In terms of Section 5/subsections (1 – 3) of the Environmental Regulations for Workplaces of 1987, under the
Occupational Health and Safety Act; Act 85 of 1993, every workplace must be so ventilated to ensure that the
following TWA gas concentration is not exceeded:
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas may not exceed a TWA concentration of 5,000ppm (0.5%).
The Regulations for Hazardous Chemical Substances, under the Occupational Health and Safety Act; Act 85 of 1993,
prescribes the following Exposure Limit for Carbon monoxide:
 Carbon monoxide (CO) gas may not exceed a TWA concentration of 50ppm.
February
2012
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers)

ASHRAE prescribes the following limits/ranges – pertaining to artificially ventilated, non industrial Indoor Work
Environments:
Parameter Reference Limit/Range

Temperature ASHRAE Standard 55 1999 23 - 26°C (Summer Conditions
Temperature ASHRAE Standard 55 1999 20.5 – 25.5°C (Winter Conditions
Relative Humidity ASHRAE Standard 55 1999/EPA 30 – 60%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ASHRAE Standard 62 2010 700ppm + corresponding ambient
concentration
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ASHRAE Standard 62 2010 9 ppm
Note: With regard to the CO2 concentration limit set in ASHRAE 62.1 2010 i.e. indoor CO2 concentration should not
exceed 700ppm in addition to the current ambient measured CO 2 concentrations. This limit is derived from the
equation:
Vo = N/(Cs – Co) , were:
Vo – Outdoor air flow rate per person – (7.5L/sec – required outdoor air per person)
N – CO2 generation rate per person – (0.31L/min for sedentary people)
Cs – CO2 concentration in the space -
Co – CO2 concentration in the outdoor air
Thus given the above:
(Cs – Co) = N/Vo
= (0.31/(7.5*60sec/min)
= 0.000689 liter of CO2 per liter of air.
= 700ppm
Thus to maintain a steady-state CO2 concentration in a space no greater than about 700ppm above the outdoor air
levels will indicate that a substantial majority of visitors entering a space will be satisfied with respect to human bio-
effluents (odours).
However it must be noted that health effects can start occurring at 900ppm. This level is considered an action limit by
Building Managers (i.e. the level at which action is taken to ensure that the recommended Guideline limit is never
reached).
SANS Code of Practice 10400 Part O of 1990 “The application of the National Building Regulations: Lighting and
Ventilation”
 In terms of the SANS Code of Practice 10400 Part O of 1990 “The application of the National Building Regulations:
Lighting and Ventilation”, issued in terms of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977
(Act No. 103 of 1977), every workplace should be provided with fresh outside air. Office areas may be ventilated
naturally, but some areas where the potential for exposure to hazardous airborne contaminants or nuisance odour
causing agents exist must be ventilated artificially.
February
2012
 Offices and boardrooms/meeting rooms should be supplied with outside air at rates no less that 5 liters per
second per person, or be provided with an openable glazed window (openable to the outside) which is no less
2
than 5% of the floor area of the room or 0.2m ; whichever is the greater.
 Kitchens, ablutions, toilet cubicles, showers and urinals in particular, where the potential for nuisance odours may
exist must be ventilated artificially as follows.
The extraction ventilation systems should operate with rates of no less than:
o 50 Litre/ second in the Kitchen; and
o 20 Litre/ second per urinal/shower or toilet cubicle.
5.5. RESULTS
The results of the Indoor Air Quality Survey performed for Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD at Linbro Park,
Germiston and Middelburg sites – February 2012 are indicated in Table 5.1 and Table 5.3.
February
2012
TABLE 5.1: INDOOR AIR QUALITY/VENTILATION SURVEY RESULTS, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – LINBRO PARK SITE DURING FEBRUARY 2012
AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS
AREA RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES COMMENTS
DURING THE COURSE OF DAY
FINANCE, HUMAN RESOURCES AND SALES OFFICES

1. Average Ambient (outdoor)  Warm, sunny, humid day.
conditions:  90% clouds.
 CO 0 ppm
N/A
 CO2 317 ppm
 Temperature 23.7 °C
 Relative Humidity 66.7 %
2. Reception area
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 514 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Temperature 25.3 °C 23 – 26 °C
 Relative Humidity 58.3 % 30 – 60 %
3. Finance open plan Office  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of Ceiling mounted
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm cassette and the HVAC system; and naturally by means of
openable windows. However the HVAC system was not
 CO2 527 ppm 5 000 ppm
operational during the time of the survey.
 The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
during the course of the day.
5. Human Resources open plan office
 Temperatures complied with the 23 – 26 °C recommended
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
ASHRAE Standard.
 CO2 406 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Relative humidity in the offices conformed to the recommended
standards of 30 – 60 %.
6. Board room (Human Resources and
Finance)
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 554 ppm 5 000 ppm
FINANCE, HUMAN RESOURCES AND SALES OFFICES, CONTINUED

7. Board room  The Boardroom is fitted with a ceiling cassette air conditioning
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm unit (which regulates indoor air temperature and facilitates air
 CO2 462 ppm 5 000 ppm movement) and naturally ventilated through windows.
 Temperature 24.2 °C 23 – 26 °C  The CO and CO2 levels do not exceed the OHS Act Standards
 Relative Humidity 60.5 % 30 – 60 % during the course of the day.
 Relative humidity did not conform to the recommended standard
due to the influence of wet conditions that prevailed on the day of
the survey.
8. Sales department open plan office

 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 583 ppm 5 000 ppm  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of Ceiling mounted
 Temperature 25.1 °C 23 – 26 °C cassette and the HVAC system; and naturally by means of
 Relative Humidity 42.1 % 30 – 60 % openable windows. However the HVAC system was not
operational during the time of the survey.
9. Commercial sales department
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 407 ppm 5 000 ppm
ASHRAE Standard.
10. After sales manager’s office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 461 ppm 5 000 ppm
EXECUTIVES OFFICES
11. Jaco’s office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 569 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Temperature 23.7 °C 23 – 26 °C  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of Ceiling mounted
 Relative Humidity 53.1 % 30 – 60 % cassette; and naturally by means of openable windows.
12. Roger’s office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 497 ppm 5 000 ppm
ASHRAE Standard.
13. Barry’s office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 572 ppm 5 000 ppm
14. Open plan office  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of Ceiling mounted
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm cassette; and naturally by means of openable windows.
 CO2 507 ppm 5 000 ppm  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
 Temperature 22.7 °C 23 – 26 °C during the course of the day.
 Relative Humidity 54.1 % 30 – 60 %  Temperatures did not conform to the 23 – 26 °C recommended
15. Reception office ASHRAE Standard due to the air conditioners that were on
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm temperature settings preferred by occupants.
 CO2 560 ppm 5 000 ppm  Relative humidity in the offices conformed to the recommended
 Temperature 21.6 °C 23 – 26 °C standards of 30 – 60 %.
WAREHOUSE
16. Warehouse and logistics office  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of Ceiling mounted
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm cassette; and naturally by means of openable windows.
 Relative Humidity 54.8 % 30 – 60 %  Temperatures conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
17. Procurement office Standard.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm  Relative humidity did not conform to the recommended standard
 CO2 607ppm 5 000 ppm due to the influence of wet conditions that prevailed on the day of
 Temperature 23.3 °C 23 – 26 °C the survey.
18. Foreman office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 307 ppm 5 000 ppm  The office had no artificially ventilation and no means to supply
 Temperature 23.9 °C 23 – 26 °C fresh outside air into the office. This is in contravention with the
 Relative Humidity 68.1 % 30 – 60 % National Building Regulations (SANS Code 10400 Part O), which
requires that every workplace be provided with fresh outside air.
 It is stipulated under the National Building Regulations (SANS Code
10400 Part O) that offices be supplied with outside air at rates no
less that 5 l per second per person or be or be provided with an
openable glazed window (openable to the outside) which is no
2
less than 5% of the floor area of the room or 0.2m , whichever is
the greater.
 The temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended
ASHRAE Standard.
due to the influence of wet outside conditions that prevailed on
the day of the survey.
TABLE 5.2: INDOOR AIR QUALITY/VENTILATION SURVEY RESULTS, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON SITE DURING FEBRUARY 2012
MAIN ADMINISTRATIONBUILDING OFFICES, GROUND FLOOR

conditions:  50% clouds.
 CO 0 ppm
N/A
 CO2 262 ppm
2. Ismail’s office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 335 ppm 5 000 ppm
3. Field Service Technician’s office  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of wall console air
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
supply fresh outside air.
 CO2 373 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Temperatures conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
4. Engineering office
Standard.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 334 ppm 5 000 ppm
5. Electrical office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 391 ppm 5 000 ppm
MAIN ADMINISTRATIONBUILDING OFFICES, GROUND FLOOR, CONTINUED

6. Engineering office
 CO  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of split level air
 CO2 0 ppm 50 ppm conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 Temperature 440 ppm 5 000 ppm supply fresh outside air.
 Relative Humidity 23.4 °C 23 – 26 °C  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
50.1 % 30 – 60 % during the course of the day.
7. Loss control office  Temperatures conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
 CO Standard in the Engineering office and the Open plan office but
 CO2 0 ppm 50 ppm not in the Loss control office. The substandard temperature in the
 Temperature 407 ppm 5 000 ppm Loss control office is due to the settings preferred by occupants.
 Relative Humidity 22.7 °C 23 – 26 °C  Relative humidity in the Open plan office did not conform to the
50.1 % 30 – 60 % recommended standards of 30 – 60 % due to environmental
8. Open plan office conditions that prevailed on the day of the survey.
 CO
 CO2 0 ppm 50 ppm
 Temperature 419 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Relative Humidity 23.7 °C 23 – 26 °C
63.1 % 30 – 60 %
9. Office adjacent to the open plan office  The office is artificially ventilated by means of a wall a console air
 CO conditioner; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 CO2 supply fresh outside air.
 Temperature 0 ppm 50 ppm  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
 Relative Humidity 340 ppm 5 000 ppm during the course of the day.
24.3 °C 23 – 26 °C  Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
59.2 % 30 – 60 % Standard.
 Relative humidity in the office conformed to the recommended
MAIN ADMINISTRATIONBUILDING OFFICES, FIRST FLOOR

10. Managing Director’s office
0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 422 ppm 5 000 ppm conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 Temperature 24.0 °C 23 – 26 °C supply fresh outside air.
 Relative Humidity 47.1 % 30 – 60 %  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
11. Secretary to the Managing director’s during the course of the day.
office  Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
 CO Standard.
 CO2 0 ppm 50 ppm  Relative humidity in the office conformed to the recommended
 Temperature 431 ppm 5 000 ppm standards of 30 – 60 %.
 Relative Humidity 24.2 °C 23 – 26 °C
45.6 % 30 – 60 %
12. Project and Transport
Management’s office
 CO
 CO2 0 ppm 50 ppm
 Temperature 348 ppm 5 000 ppm  The offices are artificially ventilated by means wall console air
 Relative Humidity 24.4 °C 23 – 26 °C conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
52.2 % 30 – 60 % supply fresh outside air.
13. Business Development Manager’s  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
office during the course of the day.
 CO  Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
 CO2 0 ppm 50 ppm Standard.
 Temperature 305 ppm 5 000 ppm  Relative humidity in the offices conformed to the recommended
 Relative Humidity 24.1 °C 23 – 26 °C standards of 30 – 60 %.
52.0 % 30 – 60 %
14. Matt’s office
 CO
0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 371 ppm 5 000 ppm
15. Accounts office  The office is artificially ventilated by means of a wall the console
air conditioner; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 347 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
Standard.
16. Accounts Open Plan office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 355 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Temperature 23.7 °C 23 – 26 °C  The offices are artificially ventilated by means wall console air
 Relative Humidity 46.1 % 30 – 60 % conditioner; and naturally by means of openable windows to
17. Legal Advisor Open Plan office  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm  Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
 CO2 401 ppm 5 000 ppm Standard.
 Temperature 23.9 °C 23 – 26 °C  Relative humidity in the offices conformed to the recommended
 Relative Humidity 49.1 % 30 – 60 % standards of 30 – 60 %.
18. Transport office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 391 ppm 5 000 ppm
19. Financial Director’s office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 273 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Temperature 23.2 °C 23 – 26 °C  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of split level air
 Relative Humidity 47.3 % 30 – 60 % conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
20. Administration Assistant’s office Standard in the Financial Director’s office. The Administration
assistant’s office had a substandard temperature due to the
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm settings preferred by the occupant.
 CO2 294 ppm 5 000 ppm  Relative humidity in the both offices conformed to the
 Temperature 22.2 °C 23 – 26 °C recommended standards of 30 – 60 %.
WORKSHOP AREAS
21. Electrical Department
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 418 ppm 5 000 ppm
22. Bay 1 (Receiving Bay)
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2  The areas are naturally ventilated through bay doors. Natural
415 ppm 5 000 ppm
ventilation relies on elements such as wind and thermal forces to
remove contaminated air and to replace it with fresh air.
23. Bay 2 (Hydraulic Bay)
 CO and CO2 levels conform to the recommended guidelines.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 429 ppm 5 000 ppm
24. Bay 3 (Fabrication Bay)
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 503 ppm 5 000 ppm
25. QC Department  The office is artificially ventilated by means of a wall the console
air conditioner; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm supply fresh outside air.
26. Bay 4 (Fabrication Bay)
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 591 ppm 5 000 ppm
27. Bay 5 (Welding Bay)
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2  The areas are naturally ventilated through bay doors. Natural
601 ppm 5 000 ppm
remove contaminated air and to replace it with fresh air.
28. Bay 6 (Assembly Bay)
 CO and CO2 levels conform to the recommended guidelines.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 607 ppm 5 000 ppm
29. Bay 7 (Assembly Bay)
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 507 ppm 5 000 ppm

Lease Facility
30. Workshop  The area is naturally ventilated through bay doors. Natural
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm remove contaminated air and to replace it with fresh air.
 CO2 507 ppm 5 000 ppm  CO and CO2 levels conform to the recommended guidelines.
TABLE 5.3: INDOOR AIR QUALITY/VENTILATION SURVEY RESULTS, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – MIDDLEBURG SITE DURING FEBRUARY 2012
MAIN ADMINISTRATIONBUILDING OFFICES, GROUND FLOOR

conditions:  20 to 40% clouds.
 CO 0 ppm
 CO2 395 ppm
2. Reception

0 ppm 50 ppm
conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 CO2 462 ppm 5 000 ppm
3. Office 16
 Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
 CO Standard.
0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2  Relative humidity in the office conformed to the recommended
451 ppm 5 000 ppm
 Temperature standards of 30 – 60 %.
25.3 °C 23 – 26 °C
4. Safety office  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of wall console air
 Relative Humidity 41.7 % 30 – 60 %  Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
5. Office 9 Standard in the Safety office but not in office 9. The substandard
temperature in office 9 was due to the air conditioner that was
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm not switched on.
 CO2 413 ppm 5 000 ppm  Relative humidity in the offices conformed to the recommended
5. Office 6 
The office is artificially ventilated by means of a wall console air
conditioner; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 Relative Humidity 45.3 % 30 – 60 %  Temperature did not conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended
ASHRAE Standard in the Safety office but not in offices 6 due to
the defective air conditioner.
6. Office 3  The office is artificially ventilated by means of a split level air
Standard.
 Relative humidity conformed to the recommended standards of
30 – 60 %.
MAIN ADMINISTRATION BUILDING OFFICES, GROUND FLOOR
7. Office 29  The office is artificially ventilated by means of a wall console air
Standard.
8. Office 28
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 307 ppm 5 000 ppm  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of split level air
 Temperature 23.7 °C 23 – 26 °C conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 Relative Humidity 45.0 % 30 – 60 % supply fresh outside air.
9. Office 30 (Server/office)  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm  Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
 CO2 510 ppm 5 000 ppm Standard.
 Temperature 21.8 °C 23 – 26 °C  Relative humidity in the both offices conformed to the
 Relative Humidity 36.1 % 30 – 60 % recommended standards of 30 – 60 %.
10. Office 30
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 498 ppm 5 000 ppm
10. Office 27
 The offices are artificially ventilated by means of wall console air
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 CO2 475 ppm 5 000 ppm supply fresh outside air.
 Temperature 22.1 °C 23 – 26 °C  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
 Relative Humidity 43.3 % 30 – 60 % during the course of the day.
11. Office 25  Temperature conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
Standard.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm  Relative humidity in the office conformed to the recommended
 CO2 470 ppm 5 000 ppm standards of 30 – 60 %.
12. Office 18
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of split level air
 CO2 439 ppm 5 000 ppm conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 Temperature 25.5 °C 23 – 26 °C supply fresh outside air.
 Relative Humidity 38.2 % 30 – 60 %  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
13. Office 20 during the course of the day.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm Standard in offices 18 and 20 but not in offices 21. The
 CO2 439 ppm 5 000 ppm temperature that did not conform to the recommended standard
 Temperature 25.5 °C 23 – 26 °C in office 21 was due to air conditioner that was not switched on.
 Relative Humidity 40.1 % 30 – 60 %  Relative humidity in the office conformed to the recommended
14. Office 21 standards of 30 – 60 %.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 473 ppm 5 000 ppm
15. Office 22  The office is artificially ventilated by means a wall console air
Standard.
WAREHOUSE
16. Supervisor’s office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 414 ppm 5 000 ppm
 The offices are artificially ventilated by means of wall console air
17. Dispatch office conditioners; and naturally by means of openable windows to
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm  The CO and CO2 levels did not exceed the OHS Act Standards
 CO2 407 ppm 5 000 ppm during the course of the day.
 Temperature 25.2 °C 23 – 26 °C  Temperatures conformed to the 23 – 26 °C recommended ASHRAE
 Relative Humidity 49.3 % 30 – 60 % Standard in three out of four offices evaluated; namely the
Supervisor’s, Dispatch and Quality control office. The Receiving
18. Receiving office office had a temperature that did not conform to the
recommended standard due to the wall air conditioner that was
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm switched off.
 CO2 352 ppm 5 000 ppm  Relative humidity offices conformed to the recommended
19. Quality control office
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm
 CO2 434 ppm 5 000 ppm
WAREHOUSE (Continued)
20. Small parts storage area  The area had no artificially ventilation and no means to supply
fresh outside air into the area. This is in contravention with the
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm National Building Regulations (SANS Code 10400 Part O), which
 CO2 476 ppm 5 000 ppm requires that every workplace be provided with fresh outside air.
 Temperature 25.7 °C 23 – 26 °C  It is stipulated under the National Building Regulations (SANS Code
 Relative Humidity 56.1 % 30 – 60 % 10400 Part O) that offices be supplied with outside air at rates no
2
the greater.
ASHRAE Standard.
WAREHOUSE (Continued)
21. General storage facility office  The office had no artificially ventilation and no means to supply
fresh outside air into the office. This is in contravention with the
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm National Building Regulations (SANS Code 10400 Part O), which
 CO2 323 ppm 5 000 ppm requires that every workplace be provided with fresh outside air.
 Temperature 24.7 °C 23 – 26 °C  It is stipulated under the National Building Regulations (SANS Code
 Relative Humidity 56.7 % 30 – 60 % 10400 Part O) that offices be supplied with outside air at rates no
2
the greater.
ASHRAE Standard.
Yard
22. Workshop  The workshop was naturally ventilated through bay doors. Natural
 CO2 304 ppm 5 000 ppm  CO and CO2 levels conform to the recommended guidelines.
23. Workshop office  The office is artificially ventilated by means a split level air
Standard.
Yard office containers

24. Supervisor’s office  The offices are artificially ventilated by means of a split level air
 Relative Humidity 49.9 % 30 – 60 %  Temperatures did not conform to the 23 – 26 °C recommended
25. Safety office ASHRAE Standard due to the split level air conditioners that were
not connected to the power supply.
 CO 0 ppm 50 ppm  Relative humidity in the both offices conformed to the
 CO2 358 ppm 5 000 ppm recommended standards of 30 – 60 %.
26. Transport supervisor’s office  The workshop was naturally ventilated through bay doors. Natural
 CO2 373 ppm 5 000 ppm  Air temperature conformed to the recommended guidelines.
 Temperature 25.1 °C 23 – 26 °C  CO and CO2 levels conform to the recommended guidelines.
 Relative Humidity 44.3 % 30 – 60 %  Relative humidity conformed to the recommended standards of
30 – 60 %.
Note:
Standards (Interpretation guideline, OHS Act Statutory Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL’s) stipulated in the Regulations for Hazardous Chemical Substances):
 CO2 – 5,000 ppm
 CO – 50ppm
Standards (Interpretation guideline, ASHRAE recommended guidelines):

 Temperature – 23 – 26°C
 Humidity – 30 – 60%
RED – Indicates the Temperature Guideline has not been complied with.
5.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
From the results of the Indoor Air Quality Survey performed during normal employee occupancy at Bucyrus Africa
Underground (PTY) Ltd at Linbro Park, Germiston and Middelburg sites, it is concluded that the indoor air is
considered “Acceptable” in most of the offices and areas monitored.
The Workshop Areas at Germiston site are naturally ventilated through Bay doors; natural ventilation relied on
elements such as wind and thermal forces to remove contaminated air and to replace it with fresh air.
Most offices at the three sites were fitted with Wall console air and Split level air conditioning units which regulate
indoor air temperature and facilitate air movement and regulate indoor air temperature.
Offices such as the General storage facility office and Small parts storage area at Middleburg site; as well as the
foreman’s office in the warehouse of Linbro Park site were not supplied with fresh outside air. It is stipulated under
the National Building Regulations (SANS Code 10400 Part O) that offices be supplied with outside air at rates no less
that 5 l per second per person or be or be provided with an openable glazed window (openable to the outside)
2
which is no less than 5% of the floor area of the room or 0.2m , whichever is the greater.
Office 6 at Middleburg site had a defective air conditioning unit.
Relative humidity did not conform to the recommended standard in the following areas:
 Open plan office in the ground floor of Germiston site

 Procurement office, foreman’s office and Board room (Finance department) of Linbro Park site.
The measured Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide levels at all of the areas conform to the recommended
guidelines.
5.7 RECOMMENDATIONS
 Openable windows should be kept open during warmer periods to allow for the introduction of fresh outside air
where practicably possible.
 Employees in offices where the air conditioning units are installed should be informed of the need to use units
in order to facilitate air movement and regulate the dry bulb temperature and, by-so-doing, ensure a measure
of thermal comfort to occupants.
 Where practicably possible, provide mobile fans at the general areas to increase the amount of linear air
movement, thereby ensuring a measure of thermal comfort
 Repair the defective air conditioning unit of office 6 (Middelburg site).
 Maintenance of Air conditioning systems should include:

o Ensuring that regular maintenance is performed on all air conditioning units i.e. air conditioners are
re-gassed, filters are changed etc.
o regular inspection for signs of damage or malfunction;
o monitoring of performance (e.g. correct temperature readings);
o routine replacement of components known to have a limited life (e.g. drive belts on fans, dirty
filters); and prompt repair or replacement of worn or damaged components.
 The ventilation survey should be repeated in 24 months to ensure that ventilation parameters comply with
statutory requirement and recommended standards.
6.0 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION SURVEY

BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD,
GERMISTON – FEBRUARY 2012
The primary purpose of installing a Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) system is to maintain a safe level of airborne
workplace contaminants by controlling them and removing them from them from the worker’s environment. The local
exhaust ventilation systems capture contaminants at their generation point and transport them from the workplace
through a duct system. Flexible exhaust duct is possibly the most common way of providing a movable exhaust hood
or “Elephant Trunk”.
During spray painting potential hazards exist from exposure aerosols and solvent vapours. Control of these airborne
pollutant exposures may be accomplished through the use of a spray booth/cabinet fitted with an extraction system
to remove these contaminants. The size of the booth/cabinet is governed principally by the size of object being
coated. Many spray booths are equipped with disposable particulate filters. The type of particulate filter fitted
influence the system pressure. To remove Volatile Organic compounds (VOCs) carbon filtration is required resulting in
increased system pressure loss as does the build-up of disposable particulate on filters. The loss of system pressure
eventually due build-up of disposable particulate on filters reduce airflow to unacceptable levels, hence, system
performance must be monitored to determine when the disposable filters are to be replaced.
The purpose of this survey was to test the Facility’s ventilation systems’ and components’ performance for compliance
to guideline standards stipulated in the General Safety Regulations, regarding:
 Extraction air velocities and flow rates for metal fumes when spray painting is performed in any cabinet or
enclosure.
6.2. STANDARD
As per Section 4 the General Safety Regulations, the following should be considered:
 the design of any fume extraction system should be such that fumes would be removed at-source, at a capture
velocity of at least 0.75 meters per second, and
 where the area of the open face is equal or exceeds two square meters, the average speed of air movement through
the said face shall not be less that 0.5 meters per second.

Air velocity measurements were performed with the aid of either an EXTECH Heavy Duty Hot Wire Thermo-
Anemometer. The methodologies for measuring these air velocities (ventilation system duct- and exhaust air stack
air velocities) were based on the standard methodologies proposed by the ACGIH; “Industrial Ventilation - A Manual
th
of Recommended Practice for Operation and Maintenance”, 2007, 26 Edition.
A copy of the Valid Calibration Certificate for the instrumentation used in this survey is attached to this report,
under Annexure A.
6.4. RESULTS
The results of the Exhaust Ventilation Survey performed at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd – Germiston site,
during February 2012, are indicated in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 EXHAUST VENTILATION MEASUREMENTS AT BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD –
GERMISTON SITE DURING FEBRUARY 2012
Minimum required air

Measurement Location Effective Surface Average air flow
2
(m ) (m/s) flow (m/s)
Spray Booths
Spray Booth at Bay 6 5.37 1.3 0.5
Spray Booth at the Lease Facility Area 5.37 1.6 0.5
Extraction arms (Welding Bay)

Arm 1 (Closest to the bay door) 0.09 0.8 (30 cm from the 0.75
open face)
Arm 2 0.09 0.8 (26 cm from the 0.75
open face)
Arm 3 0.09 0.8 (22 cm from the 0.75
open face)
Arm 4 (Furthest from the bay door) 0.09 0.8 (29 cm from the 0.75
open face)
6.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General
The results of the Ventilation Survey performed at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) LTD – Germiston site, as
indicated in Table 6.1, are representative of normal ventilation system performance conditions prevailing on
during February 2012.
Spray painting booths
Measurement obtained during the Ventilation Survey exceeded the minimum flow rate (>0.5m/s) required for a
spray booth face exceeding two square meters.
Fumes Extraction System
Below is the maximum allowable distance of each unit (extractions arms) from the source where the capture
velocity will exceed 0.75m/s:
Arm 1 (Closest to the bay door) - 30 cm

Arm 2 – 26 cm
Arm 3 – 22 cm
Arm 4 – 29 cm
When the system is used properly as stated above, it should be able to remove fumes released into the workplace
during activities such as welding, gouging e.t.c.
The extraction ventilation systems used at the spray painting areas should be maintained to ensure flow rates
exceeds the minimum flow rates as set out in the General Safety Regulations (OHS Act).
The fume extraction system used at the welding bay should be maintained to ensure that the capture velocity
exceeds the minimum flow rates of 0.75 m/s as set out in the General Safety Regulations (OHS Act).
The recommended distance to place extraction arm of the fume extraction system should be not more than 22
cm from the source. This is the distance at which the capture velocity of the fume extraction system will
>0.75m/s.
7.0 HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EXPOSURE SURVEY

BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD; LINBRO PARK,
GERMISTON AND MIDDELBURG SITE
– FEBRUARY 2012
7.1. HAZARD DESCRIPTION
7.1.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
Exposure to airborne contaminants in the workplace may impact negatively on the respiratory system.
Depending on the physical, chemical and toxicological properties of inhaled substances, a number of
occupational diseases may be caused by the prolonged and/or excessive inhalation thereof.
Substances which have little, or no effect on the lungs are usually classified as biologically inert. However, even
apparently harmless materials will cause ill health, if inhaled in excessive quantities. The most common
symptom of over-exposure to inert materials is an increase in upper respiratory system infection, a condition
that is completely reversible when exposure ceases.
In contrast to inert materials, biologically active substances leads to the development of masses of scar tissue,
that slowly replaces the active lung tissue. The scarring of the lungs causes disability, shortness of breath,
lessended capacity for work and increased susceptibility to tuberculosis.
Hazardous chemical substances that are inhaled may also enter the blood stream, without any adverse effects
on the lung. However, once in the blood, the contaminant may attack several target organs such as the heart,
liver, kidneys or nervous system.
7.1.2 Total Inhalable Dust/Fume Welding Fumes
Total Inhalable dust is that size fraction of dust which enters the body, but is trapped in the nose, throat, and
upper respiratory tract. The median aerodynamic diameter of this dust is about 10 µm.
Nuisance dust, or inert dust, can be defined as dust that contains less than 1% quartz. Because of its low content
of silicates, nuisance dust has a long history of having little adverse effect on the lungs. Any reaction that may
occur from nuisance dust is potentially reversible. However, excessive concentrations of nuisance dust in the
workplace may reduce visibility (e.g., Iron oxide), may cause unpleasant deposits in eyes, and nasal passages and
may cause injury to the skin or mucous membranes by chemical or mechanical action.
Although unavoidable in many minerals processing operations, the escape of dust particles into the workplace
atmosphere is undesirable. Excessive dust emissions can cause occupational respiratory diseases, irritation to
eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin and metal fume fever.
The following harmful metals were identified during the survey:
Nickel:
Breathing Nickel may cause an asthma-like allergy. Future exposure can cause asthma attacks with shortness of
breath, wheezing, cough and/ or chest tightness. Repeated exposure may cause scarring of the lungs. Inhaled
Nickel can also cause a sore or hole in the “bone” (Septum) dividing the inner nose.
Nickel is a well-known skin sensitizer and is one of the most frequent skin sensitizers in humans. Once a person
is sensitized, contact with even a small amount of Nickel can cause outbreaks of Dermatitis with symptoms such
as redness, rash, itching and swelling. This reaction can spread from the hands or arms to the face and body.
Nickel may damage the kidneys and may affect liver function.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that Nickel is possible carcinogenic to
humans (Group 2B).
Manganese:
Breathing Manganese can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/ or shortness of
breath. Exposure to Manganese can cause “metal fume fever.” This is a flu-like illness with symptoms of
metallic taste in the mouth, headache, fever and chills, aches, chest tightness and cough. The symptoms may be
delayed for several hours after exposure and usually last for a day or two.
Repeated exposure can cause permanent brain damage. Early symptoms include poor appetite, weakness and
sleepiness. Later effects include changes in speech, balance, mood and personality, loss of facial expressions,
poor muscle coordination, muscle cramps, twitching and tremors. The later symptoms are identical to
Parkinson’s disease.
Permanent lung damage may occur with repeated and high exposure.
Manganese may affect the liver and may cause anemia.
Manganese may damage the testes (male reproductive glands) and may decrease fertility in males.
7.1.3 Diesel Particulate Matter
In 1988, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended that whole diesel
exhaust be regarded as a "potential occupational carcinogen" and that reductions in workplace exposure would
reduce carcinogenic risks. A great deal of attention has been focused on the potential carcinogenic effect
because of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soot/diesel particulate matter (DPM) emitted in
engine exhaust and its potential health impact on miners.
An improperly maintained diesel engine can emit undesirable concentrations of exhaust emissions compared to
a well-maintained diesel engine. It has been demonstrated that engine faults resulting from inadequate or
improper maintenance could increase engine exhaust concentrations of DPM by as much as 1000%.
The main particulate fraction of diesel exhaust consists of small particles. Because of their small size, inhaled
particles may easily penetrate deep into the lungs. The rough surfaces of these particles make it easy for them to
bind with other toxins in the environment, thus increasing the hazards of particle inhalation. The effects of
exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, duration, exposure route, personal traits and habits,
and whether other chemicals are present. Typical acute by-stander exposures to low-to-moderate
concentrations of vehicle exhaust show a general progression of signs and symptoms. These start with irritation
of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and throat. Other effects may follow involving the respiratory,
gastrointestinal, or central nervous system: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, difficulty in concentrating,
feeling of intoxication, weakness, burning/tingling sensations in extremities, chest tightness, wheezing, and
shortness of breath. Coma, convulsions, and death can occur with significantly high level exposures. The usual
acute effects resolve with movement to fresh air or administration of oxygen. However, exposure to high
concentrations of oxides of nitrogen can result in chronic pulmonary disease even after resolution of the acute
effects.
7.1.4 H2 gas
Effects of exposure to hydrogen: Fire: Extremely flammable. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion.
Explosion: Gas/air mixtures are explosive. Routes of exposure: The substance can be absorbed into the body by
inhalation. Inhalation: High concentrations of this gas can cause an oxygen-deficient environment. Individuals
breathing such an atmosphere may experience symptoms which include headaches, ringing in ears, dizziness,
drowsiness, unconsciousness, nausea, vomiting and depression of all the senses. The skin of a victim may have a
blue color. Under some circumstances, death may occur. Hydrogen is not expected to cause mutagenicity,
embryotoxicity, teratogenicity or reproductive toxicity. Pre-existing respiratory conditions may be aggravated by
overexposure to hydrogen. Inhalation risk: On loss of containment, a harmful concentration of this gas in the air
will be reached very quickly.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC):
Sampling was performed according to NIOSH 1500/1501, using the following:

 OVM badges were used sampling of the VOC’s.
Sample analyses were performed by Biograde Analytical Laboratory, according to NIOSH Methods 1500/1501 with
the aid of a GC-MS.
Total Inhalable Dust/Fume Metal Elements:
Inhalable dust (Metal elements) samples were collected according to NIOSH 7300, using the following instruments:
 Gillian Gilair Battery operated constant flow pumps, calibrated at ± 2.0 ℓ/min
 Flexible Tigon tubing
 37-mm PVC filter.
The samples were weighed (Gravimetric analysis) according to GME 16/2/3/2/3 (or NIOSH 0500) where after the
samples were analysed for Metal Elements by means of Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma, Atomic Emission
Spectroscopy according to the NIOSH method 7300.
A 5% deviation in pump flow rates was allowed. Employees representing the worst case scenario (highest exposure)
were sampled over the shift duration of 8-hours to obtain information.
Diesel Particulate matter (DPM):
Elemental Carbon (Diesel Particulate Matter) exposure measurement ase performed in accordance with the
validated reference method; NIOSH 5040, utilizing the following equipment:
 37mm size-selective quartz fiber sampler

 Gillian air sampling pump, calibrated at a flow rate of 2.0 l/min
Samples were analyzed as follows:

Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA by Thermal-Optical Analyzer (NIOSH 5040)
Sample analysis was performed by the CSIR Miningtek.
A 5% deviation in pump flow rates was allowed. Employees representing the worst case scenario (highest exposure)
were sampled over the shift duration of 8-hours to obtain information.
Hydrogen gas:
Hydrogen gas sampling was performed as follows:
 Drager Hydrogen gas detector tubes were used to detect the percentage of hydrogen gas present at the battery
charging bay. The tubes were connected to a pre-calibrated Gillian pump (0.1 litres per min). Sampling was
conducted for one minute per sample to obtain the required volume of 100 ml of sampled air.
The reaction will cause colour change on the tube to turquoise blue from where the concentration (ppm) of
Hydrogen gas was determined and calculated.
7.3. STATUTORY REQUIREMENT AND STANDARDS
Exposure to hazardous chemical substances in industry, is governed by the Regulations for Hazardous Chemical
Substances, 1995, under the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act; Act 85 of 1993. The Regulations contain
Standards (Occupational Exposure Limits), for evaluating weather exposure to airborne hazardous chemical is
considered compliant.
For those substances, for which OEL’s are not specified in the National Legislation, such Exposure Limits (also termed
OEL’s for the purpose of this Report) were adopted from reputable sources, such as the American Conference for
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the US Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA).
An OEL is the concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period (8 hours), at which, according
to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if they are exposed by
inhalation, day after day, to that concentration. It should be noted, however, that not all workers will be protected
from adverse health effects if their exposures are below the applicable limit.
The OEL’s for the respective Hazardous Chemical Substances measured during this Survey are reflected in the
respective Tables of Results.
The Occupational Exposure Limits – Recommended Limits (OEL-RL’s) and Control Limits (OEL-CL’s), as prescribed in
the Regulations for Hazardous Chemical Substances, 1995, framed under the Occupational Health & Safety Act 1993
(Act 85 of 1993), were used as the reference standards to evaluate the results of this survey.
Table 7.1 The following exposure limits were employed for direct comparison to quantitative air monitoring data:
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT

Volatile Organic Compounds
3
Acetone 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 1789 mg/m
3
Ethylbenzene 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 435 mg/m
3
Heptane 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 1600mg/m
3
Hexane 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 1800 mg/m
3
Pentane 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 1800 mg/m
3
Toluene 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 188 mg/m
3
Xylene, m+p- 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 150 mg/m
3
Xylene, o- 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 150 mg/m
3
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 123 mg/m
3
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 8-Hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 123 mg/m
Total Inhalable Dust (Metallic Elements)
3
Inhalable dust (Particulates Not 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 10mg.m
Otherwise Classified):
3
Total Welding Fume 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 5mg/m *
3
Calcium Hydroxide 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 5mg/m
3
Chromium III 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 0.5mg/m
3
Copper 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 1mg/m
3
Iron Oxide 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 5mg/m
3
Manganese 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 1mg/m
3
Nickel 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 1mg/m
3
Uranium 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 0.2mg/m
3
Zinc Oxide 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) OEL-RL = 5mg/m
The combined or synergistic exposure as reflected through the Exposure Index (EI)
Exposure Index: ≤1
Is calculated for the combined
exposure to synergistic/ additive
substances
Diesel Particulate Matter
3
Elemental Carbon ACGIH TLV = 0.02 mg/m **
3
Total Carbon ACGIH TLV = 0.15 mg/m **
Hydrogen gas
H2 gas Section 5 of the General safety Regulations, the concentration of the gas, does
not exceed 25 present of the lower explosive limit of the gas (Hydrogen LEL =
4%), concerned where the work to be performed is of such a nature that it
does not create a source of ignition
* Adopted from the Mine Health and Safety Act

** No South African Occupational Exposure Limit available for DPM – ACGIH TLV is used for guidance purposes.
7.4. RESULTS
The results of the Personal, Hazardous Chemical Substances Exposure survey performed during February 2012 at
Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd are reflected in Tables 7.2
TABLE 7.2: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EXPOSURE SURVEY, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON SITE DURING FEBRUARY 2012
TWA
SAMPLE No. IDENTIFICATION− HEALTH HAZARD EXPOSURE TWA OEL TASKS AND COMMENTS
3
(Date) LOCATION LEVEL (mg/m )
3
(mg/m )
BAY 6
RT 289 Mr N. De Villiers Volatile Organic Compounds  The employees’ exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds was well
(07/02/2012) Application of an Acetone 5.225 1780 below 10 % of their respective OELs.
anti-spat Ethylbenzene 0.046 435  Mr. De Villiers was exposed to volatile organic compounds while
Heptane 0.273 1600 applying the Anti-Spat product on welds. Application of an Anti-spat
Hexane 0.611 1800 was done in the area relying on natural ventilation only.
Pentane 0.266 1800  Mr. Mathebula was exposed to volatile organic compounds during
Toluene 1.536 188 spray painting of body panels with Plascon paint and primer. Spray
Xylene, m+p- 0.139 150 painting was conducted inside a spray booth. The spray painter works
Xylene, o- 0.055 150 an 8 hour shift and spray painting is duration is variable can range
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.093 123 from 30 minutes to about 4 hours a day depending on the workload.
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 0.028 123  The spray painter was provided with a half mask fitted with two
organic vapour cartridge filters (A1). However it was noticed that the
Exposure Index 0.014 <1 half face mask used contaminated with paint on the inside of the
mask while Anti-Spat was applied without the use of any respiratory
RT 290 Mr J. Mathebula Volatile Organic Compounds protection devices.
(07/02/2012) Spray painter Acetone 26.055 1780  Painting was only performed for short periods during the time of the
Ethylbenzene 0.019 435 survey. Exposure levels are anticipated to be much higher should
Toluene 0.079 188 painting be performed for more than 4 hours per day.
Xylene, m+p- 0.043 150  The area where painting is conducted is not demarcated as a
Xylene, o- 0.008 150 Respirator Zone.
Exposure Index 0.015 <1
LEGEND
BLACK = Concentrations (TWA Exposure Level) significantly less than the OEL.
TABLE 7.3: TOTAL INHALABLE METAL FUME EXPOSURE SURVEY, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDER GROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
TWA EXPOSURE
POLLUTANT TWA OEL TASKS AND COMMENTS
SAMPLE No. IDENTIFICATION LEVEL 3
3 (mg/m )
(mg/m )
WELDING BAY
P 5-277 K. Van Vuuren– Total Metal Fume 8.39 5  Employee is exposed to Metal Fumes exceeding the adopted OEL from
3
Welder Calcium hydroxide 0.062 5 the Mine Health Act of 5mg/m .
Chromium 0.009 0.5  Exposure to Iron (Iron oxide) also exceeds the OEL.
Copper 0.059 1  His combined or synergistic exposure as reflected through the Exposure
Iron oxide 11.178 5 Index (EI) exceeds the statutory limit of 1.
Manganese 0.002 1
Nickel 0.056 1  The Welder spent 70% of the shift conducting welding on body panels at
Zinc Oxide 0.004 5 the Welding Bay. The other activities he conducted included gouging and
grinding.
Exposure Index 4.1 1  The employee did not wear any respiratory protection while conducting
these operations, despite the availability of a FFP2 (protection factor of
10) disposable dust mask, which should provide adequate protection
from exposure to airborne particulates/dust, provided it is applied and
maintained correctly.
 The Extraction ventilation system was present but not at the specific
welding station of Mr. Van Vuuren and the employee could not make use
of it.
LEGEND
RED = Measured Exposure Level exceeding the OEL.
TABLE 7.3: TOTAL INHALABLE METAL FUME EXPOSURE SURVEY, BUCYRUS AFRICA NDER GROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON SITE, FEBRUARY 2012 (…continues)
TWA EXPOSURE
3 (mg/m )
(mg/m )
WELDING BAY
P 5-283 S. Nzimande – Total Metal Fume 3.16 5  Employee is exposed to Metal Fumes exceeding 50% of the adopted OEL
3
Welder Calcium hydroxide 0.048 5 from the Mine Health Act of 5mg/m .
Chromium 0.004 0.5  Exposure to Iron (Iron oxide) also exceeds 50% the OEL.
Copper 0.016 1  The combined or synergistic exposure as reflected through the Exposure
Iron oxide 3.22 5 Index (EI) exceeds the statutory limit of 1.
Manganese 0.170 1
Nickel 0.013 1  The Welder spent 70% of the shift conducting welding on body panels at
Zinc Oxide 0.005 5 the Welding Bay. The other activities he conducted included gouging and
grinding.
Exposure Index 1.5 1  The employee used an FFP2 (protection factor of 10) disposable dust
mask, which do provide adequate protection from exposure to airborne
particulates/dust/fume, provided it is applied and maintained correctly.
 The employee did not make use of the available extraction ventilation
system.
LEGEND
ORANGE = Measured Exposure Level exceeding the Action Level (50% of OEL), but not exceeding the OEL
RED = Measured Exposure Level exceeding the OEL
TABLE 7.4: TOTAL INHALABLE DUST EXPOSURE SURVEY, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
TWA EXPOSURE
3 (mg/m )
(mg/m )
WELDING BAY (BAY 5)
P 5 280 A.Khoza– Grinder Total Inhalable Dust 3.50 10  Employees were exposed to Total Inhalable Dust that was below the
OEL.
 They worked an 8 hour shift (07:00 to 15:00) performing grinding
activities on Steel body panels.
 Employees used FFP2 (protection factor of 10) disposable dust masks,
which do provide adequate protection from exposure to airborne
P 5 285 S.Kekana– Grinder Total Inhalable Dust 2.65 10
particulates/dust, provided it is applied and maintained correctly.
LEGEND
TABLE 7.5: TOTAL INHALABLE DUST EXPOSURE SURVEY, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
TWA EXPOSURE
3 (mg/m )
(mg/m )
SHOT BLASTER
P 5 279 S. Mpahambo– Shot Total Inhalable dust 15.79 10  Employee was exposed to Total Inhalable Dust exceeding the OEL.
Blaster  The worker made use of an air supplied respiratory hood/face mask.
 The extraction system of the Shot blaster was not working efficiently on
 The employee also used a FFP2 (protection factor of 10) disposable dust
mask, while sweeping up Blast Rite. The dust mask used was very dirty.
LEGEND
RED = Measured Exposure Level exceeding the OEL
TABLE 7.6: TOTAL INHALABLE DUST EXPOSURE SURVEY, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – MIDDELBURG SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
TWA EXPOSURE
3 (mg/m )
(mg/m )
YARD
P 5 276 S.Hokohla– Grinder Total Inhalable Dust 1.46 10  The Employee was exposed to Total Inhalable Dust below the OEL.
 He grinded on steel pipe very briefly on the day of the survey at an open
area outside the workshop.
 No respiratory protection was used while grinding was performed.
 Grinding was only performed for a short period during the time of the
survey. The Exposure level is anticipated to be higher should grinding be
performed for more than 4 hours per day.
LEGEND
TABLE 7.7: DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER EXPOSURE SURVEY RESULTS, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – GERMISTON SITE, FEBRUARY 2012
TWA EXPOSURE
3 (mg/m )
(mg/m )
FORKLIFT (HYSTER 16.00-6)
Q202 C. Van der Diesel Particulate Matter  The employee’s exposure to Diesel Particulate Matter exceeded the
Westhuizen - (DPM) ACGIH TLV for Total and Elemental Carbon (DPM).
Operator (Workshop
area) Elemental Carbon 0.16 0.02  The Operator is responsible for loading and offloading heavy equipment
Total Carbon 0.28 0.15 onto and from trucks using a diesel forklift (Make: Hyster 16.00-6). The
operator uses the forklift very briefly for about 20 min at a time,
depending on the workload.
 The exhaust of the forklift is directly behind the open cabin and not
positioned away from the operator’s cabin. The exhaust is also the same
height as the cabin, thus increasing the possibility of particles entering
the cabin.
LEGEND
RED = Measured Exposure Level exceeding the ACGIH TLV
TABLE 7.8: HYDROGEN GAS SURVEY RESULTS, BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD – LINBRO PARK SITE, MARCH 2012
MEASURED 25% OF LOWER

SAMPLE No. IDENTIFICATION POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION EXPLOSION TASKS AND COMMENTS
(%) LIMIT
BATTERY CHARGING BAY
BUC 01 Changing section Hydrogen gas <0.5% 1 Gas testing was conducted at the Battery Charging bay to determine the
Hydrogen gas concentration level. Levels below 0.5% were measured at the
BUC 02 Changing section Hydrogen gas <0.5% 1 battery bay that had no dedicated ventilation system to reduce the built-up
of Hydrogen gas. Although measured levels were low, the risk of an
BUC 03 Middle of the Hydrogen gas <0.5% 1 explosion still exists due to the lack of ventilation in the area.
Charging bay
BUC 04 Entrance to the Hydrogen gas <0.5% 1
Charging bay
7.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The results of the Hazardous Chemical substances survey performed at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd –
Germiston and Middelburg sites conclude the following:
Volatile Organic Compounds:

None of the employees who performed painting (spraying of Anti-Spat Plascon Paints and Primer) were
overexposed to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Painting was only performed for short periods during the time
of the survey. Exposure levels are anticipated to be much higher should painting be performed for more than 4
hours per day.
Total Inhalable Dust/Fume (Metallic Elements):

Of the employees subjected to dust/fume exposure sampling at Bucyrus, the following were found to be
significantly exposed to Total Metal Fume and Iron Oxide (exposure levels exceeding of the OEL):
 K. Van Vuuren: Welder (Welding Bay) – Total Welding fume and Iron Oxide fume.
S. Nzimande: Welder (Welding Bay) was found to be exposed to Total Inhalable fumes and Iron Oxide at
concentrations 50% above the respective OELs.
Both the Welders’ combined or synergistic exposure to total Welding fumes and metal elements as reflected
through the Exposure Index (EI) exceeded the statutory limit of 1.
Engineering control measures in the form of local extraction ventilation systems installed at the welding bay,
however, the mobility of the system is limited to the four arms that is connected to the system reducing the
effective of utilizing the system at the different areas where welding is performed.
Of the employees subjected to Total Inhalable Dust exposure sampling at Bucyrus, the following were found to be
significantly exposed to Total Inhalable dust (exposure levels exceeding of the OEL):
 S. Mphambo: Shot blaster Operator (Shot blaster) – Total Inhalable dust
The Operator made use of and air supplied respiratory hood/face mask that is deemed adequate for the task. The
use of a FFP2 dust mask for cleaning up afterwards is also deemed adequate.
Compressed air is used to perform general cleaning at some of the Bucyrus areas. The use of compressed air as a
means to clean surfaces, articles or clothing is a contravention of the OHS Act HCS Regulations, unless no
alternative exists (due to this practice causing unnecessary dust exposure).
Diesel Particulate Matter:

C. van der Westhuizen (Forklift Operator exposure to Diesel Particulate Matter exceeded the ACGIH’s TLV for
Diesel Particulate Matter (Total and Elemental Carbon). The open cab and the position of the exhaust system
increased the possibility of exposure. Exposure levels will also depend mainly on the workload. Currently no
Respiratory protection is used while operating the Forklift.
Hydrogen gas:
Gas testing was conducted at the Battery Charging bay to determine the Hydrogen gas concentration level. Levels
below 0.5% were measured at the battery bay that had no dedicated ventilation system to reduce the built-up of
Hydrogen gas. Although measured levels were low, the risk of an explosion still exists due to the lack of ventilation
in the area.
7.6.1. Engineering control measures
 Consider provision of a mobile extraction unit for use at sections where the extraction arms of the current
extraction ventilation system cannot reach. Such mobile units should be fitted with exhaust air filtering
devices or the contaminated exhaust air should be discharged outside the building (at such a location that it
cannot be re-circulated into the building, via open doors and windows).The design of any fume extraction
system should be as such that fumes would be removed at-source, at a capture velocity of at least 0.75m/s.
 Consider changing the way blast rite is removed in the shot blasting booth i.e. sweeping it up. This can be
achieved by changing the floor of the booth from solid metal to grid floor.
 Sweeping of dust from the floor of the Cyclone rooms of the Shot Baster, was also a source of employee
exposure to dust. When there is need for cleaning and there is compressed air is available on site, vacuums
for industrial cleaning and material recovery may be utilised. The products are powerful, reliable and
economical, especially when compared to electric counterparts. Utilising aventuri effect, the vacuums
deliver unparalleled performance without the need for electricity, relying solely on shop-supplied
compressed air already in place for pneumatic equipment. The Air-Vacs are designed for heavy-duty
industrial cleaning; material handling and material recovery.
Benefits of the Air Vacs include:
o Operate on Compressed Air - No electricity required;

o Spark-proof, Dependable, Trouble-free Operation - No moving parts;
o Powerful - Develop up to 17”Hg suction;
o Dry - High volume dry pick-up;
o Safety - Ideal for use where hazardous or flammable products are present.
FIGURE 7.1. Use a Vacuum Cleaner to minimise dust exposure during housekeeping activities.
Specifications of the Air-Vacs:

o Fits onto 210lt open top drum;
o Input airflow – 100 c.f.m;
o Output suction – 431.8mm Hg (17”Hg);
o Filter – Larger cartridge filter with micro out filter;
o Air Pressure – 85/100;
o Compressor – min. 10 HP and max 25 HP.
Contact details:
Air-Vacs
A. 608 Umbilo Road
Congella
Durban,
South Africa
Email:ed@afm.co.za
Tel. +27 (31) 206 0919
These ventilation/ air-conditioning systems must further be subjected to a scheduled inspection and
maintenance program.
7.6.2. Administrative Control Measures
 Employees should be trained/ educated in respiratory protection issues, as well as correct application and
maintenance of the prescribed Respiratory Protection Devices.
7.6.2.1. Information and Training
After consultation with the health and safety committee established for that section of the workplace, before
any employee is exposed or may be exposed to any Hazardous Chemical Substance (HCS), it must be ensured
that the employee is adequately and comprehensively informed and trained, as well as thereafter be informed
and trained at intervals as may be recommended by that health and safety committee, with regard to:
 the contents and scope of these regulations;

 the potential source of exposure;
 the potential risks to health caused by exposure;
 the potential detrimental effect of exposure on his or her reproductive ability;
 the measures to be taken by the employers to protect an employee against any risk from exposure;
 the precautions to be taken by an employee to protect himself or herself against the health risks associated
with the exposure, including the wearing and use of protective clothing and respiratory protective
equipment;
 the necessity, correct use, maintenance and potential of safety equipment, facilities and engineering control
measures provided;
 the necessity of personal air sampling and medical surveillance;
 the importance of good housekeeping at the workplace and personal hygiene;
 the safe working procedures regarding the use, handling, storage and labeling of the HCS at the workplace;
and
 procedures to be followed in the event of spillages, leakages or any similar emergency situation which could
take place by accident;
7.6.2.2. Duties of persons who may be exposed to hazardous chemical substances/dust
Every person who is or may be exposed shall obey a lawful instruction given by or on behalf of the employer or a
self-employed person, regarding:
 the prevention of a HCS from being released

 the wearing of personal protective equipment
 the wearing of monitoring equipment to measure personal exposure
 the reporting for health evaluations and biological tests as required by these regulations
 the cleaning up and disposal of materials containing HCS
 housekeeping at the workplace, personal hygiene and environmental and health practices.
7.6.3. Medical Surveillance
Hazardous substance specific medical surveillance should be implemented additional to the initial health
evaluation (that must be performed on all employees immediately before or within 14 days after a person
commences with employment). These additional Tests must be performed at intervals not exceeding two years,
or at intervals specified by an occupational medicine practitioner.
All Employees:
 Full lung function tests (Spirometry), for early detection of Chronic Obstructive, or Constrictive Pulmonary
Disease.
7.6.4. Personal Protective Equipment
 3M 9928 FFP2 disposable dust mask (with Carbon layer) (protection factor of 10) is recommended for all
employees performing welding and gouging.
 The provision of half mask respirators fitted with A2 filtration cartridge is recommended for any means of
Spray Painting in order to provide adequate protection against Organic vapours.
Regarding the issuing of PPE, the following must also be insured:
 the equipment must be correctly selected (as indicated above, as well as in the preceding Tables) and
properly used
 employees must receive the information, instruction, training and supervision that are necessary with regard
to the use of the equipment (reputable suppliers in PPE can provide valuable information and training
material in this regard).
 the equipment must be kept in good condition and efficient working order. Regarding the management of
respiratory protective equipment, it must be ensured Respirator cartridges are replaced as soon as a vapour
can be detected by odour while wearing the mask, or at the indicated Expiry Date, whichever is first.
 reusable equipment may not be issued, to any person, unless the equipment have been properly
decontaminated and sterilised
 separate containers or storage facilities for respiratory protective equipment, when not in use, must be
provided. To ensure that Respirators remain in a clean and hygienic condition and to prevent accelerated
saturation of the cartridges, employees must store their respirators in sealed plastic bags (such as large zip-
seal bags) when not in use.
 It must be ensured that all contaminated personal protective equipment is cleaned and handled in
accordance with the following procedures:
– Where the equipment is cleaned on the premises of the employer, care shall be taken to prevent
contamination during handling, transport and cleaning;
– where the equipment is sent off the premises to a contractor for cleaning purposes:
(i) the equipment shall be packed in impermeable containers;
(ii) the containers shall be tightly sealed and have clear indication thereon that the contents thereof are
contaminated; and
(iii) the relevant contractor shall be fully informed of the requirements of these regulations and the
precautions to be taken for the handling of the contaminated equipment.
 It must be ensured that no person removes dirty or contaminated personal protective equipment from the
premises: Provided that where contaminated personal protective equipment has to be disposed of, it shall be
treated as HCS
 Employees using personal protective equipment must be provided with:
– adequate washing facilities which are readily accessible and located in an area where the facilities will
not become contaminated, in order to enable the employees to meet a standard of personal hygiene
consistent with the adequate control of exposure, and to avoid the spread of an HCS;
– two separate lockers separately labelled "protective clothing" and "personal clothing", and ensure that
the clothing is kept separately in the locker concerned; and
– separate "clean" and "dirty" change rooms if the employer uses or processes an HCS to the extent that
the HCS could endanger the health of persons outside the workplace, such as when employees would be
involved with Lime crushing.
7.6.4.1. Disposable Masks
Disposable dust masks are the simplest of all air purifying masks. They are made from a filtering material that
completely covers the nose and mouth area of the face. The entire mask acts as a filter and traps dust and
particles as the air is drawn through the material. The mask works under negative pressure, which means that
the air is supplied to the mask by the wearer inhaling.
Before fitting a disposable mask you should check the:
 mask for any physical damage such as holes in the filter material;
 straps for tension; and
 metal nose clip is secured to the filter.
When fitting the mask make sure that the lower and upper straps are in the correct position and the mask fits
tightly against the face. Test the seal around the nose and mouth by covering the filter mask with both hands
and sharply inhaling. If there is a proper seal the respirator mask should collapse back onto employee’s face. If
there is not a proper seal he/she will feel an air stream channeling through the leak. Re-adjust the mask until a
proper seal is achieved.
Disposable respirator masks should be replaced as soon as there is any noticeable difficulty in breathing. Large
amounts of dust and moisture can soon clog the filter material.
Never attempt to extend the life of a disposable mask by back-flushing it with air as this will damage the filter
material. Once the mask has become clogged it should be immediately disposed of. To provide adequate
protection the mask must be worn at all times while exposed to the contaminant. If you have to remove or
adjust the mask, leave the contaminated atmosphere.
7.6.5. Personal Hygiene
All employees must maintain a very high level of personal hygiene, including at least the following:
 Wash full body/ shower at end of shift;

 Put on a clean set of work clothes, before every shift;
 Regularly, but at least before each break (meals, tea or smoking) employees must wash their hands, fore-
arms and faces, with running hot water and soap;
 Use mild detergents, free from solvents and abrasives;
 A skin conditioning lotion must be applied to the hands and fore-arms, at least twice daily.
7.6.6. Record Keeping
 Records of assessments (i.e. this Report), HCS monitoring and all medical surveillance records, including the
baseline medical tests of every employee must be kept for a minimum period of 30 years.
 If the employer ceases activities, his personal records must be handed over or forwarded by registered post,
to the relevant provincial director, provided that those records shall contain at least the following
information:
– Each employee’s surname, forenames, gender, date of birth, name of spouse or closest relative and,
where available, permanent address and postal code
– a record of the types of work carried out that caused HCS
– a record of any previous work-related HCS exposure prior to an employee’s current employment
– the dates of medical surveillance and results of all such tests
 Records of training given to an employee (or Contractor), as detailed above, must be kept for as long as the
employee remains employed at the workplace in which he/she is being exposed to a HCS.
 Reports on surveys and maintenance performed on Engineering Control Measures, must be kept for 3 years.
7.6.7. Prohibition
All employees should be informed that it is a prohibition in terms of Regulation 13 of the Hazardous Chemical
Substances Regulations, framed under the OHS Act (Act 85 of 1993), to use compressed air as a means to clean
surfaces, article or clothing from dust deposits, unless no other alternative exists (due to this practice causing
unnecessary dust exposure). In this regard vacuum cleaning or wet cleaning methods can be considered as
alternatives. It must, however, be ensured that if vacuum cleaning is selected as an alternative, that the vacuum
cleaner has HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration capabilities.
7.6.8. Follow-up Surveys
This Hazardous Chemical Substance Exposure Survey at Bucyrus Africa Underground (PTY) Ltd –must be repeated
at intervals not exceeding 24 months or as soon as any changes occur that could result in a change in or
redistribution of Hazardous Substance exposure levels, or if there is any suspicion that the current/previous
assessment is no longer valid (changes in work processes, introduction of new Hazardous Chemical Substances,
change in status or acquisition of new exposure control equipment, etc.).
SECTION 8
ANNEXURE A
GLOSSARY AND REFERENCES
8.1. GLOSSARY
Key/legend of abbreviations and/or symbols used in this Occupational Hygiene Report:
SIGNS/SYMBOLS:
/ - or
< - smaller than
> - larger than
± - Approximately
% - Percentage.
A/a:
ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AIA - Approved Inspection Authority (Department of Labour Approved;
OHSAct)
AL - Action Level/Limit (normally 50% of Statutory/Recommended
Limit)
C/c:
COSHH - Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (United Kingdom Health
Regulations)
°C - Degrees Celsius (temperature)
D/d:
dB(A) - Sound level in decibels read on the A-scale of a Sound Level Meter
(simulating ability of the human ear)
E/e:
E8hEV - Equivalent eight hour exposure value (average exposure over 8 hours).
F/f:
FFP1-3 - Respiratory efficiency protection factor, 1 = 5 x OEL, 2 = 10 x OEL,
3 = 20 x OEL
H/h:
HCS - Hazardous Chemical Substances
HPD/HPE - Hearing Protection Device/ Equipment, i.e. earplugs, earmuffs, etc.
I/i:
ISO - International Standards Organisation
L/l:
LReq,T - Equivalent Continuous Rating Level
LReq,8h - Equivalent Continuous 8-hour Rating Level
M/m:
mg - Milligram (unit of weight/mass, metric system)
3
mg/m - Milligrams per cubic meter, unit to measure air concentrations of
dust, fume, etc.
MSDS’s - Material Safety Data Sheets (information sheets on chemical substances)
N/n:
N/A - Not Applicable
NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (USA)
NRR - Noise Reduction Rating (sound attenuation factor)
NIHL - Noise Induced Hearing Loss.
O/o:
OEL - Occupational Exposure Limit
OHS Act - Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993)
P/p:
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment, e.g. respirator/overalls, etc.
ppm - Parts per million (particles per million parts of air sampled)
R/r:
RPE/RPD - Respiratory Protective Equipment/Devices, i.e. dust mask/respirator
S/s:
SABS - Bureau for Standards
SANS - National Standards (Codes of Practices, etc.)
SAIOH - Southern African Institute for Occupational Hygiene
SOP - Standard Operating Procedure
STEL - Short Term Exposure Limit (average level over any 15 minute period
not to be exceeded)
T/t:
TLV - Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH)
TWA - Time Weighted Average (average over 8 hours/reference period)
8.2. REFERENCES
8.2.1 Industrial Ventilation – A Manual of Recommended Practice for Operation and Performance,
ACGIH, 2007 (ISBN: 978-1-882417-66-7. American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH), Kemper Woods Centre, 1130 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
8.2.2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods,
Cincinnati, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, NIOSH, USA, Fourth Edition. (Vol’s I-
III),1994.
8.2.3 SANS 10083: 2004, Measurement and Assessment of Occupational Noise for Hearing
Conservation Purposes, Edition 5, Standards South Africa (a division of SABS), Pretoria, R.S.A.
8.2.4 The SANS 10114-1: 2005 Standard for Interior Lighting, Part 1: Artificial Lighting of Interiors,
SABS, Pretoria, R.S.A.
8.2.5 S.A Government: National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act; Act 103 of 1977,
Government Printers, Pretoria.
8.2.6 ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard-55-2004: Thermal environmental conditions for human

occupancy, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Atlanta, 2004.
8.2.7 ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard-62.1-2004: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality,
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 2004.
8.2.8 National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977) and
published under Government Notice No. R 1081 of 10 June 1988.
8.2.9 SANS 10400:The South African Bureau of Standards, Code of Practice for the application of
the National Building Regulations.
SECTION 9
ANNEXURE B
CERTIFICATES

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OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE & ENVIRONMENTAL

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE MULTI SURVEY

BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD

Date: February 2012

EXECUTIVE & FUTURE ACTIONS SUMMARY 1

GIJIMA OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

Tel & Fax: 013 246 8600/8601

THAPELO SETSHEDILE (Report Author) STEPHAN VAN WYK (Quality Controller

CERTIFIED OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE TECHNOLOGIST CERTIFIED OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST

DATE: MARCH 2012

This survey was initiated at the request of:

BUCYRUS AFRICA UNDERGROUND (PTY) LTD

FOR ATTENTION: Mr. Matt Prinsloo

a. Noise measurements for noise zoning and Hearing conservation Purposes:

c. Artificial Illumination Survey:

d. Air Quality Survey/Ventilation

e. Local Extraction Ventilation

j. Hazardous Chemical Substance Exposure Survey:

 To selectively measure employee exposures to VOC’s during painting activities.

1.0 EXECUTIVE AND FUTURE ACTION SUMMARY

THE ASSESSMENT REVEALED THE FOLLOWING PRIORITY RISKS:

The following machines/tools and activities were identified as noisy machines/tools:

Currently no noisy activities are performed at Linbro Park site.

THE ASSESSMENT REVEALED THE FOLLOWING PRIORITY RISKS:

d. Air Quality/Ventilation Survey:

Office 6 at Middleburg site had a defective air conditioning unit.

 Open plan office in the ground floor of Germiston site

THE ASSESSMENT REVEALED THE FOLLOWING PRIORITY RISKS:

e. Local extraction survey:

Spray painting booths

Fumes Extraction System

Arm 1 (Closest to the bay door) - 30 cm

f. Hazardous Chemical Substances Survey

Volatile Organic Compounds:

Total Inhalable Dust/Fume (Metallic Elements):

 S. Mphambo: Shot blaster Operator (Shot blaster) – Total Inhalable dust

Diesel Particulate Matter:

1.3. FUTURE ACTIONS SUMMARY

Administrative Requirements: Internal/

AREA/OH RESP. COMPL.

Example of isolation pads

 It is recommended that work benches (at least one per workshop)

AREA/OH RESP. COMPL.

AREA/OH RESP. COMPL.

Ergonomic workstation design.

Administrative Requirements: Internal/

AREA/OH RESP. COMPL.

Typical sources of Glare in the office.

 Adjust the brightness and contrast controls on the screen to suit

Administrative Requirements: Internal/

Monitoring Requirements: AIA

4. INDOOR AIR QUALITY (VENTILATION)

Engineering Requirements: Internal/

 Repair the defective air conditioning unit of office 6

 Maintenance of Air conditioning systems should include:

Monitoring Requirements: AIA

 Repeat the Indoor Air Quality (Ventilation) and Thermal Comfort

Engineering Controls: Internal/

6. HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

6. HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (Continued)

Personal Protective Equipment (for Spray Painters): Internal/

Special Medical Tests: Registered

Special Medical Tests (for Spray Painters): Registered