A Simple Scheme Based on Space-Vector Pulse-width Modulation

for Three-phase Rectifier

Liu zhiqiang ,Lu hongli ,Hexu Sun and Wang hongwen
Hebei University ofTechnology, Tianjin ,300130, P. R China
E-mail: zhqliu@eyou.com

Abstract scheme, the voltage space-vector synthesization is obtain& by

In recent years, there hus been a tendency to operate
rectifiers with pulse-widh modulated (P Wh$l switching
puttem. But the peijGormances of this type of PWM rectifier
are in contradiction with their characteristics of switching
j?equency. The scholars from Japan have presented the
control scheme based on space-vector pulse-width
modulation (SVP WM). Due to its good characteristic of
switchingfrequency, it has been studied a lot. This paper
presents a simple switching algorithm based on
space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) .
Testified by the experimental results, the proposed
scheme can obtain high power factor and have both
rectifiing and regenerating abilities.
Key words: Space-vector pulse-width modulation,
duty ratio, two-phase modulation, predicted current
control
1 Introduction
The optimal three-phase rectifier is one in which the input
draws a pure sinusoidal current at unity power factor fiom the
ac line. Meanwhile, more and more applications require that
the rectifier have both rectifying and regenerating abilities with
fast response to improve the dynamic performance of the
whole system. In recent years, there has been a tendency to
operate rectifiers with pulse-width modulated (PWh4)
switching patterns. Various control strategies have been
proposed in recent work on this type of PWM rectifiers, such
as the hysteresis current control (HCC), deadbeat control, the
predicted current control with k e d switching frequency
(PCFF), and so on. But for these schemes of the three-phase
PWM rectifiers, their performances are in contradiction with
their characteristics of switching fiequency, namely, the higher
the switching frequency is, more serious the switching loss and
the electromagnetic interference (EM)are.
Lately, the scheme based on space-vector pulse-width
modulation (SVPWM) presenting by the scholars fiom Japan
has been studied a lot. It has the merits of a fast dynamic
response and of the larger linear range of fundamental voltages
as compared with typical SPWM. Furthermore, the digital
realization of SVPWM is easy. But the conventional algorithm
of SVPWM is quite complicated to implement and requires
significant computational resources. This paper presents a
simplified space-vector modulated control scheme for the
three-phase rectifier. The simple algorithm calculating the duty
ratio can fulfill the bidirectional requirement. In this control
the method of the two-phase modulation because it can make
the switching loss greatly reduce. The reference current signals
are obtained through a proportional integral (PI) controller. In
order to avoid the phase shift between the input current and the
input voltage, the predicted current control is introduced into
the proposed scheme. In this way, high power factor of the
whole system is obtained when the control computations and
PWM generation are carried out using a digital signal processor
@SP) with minimal extemal hardware.
2 Conventional SWWM Scheme
Fig. 1 illustrates the block diagram of the main circuit of the
three-phase rectifier. According to the different switch states,
there are eight basic voltage space-vectors ( V , V l l l , i.e., VU-
V7). And fiom V, to V6 are six fixed nonzero vectors, Vuand
V7are two zero vectors, as shown in Fig.2.
The input three phase voltages are divided into six 60'
intervals, as shown in Fig.3. Three-phase voltage can be treated
as a voltage vector V and we should choose different vectors to
synthesize V when V is located in different intervals. That is to
say, the different combinations of those above eight fixed
vectors can be chosen to produce V. The conventional
combination is obtained by decomposing V into the left and
right adjacent vectorj and the zero vectors. Take interval I , for
example, Fig.4 illustrates the schematic diagram of vector
synthesization.In this way, only one switching action is needed
for changing one vector to the next vector. Then a minimum
ripple can be achieved. The conventional sequences for vectors
at different intervals are listed in Table 1.
.oad
Fig. 1 Block diagram of the main circuit
,,-..n*.
Fig.2 Eight basic voltage space-vectors

0-7803-7 156-91021$10.000 2002 IEEE - 1262 - PCC-Osaka 2002

 [2]. Modulated by this method, certain switch is always set ON
or OFF in one working cycle. Fig.5 is the schematic diagram of
this method. The switch of phase C is set OFF in one
working cycle (FigS(a)). The switch of phase C is set ON in
one working cycle (Fig.S(b)).
Then there is a 120" interval that no switching
action. Consequently, a quasi-optimal switching
II 111 IV v VI 1 II
pattern for minimum ripple and minimum switching
Fig3 Interval division i n conventional scheme action is obtained and so the switching loss is greatly
reduced.

3.2 Simplified Control Algorithm

From Fig.], the command voltage VI' satisfies the
following equation:
Fig.4 Vector synthesization in interval I (I/ - V " ) = + L .--AATi - +L .-di
di

Table 1 Conventional sequences for vectors

.at different intervals
Interval Conventional Sequences
I Vn, VJ,Vn.V z V,, V ,Vn
I1 V", v 2 , c,, V7* vo v,,v,,
111 vo,VA V3,v7,v3,V2,VI1
Iv L'O, v,, Lf'3, v ,V3, v,.
VIJ and A T is the switching period. "+" is used when the
v Vo. b',, C'T, C'7, Vi, V I ,VO
system is in the rectifying operation and "-" is used
when the system is in the regenerating operation.
VI Vi,, 1'4, Il'j, v7,Vj, J'J, Vn
As shown in Fig.6, the input phase voltages are divided into
six 60 intervals. In each interval, it satisfies that the signs of
the amplitudes of two phase voltages are the same and opposite
to the sign of another phase voltage. And no sign change
occurs during each interval. Compared with Fig.3, it is obvious
that the interval division is different 6-om how it is in
conventional method.
v,
In interval 1 , for example, and v b are positive, and K. is
negative. If the system running in the rectifying operation, i,
and ih should be positive, and i, should be negative. That is to
say there will be no current flowing through So, Sb, S,., 0,'.
'.
Dh' and 0,.'. So only need to control the states of Su s b ' and S,
to synthesize the voltage vectors. According to the principle of
Therefore, the two-phase modulation, we let S,. set OFF in interval I and

Because Equations (4) and (5) include the function

operation, the conventional algorithm of SWWM is quite F i g 5 Vector synthesization of Two-phase mudulation
complicated to implement and requires significant (a) the switch of phase C is set OFF
computational resources. (b) the switch of phase C is set ON

3 Proposed Simple Scheme

3.1 Method of Two-Phase Modulation 1
I
i

As mentioned above, there are many different methods of I

modulation to synthesize v according to the different I
1 -

combinations of the eight basic vectors. Among these methods, I

the two-phase modulation can make switching loss minimize Fig.6 Input phase voltages are divided into six intervals

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obtain four operation modes, as shown in Table2. In a similar -
Solving (2) (4):
way, if the system running in the regenerating operation, we T, - VCt''-Vh'* (10)
also achieve four operation modes where S,' is set ON in AT C',
interval I ,as shown in Table3.
Compared with above two tables, we detect that the voltage T, V,8"+2Vh" (11)
vectors obtained (i.e., V,, V, and V6) are the same whether p"
AT v<>
Compared with (4) and (3, Equation (lorand (1 1) is simple
rectitjring operation or the regenerating operation. If V' is and implement easily.
located in interval I , it can be synthesized using Vo, V, and V6, From Table2, in the rectifying operation, we fmd that S,'is
as shown in Fig.7. OFF for VI and V6 , and Sh' is OFF for V6 . The duty
By virtue of the space-vector theory, the following equations
can be obtained ratiod,, and dsh,of s and s ' thus can be obtained:
2 1
A T . V," = T,, .O + T, . -V,, + T, .-q, (7)
3 3

A T = To + T, + T, (9) and because the state of S,. is OFF, the duty ratio dscofS,
where To, T,, T6 is the switching period of V,, V,,
respectively.
is: d,. = o (14)
Similarly, in the regenerating operation (fiom Table3), So is
ON for V, and V6 , and Sh is ON for V 6 . Then the duty ratio
Table 2 Voltage vectors obtained in interval I of&, Sh and S,,'can be obtained:
(rectifying operation)

ON ON d,%.= 1 (17)
- -
Compared (12) (1 4) with (1 5 ) (17), it is obvious that if
the upper device in certain leg is switched ON when it's
running in rectifLing operation, the lower device in the same
leg must be switched OFF when it's running in regenerating
operation. Then we define the switching bction as follows:

111 = n.b,c

Mode 1 Mode2 Mode3 Mode4 So the characteristic described above is accords with the
S,' ON ON ON ON
requirement of switching hnction and can ensure the smooth
So ON OFF ON OFF conversion from rectifying to regenerating. The sepamte
SA ON ON OFF OFF switching algorithm of the regenerating operation and of the
regenerating operation can be united into one. Table4 illustrates
the complete switching algorithm.
V". I -2v,,/3 1 - v,,/3 I - V<>/3 I 0 3.3 Predicted Current Control
Fig.8 shows the block diagram of the proposed control
scheme. The error between the reference voltage and the
output voltage is processed through a proportional integral
(PI) controller, and the output is defined as the load
conductance (a.
Multiply respectively the three-phase
input voltages by Ci, the signals of reference current j,' are
produced. There is an equation for current:
"-=-6,,,*-;,,,)
1 (m=a,b,c) (1%
' VI dt T
Therefore,
I
v, '3
This means that tF
input current in, will follow the
Fig7. Synthesis of voltage vector(interva1 I 1
reference current i,,, with one switching period T delay. To

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compensate for the system delay, predicted current control
is introduced, as shown in the dashed portion of Fig.4, that
is the input phase voltages need to be modulated by a e Ire?'
leading phase shift where 0 is the angular kequency of
the supply. Therefore, the input current is forced to follow
the corresponding input voltage in its waveform and it can
do great help to avoid the phase shift between the input
voltage and the input current.
control register, we can obtain different states which
associated with the corresponding operation intervals.
Then according to the determined operation intervals, the
relevant duty ratios are calculated. In order to drive
IGBT in main circuit, the symmetric PWM waveform
should be generated and it's realized easily by using the
three Full Compare Units of 'F240 DSP. The
Programmable Dead-Band Unit included in the event
manager can avoid the phenomenon that the upper and
the lower switches in the same leg are driven
synchronously.
Fig. 10 shows the experimental responses for the rectifying
mode. Fig.1 1 shows the experimental responses for the
regenerating mode.

i-;
: ...................
Fig.8 Block d i a g " of the system

Table 4 Switching algorithm of the proposed scheme

lvectorsl dutv ratio I lvectorsl dutv ratio

[ProgrammableDead-Band Unit
A
1

Digital I / ~ S w i t c h i n IIg A l g o r i t h m ]

f? /!
i

I I I i TMS320F240 DSP
I V" I 4=' : ......................................................................................... i

Fig.9 Experimental implementation of the scheme

I 1

4 Implementation of the Scheme

A hardware circuit for the proposed scheme has been
constructed and tested in the laboratory using the
TMS320F240 DSP (Fig.9), where the insulated gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT) module is used for the six switches.
TMS320F240 DSP can execute 20 million instructions per > I -- o 0.01 0.02 0.03 n.n4 0.0s n.nh I
second (MIPS) and its very high sampling rates can be used to Time (sec)
"ize loop delays. It has a dual IO-bit analog-todigital Fig. 10 Experimental response for the rectifying
converter (ADC) module with two built in sample-and-hold
circuits and two channels can be realized ND conversion
synchronously. These characteristics can save the conversion
time.
Due to the three-phase input voltages are balanced, only two
phase input voltages and two phase input curents are
measured in order to save the ,473 conyersion time. The output
v,
voltage and the reference voltage V , are also converted with
the ADC module for calculated the duty ratio in
micro-controller core, as shown in Fig.9.
Through the additional hardware circuit of zero
crossing section, the sinusoidal input voltage is o 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 I
converted to the pulse signal and is linked to the Digital Time (sec)
I/O pins of 'F240 DSP. Reading the corresponding 110 Fig. 1 1 Experimental response for the regenerating mode

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5 Conclusions
The simplified scheme based on SVPWM for
three-phase rectifier has been described in this paper and
verified through experiment. The response figures show
that the proposed scheme draws nearly sinusoidal input
current both in rectifying and regenerating modes and
high power factor is obtained.

References
Chem-Lin Chen, Che-Ming Lee, Rong-Jie Tu, and
Guo-Kiang Horng, A Novel SimplrJied
Space- Vector-Modulated Control Scheme for
Three-phase Switch-Mode Rectifier, IEEE Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46,No.3, JUNE
1999:512-515.
Yuan Zejian, Bused on Spuce- Vector P WM Technique
with Minimum-Loss Strategy, Power Electronic
Technique (China), Vol.6, 1999(6), 12-15.
Rusong Wu, Shashi B.Dewan, and Gordon R.Slemon,
A PWM AC-to-DC Converter with Fixed Switching
Frequenq, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.
26,No.5, September/ October 199O:SSO-885.
Hasan Komiircugil, Osman Kiikrer, A Novel
Current-Control Method for Three-phase P WM
AC/DC Voltage-Source Converters, IEEE Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46,No.3, JUNE
1999:544-553.

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