SUG532 - Advanced Geodesy Final Report

MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Fieldwork Report
BACHELOR OF GEOMATIC AND SURVEYING SCIENCE (AP220) Comparison Between Conventional Method
ADVANCED GEODESY (SUG532) and Single & Dual GPS Frequency Method
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space

space-based
based radio navigation system that provides
reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to civilian users on a continuous worldwide
basis freely available to all. For anyone with a GPS rece
receiver,
iver, the system will provide location
and time. GPS provides accurate location and time information for an unlimited number of
people in all weather, day and night, anywhere in the world.
The GPS is made up of three parts: satellites orbiting the Earth; ccontrol
ontrol and monitoring stations
on Earth; and the GPS receivers owned by users. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space
that are picked up and identified by GPS receivers. Each GPS receiver then provides three-
three
dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the time.
This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user
segment.
• The space segment consists of a nominal constellation of 24 operating satellites that
transmit one-way
way signals that give the current GPS satellite position and time.
• The control segment consists of worldwide monitor and control stations that maintain the
satellites in their proper orbits through occasional command maneuvers, and adjust the
satellite clocks. It tracks the GPS sa
satellites,
tellites, uploads updated navigational data, and
maintains health and status of the satellite constellation.
• The user segment consists of the GPS receiver equipment, which receives the signals
from the GPS satellites and uses the transmitted information tto
o calculate the user’s
three-dimensional
dimensional position and time.
There are also several methods on how to observe the satellite. The most popular method of
observing satellite today is static, kinematic, DGPS and etc. In our practical we use the static
method.
The basis of the GPS technology is a set of 24 satellites that are continuously orbiting the earth.
These satellites are equipped with atomic clocks and send out radio signals as to the exact time
and their location. These radio signals from the satellite
satellites
s are picked up by the GPS receiver.
Once the GPS receiver locks on to four or more of these satellites, it can triangulate its location
from the known positions of the satellites
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2.0 FIELD WORK AND LOCATION

GPS Observation,, Traversing and F
Fly – leveling nearby the UITM Canseleri area
The green line is the GPS observation network and the red line is the traverse
3.0 OBJECTIVES
- To learn and experienced in observing satellite by using static method
- To analyze the accuracy in determining coordin
coordinate
ate of a position by using GPS
- To determine the different results between conventional and GPS observation data.
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4.0 INSTRUMENTS
4.1 Set of Traversing Equipment
Topcon Total S
Station is the most important instrument in
survey works. It is used in traversing and to obtain bearings
and distance. Prism used as a reflector unit where it will give
the information about bearing and distance during the
observation
4.2 Set of Levelling Equipment
Levelling Instrument is to measure the geodetic height which
taking a backsight and a foresight from the known height
reference to a proposed site.
Levelling Staff is to give a value of height which marked on it.

4.3 Set of GPS Single Frequency Equipment
Magellan Promark 3 is single frequency GPS equipment.
equipment It
allows centimeter level static surveys.
4.4 Set of GPS Dual Frequency Equipment
Topcon HiPer Ga/Gb is model receiver has standard GPS

satellite tracking capability with the added bonus of GLONASS
satellite tracking upgradeability via OAF activation code. No
hardware changes or modifications are required. Use the HiPer
Ga as a cable free RTK base and rover system; or as two rover
receivers from a fixed bas
basee station or a GNSS network system
by way of radio or cellular communication.
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5. PROCEDURES
5.1 Procedure of Traverse
i. The traverse started with the total station is being set up at station 2 and the back
bearing is station 1 and the front bearing is at station 3. The height of instrument and the
back station and front station is taken.
ii. The bearing, horizontal distance, vertical angle is obse
observed
rved with the both face.
iii. The procedure is repeated to the next station 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. until the traverse is
close back to the line of 1 to 2
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5.2 Procedure of GPS Observation
a) Setup instrument at Station 1 and set as “Base” and another instrument at Station 4 and
set as “Rover”.
b) Configure both instruments for a static mode observation and measure the height of
antenna.
c) After finish configuring for both instruments, wait for the receiver to detect at the satellite
sa
at every quadrant.
d) Observation can be started when the receiverr displays the sufficient satellite signal. And
the minimum is 4 satellites required.
e) Also aware about the GDOP reading at the receiver, if the reading shows more than 6,
we must wait until
til the reading of the GDOP is less than 6.
f) The observation took for 20 minutes duration for each rover station before moved to
another station.
g) The base is just remained
ed at the Station
tation 1 and the above process is repeated to the
station 6, 7, and 10 before it is completed.
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5.3 Procedure of Levelling
a) Put the staff on the BM as a back sight

b) Put another staff on station 1 as forward sight
c) Stand the level instrument in between both staff
d) Make sure that the distance between staff and lev
level
el for back and forward sight are equal
e) Then observe the staff at the back sight first and record the reading
f) Next observed for forward sight staff and record the reading
g) Move level on next point and put staff at station 1 as back sight and put another staff
sta on
station 2 and observe
h) Repeated the step f until the last station and then we must go back to the 1 station.
i) The same procedure go on and observation are made and record
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6.0 RESULTS
6.1 Distance Comparison

BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM CONVENSIONAL METHOD
FR NORTHING EASTING TO NORTHING EASTING BEARING DISTANCE
1 -11464.245 -22207.873 4 -11425.033 -22075.600 73 29 15.63 137. 963
1 -11464.245 -22207.873 6 -11539.944 -22028.846 112 55 13.35 194.373
1 -11464.245 -22207.873 7 -11618.315 -22048.338 134 00 05.91 221.786
1 -11464.245 -22207.873 10 -11540.230 -22149.832 142 37 32.40 95.616
BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM GPS SINGLE FREQUENCY (PROMARK) METHOD
BASE 1
ROVER 10
ROVER 4
ROVER 6
ROVER 7
Conversion of the observed Global WGS84 Coordinate to the Local Cassini Coordinate

BASE 1 -11464.245 -22207.873 ROVER 4 -11425.053 -22075.590 73 29 48.55 137. 967
BASE 1 -11464.245 -22207.873 ROVER 6 -11539.951 -22028.820 112 55 09.45 194.400
BASE 1 -11464.245 -22207.873 ROVER 7 -11618.336 -22048.309 134 00 01.23 221.821
BASE 1 -11464.245 -22207.873 ROVER 10 -11540.215 -22149.771 142 35 28.22 95.641
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BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM GPS DUAL FREQUENCY (TOPCON) METHOD
BASE 1
ROVER 4
ROVER 6
ROVER 7
ROVER 10
Conversion of the observed Global WGS84 Coordinate to the Local Cassini Coordinate

* BASE 1 -11465.518 -22207.332 ROVER 4 -11426.337 -22075.042 89 55 17.79 132.290
BASE 1 -11465.518 -22207.332 ROVER 6 -11541.238 -22028.284 112 55 25.19 194.401
BASE 1 -11465.518 -22207.332 ROVER 7 -11619.622 -22047.755 134 00 01.53 221.840
BASE 1 -11465.518 -22207.332 ROVER 10 -11541.495 -22149.231 142 35 39.10 95.646
* The Observation 1 – 4 is a mistake. The station 4 was being observed not at the same station with the
previous observation.
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THE BEARING AND DISTANCE COMPARISON FROM ALL METHODS
FR TO METHOD INSTRUMENT BEARING DISTANCE

1 4 Traverse TOPCON Total Station 73 29 15.63 137. 963
GPS Static Single Frequency PROMARK GPS 73 29 48.55 137. 967
GPS Static Dual Frequency TOPCON GPS 89 55 17.79 132.290
1 6 Traverse TOPCON Total Station 112 55 13.35 194.373
GPS Static Single Frequency PROMARK GPS 112 55 09.45 194.400
1 7 Traverse TOPCON Total Station 134 00 05.91 221.786
1 10 Traverse TOPCON Total Station 142 37 32.40
32.4 95.616
* The Observation 1 – 4 is a mistake. The station 4 was being observed not at the same station with the
previous observation.
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6.2 The Elevation Height Comparison
THE ELEVATION HEIGHT (REDUCED LEVEL) FROM CONVENSIONAL METHOD (FLY-LEVELLING)

(FLY
FR EVELATION TO ELEVATION DIFFERENCES
(Stn) (Reduced Level) (Stn) (Reduced Level) (Meter)
1 42.731 4 31.111 11.260
1 42.731 6 40.965 1.766
1 42.731 7 52.407 -9.676
THE ELEVATION HEIGHT (ELLIPSOIDAL) FROM GPS SINGLE FREQUENCY METHOD (PROMARK)
BASE 1
ROVER 10
ROVER 4
ROVER 6
ROVER 7

(Ellipsoidal Height) (Ellipsoidal Height)
1 39.066 4 27.346 11.720
1 39.066 6 37.162 1.904
1 39.066 7 48.551 -9.485
9.485
1 39.066 10 58.923 -19.857
19.857
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THE ELEVATION HEIGHT (ELLIPSOIDAL) FROM GPS DUAL FREQUENCY METHOD (TOPCON)
BASE 1
ROVER 4
ROVER 6
ROVER 7
ROVER 10

1 38.752 4 27.051 11.701
1 38.752 6 36.893 1.859
1 38.752 7 48.284 -9.532
1 38.752 10 58.641 -19.889
THE ELEVATION HEIGHT DIFFERENCES COMPARISON FROM ALL METHODS

FR TO METHOD INSTRUMENT DIFFERENCES
IFFERENCES
1 4 Fly - Levelling Levelling 11.260
GPS Static Single Frequency PROMARK GPS 11.720
GPS Static Dual Frequency TOPCON GPS 11.701
1 6 Fly - Levelling Levelling 1.766
GPS Static Single Frequency PROMARK GPS 1.904
GPS Static Dual Frequency TOPCON GPS 1.859
1 7 Fly - Levelling Levelling -9.676
GPS Static Single Frequency PROMARK GPS -9.485
GPS Static Dual Frequency TOPCON GPS -9.532
1 10 Fly - Levelling Levelling Not available
GPS Static Single Frequency PROMARK GPS -19.857
-
GPS Static Dual Frequency TOPCON GPS -19.889
-
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7.0 DISCUSSIONS
While finishing this fieldwork, we had same problem which are:

- Based on data above, it showed that there are differen
differences reading value between
conventional method and single frequency GPS method (L1)) and dual frequency GPS
method (L1 & L2).. These sequences may occur based on several factors:
1. While
le observing by using total station
station,, errors occur due to human error and
environmental error.
2. We might not accurately stand the GPS and ttotal station right on the station point.
point
For
or example for the station 4 of GPS dual frequency observation, we are mistakenly
set up the rover at the wrong point. Then we cannot get the appropriate result.
3. Instead for the leveling we cannot reach to the station 10. It is because since the
station 10 is on the car park, so when is the time we do the leveling, It has been
placed with a car. So we had to leave the station.
- We are not familiar with the GPS instrument, and we take much time to understand and
studying the function and how to uses the GPS iinstruments.
- Weather conditions also affect our project work because we have not been properly
studied and understood about GPS. But, after our lecturer explains that we can do GPS
observation in all condition of weather, then finally we do it although it is raining.
- Error in booking is also one of our problems in finishing the fieldwork. This is because if
we do a booking wrongly, the data cannot be process perfectly. So, we do the leveling
twice and do a proper booking on the next observation.
- We are also
o not familiar with the GPS processing software of GNSS and the Topcon
Tools. This is our first time using it and it takes a lot of time and tries to get a better
result.
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8.0 CONCLUSION
It can be conclude that GPS system accurately can determined the coordinate of a point. Generally it can
be said that GPS receiver pairs are set up over stations of either known or unknown location. Typically
one of the receivers is positioned over a point whose coordinates are known (or have been carried
forward ass on a traverse), and the second is positioned over another point whose coordinates are
unknown, but are desired. Both GPS receivers must receive signals from the same four (or more)
satellites for a period of time that can range from a few minutes to seve
several
ral hours, depending on the
conditions of observation and precision required
The Station occupation time is dependent on baseline length, number of satellites observed, and the GPS
equipment used. In general, 30 min to 2 hr is a good approximation for bas
baseline
eline occupation time for
shorter baselines of 1 - 30kilometers.
For the satellite visibility requirements, tthe

he stations that are selected for survey must have an
unobstructed view of the sky for at least 15 deg or greater above the horizon during the "observation
window." An observation window is the period of time when observable satellites are in the sky and the
survey can be successfully conducted.
It is critical for a static survey baseline reduction/solution that the receivers simultaneously observe
obse the
same satellites during the same time interval. For instance, if receiver No. 1 observes a satellite set
during the time interval 1,000 to 1,200 and another receiver, receiver No. 2, observes that same satellite
set during the time interval 1,100 to 1,300, only the period of common observation, 1,100 to 1,200, can be
processed to formulate a correct vector difference between these receivers.
In data post-processing, after

fter the observation session has been completed, the received GPS signals
from both receivers are then processed (i.e., "post
"post-processed")
processed") in a computer to calculate the 3D baseline
vector components between the two observed points. From these vector distances, local or geodetic
coordinates may be computed and/or adjusted. Mean while, in Receiver Operation and Data Reduction a
specific
pecific receiver operation and baseline data post
post-processing
processing requirements are very manufacturer-
manufacturer
dependent. The user is strongly advised to consult and study manufacturer's operations manuals
thoroughly along with the
e baseline data reduction examples.
The accuracy of Static is the most accurate and can be used for any order survey.
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MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Fieldwork Report

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space

2.0 FIELD WORK AND LOCATION

Levelling Staff is to give a value of height which marked on it.

4.4 Set of GPS Dual Frequency Equipment

Topcon HiPer Ga/Gb is model receiver has standard GPS

5.1 Procedure of Traverse

5.2 Procedure of GPS Observation

5.3 Procedure of Levelling

a) Put the staff on the BM as a back sight

6.1 Distance Comparison

BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM GPS SINGLE FREQUENCY (PROMARK) METHOD

FR NORTHING EASTING TO NORTHING EASTING BEARING DISTANCE

BEARING AND DISTANCE FROM GPS DUAL FREQUENCY (TOPCON) METHOD

FR NORTHING EASTING TO NORTHING EASTING BEARING DISTANCE

THE BEARING AND DISTANCE COMPARISON FROM ALL METHODS

FR TO METHOD INSTRUMENT BEARING DISTANCE

6.2 The Elevation Height Comparison

THE ELEVATION HEIGHT (REDUCED LEVEL) FROM CONVENSIONAL METHOD (FLY-LEVELLING)

FR EVELATION TO ELEVATION DIFFERENCES

FR EVELATION TO ELEVATION DIFFERENCES

THE ELEVATION HEIGHT DIFFERENCES COMPARISON FROM ALL METHODS

While finishing this fieldwork, we had same problem which are:

For the satellite visibility requirements, tthe

In data post-processing, after

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