Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JJinu Paul
u au
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
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Welding Lecture ‐
g 7
13 Sept 2012, Thursday 8.30 ‐9.30 am
Arc Welding-
Electrical features
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Plasma
Work
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Arc-Electrical features
• Electrical power dissipated in each regions of
the arc given by P = I(Ea + Ec + Ep) where Ea is
anode voltage, Ec is cathode voltage, and Ep is
plasma column voltage
• Intermediate regions Involved in expanding or
contracting the cross section of the gaseous
conductor to accommodate each of these main
regions.
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• As a consequence, welding arcs assume bell or
cone shapes and elliptical or some other
noncylindrical contour.
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Arc Shape
Electrode
Plasma
• Bell Shape
• Cone
• Elliptical
Work
• Cylindrical
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• N
Nature
t off electrode-
l t d Consumable/non
C bl /
consumable
• Electrode coating/gas generation
• Shielding gas
• Magnitude
M it d & polarity
l it off currentt source
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Arc Shape
(c) CO2 shielded
(a) GTA GMA welding
(b) SMA
Non Consumable
consumable Consumable
electrode
l t d + electrode +
electrode + Gas
Inert gas CO2 gas
generation
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Arc radiation
• Arc radiation amount and character
depends on
– the atomic mass and chemical composition of the
gaseous medium,
– the temperature, and the pressure.
• Spectral analysis shows line and
continuum emissions due to excited
and ionized states of atoms and ions
• Radiation UV, visible, IR
• Energy loss due to radiation 10-20
%
• Highly hazardous to eyes, skin
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Free-flight-Globular Transfer
• Low welding currents (50-170 A) in
pure argon,
p g molten metal from a
small diameter solid steel wire
electrode is transferred in the form
of globules
• Drops diameter larger than the
wire
• Large drops detach by gravity
• Low rate of globule formation,
detachment, and transfer (< 1-10
s-1)
• Globular transfer down-hand
position 15
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Bridging or short-circuiting
transfer
• Bridging Molten metal transfer by
a combination of surface tension and
electromagnetic forces
• Low voltage reduces the rate at
which the electrode is melted
• In the presence of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in shielding gas, the molten
dropp at the electrode tip
p is p
pushed
upward repelled transfer. In this
case, short-circuiting captures the
drop before it detaches in an
unfavorable manner
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Short-circuiting transfer-
Advantages
• Less fluid molten metal ((due to
less superheat)
• Less penetration (due to lower
welding voltage and lower net
energy input).
• Easy handling in all positions,
especially overhead
overhead, and for the
joining of thin-gauge materials.
• Minimum Spatter
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Sequence of short-circuiting
transfer
(a) globule of molten metal builds up on the end of the electrode; (b)
globule contacts surface of weld pool; (c) molten column pinches off to
detach globule; and (d) immediately after pinch-off, fine spatter may result
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PULSED-CURRENT TRANSFER
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Welding Lecture ‐
Welding ecture 8
20 Sept 2012, Thursday 8.30 am ‐9.30 am
Welding Processes‐
Resistance welding
Resistance welding
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Resistance welding
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Resistance welding
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Resistance welding
• Pairs of water-cooled copper electrodes
• Apply pressure
– To reduce the contact resistance at the electrode-to-workpiece
i t f
interface
– Contain the molten metal in the nugget
– To literally forge the work surfaces together in the vicinity of the weld
• The principal process variables
– welding current (several thousands to tens of thousands of amperes)
– welding time (of the order of s)
– electrode force and electrode shape
• DC power (provided
( id d from
f either
ith single-phase
i l h or
three-phase AC line 440-480 V using step-down
transformer/rectifiers)
• Usually used to join overlapping sheets or plates as
lap joints, which may have different thicknesses
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Resistance welding-types
• Resistance
es sta ce spot welding
e d g ((RSW)
S )
• Resistance seam welding (RSEW)
• Projection welding (PW)
• Flash welding (FW)
• Upset welding (UW)
• Percussion welding (PEW)
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Pressure-current cycle
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Pressure-current cycle
1. Off time: Parts inserted between open electrodes,
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2. S
Squeeze Ti
Time:Electrodes
El t d closel and
d fforce iis
applied,
3. Weld time— current is switched on,
4. Hold time: Current is turned off but force is
maintained or increased (a reduced current is
sometimes applied near the end of this step for
stress relief in the weld region), and
5. Off time: Electrodes are opened, and the welded
assembly is removed.
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Enhanced
resistance
welding
cycle
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Nugget formation
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Conventional
resistance seam Roll spot Continuous
C ti
welding, in which welding resistance
overlapping spots seam
are produced
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Flash welding(FW)
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Percussion welding
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