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Presented by

PRAMODA G
Geology, 4th semester
DoS In Earth Science,
University of Mysore
CONTENTS
Introduction
What is fault
Fault terminology
Types of Movements
Relative movements
Causes of faults
Classification of faults
Conclusions
Reference
INTRODUCTION
Deformation is the change in the shape, size or position
of the bed due to the applied forces.

Fault is brittle type of deformation in which fracture or


rupture when will be developed before the displacement
of block.

Due to the effect of differential stresses we can observe


verity of deformation structures.
What is fault:-
Faults are rupture along the opposite walls have move past
each other. The essential feature is differential movement
parallel to the surface fracture. Caused by the brittle
deformation.

Depending upon the nature and magnitude of stresses


and the types of the rocks, the rock bodies may get
fractured into different parts , and relative displacement
of blocks may occur for different distances.

These are varying from a few centi meters to many meters


and this displacement may occur in any direction.
Fault terminology:-
There are disposition of different type of faults
Fault terminology:-
Fault terminology:-
TYPES OF MOVEMENTS:-

There are tow types of movements


Transitional Rotational
Relative movements:-

b a

b
a

Strike slip Dip slip

c
b
a
d

Net slip
Causes of faults:-
Faults are essentially the shear or sliding failures, resulting
from tensional, compressional, rotational stress acting the
crustal rock masses.
They may be due to the shrinking Earth; or due to the
convection currents produced in the Earth.
Normal faults are assumed to have been formed under
the horizontal tension.
Thrust faults may be assumed to be originating from
compressive stress, which may throw the rocks into folds,
and these intensely folded getting fractured and faulted
under shear.
The faults occure in volcanic areas and mountain zones,
They are found in plains and plateaus.
Classification of faults:-
Geometrical classification:-
The bases of five different geometrical classification

1. The rake of the net slip.

2. The attitude of fault related to attitude of the


adjacent rocs.

3. The pattern of fault.

4. The angle at which the fault dip.

5. The apparent movement on the fault.


Based on the rake of the net slip.

Strike Dipslip
Dip net slip fault
fault
Strikenet slip
slip fault
fault

Oblique slip fault


Based on attitude of fault related to
attitude of the adjacent rocks:-

Strike fault Dip fault


SF

Oblique fault Bedding faults


Based on the pattern of fault:-

Radial faults Enechelon faults


Step faults Peripheral fault
Based on the apparent movement:-

Normal fault Reverse fault


Classification basis of dip value:-
Tow important faults have been recognised on this basis.
They are,

A)High angle fault: where dip amount is more than 45ᵒ.

B)Low angle fault: These fault dip less than 45ᵒ.


Genetic classification:-

Thrust

Dextral Sinistral
Gravity
CONCLUSONS
Fault is a brittle deformation which can result due to
the different deformational activity.

Study of the faults are very important because ore


deposits of hydrothermal origin can be associated with
regional fault places.

There are two types of approches to classify the


faults ,
1)Based on geometry of the fault, and another one is,

2)Based on differential forces acting on the fault.


REFERENCE

Marland P. Billings(1984), structural geology, 3rd edition


Prentice-hall of India private Ltd, Pp(175-198).

Santosh Kumar Garg(1983), Phisical And Enginering


Geology, Seventh Revised Edition(2012), Published by
Romesh Chander Khanna, Pp(385-403).

D Venkata Reddy(2010), Engineering Geology, Vikas


Publishing House PVT Ltd, Pp(109-112).

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