CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Bridges is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing

the way underneath such as the body of water, valley, or road for the

purpose of providing passage over the obstacles, usually something that

can be detrimental to cross otherwise. There are many different designs

that each serve a particular purpose and apply to different situations

(en.wikipedia.org).

The cable steel bridge is a bridge similar to the suspended bridge in

that it has towers and a deck that is held by cables, but its cables hold the

deck by connecting it directly to the towers instead via suspender cables.

It usually carries pedestrians, bicycles, automobiles, trucks, and light rail. It is

used in places where spans need to be longer cantilever bridge can

achieve (www.historyofbridges.com).

A bridge is a structure built to span and provides passage over a river,

chasm, road, or any other physical hurdle. The function required from the

bridge and the area where it is conducted decides the design of the

bridge. Bridges are commonly designed for long service life, and all stages

after realization are greatly dependent on and constrained by decisions

made during the design and construction of the structure. To design for
ease of construction is something that is always demanded by contractors

and a challenge for the designers (www.aboutcivil.org).

It is widely known that the ability to influence a structure and its future

properties is at its greatest in early stages, i.e. the project preparation phase

followed by the design phase. Even though there is an obvious need for

knowledge of construction in design work, but a problem comes if there is

a lack of a consistent and structured transmission of experience between

the construction and the designing engineers so must be done with

assurance and intact manner in building a structure. Analyzing the design

of a bridge's structure has played an important role in the bridge

construction project for the safe and stable of its design.

This proposed bridge project is located at Barangay Pawa

connecting to Ganzo and Navitas, Municipality of Panay. It is said that the

residents of Ganzo and Navitas suffer inaccessible transport problems

for their needs. This problem happened more worst during the great

Yolanda typhoon where many residents of these particular places suffered.

Furthermore, they just use small boats for their transport but not accessible

when climate changes to worst such as raising the water level or waves

along the seashore.

If this is really so, commonly they could not pass along and to be

considered as one of their problems. According to the research, more than

20% of the total population of the Municipality of Panay live in this place.
Their primary livelihood is fishing and basically transporting their excess to

Pawa or even to Panay. Obviously, it is necessary to have an accessible

way in this area. Currently, these problems are often mentioned and

addressed that need to be solved. These are the reasons why we

embarked on this study on constructing a cable-stayed bridge that will

connect the Barangays of Pawa and Lat-asan at Panay, Capiz.

 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The General Objectives of this study is to design a steel bridge for

Brgy. Pawa and Lat-asan Panay, Capiz

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following Objectives:

 To design a cable steel bridge integrating NSCP 2015.

 To provide PERT-CPM for the project.

 To compute the cost of the construction.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The municipality of Panay. Every completed project infrastructure

promotes benefits and development among people for it has undergone

different studies before it was built. Mainly, it denotes the essential facilities

and systems serving a nation. Such that, it serves an excessive impact on

the economic and progressive growth for urban development. By

connecting the two islands, it undergoes a quantitative and qualitative

change in terms of resources because of a significant increase in the

amount and steady flow of resources. It will allow the economic state of

the area to become more thriving and thus, provides more opportunity for

the residents and by collecting taxes to trucks that pass the bridge is

another way to help the increase the economy of the municipality.

Considering that there is the white sand beach in the place that can be

developed, it can provide additional jobs and can help in increasing the

revenue of the Municipality.

Residents of Lat-asan and Pawa. A diminutive delay can change

everything. When evacuating the residents, it will be much easier and

convenient to provide assistance to the residents. It will increase the

evacuation process, can prevent panic and casualties. The result of this

study will mostly benefit the residents of Brgy. Lat-asan and Brgy. Pawa.

Furthermore, all residents of Brgy. Lat-asan will now efficiently access Brgy
Pawa, vice versa, without using any water transportation. As for this, it will

help the people of Brgy Lat-asan to export and import products not only to

the succeeding Barangay but also to the other barangays.

Researcher. In relation to this study, this proposed bridge project

helps a lot not just in its future prospect but also in its current underlying

situation. Upon studying this project, it basically provides welfare to the

beneficiaries and primarily to the researchers for testing and exploring more

of their knowledge and skills in bridge analysis and design.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The main focus of the study is to design a bridge connecting islands

of Barangay Lat-asan and Barangay Pawa using cables to support the

bridge deck. The construction of the project is within the duration reflected

in the PERT-CPM. The materials in constructing the project should only be

within the localities of the Philippines. The equipment in constructing the

project are backhoes, cranes, concrete mixer, bulldozers, and hauling

equipment. The seismic design for the bridge was not included in this study.
Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Bridge. A structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the

way underneath such as the body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose

of providing passage over the obstacle, usually something that can be

detrimental to cross otherwise (en.wikipedia.org).

In this study, it refers to a horizontal structure made up of concrete,

have two towers, a deck supported by cables and be constructed at Pawa

and Lat-asan Panay, Capiz.

Tower. Tower of bridges is vertical concrete or steel structures which

are extended above bridge decks. It is used in the construction of a cable-

stayed bridge, suspension bridge and hybrid suspension cable-stayed

structures (theconstructor.org). In this study, it refers to a structure that

supports the deck through cable wires.

Cable. Used to transfer structural load or to hold a structure in position

without using piers, columns or other supports. The cables do this by

channeling, or distributing, the structure’s weight – and the ‘live loads’

generated during normal everyday usage – through another structural

element, such as a bridge pylon (www.bbrnetwork.com).

 In this study, it refers to a long, thin, and cylindrical steel with a hook

in both ends that balance loads from deck to the tower.

Deck. A structural element of its superstructure, it may be constructed

of concrete, steel, open grating, or wood. Sometimes the deck is covered

a railroad bed and track, asphalt concrete, or other forms of pavement for

ease of vehicles crossing (en.wikipedia.com).

In this study, it refers to a pavement made up of concrete that allows

the moving vehicle and pedestrian from one end to the other end. This

structure also carries most of the loads. In this study, it refers to a footing in

a bridge that holds the tower.

Barriers. Sides of the bridge decks usually have additional barrier

components such as railings, handrails and ground fixtures

(www.historyofbridges.com). In this study, it is a structure that blocks

pedestrians from exiting the boundaries of the bridge.

Pile (also known as beam, footing, and pier). Reinforced concrete

post that is driven into the ground to serve as the leg or support for the

bridge. The distance between piles is calculated so that is can support the

rest of the structure that will be laid on top of them

(www.historyofbridges.com). In this study, it is a structure that is hammered

so that the depth where the soil is compact can get.

 Sidewalk. A path alongside the road. A sidewalk may

accommodate moderate changes in grade and is normally separated

from the vehicular section by a curb.

In this study, A 1.3 meters wide path typically seen at the side of the

bridges where pedestrian walk through.

Abutment. A substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam

whereon the structure’s superstructure rest or contacts.

In this study, it is used to transfer loads from a superstructure to its

foundation elements.

Panay. A 3rd class municipality in the province of Capiz. In this study,

it is the place where the bridge will be proposed and the beneficiary of the

study.

Slab. A large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, or wood, typically

rectangular. In this study, it is a 300 mm thick concrete structure that have

contact with the axles of vehicles.

Foundation. The lowest part of the building or the civil structure that

is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to

the soil safely.

In this study, it is a component of structure that supports the column

and it is the first in line when construction starts.

 Tandem Loads. The total load transmitted to the road by two

consecutive axles extending across the full width of the vehicle. In this study,

it was taken from the loadings of an HL-93 type of truck.

Crossbeam. A long, thick bar of wood, metal, or concrete that is

placed between two walls or other structures, especially in order to support

the roof of a building.

In this study, it is a W30 x 108 type of steel type beam having a

spacing of 2.5 meters.

Main Girder. a support beam used in construction. It is the

main horizontal support of a structure which supports smaller beams. In this

study, it is a W30 x 148 type of steel having a spacing of 2 meters and

stiffeners at the center distance.