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INTRODUCTION / THEORY:-
Modeling the dynamic of a submerged body has received a wide attention in the recent years.
The trend is toward modeling the buoyancy and motion of the sub- merged body considering
different variables affecting it.
We see that whenever a body is placed over a liquid, either it sinks down or float on the liquid. If
we analyze the phenomenon of floatation, we find that the body, placed over a liquid, is subjected
to the following two forces.
o Gravitational Force
o Upthrust of the liquid.
Since the two forces are opposite to each other, therefore we must study the comparative effect
of these forces. A little consideration will show, that if the gravitational force is more than the
upthrust of the liquid, the body will sink down. But if the gravitational force is less than the
upthrust of the liquid, the body will float.
Buoyancy :- The basic concept is very simple: for anything placed in a fluid medium,
the upward force the medium exerts on the body is equal to the weight of the fluid the
body displaces.
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Centre of Buoyancy :-
It is the point through which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act. It is
always the center of gravity of the volume of the liquid displaced.
Metacenter :-
Whenever a body, floating in a liquid, is given a small angular displacement, it starts
oscillating about some point. This point, about which the body starts oscillating, is called
“Metacenter.”
Metacentric Height :-
The distance between the center of gravity of a floating body and metacenter is called
“Metacentric height.”
--the terms described above are not true only for bodies in water but also for bodies in
air; The difference is that, for those in air, the weight of the air displaced is usually
not enough to “float” the aircraft.
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Hindenburg caught fire in New Jersey in
1938.
As a matter of fact, the metacentric height of the floating body is a direct measure of its
stability. Or in other words, more the metacentric height of a floating body, more it
will be stable. In the modern design offices, the metacentric height of a floating body or
a ship accurately calculated to check its stability. Some values of metacentric height are
given below:
Merchant Ships = up to 1 m
Center of Gravity :-
This is easy, mathematically this is the centroid of the mass or
weight of the ship or any Floating Object. An illustration of this is below.
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stability of the ship and, literally, how it rolls.
o Stable equilibrium
o Unstable equilibrium
o Neutral equilibrium
Stable Equilibrium :-
A body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if it returns back to its
original position, when given a small angular displacement. This happens when
Metacenter (M) is higher than the Center of gravity (G).
Unstable Equilibrium :-
A body is said to be in an unstable equilibrium, if it does not return
back to its original position and heels farther away, when given a small angular
displacement. This happens when the metacenter (M) is lower than the center of
gravity (G).
Neutral Equilibrium :-
A body is said to be in a neutral equilibrium, if it occupies a new
position and remains at rest in the new position, when given a small angular
displacement. This happens when metacenter (M) coincides with the center of gravity
(G).
Note:-
o If point G is below point B or B’, the ship is unconditionally stable; it will not turn
over unless G and B’ is changed by taking on water, shifting cargo in the ship,
etc.
o If point G is below point M, the ship is conditionally stable, and if point G is
above point M, the ship is unconditionally unstable.
The reason for this last point is simple: the ship above is rolling in a clockwise
direction. The resisting moment of the buoyancy, calculated by (GZ)(Wbuoyant) is
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counterclockwise, as the buoyant force is upward. This is true as long as G is below
M. If G moves upward above M, then the now driving moment (GZ)(Wbuoyant)
turns clockwise, the same direction as the rolling of the ship, and the ship will
generally turn over4.
Thus the location of M, abstract as it may seem, becomes a critical part of the
design of a ship.
It’s worth noting here that the location of point M is independent of the center of
gravity and dependent upon the geometry of the ship and its volume under the
water line (or total weight.)
-------------------------------------- (1)
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where tr = roll time of ship, seconds
GM = metastatic height of ship, meters or feet
W = beam of ship, meters or feet
C = constant based on units of GM and B
= 0.44 for units of feet
= 0.80 for units of meters
Solving for metastatic height,
---------------------------------------(2)
The procedure to measure this will be outlined below.
THEORETICAL METHOD :-
The formula for calculating the metacentric height theoretically is as below.
𝐿𝑊3
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 =
12
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION:-
APPARATUS: -
PAGE 6
The arrangement of the apparatus is shown above. A rectangular
pontoon floats in water and carries a plastic sail, with five rows of V-slots at equally-
spaced heights on the sail. The slot centers are spaced at 7.5 mm intervals, equally
disposed about the sail center line. An adjustable weight, consisting of two machined
cylinders which can be screwed together, fits into the V-slots on the sail. This weight can
be used to change the height of the center of gravity and the angle of list of the
pontoon.
The pontoon also includes two magnetic weights which should be placed in the bottom
of the apparatus. A plumb bob is suspended from the top center of the sail and is used
in conjunction with the scale fitted below the base of the sail to measure the angle of
list.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:-
Determine the Analytical Metastatic Height
b. Fitted the thick knotted cord, with the plumb weight, through the hole in
the sail, ensuring that the plumb weight is free to hang down on the side of the
sail with the scored center line.
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c. Clamped the adjustable weight into the V-slot on the center line of the
lowest row (Row 1) and suspended the pontoon from the free end of the thick
cord. Marked the point where the plumb line crosses the sail center line.
PAGE 9
Fig. showing
measuring of
“GM” by shifting
center of gravity.
PAGE 10
6. Used Equation 2 to solve for GM. Compared this to the other two methods.
OBSERVED DATA: -
Various dimensions of apparatus are given as:-
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 2.65𝑘𝑔
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CALCULATIONS: -
𝐿𝑊3
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 = 𝐼 =
12
0. 3
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 =
𝐼 = 2.42 × 10−4𝑚4
2.42 × 10−4
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
5.46 × 10−3
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The ratio of the adjustable weigh Wy to the total weight W is 1
Y = Y1 + A
6 = 5.6 + A
A = 0.4 mm
GRAPH: -
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40 DISTANCE ΔX
-50
-75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75
level 5 of y1 -7 0 7
level 4 of y1 -9 -8 0 8 9
level 3 of y1 2 -10.9 -7 -3.75 0 3.75 7 10.9
level 2 of y1 -12 -6 -3 0 3 6 12
level 1 of y1 -10.25 -8 -2.5 0 2.5 6.5 8 10.25
Graph shows relation b/w different entities like levels of y1, δθ and δx
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RELATION BETWEEN 𝒅𝒙𝟏⁄𝒅𝝑 AND DISTANCE OF G
FROM THE DATUM:-
TABLE 2: - Following table shows the values of 𝒅𝒙𝟏⁄𝒅𝝑 and distance of CG from datum.
GRAPH: -
Plot for the above table is given as: -
Distance of CG
10
8
𝒅𝒙𝟏⁄𝒅𝝑
6
4
2
0
5.6 5.8 4.44 3.75 2.61
Distance of CG (mm)
If we further extrapolate the line to find y-intercept then we find the value of
metacenter to about 3cm which is almost close to that calculated analytically i.e.
2.43cm.
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TABLE 3: - Following table shows the values of tr and GM found using equation 2.
Time of rolling CW
tr
5s 6.08cm2 0.14786cm
GRAPH: -
Plot for the above table is given as: -
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
GM (cm)
0.1
0.05
Relation b/w tr and GM
0
5 10 15
Time of rolling (s)
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We can see from above table different entities…
C is a constant about 0.80 units for cm and W is the width or thickness of hull about
7.6cm
We can also note that this method is not consistent with other methods as we see that
in this Metastatic height continuously changes with the rolling time while in above two
others methods GM almost remains constant or close to the absolute value!
CONCLUSIONS: -
We have performed the experiment to measure the Metacenter of our apparatus. The
result depicts that apparatus is at stable equilibrium. This experiment was a good
exercise in showing how stability is affected as the center of gravity shifts vertically or
laterally.
APPENDIX: -
Raw data calculations and observed data
sheet is shown!
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REFERENCES: -
o http://diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:831027/fulltext01
By “R.S KHURMI”
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