APPLIED PHYSICS (LAB)

P.01.: What is a circuit? Explain AC and DC circuit.

ANS P.01: A simple electrical circuit consists of three main elements:

More than one resistor in a circuit and a single voltage source. These elements make a simple
or a electrical circuit.

A.C and D.C circuit: Direct current (DC) circuits involve current flowing
in one direction. It has only positive cycle. In alternating
current (AC) circuits, instead of a constant voltage supplied by a
battery, the voltage moves in a sine wave pattern,where it has both
positives and negative cycles. It varying with time as: In a
household circuit, the frequency is 50 Hz.

P.02: Explain different types of resistors

1. Fixed value resistors:

In general, the resistors used in circuits have some fixed value such as 10
ohm,1K ohm etc. These resistors are called fixed value resistor. The value of these resistors
cannot be changed.

2. Variable resistors (potentiometer and rheostat):

Variable resistors are those resistors whose values can change in a circuit or
when it is used externally in a circuit. Examples are:

● Rheostat:
It is a wire wounded variable resistance. It works as a variable resistor and as a potential
divider.
 ● Potentiometer:
Potentiometer is an accurate device which is used to measure or compare different
voltages across a circuit without drawing current from a circuit.

● Light depending resistors:

An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with
the light intensity that falls upon it. This allows them to be used in light sensing circuits.

● Uses of resistors:
In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

P.03: Explain how a capacitor stores a charge? Enlist different types of

capacitors and its uses.

ANS P.03: It is used to store charge because work is to be done to P.E or a charge on
its plates. The charge or energy stored in the capacitor depends upon area of a plates
and distance between them.
Types of capacitors:

● Dielectric capacitor
● Electrolyte capacitor

● Uses of capacitors:
The most common use for capacitors is energy storage.
Additional uses include power conditioning, remote sensing. capacitors are used in a wide
range of industries and have become a vital part of everyday life.

P.04: Define and explain semiconductor and what is mean by N-type and
P-type semiconductors.

ANS P.04:
Semiconductors are those materials which have electrical properties lies between those
between insulators and conductors.
A pure semiconductor is an insulator. When current passes through it, temperature across the
semiconductor increases and at a certain temperature it becomes a conductor.

P-type and N-type semiconductors:

P-type is the semiconductor formed by adding a trivalent impurity to a pure semiconductor.

N-type semiconductor is formed when pentavalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor.

● What is diode: diode is an semiconductor circuit which convert light energy into
electrical energy when light is fall on it.

● How diode convert AC signal into DC signal: The full-wave

rectifier converts both halves of the AC sine wave to positive-voltage direct
current. The result is DC voltage that pulses at twice the frequency of the
input AC voltage.

● Enlist types of diodes:

❖ Laser diode, Light emitting diodes, Photodiode, PIN diode, PN Junction,