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tall buildings
(Review of literature)
Presented By:
Pavan Patchigolla, Mtech (computer aided structural engineering).
Structural design engineer, METEY Engineering and consultancy, Hyderabad
Contents of presentation:
• Introduction
• Tall building statistics
• Brief history
• Classification of tall buildings
• Recent developments
TALL BUILDINGS 2
“IT IS ALWAYS GOOD TO KNOW ABOUT THE HISTORY PRIOR
ADVANCEMENTS”.
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TALL STRUCTURES IN INDIA
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INTRODUCTION
Rank Building City Height Floors Year
1 Burj khalifa Dubai 828 163 2010
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ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER CTF FINANCE TOWER TAIPEI 101
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SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCE CENTER INTERNATIONAL PETRONAS TOWERS
COMMERCE CENTER
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INTRODUCTION
• Tall buildings emerged in the late nineteenth century in USA. They constituted a so-called
“American building type”.
• Based on the data published in 1980’s, about 49% of world’s tall buildings were located in North
America.
• Tall buildings evolved as a world wide phenomenon.
• The distribution has radically changed and now Asia countries has the largest share.
• Traditionally, function of tall buildings has been commercial buildings.
• Tall building development involves various complex factors, such as economics, aesthetics,
technology, municipal regulations and politics.
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TALL BUILDING STATS
TALL BUILDING STATS IN 1980'S TALL BUILDING STATS IN 2006**
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BRIEF HISTORY..
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PREMIUM FOR HEIGHT..
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PREMIUM FOR HEIGHT..
• Based on his observations, As the building becomes taller, the building’s sway due to lateral
forces becomes critical and there is greater demand on the girders and columns that make up
the rigid frame.
• Hence the material consumption gets even more increased and would begin to exceed other
structural costs if a rigid frame system is used for very tall buildings, which leads to the
innovation in the structural systems.
• Based on Khan’s investigations, he argued that as the height increases beyond 10 stories, the
lateral drifts start controlling the design, the stiffness rather than the strength becomes the
dominant factor, and the premium for height increases rapidly with number of stories.
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CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDINGS..
• In 1969, Khan classified structural systems for tall buildings relating to their heights the efficacy of
the buildings.
• Because of better understanding of the mechanics, he reasoned the structure could be treated in
holistic manner, that is, the building could be analyzed in three dimensions by computer
simulations.
• Recognizing the importance of the premium for heights for tall buildings, the classification of
structural systems is based on lateral load resisting capabilities.
• Structural systems are classified in to two broad categories: Interior structures and exterior
structures.
• A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral load resisting
system is located within the interior of the buildings (Cores, Stair case wells etc..)
• When the lateral load resisting system is located at the perimeter of the building, such systems
can be categorized as an exterior structure (tube in tube, framed tube etc..).
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CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDINGS..
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CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDINGS..
Classification of exterior
structures - Fazlur R Khan
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CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDINGS..
CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORY MATERIAL/CONFIGURATION EFFICIENT HEIGHT LIMIT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES BUILDING EXAMPLES
Concrete Shear Wall + Steel Effectively resists lateral loads by producing Interior planning limitations due to shear Seagram Building, up to the 17th floor
Shear wall(or shear truss) - 60
Rigid Frame shear wall - frame interacting system. walls. (New York, USA, 38 stories, 157 m).
Frame interaction
311 South Wacker Drive (Chicago, USA,
Shear wall/ Rigid frames
75 stories, 284 m), Cook County
Concrete Shear Wall + Concrete
70 " " Administration Building, former
Frame
Brunswick Building (Chicago, USA, 38
stories, 145 m).
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CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDINGS..
MATERIAL/CONFIGUR
CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORY EFFICIENT HEIGHT LIMIT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES BUILDING EXAMPLES
ATION
Shear lag hinders true tubular behavior.
Efficiently resists lateral loads by locating
Steel 80 Narrow column spacing obstructs the Aon Center (Chicago, USA, 83 stories, 346 m)
lateral systems at the building perimeter.
Framed tube view.
Concrete 60 " " Water Tower Place (Chicago, USA, 74 stories, 262 m)
Tube
Onterie Center (Chicago, 58 stories, 174 m), 780
Concrete 100 " "
Third Avenue (New York, USA, 50 stories, 174 m)
Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in Obstruct the view. May obstruct the
Space truss structures - Steel 150 Bank of China (Hong Kong, China, 72 stories, 367 m)
the space truss members. view.
Building form depends to a great degree Chicago World Trade Center (Chicago, USA, 168
- Steel 160 Could produce supertall buildings.
on the structural system. stories, Unbuilt)
Super frames
Parque Central Tower (Caracas, Venezuela, 56
- Concrete 100 " "
stories, 221 m)
Interior floor is never obstructed by perimeter Thermal expansion / contraction. Hotel de las Artes (Barcelona, Spain, 43 stories, 137
Exo-Skeleton - Steel 100
columns. Systemic thermal bridges. m)
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS.. JOHN HANCOCK CENTER, FIRST WINCOSIN CENTER,
CHICAGO MILWAUKEE
• Regional expression:
• Expression of building exterior in the way that it
reflects the regional heritage and cultural
traditions.
• Taipei 101 represents ancient Chinese pagodas
which means “STUPAS” in Indian sub continent.
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS.. KINGDOM CENTER, RIYADH
• Aerodynamic forms:
• This trend has in tall buildings has started to improve
the aerodynamic properties to reduce the wind
forces carried by them.
• Examples: chamfered or rounded corners, openings
and notches, streamlined forms, tapered forms.
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS.. PHARE TOWER, PARIS
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STRUCTURAL FORM..
• The system that resists the gravity loading in addition to lateral loading
is called “STRUCTURAL FORM”.
• Factors influencing selection of structural form:
• Internal planning,
• Material and method of construction,
• External architectural treatment,
• Routing of service systems,
• Nature and magnitude of horizontal loading,
• Height and proportions of the building.
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EFFICIENCY OF STRUCTURAL FORM..
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EFFICIENCY OF STRUCTURAL FORM..
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MAJOR STRUCTURAL FORMS..
• There are 12 major structural forms that are suitable either for concrete or
for steel or for both,
• Braced frame structures,
• Rigid frame structures,
• Infilled frame structures,
• Flat plate or flat slab structures,
• Shear wall structures,
• Wall frame structures,
• Framed tube structures,
• Out-triggered braced structures,
• Suspended structures,
• Core structures,
• Space structures,
• Hybrid structures.
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BRACED FRAME STRUCTURES..
• The lateral resistance of the structures is provided by vertical trusses where in the diagonals together with
girders that form the web and columns act as chords.
• Lateral loads were resisted by bracing system of web members and then transfer to the columns.
• Bracing is usually a steel system because it is inevitably subjected to tension and compression. Concrete
bracing can sometimes be used in double diagonal system.
• Advantages:
• Able to produce a laterally stiff structure with a minimum additional material.
• Bracings usually have very high stiffness to weight ration hence suitable up to any height of building.
• More recently, however external larger scale bracing, extending over many stories and bays, has been
used to produce not only highly efficient structures, but aesthetically attractive building.
• Disadvantages:
• A major disadvantage of diagonal bracing is that it obstructs the internal planning and the location of
windows and doors.
• Diagonal connections are expensive to fabricate and erect.
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RIGID FRAME STRUCTURES..
• This system consists of columns and girders joined by moment resisting connections.
• The lateral stiffness of rigid frames depends on the bending stiffness of columns, girders and joints.
• Rigid frame construction can be used for concrete and steel buildings as well.
• The sizes of columns and girders at any level of a rigid frame are influenced by magnitude of lateral force.
• Advantages:
• Principal advantage is its open rectangular arrangement which allows freedom of planning.
• In structures that are dictated by gravity load design, economies in member sizes that arise rigid joint
action tend to be offset by the higher cost of rigid joints itself.
• Disadvantages:
• Above 25 stories, the relatively high lateral flexibility calls for uneconomically larger members in order
to control drift.
• Because of higher girder depth in lower floors, sometimes, it is not possible to accommodate the
required girder depth within the normal ceiling space.
• Moment resistant connection in steel becomes very expensive.
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INFILLED FRAME STRUCTURES..
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