Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351

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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/petrol

Classification of reservoir facies using well log and 3D seismic attributes for T
prospect evaluation and field development: A case study of Sawan gas field,
Pakistan
Umer Ashrafa, Peimin Zhua, Qamar Yasinb, Aqsa Aneesc,∗, Muhammad Imrazd,
Hassan Nasir Mangic, Saiq Shakeela
a
Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
b
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
c
Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
d
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Sawan Gas Field is one of the most promising gas fields of Middle Indus Basin in Pakistan with a cumulative
Facies production of 850 BCF. In the reservoir interval, the thin shale sequence is interbedded and dispersed resulting in
Gamma-ray log extreme heterogeneity. Consequently, conventional seismic amplitude interpretation fails to delineate the sand-
Seismic attributes shale facies distribution. In this case study, the depositional facies of the reservoir C-sand interval with the
Delta
integration of electrofacies analyses, historical production data, and seismic attribute analyses using 3D seismic
Lower Goru formation
and well log data were analyzed for prospect evaluation and field development plan to achieving maximized
production. The electrofacies analyses show that the reservoir C-sand interval falls in funnel-shaped, bell-shaped,
and cylindrical-shaped trends. The obtained results suggest deposition of C-sand in proximal delta front to pro-
delta settings with medium to fine grain pore size distribution. Conversely fine grained lime mud, silt, and shale
with poor-sorting fall in the irregular-shaped trend which suggests deposition in pro-delta settings. C-sand in-
terval was evaluated using multiple seismic attributes including relative acoustic impedance, root mean square
amplitude, envelope, sweetness, instantaneous frequency, structural smoothing, and phase shift. The results of
all the seismic attributes demarcate the transitional boundary between the delta front sand facies and pro-delta
sandy-shale facies. The calibration of electrofacies analysis with 3D seismic attributes indicates an appropriate
agreement between them. This study effectively predicted the spatial distribution of sweet spots in the het-
erogeneous reservoir using 3D seismic attributes analysis, which can provide valuable guidance for the devel-
opment of the area.

1. Introduction hydrocarbon exploration (Michelena et al., 2010; Saraswat and Sen,

The evaluation of hydrocarbon production from extremely hetero-
geneous or poor–quality reservoir rocks in Pakistan is common (Yasin
et al., 2017). It is essential to understand the depositional environ-
mental and geological impacts on these poor-quality reservoir rocks to
the economic appraisals (Ashraf et al., 2016).
In recent years, lithological information was obtained from well log
responses including pattern recognition and pattern classification
(Ghazi and Mountney, 2010). In order to increase the benefits of con-
ventional well logs, we have incorporated the Gamma-Ray (GR),
Spontaneous Potential (SP), and resistivity logs response to analyze the
depositional settings and the correlation between depositional facies for
2012; Zeng, 2004). Electrofacies is an effective way to divide the for-
mation into facies based on well log responses. These authors con-
sidered the shapes of well log curves as an elementary tool to deduce
depositional facies, as the nature of log is directly related to the grain
size of rock sequences (Cant, 1992; Chow et al., 2005; Rider, 1999;
Selley, 1985). Several case studies have been effectively applied to
study the depositional sedimentary environments of reservoirs for field
exploration and development (Verma et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2017). A
better classification of the depositional setting of the sand-shale facies
centered on coupling well log facies analysis with seismic attribute
association is crucial for prospect identification, evaluation, and field
development (Raef et al., 2015).

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aqsaanees01@outlook.com (A. Anees).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.060
Received 12 August 2018; Received in revised form 22 November 2018; Accepted 23 December 2018
Available online 24 December 2018
0920-4105/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
U. Ashraf et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351

Fig. 1. Location of Sawan gas field along with basemap

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic chart of the Sawan gas field is highlighting the petroleum play. The C-sand interval highlighted by red color is the reservoir zone in the study
area (modified after (Anwer et al., 2017)). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Seismic attribute analysis is an interpretation technique used to
improve the spatial prediction of structural and stratigraphic features
from seismic data (Maleki et al., 2015). To a seismic attribute specialist,
the most critical petrophysical property is acoustic impedance because
reflected amplitudes displayed on seismic sections are produced by
differences in elastic/acoustic impedances of sub-surface rocks
(Karbalaali et al., 2013; Prskalo, 2004; Torres-Verdin and Sen, 2004;
Yilmaz, 2001). The usage of multiple seismic attributes helps in vividly
identifying sand facies zones (Suarez et al., 2008). Post-stack seismic
attributes, i.e., relative acoustic impedance, Root Mean Square (RMS)
amplitude, envelope, sweetness, instantaneous frequency, phase shift,
and structural smoothing are used by seismic interpreters to delineate
and quantify fluid-rich zones in the reservoir interval. Incorporating
seismic attributes analysis from well logging outcomes permits cross-
validated interpretation.
Multiple studies were carried out to characterize and quantify re-
servoir properties of the Lower Goru Formation, but the substantial
potential remains unexploited due to inadequate consideration of the
dispersal of reservoir sands. Moreover, the seismic amplitude reflection
observed at the reservoir sands of Lower Goru Formation on conven-
tional seismic emerge as composite reflection due to low-velocity shale
overlying it, resulting in ambiguity for the interpretation of data (Krois
et al., 1998). Therefore, high-resolution seismic data is significant to
differentiate the interbedded shale from sand bodies. Many previous
attempts of reservoir characterization and classification have only fo-
cused on reservoir parameters estimation based on the petrophysical
analysis (Ali et al., 2016; Azeem et al., 2017; Naeem et al., 2016) and
have not included necessary electrofacies analysis. A most recent study
(Ali et al., 2018) evaluate the use of different post-stack inversion al-
gorithms to characterize the reservoir properties of the Lower Goru
Formation.
The current research aims to the classification of the heterogeneous
reservoir with the integration of electrofacies analyses, historical pro-
duction data and seismic attribute analyses using 3D seismic and well

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U. Ashraf et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351

Fig. 3. Workflow adopted in the current study for the classification of the facies.

Fig. 4. (a) 3D subsurface structural models of the marked horizons within the study area; (b) Seismic section showcasing seismic-to-well tie of Sawan-07 and Sawan-
08 at crossline 932.

log data. In this study, we delineate the lateral and vertical facies dis-
tribution and their paleo-environments of Lower Goru Formation. We
also integrate well log facies analysis with 3D seismic attributes to
identify the sand-shale facies distribution and their depositional en-
vironment primarily in the reservoir C-sand interval of Sawan gas field
and its comparison with the recent production data to make a com-
prehensive prospect evaluation method. 3D seismic slices and well log
data are also incorporated for effectively predicting the spatial dis-
tribution of sweet spots.
2. Background geology
2.1. Study area
The Sawan gas field is one of the significant gas producing areas
with early–late Cretaceous Lower Goru Formation acting as the po-
tential reservoir. The study area is located in the Thar Desert, in the
Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan (Fig. 1). Sawan Gas Field was discovered
in 1997 which consists of a 103 m thick gas-bearing reservoir zone at a

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U. Ashraf et al.
Fig. 5. Well log correlation of Sawan-01, 07 and 08 showing the thickness of the reservoir zone in the study area.
depth of around 3250 m (Ahmed et al., 2010). It hosts 15 Wells, out of
which 14 are in production.
2.2. Structural evolution and stratigraphic characteristics
The study area borders marginal zone of the Indian plate, with the
Kirthar range in the West: Jacobabad-Khairpur High in the Northwest,
Mari Khandkot high in the North: offshore Murray ridges-oven fracture
plate boundary in the South and Indian shield in the East (Afzal et al.,
2009; Kadri, 1995). Khairpur's High uplifting places the non-reservoir-
quality distal portions of the Lower Goru depositional system into a
structurally upper location than the more proximal, reservoir quality
(Krois et al., 1998) and played a significant role in the formation of the
structural traps in the Miano, Kadanwari and Sawan gas fields (Ahmad
and Chaudhry, 2002). Deposition of these reservoir intervals took place
in deltaic, shallow marine environments during sea-level low-stand,
when detached medium to coarse-grained sediments was deposited on
top of the distal (shale and siltstone) sediments of the previous high-
stand systems tract (Berger et al., 2009). The majority of the Cretaceous
system in the study area is not disturbed by the orogenic movement and
is relatively stable (Abbas et al., 2015). The presence of an extensive
Cretaceous deltaic system and similar shelf margins have already been
reported by many authors (Ahmad et al., 2004; Khan et al., 2012).
The Sember formation is the major hydrocarbon source rock in the
middle Indus basin (Kadri, 1995), and is covered by the Lower Goru
Member of the Goru Formation which is the proven reservoir interval in
the Sawan gas field (Ali et al., 2018). Sembar-Goru is a sequence of
various progrades which pass from shallow marine facies to basinal
facies (Khalid et al., 2014). The subordinate portion of the Lower Goru
Formation is classified into A, B, C and D intervals (Fig. 2). Petro-
graphically, D-interval mostly consists of black shales, whereas A and B
intervals have mostly quartz arenites. The C-sand interval has a sig-
nificant amount of altered volcanic rock fragments (VRF) and pore
lining iron chlorite cement (Mcphee et al., 2004). The sands of this
interval can be classified as subarkoses, lithic arkoses, sublitharenites,
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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351
feldspathic litharenites, and litharenites, whereas diagenetic compo-
nents as quartz cement, chlorite cement, carbonates, and glauconite
(Berger et al., 2009). The upper Goru member consists of reservoir
basinal shales and marls, which are settled from shoreface to foreshore
(high energy) facies of the prograding shoreline and are acting as the
regional seal (Munir et al., 2011).
3. Material and methods
The log data from five wells (Sawan-01, 07, 08, 14, and Sawan-
WDW-01) and the 3D post-stack seismic data were used for depositional
facies and attribute analysis in the C-sand interval of Lower Goru re-
servoirs. Gamma ray (GR), Spontaneous Potential (SP), Micro
Spherically Focused Resistivity (MSFL), Shallow Laterolog Resistivity
(LLS) and Deep Laterolog Resistivity (LLD) logs were incorporated to
analyze the interbedded sand and shale facies. Sawan-14 well has an
incomplete suite, whereas the Sawan-WDW-01 was a disposable water
well. Information regarding the core data in the study area from the
literature (Berger et al., 2009) was used, which proved to be quite
helpful in delineating the electrofacies and depositional environments.
Initially, the workflow (Fig. 3) adopted for this research in-
corporated the calculation of the lateral and vertical thickness of the
reservoir C-sand using wireline logs. Later, identification of the elec-
trofacies and the depositional environment was made by gamma-ray
log shapes analysis. In the second stage, synthetic seismogram was
generated based on seismic-to-well tie; four reflectors were marked as
Upper Goru, Lower Goru, X1 and Y1 (Fig. 4) which further shows that
the area is tectonically stable. Two horizons X1 and Y1 having time
window value of 75 ms at Sawan-07, were marked as a reference of
Lower Goru Formation based on strong reflection continuity. Thickness
map between X1 and Y1 horizons estimated the topography of the study
area. In the third stage, 3D post-stack seismic attributes and production
data was analyzed to correlate the well logging outcomes and to in-
terpret the sand-shale facies units within the targeted formation. Fi-
nally, sweet spots were predicted using 3D time slices of seismic
U. Ashraf et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351

attributes for prospect evaluation and field development.

hummocky cross-bedding. The size of the sediments is evenly distributed with thin laminations of the clayey

Very fine-grained sediments with uniform intercalations of thin laminated beds of silts, lime mud, and clay.
Medium-to-coarse sandstone with lime mud laminated moderately sorted grains having small-scale ripple

Coarse-to-fine sandstone and interbedded with finely grained siltstone, lime mudstone and cavity filling
The following sections give a brief overview of the electrofacies

Thick beds of medium-to-fine sandstone with good sorting and sub-angular to sub-round shapes having
identification, geological modeling and seismic attributes methods used
in this work.

3.1. Facies identification

Rocks emit an enormous amount of gamma radiation, which can be

used as a proxy for lithology interpretation (Hampson et al., 2005;
Rider, 1990). Gamma-ray trends are used as an essential tool for the
identification and interpretation of the subsurface sedimentary facies,
even when the well core data is not present (Chow et al., 2005).
Therefore, gamma-ray log shape patterns were used in this study for the
identification of the lithofacies and depositional environments in the
reservoir sands of the Lower Goru Formation.

3.1.1. Electrofacies analysis

Fine grained transgressive shelf black shales.
marks followed by the trough cross-bedding.

The steps for an accurate electro-sequence analysis are essential for

the interpretation of facies. Electro-sequence must follow a route for
limestone with planar cross-bedding.

facies interpretation, i.e., the depositional environment comes last, and

a lithological pattern comes first. The gamma-ray log, spontaneous
potential, and resistivity logs of the three wells were first placed at an
equal depth to facilitate correlation. The depth measurement was
considered in Measured Depth (MD) value. Matching of similar lithol-
ogies was then carried out from well to well using the top and bottom
horizons as controls. In this analysis, similar features of gamma-ray
Lithofacies

signatures were marked to interpret facies. The value of gamma-ray

commonly ranges from 0 to 150 American Petroleum Institute (API)
silt.

(Rider, 2002), and the gamma-ray value of reservoir sands within the
Sawan gas field is about 80 API (Azeem et al., 2017). Henceforth, the
selected value of gamma-ray ranges from 0 to 150 API and the baseline
Average GR

is selected at 80 API due to the presence of K-feldspar and mica within

the sandstone which tend to record relatively high gamma-ray values to
50–80

40–80

45–80

80–90
(API)

95+

interpret the facies and their depositional environment.

Summary of gamma-ray trends with their depositional environments & lithofacies of Sawan gas field.

3.2. Geological modeling

3260-3270 & 3292-
Average Depth (m)

Isopach map was developed via seismic interpretation of the tar-

3301–3308

3270–3335

3347–3355

3356–3370

geted horizons XI and Y1 to interpret the topography and the thickness

of the reservoir zone. Thickness map is a geological map of subsurface
3297

strata showing the variable thickness of a given formation.

Coarsening upward/funnel-shape

Even block (serrated) with sharp

3.3. 3D seismic attribute extraction

Fining upward/bell-shape

The practice of seismic facies classification from 3D seismic attri-

butes analysis has been efficiently applied in the exploration and pro-
duction (E&P) sector for decades (Wang et al., 2017). Numerous volume
Irregular shape

Irregular shape

attributes were computed to analyze the facies. The attributes which

top and base
GR Trends

gave the best results were selected in this research to classify the facies
distribution and their paleoenvironments. These include relative
acoustic impedance, RMS amplitude, envelope, sweetness, in-
stantaneous frequency, phase shift, and structural smoothing. All these
volume attributes were extracted at the time slice of Z = 2176, on the
Depositional Environment

targeted X1 horizon that lies at a depth of C-sand, which was confirmed

Debris flow and slope

from seismic-to-well tie. The resultant attributes were also shown on 3D

Transgressive shelf
Prograding delta
Deltaic channels

map and their corresponding vertical seismic section at crossline 932.

distributaries
Delta front

deposits

3.3.1. Relative acoustic impedance

It computes the sum of the calculated traces which results as a
simple integration of the complex trace followed by passing the low-cut
Electrofacies

filter. Relative acoustic impedance attribute is an indicator of im-

pedance changes, sequence boundaries, porosity content, unconformity
Table 1

Ef-1

Ef-2

Ef-3

Ef-4

Ef-5

surfaces, and discontinuities in the reservoir (Subrahmanyam and Rao,

2008).

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U. Ashraf et al.
Fig. 6. The direct correlation among various facies and other log shapes about the sedimentological relationship (Modified after (Cant, 1992; Chow et al., 2005;
Nazeer et al., 2016; Selley, 1978)).
3.3.2. RMS amplitude
It is quite helpful in assisting and establishing boundaries for var-
ious facies types and the depositional environments (Sahoo et al.,
2014). The relative high RMS amplitude attribute values are usually
connected with lithological changes, sand-rich shoreward facies, bright
spots, and especially gas saturated sand zones. Whereas, low amplitudes
values indicate the zones of sandy-shale, shale and pro-delta facies (Hu
and Zhu, 2013).
3.3.3. Envelope
It is independent of the phase and highlights the total energy of the
analytic signal. Trace envelope highlights the amplitude anomalies
(bright spots) irrespective of the polarity (Pigott et al., 2013). High
reflections are associated with possible gas accumulation, lithological
and depositional environment changes, unconformities, bright spots,
and thin-bed tuning effects (Azeem et al., 2016).
3.3.4. Sweetness
It can distinguish the sand bodies from the shales as the acoustic
impedance contrast between the sand bodies and the shales are higher
especially in the clastic environments. Moreover, it is used for the
identification of the stratigraphic features, channel identification, and
hydrocarbon reservoirs (Ahmad and Rowell, 2012; Hart, 2008).
3.3.5. Instantaneous frequency
It was applied to analyze the thickness of the reservoir zone. Low
frequencies are connected with thick hydrocarbon saturated reservoirs
predominantly with gas saturated sands while high-frequency zones are
linked with sharp interfaces which may exhibit thinly laminated shales
(Taner et al., 1979).
3.3.6. Phase shift
It is mostly used to enhance the matching of a dissimilar version of
the seismic data. Phase shift attribute is helpful to investigate the lateral
bedding continuity, fluid content, porosity, productive zones, and de-
positional environments.
3.3.7. Structural smoothing
It uses the input signal guided through the local structure to increase
the continuity of the reflectors by using the gaussian smoothing algo-
rithm (Fang et al., 2017). High smoothing values represent sand while
low values represent shale.
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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351
3.4. Sweet spot prediction
Sweet spots are the reservoir zones having high porosity and per-
meability values in comparison with their surrounding tight sands
(Hart, 2006) and plays an important role in prospect evaluation and
field development plan (Khalil, 2012). The integration of electrofacies
analyses, seismic attribute analysis, historical gas production, and
sweet spot evaluation allows improved prediction and classification of
hydrocarbon reservoirs (Javier Carrasco, 2015).
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Facies interpretation
Geophysical log analyses were conducted on three wells (Sawan-01,
07 and 08). The thickness of the C-sand interval within the study area
was evaluated by the petrophysical parameters. Fig. 5 shows that the
reservoir C-sand interval has low shale volume, high matrix content and
good porosity. Shale content is high above and below the C-sand in-
terval.
4.2. Facies identified from gamma-ray logs
Based on gamma-ray log shapes, facies analysis using electrofacies
was concluded to mark several environmental interpretations (Cant,
1992; Chow et al., 2005; Ghazi and Mountney, 2010; Martinius et al.,
2002; Posamentier, 2001; Serra, 1985; Serra and Abbott, 1982). Thor-
ough gamma-ray log analysis of three wells (Sawan-01, 07 and 08) in
the Sawan gas field has permitted a five-fold facies scheme to be de-
veloped (Table 1). Fig. 6 shows the sedimentological relationship of
various facies and gamma-ray log shapes.
4.2.1. Electrofacies-1 (funnel-shaped successions)
Electrofacies (Ef-1): Electrofacies 1 showcases 10% of the total
series and is categorized by a funnel-shaped sequence. The gamma-ray
log trend consistently decreases upward showing the decrease of the
shale content, thus making the coarsening upward trend and high-
lighting the increase in grain size. The thickness of this trend is
3 m–18 m. The funnel motif with coarsening upward sequence is de-
posited in clastics with thick sediments (Chow et al., 2005). According
to the well data, the primary lithology of this facies is largely medium-
to-coarse grained sandstone with the interbedded cementing
U. Ashraf et al.
Fig. 7. Gamma-ray log correlation of depositional environments and electrofacies classification in the C-sand interval of Lower Goru Formation of Sawan gas field.
carbonaceous material in places.
Depositional Environment: The pattern away from the sand-shale
baseline with coarsening-upward trend represents the delta front (Cant,
1992; Nazeer et al., 2016). Delta successions formed by mixed-load
systems have relatively straight, bifurcating distributaries feeding
mouth-bars that makes an overall delta front. Therefore, the sediments
which form the reservoir having coarsening upward trend is suggesting
proximal delta front settings.
4.2.2. Electrofacies-2 (bell-shaped successions)
Electrofacies (Ef-2): Electrofacies 2 showcases 15% of the total
series and is categorized by a bell-shaped sequence. The thickness of
this trend is 2 m–12 m. The gamma-ray log trend consistently increases
upward showing the increase of the shale content, overall making the
fining upward trend and highlighting the decrease in grain size.
According to the well data, the main lithology of this facies is coarse-to-
fine grained sandstone with the interbedded carbonaceous material in
places. The presence of interbedded carbonaceous material likely con-
tributes to the irregular (serrated) form of the bell-shaped gamma curve
(Rider, 1990).
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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351
Depositional Environment: The trend towards the sand-shale base-
line with fining upward trend represents the deltaic channel (Cant,
1992; Nazeer et al., 2016). The bell-shaped successions with carbo-
naceous detritus are deposited in deltaic channels (Selley, 1978).
Therefore, the sediments which form the reservoir having finning up-
ward trend is suggesting deltaic channel settings.
4.2.3. Electrofacies-3 (cylindrical-shaped successions)
Electrofacies (Ef-3): Electrofacies 3 showcases 40% of the total
series and is categorized by a cylindrical-shaped succession. These
successions are indicated by sharp top and base with the consistent
trend which highlights a relatively consistent grain size. The cylinder-
shaped gamma-ray log is serrated rather than blocky and is dominant in
the reservoir units of the Sawan gas field with 2 m–25 m thickness
(Fig. 7). According to well data, the main lithology of this facies is
medium-to-fine grained sandstone.
Depositional Environment: The gamma-ray log trend of cylindrical-
shaped successions is characterized by sharp top and bottom bound-
aries, and indicate prograding delta distributaries as the favorable se-
dimentary environment in clastics (Nazeer et al., 2016). Moreover, the
U. Ashraf et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351

Fig. 8. 3D Isopach map between X1 and Y1 horizons.

Fig. 9. Geological model showing the major stratigraphic features of Lower Indus Basin with an area of interest highlighted by red color (Modified after (Krois et al.,
1998)). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

cylindrical trends with a greater range of thickness, like those of C-sand
in the study area, indicates prograding delta distributaries (Emery and
Myers, 1996). Therefore, the sediments which form the reservoir
having cylindrical-shaped trend is suggesting prograding delta dis-
tributaries settings.
4.2.4. Electrofacies-4 (irregular log-trends/serrated-shaped successions)
Electrofacies (Ef-4): Electrofacies 4 showcases 10% of the total
series and is categorized by the irregular log trend. The average
thickness in this trend is 2 m–5 m. These successions are indicated by
irregular spikes of the gamma-ray log which highlights a relative de-
crease in the grain size. Irregular log trends can be interpreted as ag-
gradation of silts with a variation of lithology in laminated beds of
siltstone, lime mud, and some claystone (Emery and Myers, 1996).
According to well reports, the main lithologies of this facies are lime
mudstone and siltstone.
Depositional Environment: Inter-bedded siltstone, lime mudstone
indicates below-wave base deposition under low energy conditions that
extend to a deeper environment. Therefore, it suggests interfingering of
the clastic shelf with the marine offshore depositional environment.
These trends may represent the gentle slope deposits, which may also
be interpreted as a flow of debris along the slope (Nazeer et al., 2016).
The presence of interbedded mica and pebbles has likely contributed to
the irregular form of the gamma-ray curve (Chow et al., 2005; Rider,
1990).
4.2.5. Electrofacies-5 (irregular log-trends)
Electrofacies (Ef-5): This trend also has no character with very high
gamma-ray values. The average thickness of this facies is about
2 m–5 m at the bottom of the C-sand and have thick beds of shales in D-
interval. According to well reports, the main lithology of this facies is
black shales.
Depositional Environment: Black shales are formed during the rapid
transgression when basinal deposition expanded to cover basin-margin
areas which are generally characterized by shallow water-deposition
(Wignall, 1991). This trend is present at the bottom of C-sand and is

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Fig. 10. Depositional model for the Lower Goru Formation presenting a sequence of delta. (a) & (b) is showing the planar view, while (c) is showing the cross-section
view of the depositional environment of Sawan gas field.

Table 2 dipping and prograding towards East (Fig. 9), which shows the transi-
Production of the Sawan wells. tional and basin-ward deposition of facies. These results also support
Well Name Production (MMscf) the outcomes of the depositional environment deduced from the elec-
trofacies analysis.
Sawan-01 12.779 The reservoir depositional environments identified by gamma-ray
Sawan-07 24.428
log signatures are suggesting deltaic channel, prograding delta dis-
Sawan-08 13.760
Sawan-14 4.703
tributaries, and delta front as favorable depositional environments of
reservoir sands within the Sawan gas field. Deltas are modified in shape
by waves, tides, and stream forces, but produce the same general facies
also dominant in the D-interval of the Lower Goru Formation. The re- (Fisher, 1969). Deltas build seaward, or prograde (Fig. 10 a & b). Lower
servoir interval of C-sand is directly overlain and sealed by these Goru horizons A-interval, B-sand interval, and C-sand interval, are also
transgressive shales (Khalid et al., 2014). dominated by progrades (Munir et al., 2011). The Lower Goru sand
bodies are prograding from East-West (E-W) direction (Shahid et al.,
4.3. Geological modeling and depositional environment 2008), and are forming coarsening-upward shoreline packages
(Wandrey et al., 2004). In the Lower Goru Formation, micas are present
The results of the isopach map show that the C-sand are dipping and as igneous rock fragments (Berger et al., 2009), and within the delta
prograding towards Northeast (NE) and the trapping mechanism of the sequences, micas sediments represent the deposition of the sediments
reservoir sands are stratigraphic (Fig. 8). The regional geological model from prograding distributaries channels into distributary mouth bars.
shows an overall stratigraphic tilt towards the Eastern side. The re- Therefore, these settings indicate an overall coarsening upward trend of
servoir C-sand of the study area lies in the transitional zone between delta front settings. The sediments above 3340 m in every well, which
shallow marine and marine region. Duo isopach map and geological form the reservoir (C-sand interval) in the study area, are also of a very
model are suggesting the low-lying topography in the Eastern region shallow marine origin from a proximal delta front setting.
than the Western region, which indicates that the reservoir sands are The C-sand thicknesses of Sawan-01, 07 and 08 wells are 107.05 m,

Fig. 11. (a) Time slice of the relative acoustic impedance at X1 horizon. The dotted line demarcates the transitional boundary (b) The corresponding seismic section
at crossline xy-932 (c) 3D map of relative acoustic impedance attribute of the targeted area.

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Fig. 12. (a) Time slice of the RMS amplitude at X1 horizon. The dotted line demarcates the transitional boundary (b) The corresponding seismic section of RMS
amplitude attribute at crossline xy-932 (c) 3D map of RMS amplitude attribute of the targeted area.

Fig. 13. (a) Time slice of the envelope at X1 horizon. The dotted line demarcates the transitional boundary (b) The corresponding seismic section of envelope
attribute at crossline xy-932 (c) 3D map of Envelope attribute of the targeted area.

96.35 m, and 94.85 m, out of which the cumulative sandstone thick-
nesses within these wells are 82.25 m, 67.89 m and 67.19 m (Fig. 7)
which shows that the sandstone thickness is decreasing from Sawan-01
(South West) to Sawan-08 (North East) direction whereas the shale and
silt content is increasing in this direction. High frequency of thick
sandstone beds between 3250 m and 3330 m in Sawan-01, and between
3270 m and 3340 m in Sawan-07 and Sawan-08 represents prograding
delta associated with the sea level fall. Therefore, these sand intervals
possess significant reservoir potential within Sawan gas field. In addi-
tion, less occurrence of sandstone, and the regular presence of marine
shales and lime mud siltstone/claystone in all wells at the bottom of the
C-sand suggest the deposition of lower shoreface to offshore fine sedi-
ments that represent the transitional and basin-ward depositional en-
vironment. These shales, silts and tight sands within the C-sand bottom
also act as lateral and bottom seals. The progradation that created the
C-sand tends to highlight a noticeable downward and basin-ward shift
in the depositional facies from delta front to pro-delta (Fig. 10 c). The
inter-bedded sequence of sandstone, claystone/shale, lime mud
siltstone represents the interaction of shallow marine and marine de-
positional realm with changing depths of water and distance from the
shoreline. Moreover, it may also represent gentle slope deposits. Pre-
sence of glauconite, at specified intervals, also demonstrates the pre-
valence of mid-shelf marine influence.
4.4. 3D seismic attribute analysis
Relative Acoustic Impedance: The time slice of relative acoustic
impedance contrast attribute differentiated the sand zone (blue) and
shale zone (red) and was helpful for demarcating the transitional
boundary between the delta front and pro-delta facies. The shales were
deposited in pro-delta environments whereas the sands were deposited
at proximal delta front settings. Sawan-01, 07 and 08 wells are located
within the high relative acoustic impedance zone whereas the Sawan-
14 is situated where the value of the relative acoustic impedance is low
suggesting the that this well is not sited at an ideal location close to the
uplifted Khairpur High, which can be the possible reason for its

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Fig. 14. (a) Time slice of the sweetness at X1 horizon. The dotted line demarcates the transitional boundary (b) The corresponding seismic section of sweetness
attribute at crossline xy-932 (c) 3D map of envelope attribute of the targeted area.

Fig. 15. (a) Time slice of the instantaneous frequency at X1 horizon. The dotted line demarcates the transitional boundary (b) The corresponding seismic section of
instantaneous frequency at crossline xy-932 (c) 3D map of instantaneous frequency attribute of the targeted area.

minimum production (Table 2) (Fig. 11).
RMS Amplitude: The time slice of RMS amplitude shows that
Sawan-01, 07, and 08 wells are located within the high amplitudes
zones that indicates the presence of reservoir sand-facies, which are
possibly associated with the prograding delta distributaries to proximal
delta front settings. Sawan-14 is located in the vicinity of moderately
low amplitude zone that indicates the presence of the sandy-shale facies
(Fig. 12).
Envelop: It can be observed from the envelop slice that Sawan-14 is
present at relatively low reflection zone which causes this well to be less
productive as compared to the Sawan-01, 07 and 08 wells, which are
present at a higher envelope amplitude zone that corresponds to the
thicker sands (Fig. 13).
Sweetness: The time slice of sweetness shows that Sawan-01, 07 and
08 wells are conformably seated at high sweetness zone suggesting sand
reservoir zone, whereas Sawan-14 is located within relative low
sweetness zone indicating sandy-shale facies. The time slice of sweet-
ness attribute is shown in Fig. 14, which highlights that the productive
area lies in the middle region.
Instantaneous Frequency: The time slice of instantaneous frequency
attribute indicates that productive wells (Sawan-01, 07 and 08) are
located in low frequency zone suggesting thicker sands, whereas low-
productive well Sawan-14 is located in the high-frequency zone im-
plying that this sand zone is highly interbedded with shale (Fig. 15).
Structural Smoothing: The time slice of structural smoothing attri-
bute clearly distinguishes the sand and shale layers. The Eastern region
of the slice is highlighting the pro-delta shale facies while the middle
region is associated with delta front sand facies (Fig. 16).
Phase Shift: The time slice of phase shift attribute shows a promi-
nent change in phase values, which suggests the variation of the bed-
ding continuity of sediments (Fig. 17). The wells Sawan-01, 07 and 08
lie in the negative phase values suggest that the sands in these wells are
productive and have relative medium to good porosity and sorting.
These sands were deposited at proximal delta front settings. Sawan-14
lies in the positive phase values which suggest the zones of poor por-
osity, sorting and fluid content.
The associated vertical seismic section of the applied attributes and
their 3D maps are showcasing that there is one massive reflector with

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Fig. 16. (a) Time slice of the structural smoothing at X1 horizon. The dotted line demarcates the transitional boundary (b) The corresponding seismic section of
structural smoothing attribute at crossline xy-932 (c) 3D map of structural smoothing attribute of the targeted area.

Fig. 17. (a) Time slice of the phase shift at X1 horizon. The dotted line demarcates the transitional boundary (b) The corresponding seismic section of phase shift
attribute at crossline xy-932 (c) 3D map of phase shift attribute of the targeted area.

Fig. 18. Time slices of (a) RMS amplitude attribute, (b) envelope and (c) sweetness attribute at Z = 2188 showcasing the sweet spots within the targeted area.

high relative acoustic impedance, high RMS, high sweetness, high en- interbedded between shale layers. The results of electrofacies analysis
velop, low instantaneous frequency, negative phase values and high also shows that the C-sand is interbedded between shale layers (Fig. 7).
structural smoothing suggesting the presence of C-sand interval In addition, relative acoustic impedance attribute was helpful in

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demarcating the transitional boundary between the sand facies of the
delta front environment and sandy-shale/shale facies of pro-delta. The
same marked boundary was overlapped on the results of all the applied
attributes, which further confirms the reliability of the transitional zone
between sand and shale facies. The corollary, results of all the attributes
are in accordance with the electrofacies analysis.
To further examine the hydrocarbon potential of the Sawan gas
field, time slices of the RMS amplitude, envelope, and sweetness attri-
bute were analyzed at Z = 2188. The interpretation of these time slices
underlines high RMS amplitude, high envelope, and high sweetness
values highlighted by white circles (Fig. 18), which suggests that these
regions also have stratigraphic traps and can give production if ap-
propriately evaluated and drilled. The present research reveals new
prospect zones within the target area of Sawan gas field.
5. Conclusion
This research presents an integrated study of well log facies analysis
and 3D seismic attribute analysis for sand-shale facies distribution and
their paleoenvironments in the reservoir interval of Sawan gas field.
Lithofacies calculation from gamma-ray curve shape analysis shows
that the C-sand interval consists of medium sandstone with inter-beds of
shale, lime mud, and siltstone. Moreover, the gamma-ray log indicates
that the log trends mainly fall into four categories namely; irregular
trends, funnel-shaped, cylindrical/box car-shaped, and bell-shaped
successions. The results showed that the reservoir C-sand interval was
deposited with overall fluvial-dominated delta distributaries to deltaic
front settings during regression with medium-to-fine grain pore size,
while the shales were deposited in pro-delta settings during transgres-
sive lag. Geological model and isopach map were helpful to confirm the
overall progradation of the deltaic sands towards the East. 3D post
stacked seismic attributes were beneficial to confirm the transitional
boundary of depositional environment and sand-shale facies distribu-
tions. Sawan-01, 07 and 08 wells show the maximum production be-
cause of their proximal delta front settings and are located at high re-
lative acoustic amplitude, high RMS amplitude, high envelope, high
sweetness, low frequency, high structural smoothing, and negative
phase value zones. However, Sawan-14's production is least among
other wells due to its location towards Khairpur High uplifted area and
is located at sandy-shale facies zone. RMS amplitude, envelope, and
sweetness attribute were useful for detecting the amplitude anomalies
(sweet spots). The time slices of these attributes suggest that there are
significant stratigraphic traps within the targeted X1 horizon (C-sand
interval) which can be exploited for future drilling. The current re-
search has also disclosed new natural gas prospect zones for future
exploitation of the Sawan gas field, Middle Indus Basin. Nevertheless,
for a forthcoming study and prospect evaluation and development to
extract maximum production, we recommend mapping the facies using
well logging for those zones in which we have the limited well-control
and then modifying the facies using 3D seismic attribute analysis.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Directorate General of
Petroleum Concessions (DGPC) Pakistan, for the release of 3D seismic
and well data. We are also thankful to Prof. Shi Wan Zhong (Key
Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of
Education, CUG, Wuhan) for giving access to use the relevant softwares.
We also extend our gratitude to Mr. Mohsin Ahmad Awan (Pakistan
Petroleum Limited, Pakistan) for his generous support to initiate this
study. School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East
China) is also acknowledged for providing lab facilities and technical
assistance.
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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 175 (2019) 338–351
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.060.
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