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 INTERNET OF THINGS 

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net,"

is a worldwide system of computer networks - a
network of networks in which users at any one
computer can, if they have permission, get
information from any other computer (and

sometimes talk directly to user at other computers) .

The original aim was to create a network that would
allow users of a research computer at one university
to "talk to" research computers at other universities.
But now a days internet is not only the network of
computers ,but has become a network of other
things like vehicles , houseware , buildings ,people
etc.
Surprised , yes it is true it has become a network of
non-living objects also which is known as internet of
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things .So lets jump to the definition of IOT(Intenet of

things).

The "Internet of things" (IoT) is becoming an

increasingly growing topic of conversation both in
the workplace and outside of it. It's a concept that
not only has the potential to impact how we live but
also how we work. But what exactly is the "Internet
of things" and what impact is it going to have on you,
if any? There are a lot of complexities around the
"Internet of things" but I want to stick to the basics .
Let's start with understanding a few things.
Broadband Internet is become more widely
available, the cost of connecting is decreasing, more
devices are being created with Wi-Fi capabilities and
sensors built into them, technology costs are going
down, and smartphone penetration is sky-rocketing.
All of these things are creating a "perfect storm" for
the IoT.
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So What Is The Internet Of Things?

Simply put, this is the concept of basically
connecting any device with an on and off switch
to the Internet (and/or to each other) .So in
short, The Internet of Things (IOT) is the
network of physical objects—devices, vehicles,
buildings and other items embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity—that enables these objects to
collect and exchange data.
This includes everything from cellphones, coffee
makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps,
wearable devices and almost anything else you
can think of. This also applies to components of
machines, for example a jet engine of an airplane
or the drill of an oil rig. As I mentioned, if it has
an on and off switch then chances are it can be a
part of the IoT. The analyst firm Gartner says
that by 2020 there will be over 26 billion
connected devices... That's a lot of connections
(some even estimate this number to be much
higher, over 100 billion).
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The IoT is a giant network of connected "things"

(which also includes people). The relationship
will be between people-people, people-things,
and things-things.

How Does This Impact You?

The new rule for the future is going to be, "Anything
that can be connected, will be connected." But why
on earth would you want so many connected devices
talking to each other? There are many examples for
what this might look like or what the potential value
might be. Say for example you are on your way to a
meeting; your car could have access to your calendar
and already know the best route to take. If the traffic
is heavy your car might send a text to the other party
notifying them that you will be late. What if your
alarm clock wakes up you at 6 a.m. and then notifies
your coffee maker to start brewing coffee for you?
What if your office equipment knew when it was
running low on supplies and automatically re-
ordered more? What if the wearable device you used
in the workplace could tell you when and where you
were most active and productive and shared that
information with other devices that you used while
working?
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On a broader scale, the IoT can be applied to things

like transportation networks: "smart cities" which
can help us reduce waste and improve efficiency for
things such as energy use; this helping us
understand and improve how we work and live. Take
a look at the visual below to see what something like
that can look like.
The reality is that the IoT allows for virtually endless
opportunities and connections to take place, many of
which we can't even think of or fully understand the
impact of today. It's not hard to see how and why the IoT
is such a hot topic today; it certainly opens the door to a
lot of opportunities but also to many
challenges. Security is a big issue that is oftentimes
brought up. With billions of devices being connected
together, what can people do to make sure that their
information stays secure? Will someone be able to hack
into your toaster and thereby get access to your entire
network? The IoT also opens up companies all over the
world to more security threats. Then we have the issue of
privacy and data sharing. This is a hot-button topic even
today, so one can only imagine how the conversation and
concerns will escalate when we are talking about many
billions of devices being connected. Another issue that
many companies specifically are going to be faced with is
around the massive amounts of data that all of these
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devices are going to produce. Companies need to figure

out a way to store, track, analyze and make sense of the
vast amounts of data that will be generated.
 HISTORY OF IOT :
Evolution of internet began by connecting computers.
Later many computers were connected together to create a
World Wide Web. Then mobile devices were able to
connect to the internet which leads to mobile-Internet
technique. People started using the internet via social
networks. Finally the idea of connecting daily objects to
the internet was proposed, which lead to the Internet of
Things technology .
First time the term ―Internet of Things: word was used
by Kevin Ashton in a presentation during 1998 . He has
mentioned ―The Internet of Things has the potential to
change the world, just as the Internet did May be even
more so‖. Later during 2001, MIT AutoID Lab center
presented their view on IoT. Then during 2005, this is
formally recognized by the International
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 SOME APPLICATIONS OF IOT :

1. Smart Home

With IOT creating the buzz, ‘Smart Home’ is the

most searched IOT associated feature on Google.
But, what is a Smart Home?
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Wouldn’t you love if you could switch on air

conditioning before reaching home or switch off
lights even after you have left home? Or unlock the
doors to friends for temporary access even when
you are not at home. Don’t be surprised with IOT
taking shape companies are building products to
make your life simpler and convenient.
Smart Home has become the revolutionary ladder of
success in the residential spaces and it is predicted
Smart homes will become as common as
smartphones.
The cost of owning a house is the biggest expense
in a homeowner’s life. Smart Home products are
promised to save time, energy and money. With
Smart home companies like Nest, Ecobee, Ring and
August, to name a few, will become household
brands and are planning to deliver a never seen
before experience.
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2. Wearables :

Wearables have experienced a explosive demand in

markets all over the world. Companies like Google,
Samsung have invested heavily in building such
devices.
Wearable devices are installed with sensors and
softwares which collect data and information about
the users. This data is later pre-processed to extract
essential insights about user.
These devices broadly cover fitness, health and
entertainment requirements. The pre-requisite from
internet of things technology for wearable
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applications is to be highly energy efficient or ultra-

low power and small sized.
H

3. Connected Vehicles:

The automotive digital technology has focused on

optimizing vehicles internal functions. But now, this
attention is growing towards enhancing the in-car
experience.
A connected car is a vehicle which is able to
optimize it’s own operation, maintenance as well as
comfort of passengers using onboard sensors and
internet connectivity.Most large auto makers as well
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as some brave startups are working on connected

car solutions. Major brands like Tesla, BMW, Apple,
Google are working on bringing the next revolution
in automobiles.

4. Industrial Internet

Industrial Internet is the new buzz in the industrial

sector, also termed as Industrial Internet of Things (
IIOT ). It is empowering industrial engineering with
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sensors, software and big data analytics to create

brilliant machines.
According to Jeff Immelt, CEO, GE Electric, IIoT is a
“beautiful, desirable and investable” asset. The
driving philosophy behind IIoT is that, smart
machines are more accurate and consistent than
humans in communicating through data. And, this
data can help companies pick inefficiencies and
problems sooner.
IIoT holds great potential for quality control and
sustainability. Applications for tracking goods, real
time information exchange about inventory among
suppliers and retailers and automated delivery will
increase the supply chain efficiency
5. Smart cities
Smart city is another powerful application of IoT
generating curiosity among world’s population.
Smart surveillance, automated transportation,
smarter energy management systems, water
distribution, urban security and environmental
monitoring all are examples of internet of things
applications for smart cities.

IoT will solve major problems faced by the people

living in cities like pollution, traffic congestion and
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shortage of energy supplies etc. Products like

cellular communication enabled

Smart Belly trash will send alerts to municipal

services when a bin needs to be emptied.
By installing sensors and using web applications,
citizens can find free available parking slots across
the city. Also, the sensors can detect C meter
tampering issues, general malfunctions and any
installation issues in the electricity system.
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7. Connected Health
(Digital health/Telehealth/Telemedicine)

Connected health remains the sleeping giant of the

Internet of Things applications. The concept of a
connected health care system and smart medical
devices bears enormous potential , not just for
companies also for the well-being of people in
general. Yet, Connected Health has not reached the
masses yet. Prominent use cases and large-scale
startup successes are still to be seen. Might 2015
bring the breakthrough?
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8. Smart retail :

Proximity-based advertising as a subset of smart

retail is starting to take off. But the popularity ranking
shows that it is still a niche segment. One LinkedIn
post per month is nothing compared to 430 for smart
home.
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9. Smart supply chain :

Supply chains have been getting smarter for some

years already. Solutions for tracking goods while
they are on the road, or getting suppliers to
exchange inventory information have been on the
market for years. So while it is perfectly logic that the
topic will get a new push with the Internet of Things,
it seems that so far its popularity remains limited
10.Smart farming:
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Smart farming is an often overlooked business-case

for the internet of Things because it does not really
fit into the well-known categories such as health,
mobility, or industrial. However, due to the
remoteness of farming operations and the large
number of livestock that could be monitored the
Internet of Things could revolutionize the way
farmers work. But this idea has not yet reached
large-scale attention. Smart farming will become the
important application field in the predominantly
agricultural-product exporting countries.

 BRIGHT FUTURE OF IOT:

 McKinsey estimates that the market size of the
Internet of Things (IoT) will grow to $3.7 billion by
2020
 IHS predicts that there will be 75.4 billion IoT-
enabled devices installed by 2025.
 General Electric forecasts that the investment in
the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the
use of IoT technology in manufacturing industries,
will grow to $60 trillion by 2020.
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 According to GE the improvement industry

productivity will generate $10 trillion to $15 trillion in
GDP worldwide over next 15 years.

 ARCHITECHTURE OF IOT :

IOT architecture consists of different layers of

technologies supporting IOT. It serves to illustrate how
various technologies relate to each other and to
communicate the scalability, modularity and
configuration of IOT deployments in different scenarios.
Figure 4 shows detailed architecture of IOT. The
functionality of each layer is described below

 Smart device / sensor layer :

The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated

with sensors. The sensors enable the interconnection of
the physical and digital worlds allowing real-time
information to be collected and processed. There are
various types of sensors for different purposes. The
sensors have the capacity to take measurements such as
temperature, air quality, speed, humidity, pressure, flow,
movement and electricity etc. In some cases, they may
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also have a degree of memory, enabling them to record a

certain number of measurements. A sensor can measure
the physical property and convert it into signal that can be
understood by an instrument. Sensors are grouped
according to their unique purpose such as environmental
sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and
vehicle telematics sensors, etc.

Most sensors require connectivity to the sensor gateways.

This can be in the form of a Local Area Network (LAN)
such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi connections or Personal Area
Network (PAN) such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Ultra
Wideband (UWB). For sensors that do not require
connectivity to sensor aggregator, their connectivity to
backend servers/applications can be provided using Wide
Area Network (WAN) such as GSM, GPRS and LTE.

 Gateways and Networks :

Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny

sensors and this requires a robust and high performance
wired or wireless network infrastructure as a transport
medium. Current networks, often tied with very different
protocols, have been used to support machine-to-machine
(M2M) networks and their applications. With demand
needed to serve a wider range of IoT services and
applications such as high speed transactional services,
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context-aware applications, etc, multiple networks with

various technologies and access protocols are needed to
work with each other in a heterogeneous configuration.
These networks can be in the form of a private, public or
hybrid models and are built to support the communication
requirements for latency, bandwidth or security. Various
gateways (microcontroller, microprocessor...) & gateway
networks (WI-FI, GSM, GPRS…)

 Management Service Layer :

The management service renders the processing of

information possible through analytics, security controls,
process modeling and management of devices.

One of the important features of the management service

layer is the business and process rule engines. IoT brings
connection and interaction of objects and systems
together providing information in the form of events or
contextual data such as temperature of goods, current
location and traffic data. Some of these events require
filtering or routing to post-processing systems such as
capturing of periodic sensory data, while others require
response to the immediate situations such as reacting to
emergencies on patient’s health conditions. The rule
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engines support the formulation of decision logics and

trigger interactive and automated processes to enable a
more responsive IOT system.

In the area of analytics, various analytics tools are used to

extract relevant information from massive amount of raw
data and to be processed at a much faster rate. Analytics
such as in-memory analytics allows large volumes of data
to be cached in random access memory (RAM) rather
than stored in physical disks. In-memory analytics
reduces data query time and augments the speed of
decision making. Streaming analytics is another form of
analytics where analysis of data, considered as data-in-
motion, is required to be carried out in real time so that
decisions can be made in a matter of seconds.

Data management is the ability to manage data

information flow. With data management in the
management service layer, information can be accessed,
integrated and controlled. Higher layer applications can
be shielded from the need to process unnecessary data and
reduce the risk of privacy disclosure of the data source.
Data filtering techniques such as data anonymisation, data
integration and data synchronization, are used to hide the
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details of the information while providing only essential

information that is usable for the relevant applications.
With the use of data abstraction, information can be
extracted to provide a common business view of data to
gain greater agility and reuse across domains.

Security must be enforced across the whole dimension of

the IoT architecture right from the smart object layer all
the way to the application layer. Security of the system
prevents system hacking and compromises by
unauthorized personnel, thus reducing the possibility of
risks.

 Application Layer :

The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces

in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City,
Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain,
Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and
tourism, Environment and Energy.
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 ARCHITECTURE OF IOT :

APPLICATION LAYER

MANAGEMENT SERVICE LAYER

GATEWAYS AND
NETWORK

SENSOR
LAYER

 A PICTORIAL VIEW OF IOT ARCHITECHTURE 

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 ADVANTAGES OF IOT :
Transportation: IoT eases and simplifies the entire
process by introducing a monitory sensor that helps to
track distance and time locations and other contributing
factors.
Inventory Management: IoT is used to tag radio
frequency sensors to track the location of products in
real time. It has been instrumental in tracking the level of
inventory and to stock it in advance, making alerts for
unforeseen stoppages, automatically placing orders, etc.
Assessing web user intelligence: IoT is used by third
party web data aggregators to have a better
understanding of their key customer by tracking them on
social media networks to know their preferences.
Integration into Health Care Systems: This could prove
to be incredibly beneficial for both an individual and a
society. A chip could be implemented into each
individual, allowing for hospitals to monitor the vital
signs of the patient.
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Access information :
You can easily access data and information that is
sitting far from your location, in real time. This is
possible because of the network of devices, a
person can access any information sitting from any
part of the globe. This makes it very convenient for
people to go about their work, even if they are not
physically present.
Communication :
Better communication is possible over a network of
interconnected devices, making the communication
of devices more transparent, which reduces
inefficiencies. Processes, where machine have to
communicate with each other, are made more
efficient and produce better, faster results. The
perfect example for this is machinery at a
manufacturing or production unit.
Cost-effective :
As we all know that the communication between
electronic devices is made easier because of IoT.
This helps people in daily tasks. Transferring data
packets over a connected network save time and
money. The same data that would take a long time
to transfer can now be done much faster, thanks to
IoT.
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Automation :
Automation is the need of the hour to manage
everyday tasks without human intervention.
Automating tasks in a business helps boost the
quality of services and reduce the level of human
intervention.

 DISADVANTAGES OF IOT :
Considering that IoT is still an emerging technology, it
has its unfulfilled drawbacks:
Privacy & security :
In today’s tech-driven world, each and every device
that an individual uses is connected via the internet.
This increases the risk of any leakage of data that
might be important. This is a major drawback of
sharing information, as confidential information
might not be safe & could be hacked by third parties
easily.
Complexity :
A diverse network that connects various devices is
what we call IoT. A single loophole can affect the
entire system. This is by far the most complicated
aspect of the internet of things that can have a
tremendous effect.
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Lesser jobs :
With every task being automated, the need for
human labour will reduce drastically. This will have a
direct impact on employability. As we head into the
future of IoT, there will be a visible decline in the
hiring process of professionals.
Dependability :
We may not notice it, but we are witnessing a major
shift in technology and its implementation in
everyday lives. There is no doubt that technology is
dominating our lifestyle, reflecting a human’s
dependability on technology. In case of a bug in the
system, there are high chances of every related
device getting corruption.

Compatibility: Currently, there is no international

standard of compatibility for the tagging and monitoring
equipment. The manufacturing companies of these
equipment need to agree to a standard, such as
Bluetooth, USB, etc.
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