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Published in IET Power Electronics
Received on 24th May 2013
Revised on 31st July 2013
Accepted on 27th August 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0410
ISSN 1755-4535
Abstract: Voltage source inverters (VSIs) are usually used for all kinds of distributed generation interfaces in a microgrid. It is the
microgrid’s superiority to power the local loads continuously when the utility fails. When in islanded mode, the voltage and
frequency of the microgrid are determined by the VSIs; therefore the power quality can be deteriorated under unbalanced and
non-linear loads. A voltage unbalance and harmonics compensation strategy for the VSIs in islanded microgrid is proposed in
this study. This method is implemented in a single synchronous reference frame (SRF) and is responsible for both the voltage
unbalance and harmonic compensation. Furthermore, the virtual impedance loop is modified to improve the compensation
effect. The impedance model of the VSI is built to explain the compensation ability of the proposed strategy. The whole
control system mainly includes power droop controllers, a modified virtual impedance loop and inner SRF-based voltage
unbalance and harmonics compensators. The proposed strategy is demonstrated in detail and validated with simulations and
experiments.
1 Introduction at first [11]. Then the DC–AC VSIs are utilised as the
interfaces to connect the prime movers to the local AC bus
The concept of microgrid is an effective way to integrate all of the microgrid. The main function of the VSIs is the
kinds of distributed generators (DGs) as a utility-friendly power transfer and control. Besides, the voltage unbalance
customer [1, 2]. A typical AC microgrid usually consists of and harmonics compensation ability can be achieved by
DGs like wind generation, photovoltaic (PV) generation, proper control of the VSIs when the output is of
fuel cell generation, energy storage systems (ESS) like voltage-source type [3, 12].
batteries, super capacitors, fly wheels, local loads like Some works have been done on voltage unbalance
lighting, air-conditioners and computers. Most of the DGs compensation through controlling of the VSIs [7, 13–16].
and ESS are in DC form or have middle DC bus, thus Negative-sequence current is injected into the microgrid
voltage source inverters (VSIs) are usually adopted as the using the surplus capacity of the inverters to balance the
interfaces to the AC bus [3–5]. voltage of the microgrid in [13], in which only
There might be a large number of unbalanced and unbalanced voltage is solved and the injecting current
non-linear loads in the three-phase microgrid, such as might be too large under severe conditions. Extra series
single-phase loads, rectifier loads and so on [6]. inverter is used for power quality compensator in [7, 14],
Unfortunately, power quality of the islanded microgrid can which is uneconomic for the microgrid situation. In [15,
be deteriorated under unbalanced and non-linear loads since 16], a compensation method in stationary reference frame
it lacks the voltage and frequency support from the utility is discussed, in which the unbalanced voltage is
[7]. Unbalanced and harmonic-distorted voltage can cause compensated with a resonant voltage controller inside the
severe problems on equipment such as vibration, power droop loop and the virtual impedance loop.
over-voltage, over-heat and so on. However, the unbalanced voltage drop across the virtual
Active power filters (APFs) are commonly utilised to impedance is not considered, which finally leads to
ensure power quality in the utility [8, 9]. Series APFs are unbalance of the output voltage and the compensation
usually utilised to compensate the voltage unbalance and effect weakened.
harmonics by injecting negative-sequence and harmonic To solve the problem and accomplish the voltage
voltage to the distribution line through coupling harmonics compensation simultaneously, a proportional-
transformers [10]. However, for the microgrid situation, it is integral (PI) plus multi-resonant voltage controller based
uneconomic to install extra APFs for each of the DGs. The compensation strategy in a single fundamental
DGs include prime movers and conversion interfaces. The positive-sequence (FPS) synchronous reference frame (SRF)
output of the prime movers is DC form (such as PVs, fuel is proposed, and the virtual impedance loop is modified to
cells, batteries, etc.) or AC form (such as wind generators, reduce the impact of the unbalanced and harmonics voltage
micro-turbine generators) but usually converted to DC form drop. The impedance models of the VSIs under different
v = v0 − kp · DP (5)
E = E0 − kq · DQ (6)
(1/sC)
voltage and current control loops in SRF are presented in Zo (s) = (10)
Figs. 2a and b, where u∗sdq , i∗Ldq and ddq are the voltage 1 + Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC)
reference from the power droop loop, the current reference
from the voltage loop and the duty ratio of the PWM
modulator from the current loop, respectively. 2.3 Virtual impedance loop
The closed-loop transfer function of the current loop and
voltage loop in Fig. 2 can be derived as presented in (7) Virtual output impedance is realised by adding an extra
and (8) control loop to the inner voltage loop, thus it is lossless and
costless. Furthermore, the virtual impedance value can be in
any desired form by changing the extra control loop [22,
iLdq (s) GiL (s) · 1/(sL + rL ) 23]. Therefore, virtual output impedance is an excellent
Gi (s) = = (7)
i∗Ldq (s) 1 + GiL (s) · 1/(sL + rL ) choice for VSI-based DG interface. The resistive–inductive
virtual impedance in SRF is expressed in (11). The voltage
Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) and current loop integrated with the virtual impedance loop
usdq (s) = · u∗ (s) is given in Fig. 3a.
1 + Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) sdq
(1/sC) sLv + rv −vLv
− · i (s) (8) Zvdq (s) = (11)
1 + Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) odq vLv sLv + rv
Table 1 Converted results from ‘abc’ coordination to the fundamental positive SRF
1st 1st 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th …
Fig. 5 Bode plots of the closed-loop voltage gain and the output
impedance of the VSI
a Closed-loop voltage gain Gu(s) with PI controller when loaded with pure R
(solid line), PI controller Gus(s) (dotted line)
b Closed-loop voltage gain with PI plus multi-resonant controller Gur(s)
(solid line), PI plus multi-resonant controller GPIR(s) (dotted line)
c The output impedance under PI controller without the virtual impedance
loop Zo(s) (solid line), the output impedance under PI controller with the
virtual impedance loop ZD(s) (dashed line) and the output impedance under
PI plus multi-resonant controller with the virtual impedance loop ZDr(s)
Fig. 4 PI plus multi-resonant controller (dotted line)
vf
LPF(s) = (19)
s + vf
(20)
ZDf (s) = Gur (s) · Zvdq (s) · LPF(s) + Zordq (s) (21)
Table 4 Zv(s), Z0(s), ZD (s), ZDr (s), and ZDf (s), at each
considered frequency in SRF
Fig. 7 Simulation results of the VSI in the islanded microgrid with
0 2f0 6 f0 12 f0 …
different control strategies
|Zv(Ω)| 0.5 6.30 18.86 37.70 … a Conventional PI controller
|Zo(Ω)| 0 57.34 107.15 104.71 … b The proposed PI plus multi-resonant controller
|ZD(Ω)| 0 63.52 121.67 128.55 … c The proposed PI plus multi-resonant controller with modified virtual
|ZDr(Ω)| 0 6.58 19.24 39.36 … impedance loop
|ZDf (Ω)| 0 1.87 2.48 4.27 … d Comparison between the output voltage unbalances and THDs under
different control strategies
7 Acknowledgment
This work is sponsored by the National High-Tech R&D
Program of China (2011AA050202).
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