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Published in IET Power Electronics
Received on 24th May 2013
Revised on 31st July 2013
Accepted on 27th August 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0410

ISSN 1755-4535

Voltage unbalance and harmonics compensation for


islanded microgrid inverters
Quanwei Liu, Yong Tao, Xunhao Liu, Yan Deng, Xiangning He
College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
E-mail: dengyan@zju.edu.cn

Abstract: Voltage source inverters (VSIs) are usually used for all kinds of distributed generation interfaces in a microgrid. It is the
microgrid’s superiority to power the local loads continuously when the utility fails. When in islanded mode, the voltage and
frequency of the microgrid are determined by the VSIs; therefore the power quality can be deteriorated under unbalanced and
non-linear loads. A voltage unbalance and harmonics compensation strategy for the VSIs in islanded microgrid is proposed in
this study. This method is implemented in a single synchronous reference frame (SRF) and is responsible for both the voltage
unbalance and harmonic compensation. Furthermore, the virtual impedance loop is modified to improve the compensation
effect. The impedance model of the VSI is built to explain the compensation ability of the proposed strategy. The whole
control system mainly includes power droop controllers, a modified virtual impedance loop and inner SRF-based voltage
unbalance and harmonics compensators. The proposed strategy is demonstrated in detail and validated with simulations and
experiments.

1 Introduction at first [11]. Then the DC–AC VSIs are utilised as the
interfaces to connect the prime movers to the local AC bus
The concept of microgrid is an effective way to integrate all of the microgrid. The main function of the VSIs is the
kinds of distributed generators (DGs) as a utility-friendly power transfer and control. Besides, the voltage unbalance
customer [1, 2]. A typical AC microgrid usually consists of and harmonics compensation ability can be achieved by
DGs like wind generation, photovoltaic (PV) generation, proper control of the VSIs when the output is of
fuel cell generation, energy storage systems (ESS) like voltage-source type [3, 12].
batteries, super capacitors, fly wheels, local loads like Some works have been done on voltage unbalance
lighting, air-conditioners and computers. Most of the DGs compensation through controlling of the VSIs [7, 13–16].
and ESS are in DC form or have middle DC bus, thus Negative-sequence current is injected into the microgrid
voltage source inverters (VSIs) are usually adopted as the using the surplus capacity of the inverters to balance the
interfaces to the AC bus [3–5]. voltage of the microgrid in [13], in which only
There might be a large number of unbalanced and unbalanced voltage is solved and the injecting current
non-linear loads in the three-phase microgrid, such as might be too large under severe conditions. Extra series
single-phase loads, rectifier loads and so on [6]. inverter is used for power quality compensator in [7, 14],
Unfortunately, power quality of the islanded microgrid can which is uneconomic for the microgrid situation. In [15,
be deteriorated under unbalanced and non-linear loads since 16], a compensation method in stationary reference frame
it lacks the voltage and frequency support from the utility is discussed, in which the unbalanced voltage is
[7]. Unbalanced and harmonic-distorted voltage can cause compensated with a resonant voltage controller inside the
severe problems on equipment such as vibration, power droop loop and the virtual impedance loop.
over-voltage, over-heat and so on. However, the unbalanced voltage drop across the virtual
Active power filters (APFs) are commonly utilised to impedance is not considered, which finally leads to
ensure power quality in the utility [8, 9]. Series APFs are unbalance of the output voltage and the compensation
usually utilised to compensate the voltage unbalance and effect weakened.
harmonics by injecting negative-sequence and harmonic To solve the problem and accomplish the voltage
voltage to the distribution line through coupling harmonics compensation simultaneously, a proportional-
transformers [10]. However, for the microgrid situation, it is integral (PI) plus multi-resonant voltage controller based
uneconomic to install extra APFs for each of the DGs. The compensation strategy in a single fundamental
DGs include prime movers and conversion interfaces. The positive-sequence (FPS) synchronous reference frame (SRF)
output of the prime movers is DC form (such as PVs, fuel is proposed, and the virtual impedance loop is modified to
cells, batteries, etc.) or AC form (such as wind generators, reduce the impact of the unbalanced and harmonics voltage
micro-turbine generators) but usually converted to DC form drop. The impedance models of the VSIs under different

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control strategies are built to explain the compensation ability 2.1 Power droop control
of the proposed strategy.
This paper is organised as follows: Control strategy of the Supposing a VSI that is connected to the grid through the
VSIs in microgrid is introduced in Section 2. The proposed impedance Zejθ, then the active power and reactive power
control strategy for voltage unbalance and harmonics injected into the grid are given in (1) and (2) [21]
compensation as well as the impedance models of the VSIs
are discussed in detail in Section 3. The modified virtual U EU
P= (E cos d − U ) cos u + sin d sin u (1)
impedance loop is demonstrated to improve the Z Z
compensation effect in Section 4. Simulation and U EU
experimental validation is given in Section 5. At last, the Q= (E cos d − U ) sin u − sin d cos u (2)
paper is concluded in Section 6. Z Z
where E is the voltage of the VSI and U is the voltage of the
grid, δ represents the voltage phase angle difference between
2 Control strategy of VSIs in microgrid E and U, Z and θ are the amplitude and phase of the
impedance, respectively. On most occasions, the line
A typical AC microgrid with DGs and loads is given in impedance of the grid is mainly inductive, which means
Fig. 1a. VSIs are usually used as the DGs interface to u ≃ p/2 and Z ≃ X . In practical applications, the voltage
connect with the local AC bus, and the schematic of a VSI phase angle difference δ is designed very small to ensure
is illustrated in Fig. 1b. To achieve active power and the system stability, and thus (1) and (2) can be simplified
reactive power sharing capability between DGs without into (3) and (4)
high speed communication, power droop control is
commonly adopted as illustrated in Fig. 1c. The whole EU
control strategy mainly consists of P−ω and Q−V droop P= d (3)
X
control loop, virtual impedance loop, inner voltage and
current loops [17–20]. In Fig. 1c, the power droop control U (E − U )
Q= (4)
loop produces the reference u∗sdq for the inner voltage loop, X
and the inner voltage closed-loop transfer function
is Gudq(s). The virtual impedance loop is implemented by As a result, it can be concluded that the active power of the
subtracting the virtual impedance voltage drop from u∗sdq , VSI that injected into the grid is mainly proportional to the
while the current loop lies inside the voltage loop which is voltage phase angle difference δ, whereas the reactive
not shown in the figure. Detailed description of inner power is mainly proportional to the voltage amplitude
voltage and current loops are given in Section 2.2. difference E − U. Therefore, the typical active and reactive
power droop control strategies expressed in (5) and (6) can
be applied to the VSI for power regulation

v = v0 − kp · DP (5)

E = E0 − kq · DQ (6)

where ω0 is the rated frequency, E0 is the rated voltage


amplitude, kp/kq is the active power/reactive power droop
coefficient and ΔP/ΔQ is the feedback active power/reactive
power error between output power and power reference,
respectively. There are many improved power droop control
strategies over the basic P−ω and Q−V droop control [3].
However, they are not discussed in this paper since the
focus of this paper is on the inner control loops inside the
power droop control loop.

2.2 Inner voltage and current control loops of the


VSI

The schematic of a VSI is presented in Fig. 1b with the


variables given in stationary reference frame. The following
list gives the variables vectors in both the stationary
reference frame ‘abc’ and the fundamental positive
synchronous reference frame ‘dq’.

uabc, udq: output voltage of the three-phase insulated gate


bipolar transistor bridge
iLabc, iLdq: filtering inductors’ current
usabc, usdq: AC bus voltage
Fig. 1 Schematic and control of DGs interface in an AC microgrid ioabc, iodq: output current of the VSI
a Typical AC microgrid structure with DGs and loads
b Schematic of a VSI as the DG interface Traditionally, the inner voltage and current loops are
c Power droop control loop of DGs interface implemented with PI controllers. The model of the VSI, the

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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0410
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Fig. 3 Voltage and current loop integrated with virtual impedance


loop
a Control diagram
b Equivalent model of the VSI

in series with impedance in Fig. 2c, where


Fig. 2 Voltage and current control loops
a VSI model
Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC)
b Voltage and current controllers Gu (s) = (9)
c Voltage and current loop controlled model of the VSI 1 + Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC)

(1/sC)
voltage and current control loops in SRF are presented in Zo (s) = (10)
Figs. 2a and b, where u∗sdq , i∗Ldq and ddq are the voltage 1 + Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC)
reference from the power droop loop, the current reference
from the voltage loop and the duty ratio of the PWM
modulator from the current loop, respectively. 2.3 Virtual impedance loop
The closed-loop transfer function of the current loop and
voltage loop in Fig. 2 can be derived as presented in (7) Virtual output impedance is realised by adding an extra
and (8) control loop to the inner voltage loop, thus it is lossless and
costless. Furthermore, the virtual impedance value can be in
any desired form by changing the extra control loop [22,
iLdq (s) GiL (s) · 1/(sL + rL ) 23]. Therefore, virtual output impedance is an excellent
Gi (s) = = (7)
i∗Ldq (s) 1 + GiL (s) · 1/(sL + rL ) choice for VSI-based DG interface. The resistive–inductive
virtual impedance in SRF is expressed in (11). The voltage
Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) and current loop integrated with the virtual impedance loop
usdq (s) = · u∗ (s) is given in Fig. 3a.
1 + Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) sdq
 
(1/sC) sLv + rv −vLv
− · i (s) (8) Zvdq (s) = (11)
1 + Gus (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) odq vLv sLv + rv

where GiL(s) = kip + kii/s and Gus(s) = kvp + kvi/s if PI


controllers are used. Therefore, the voltage and current loop The voltage loop reference is modified by the virtual
of the VSI can be modelled as a controlled voltage source impedance loop. Then the output voltage of the VSI can be

Table 1 Converted results from ‘abc’ coordination to the fundamental positive SRF
1st 1st 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th …

in ‘abc’ coordination + − − + − + − ···


in positive f0 SRF 0 2f0 6f0 6f0 12f0 12f0 18f0 ···

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calculated as given in (12)
 
usdq (s) = Gu (s) · u∗sdq (s) − Gu (s) · Zvdq (s) + Zodq (s)
· iodq (s) (12)

where Gu(s) and Zodq(s) are the closed-loop voltage transfer


function and the output impedance without virtual
impedance loop as given in (9) and (10). Define

ZD (s) = Gu (s) · Zvdq (s) + Zodq (s) (13)

It can be concluded that ZD(s) is the total output impedance


when the virtual impedance loop exists. Additionally, the
dynamic performance of the virtual output impedance is
limited by the voltage loop. Consequently, the VSI can be
re-modelled as shown in Fig. 3b.
A comparison can be made between the equivalent models
of the VSI in Figs. 3b and 2c to observe the effect of the
virtual output impedance loop. As seen, the equivalent
controlled voltage sources are the same while the output
impedance can be shaped by the virtual impedance loop.

3 Proposed control strategy for voltage


unbalance and harmonic compensation
In low-voltage three-phase microgrid applications, three-wire
AC bus is widely used in VSIs, rectifiers, induction motors,
and so on. The unbalanced voltage of VSI caused by
unbalanced loads includes the FPS, negative-sequence and
zero-sequence components. However, in a three-phase
three-wire system, the zero-sequence voltage does not
produce zero-sequence current, and thus it is not under
consideration. Typical voltage harmonics of the VSI are the
5th, 7th, 11th, and so on, which are caused by non-linear
loads such as diode bridge rectifier.
The FPS voltage is converted to ‘DC’ under the
fundamental positive SRF. The fundamental
negative-sequence voltage is 2f0 ( f0 is the fundamental
frequency) ‘AC’ component under the same SRF. The
typical voltage harmonics such as the 5th, 7th, 11th and so
on are still ‘AC’ components under the fundamental
positive SRF. The detailed transformed results of each
components from ‘abc’ coordination to the fundamental
positive SRF are given in Table 1, where ‘ + ’ and
‘ − ’ means positive-sequence and negative-sequence,
respectively.
To simplify the closed-loop control and compensation
calculation, it is desired to implement all the compensation
loops under the same SRF. Conventional PI controller
in FPS SRF can only provide zero-error tracking capability

Fig. 5 Bode plots of the closed-loop voltage gain and the output
impedance of the VSI
a Closed-loop voltage gain Gu(s) with PI controller when loaded with pure R
(solid line), PI controller Gus(s) (dotted line)
b Closed-loop voltage gain with PI plus multi-resonant controller Gur(s)
(solid line), PI plus multi-resonant controller GPIR(s) (dotted line)
c The output impedance under PI controller without the virtual impedance
loop Zo(s) (solid line), the output impedance under PI controller with the
virtual impedance loop ZD(s) (dashed line) and the output impedance under
PI plus multi-resonant controller with the virtual impedance loop ZDr(s)
Fig. 4 PI plus multi-resonant controller (dotted line)

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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0410
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on 0 Hz components and thus can be utilised to regulate the closed-loop voltage gain with rated load. The voltage loop
‘DC’ component. However, to achieve the zero-error PI controller’s parameters kvp and kvi are selected to ensure
tracking capability on the 2f0, 6f0 and 12f0 ‘AC’ high bandwidth and stability. The same rule is adopted to
components, resonant controllers on these frequencies could decide the current loop PI controller’s parameters kip and
be employed simultaneously. kii. The multi-resonant controllers’ parameters k2, k6 and k12
Based on the above analysis, to compensate for the are chosen to obtain high open-loop gain of the voltage
unbalanced and distorted output voltage of the VSI, the PI loop at the concerned harmonic frequencies, whereas ωc2,
plus multi-resonant controller shown in Fig. 4 is adopted. ωc6 and ωc12 are chosen to ensure a damping ratio of 0.01
The utilised PIR controller is given in (14). Consequently, at each resonant frequency [24]. Power droop coefficients kp
the closed-loop voltage transfer function is modified as given and kq are determined by the ratio of the maximum
in (15) allowable frequency/voltage deviation and the active/
reactive power.
kvi k2 s As seen in Fig. 5a, the closed-loop voltage gain of the VSI
GPIR (s) = kvp + +  2 with PI controller when loaded with R is 0 dB at 0 Hz.
s s2 + 2vc2 s + 2v0
However, it begins to decrease as the frequency increases to
k6 s about 50 Hz since the PI controller can only provide
+  2 + · · · (14)
s2 + 2vc6 s + 6v0 zero-error tracking capability for the ‘DC’ component. The
total output impedance ZD(s) of the VSI under PI controller
plus virtual impedance loop is given in Fig. 5c. As
usdq (s) = Gur (s) · u∗sdq (s) observed, the total output impedance ZD(s) is too large
  (about 40 dB) under the considered frequencies such as 2f0,
− Gur (s) · Zvdq (s) + Zordq (s) · iodq (s) (15) 6f0, 12f0, and so on. Large output impedance leads to large
harmonic voltage drop under current harmonics, hence the
output voltage is distorted.
where Gur(s) and Zordq(s) are the closed-loop voltage transfer The proposed control strategy with PI plus multi-resonant
function and the output impedance without virtual impedance controller is applied, hoping to reduce the output impedance
loop as given in (16) and (17), respectively of the VSI under the considered frequencies. Bode plots of
the closed-loop voltage gain and the proposed controller is
GPIR (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) given in Fig. 5b. It can be seen that the closed-loop voltage
Gur (s) = (16)
1 + GPIR (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) gain is 0 dB at 0 Hz owing to the PI controller.
Simultaneously, the gain at the considered frequencies such
(1/sC) as 2f0, 6f0 and 12f0 is also brought up to 0 dB by the
Zordq (s) = (17)
1 + GPIR (s) · Gi (s) · (1/sC) multi-resonant controllers, which means the voltage loop
obtains the zero-error tracking capability not only at the
Define fundamental frequency but also at the typical voltage
harmonic frequencies.
ZDr (s) = Gur (s) · Zvdq (s) + Zordq (s) (18) The total output impedance ZD(s) or ZDr(s) of the VSI
under the conventional PI controller and the proposed PI
To demonstrate the different performance of the conventional plus multi-resonant controller is shown in Fig. 5c. ZDr(s) is
PI controller-based voltage loop and the proposed PI plus greatly reduced compared with ZD(s) owing to proposed
multi-resonant controller-based voltage loop, bode plots of control strategy, hence lower output voltage distortion can
the closed-loop voltage gain and the output impedance are be expected under unbalanced and non-linear loads.
illustrated in Fig. 5 with the circuit components parameters Unfortunately, although 0 dB closed-loop voltage gain is
and controller parameters given in Tables 2 and 3, where obtained under the proposed control strategy, unbalance and
Vdc is the DC side voltage, L, rL and C is the inverter harmonic voltage drop can exist across the total output
output filter, Lv and rv is the virtual output impedance, impedance caused by unbalance and harmonic current,
U0 and ω0 are the rated output voltage amplitude and especially when the output current is directly fed back to
frequency, fs and P0 are the switching frequency and the the virtual impedance loop.
rated power of the inverter.
Bode plots are utilised to determine the inner voltage and 4 Modified virtual impedance loop
current loops’ control parameters given in Table 3. As seen
in Fig. 5a, the dotted line is the bode plot of the voltage PI To reduce the harmonic voltage drop across the total output
controller whereas the solid line is the bode plot of the impedance, a low-pass filter (LPF) is inserted into the

Table 2 Circuit components parameters


Vdc, V L, mH rL, Ω C, μF Lv, mH Rv, Ω U0, V ω0, rad/s fs, Hz P0, W

600 12 0.2 2.2 10 0.5 350 2π·50 10 000 2000

Table 3 Controller parameters


kp kq kip kii kvp kvi k2 k6 k12 ωc2 ωc6 ωc12

2 × l0−3 5 × 10−3 150 0 0.01 10 5 10 10 0.628 1.89 3.77

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To observe how the LPF virtual impedance loop affects the
total output impedance of the VSI, bode plots of ZDr(s) and
ZDf(s) are illustrated in Fig. 6b with the parameters given in
Tables 2 and 3. The impedance values of Zv(s), Zo(s), ZD(s),
ZDr(s) and ZDf(s) under the considered frequencies are

Fig. 6 Proposed voltage control strategy plus modified virtual


output impedance loop and the total output impedance
a Voltage control plus LPF virtual impedance loop
b The output impedance under PI plus multi-resonant controller with the
regular virtual impedance loop ZDr(s) (dotted line), with the LPF virtual
impedance loop ZDf(s) (solid line)

virtual impedance loop to reduce harmonic components in


iodq as shown in Fig. 6a.
The LPF(s) in Fig. 6a is given in (19). The cutoff frequency
of the LPF should be designed lower than the considered
voltage harmonic frequencies to filter out the harmonic
current in iodq, and it should also be not too low to worsen
the dynamic performance of the virtual impedance loop,
where ωf = 2π × 10 rad/s in this case. With the LPF virtual
impedance loop, the voltage loop is modified as given in (20)

vf
LPF(s) = (19)
s + vf

usdq (s) = Gur (s) · u∗sdq (s)


 
− Gur (s) · Zvdq (s) · LPF(s) + Zordq (s) · iodq (s)

(20)

where Gur(s) and Zordq(s) are the closed-loop voltage transfer


function and output impedance without virtual impedance
loop as given in (16) and (17). Define

ZDf (s) = Gur (s) · Zvdq (s) · LPF(s) + Zordq (s) (21)

Table 4 Zv(s), Z0(s), ZD (s), ZDr (s), and ZDf (s), at each
considered frequency in SRF
Fig. 7 Simulation results of the VSI in the islanded microgrid with
0 2f0 6 f0 12 f0 …
different control strategies
|Zv(Ω)| 0.5 6.30 18.86 37.70 … a Conventional PI controller
|Zo(Ω)| 0 57.34 107.15 104.71 … b The proposed PI plus multi-resonant controller
|ZD(Ω)| 0 63.52 121.67 128.55 … c The proposed PI plus multi-resonant controller with modified virtual
|ZDr(Ω)| 0 6.58 19.24 39.36 … impedance loop
|ZDf (Ω)| 0 1.87 2.48 4.27 … d Comparison between the output voltage unbalances and THDs under
different control strategies

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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0410
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presented in Table 4 in order to distinguish the different † Stage III: A 300 W single-phase resistive load is in
strategies more specifically, where Zv is the virtual output between phase AB at 0.06 s
impedance given in (11), Zo and ZD are given in (10) and † Stage IV: A 250 W three-phase diode bridge rectifier load
(13), ZDr and ZDf are given in (18) and (21). is at 0.12 s
It can be concluded from Table 4 that all the discussed
control strategies have the zero-error tracking capability for To obtain a direct viewing of the proposed control strategy,
the positive-sequence fundamental frequency output voltage comparisons of the output voltage unbalance and total
since all the output impedance is 0 dB at 0 Hz in SRF. harmonic distortion (THD) are illustrated in Fig. 7d with
However, for the conventional PI controlled voltage loop, both the unbalanced and non-linear loads (Stage IV of the
the total output impedance at 2f0, 6f0 and 12f0 are too large, simulation). As seen, the conventional PI voltage controller
which indicates large unbalance and harmonic voltage drop performs unsatisfied enough, while the proposed controller
across the output impedance, and the output voltage is reduces the voltage unbalance and harmonics greatly.
distorted. The proposed PI plus multi-resonant voltage However, owing to the harmonic voltage drop across the
controller reduces the total output impedance at the virtual impedance, the output voltage is still distorted.
considered frequencies to about 1/10 of the regular PI Additionally, the virtual impedance loop is modified and
controlled voltage loops. Unfortunately, owing to the high the output voltage is improved further.
speed virtual impedance loop, the total output impedance is
still too large to optimise the output voltage distortion
under unbalanced and non-linear loads. With the modified
virtual impedance loop, the total output impedance of the 5.2 Experimental prototype and validation
VSI at the considered frequencies is reduced to a great
amount so that lower output voltage distortion could be Finally, an experimental prototype is built up based on a
expected. RT-LAB environment as illustrated in Fig. 8 to validate
the proposed control strategy. The circuit and control
5 Simulation and experimental validation parameters used in the experiment are the same as given in
Tables 2 and 3 with three-phase balanced resistive load
5.1 Simulation results R1 = 320 Ω, unbalanced resistive load R2 = 480 Ω and diode
bridge rectifier load R3 = 1000 Ω. The three different control
The proposed PI plus multi-resonant voltage controller for strategies mentioned in the simulation section are all tested
voltage unbalance and harmonic compensation of the VSI in the experiments with all the balanced load, unbalanced
in the islanded microgrid is validated through simulation in load and rectifier load on. The steady-state output voltage
MATLAB/SIMULINK first. The simulation results are and current are presented in Figs. 9a–c.
presented in Fig. 7 using the parameters given in Tables 2 Comparisons of the output voltage unbalance and
and 3 to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control THD are presented in Fig. 9e. It can be concluded that
strategy. The simulation is implemented with three different the proposed PI plus multi-resonant voltage controller
control strategies under the same load condition: (a) the obtains lower output voltage unbalance and THD than the
conventional PI voltage controller, (b) the proposed PI plus conventional PI controller. Additionally, the modified
multi-resonant voltage controller and (c) the proposed PI virtual impedance loop helps to improve the output
plus multi-resonant voltage controller under modified voltage quality further. To demonstrate the compensation
virtual impedance loop. The load condition of the ability of the proposed strategy at extreme conditions, a
simulations is as follows: single-phase load is connected to the system between
phases A and B. The experimental results are given in
† Stage I: The VSI is started with no load at 0 s Fig. 9d, and the voltage unbalance under such condition is
† Stage II: A 500 W three-phase balanced resistive load is on 0.97%, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed
at 0.02 s strategy.

Fig. 8 Experimental prototype based on RT-LAB environment

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6 Conclusion
This paper proposes a FPS SRF-based control strategy for
voltage unbalance and harmonic compensation of the VSIs
used as interfaces in islanded microgrid. The voltage
compensation loops are integrated within the power droop
loops and the virtual output impedance loop. The proposed
strategy is implemented in a single SRF with a PI controller
for the voltage’s fundamental component regulation and
multi-resonant controller for voltage unbalance and selected
harmonics compensation. The impedance model of the DG
interface inverter is built when controlled by three different
control methods to explain the compensation ability of the
proposed strategy, which are the conventional PI voltage
controller, the PI plus multi-resonant voltage controller and
the PI plus multi-resonant voltage controller with modified
virtual impedance loop.
The simulation and experimental results of the three
different control strategies with balanced load, unbalanced
load and diode bridge rectifier load are given to validate the
effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

7 Acknowledgment
This work is sponsored by the National High-Tech R&D
Program of China (2011AA050202).

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