Outline

•  The Wind Chains

CEE517 •  The Latest Wind Accomplishment: Tall
Buildings
Design for Wind
•  General information about engineering
Introduction meteorology
•  Extreme wind events
•  Atmospheric boundary layer flow

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Course Overview:!
Engineering! Wind! Pressure ! Structural!
Meteorology! Velocity! Loadings! Response!

Davenport Wind Loading Chain:!

Influence
Wind Aerodynamic Mechanical
Climate
of
Responses Responses Criteria
Terrain

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 Height Comparison SOM
•  Height: 828 meters (2717 feet=0.514 miles)
•  Periods: Lateral sidesway is 11.3 seconds;
second perpendicular lateral sidesway is 10.2
seconds; torsion is the fifth mode with a period
of 4.3 seconds.
•  Has a spiraling Y-shape organic form that
reflects the culture and history of the
surrounding region: Hymenocallis Flower
•  Foundation concrete 50 MPa (7250 psi); rebar
typically spaced every 300 mm (11.8 inches).
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Wind Tunnel Studies

•  Used two tunnels: RWDI of Guelph,
Canada and National Research Council
of Canada facility in Ottawa
•  Types of tests: rigid-model force
balance, full aeroelastic model,
measurements of localized pressures
and a pedestrian wind environment

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 Strouhal Number S
More background on wind strategies!
Wind Strategies: Consider tall cylinders and vortex shedding! ND
S= s
V
N s ! frequency of full cycles of vortex shedding
D ! characteristic dimension of a body projected on a plane normal to mean flow velocity
V ! the velocity of oncoming flow

Simiu and Scanlan! Simiu and Scanlan!

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What does lock-in look like?

Wind Strategies

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 Construction

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Sample floor construction! General Concepts of

Meteorology
•  History: Some important dates
–  1687: Newton publishes Principia
–  1750 Franklin discovers that hurricanes move from one
place to another
–  1755 Euler derives equation of fluid flow
–  1819 Farrar (Harvard) suggests that the Boston hurricane is
a moving vortex.
–  1835 GG deCoriolis publishes a paper about the influence of
the Earth s rotation on atmospheric flow

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 Atmospheric Motion is a
History continued superposition of 3 interdependent
flows
–  1839 Piddington suggests the word cyclone , Scale Characteristic Time Scale
derived from Kyklos meaning coil of snake
Dimension
–  1900 The worst natural disaster in US history:
6000 people killed in the Galveston, Texas Macroscale or 500 km 2 days or
hurricane synoptic longer
–  1963 Edward Lorenz publishes a landmark paper
that starts a new science called chaos theory. Mesoscale In-between In-between
–  Reference: [Joseph Golden, NOAA]

Microscale 20 km One hour or

less
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Sampling of speeds [Tall Building Monograph]

Lifeline
lifetime

Reed (2008)
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 Atmospheric Motion
•  Six Unknowns: •  Six Equations
Wind concerns –  Equation of State
[Tall Building –  Horizontal wind
–  1st law of thermo
Monograph] velocity –  Equation of Continuity of
–  Vertical wind velocity mass
–  Equation of continuity of
–  Pressure moisture
–  Temperature –  Horizontal eqn of motion
–  Density –  Vertical eqn of motion

–  Moisture

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Atmosphere: 4 general layers Weather

Layer Location/Depth
Exosphere 1000 miles above surface
•  Primary cause: variabilities in
–  Temperature
Ionosphere 650 miles above surface
–  Water Vapor
Stratosphere 50 miles above surface (flights
–  Pressure
here)
Tropopause:Boundary Jet stream forms at overlaps •  Global wind motion is affected by the
movement of the Earth.
Troposphere 5 miles near poles; 11 miles –  Rotation on its axis
near equator (weather occurs
here)
–  Revolutions around the Sun.
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 Rotation Weather factors continued…
Location (latitude) Approximate speed in
mph •  Rotation causes wind deflection:
Equator ( diameter is 1000
reversed Northern/Southern
25,000 miles) hemispheres
10 985 •  Seasons: The axis of the Earth spins
slanted 23.5 degrees to the plane of
40 770 orbit around the sun.
90 0

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Major Thermal Circulations
•  Unequal heating at the equator creates a N-S general •  Hurricanes
circulation plus the rotation of the Earth influences
the flow patterns.
•  Atmospheric Thermodynamics
–  Solar & terrestrial radiation
–  Radiation on the atmosphere
–  Compressions & expansions of air
–  Molecular and eddy conduction
–  Evaporation & condensation of water vapor
Secondary Thermal
Circulations
–  Tropical cyclones with velocities greater than 120 km/ hr [73
mph]
–  Originate between 5 to 20 degree latitude circles
–  Diameters in 100 s of kilometers
–  Also known as typhoons in the western North Pacific and
cyclones in the Bay of Bengal,the South Pacific and the
Western Indian Ocean

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 Midlatitude Cyclones:
Details

•  Date of storm: December 14, 2006

•  Location: affected communities from northern Oregon
(US) to southern British Columbia (Canada).
•  Name of Hanukkah Eve Storm given by the Pacific
Northwest Meteorological Society at its annual
meeting March 2, 2007.
•  Type of storm: Mid-latitude cyclone with winds that
occur every ten years on average [Mass, 2007].

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Midlatitude Cyclones Sustained wind speed comparison [Mass, 2007]

Location in Washington State 1993 [mph] 2006 [mph]
Tacoma 62 69
Renton 74 51
SeaTac Airport 64 69
Boeing Field [Seattle area] 70 56
West Point Light 60 70
University of Washington, Seattle campus 69 55

Everett-Paine Field 67 66
Bellingham 59 55
From Cliff Mass (2007)
Additional PacNW weather data available from Wolf Read
at http://oregonstate.edu/readw.
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 Background [AAWE]
•  Many inaccuracies in reporting
windspeeds
•  Useful tips
–  Forecasts for hurricanes usually refer to
wind speeds measured by aircraft at
heights well above the ground level. The
effects of ground roughness are not
accounted for and the actual surface
speeds may be significantly less.
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–  Wind damage in built-up areas commences
at gust speeds of about 70 mph. Shingles
and siding may come off; trees begin the
lose limbs or become uprooted; overhead
traffic lights may come down.
–  Wind loads increase with square of the
velocity. So loads double for the 70 mph
speed at 100 mph, not 140
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–  There is a strong tendency for people
experiencing hurricanes to grossly
overestimate the speeds. For example,
many reports by new media and residents
reported gust speeds in Hurricane Hugo to
be 250 mph. Post-damage investigation
indicate speeds did not exceed 155 mph.
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Definitions
•  The gust speed is the maximum speed average over
a period of from 1 to 5 seconds. The gust speed is
generally 20 to 30 percent higher than the
corresponding sustained speed.
•  The sustained speed is the wind speed average over
a period of one minute. Unless otherwise stated, a
wind speed is assumed to be a sustained speed.
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 Wind speed units
What is an anemometer?
Miles per hour Knots Meters per second

60 52 27 •  An instrument used to measure wind speed.

Several types of anemometers are available:
80 70 36
mechanical with a propeller or set of rotating
100 87 45 cups; sonic; hot-wire. The Weatherpak is a
120 104 54 type of mechanical anemometer we use in
140 122 63
class. The general anemometer will not
survive wind speeds > 150 mph. Some
160 139 72
specially rated ones are designed for 200
180 156 80 mph.
200 174 89

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 Background continued
[AAWE]
–  It is impossible to characterize surface
wind speeds in a hurricane by a single
measurement because the speeds vary
greatly from one location to another.For
this reason, a scale called the Saffir-
Simpson scale is preferred.
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Saffir-Simpson Scale
•  A numerical scale used to rate the
intensity of hurricanes from 1 (least
intense) to 5 (most intense). The scale
considers factors such as wind speed,
type and intensity of damage, and
height of storm surge.
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•  There is a widespread misconception
about mean recurrence interval. A 300-
yr storm means that a storm of this
intensity would be expected to happen
about once every 300 years. It could
happen more frequently ot less
frequently. Many people believe such a
storm cannot happen within the next
300 years. This is not true!
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Background [AAWE]
continued
–  Contrary to popular belief, storm surge
does not take the form of a large wave
suddenly moving into shore. The rise in
water level may extend over several hours.
Wind-generated waves superimposed on
the storm surge and normal astronomical
tides may increase the net water depth.
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 ABL example [ASCE/SEI Wind Booklet 2009]
Background
•  Atmospheric boundary layer flow conditions
to explain the strategy behind wind velocity
measurements
•  Wind tunnel and full-scale results for wind-
induced pressures used in formulating code
values
Particular flow effects for low-rise
Tall building concerns
Serviceability concerns
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General Expressions for

Two representations of the profile
Boundary Layer Wind Flow
•  Surface of Earth exerts a horizontal
drag force which retards the flow.
•  Power Law
•  Effects decreases with elevation until
the gradient level (
'z$
U ( z ) = U1 %% ""
& z1 #
U1 ! reference velocity at height z1
( ! power law exponent

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Power law at top of the boundary
Logarithmic Law
layer, d!
"
)z& 1 ' z $
U =Ug' $ U ( z) = u* ln%% ""
(! % k & z0 #
U g # gradient velocity k ! Von Karman' s constant ( 0.4
" ranges from 1 to 1 u * ! friction (or shear) velocity, depends on terrain;
10 3
Rougher surface means higher " and ! *
can be related to the stress at ground level '% 0 $"
and smaller U at any given z. & )#
where ) is density
z 0 ! roughness length, depends on terrain

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Table of z0 values in cm Profile values for various exposures

[Simiu & Scanlan]
[after Simiu & Scanlan, Table 2.2.1]

Terrain a! d [ft (m)]!

Sand! 0.01-0.1! roughness
length z0[cm]!
A: large cities! 80! 1/3! 1500 (457)!
Snow! 0.1-0.6!
B: urban & 20! 2/9! 1200 (366)!
Sparse suburbs! 20-40! suburban!
C: open terrain! 3.5! 1/7! 900 (274)!

Dense suburbs! 80-120! D: open coast! 0.7! 1/10! 700 (213)!

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 Change in terrain roughness
Log Law
using the power law
!1
If U = U1 at z = z1 , then
U1 = U G (& z1 %# 0.4U1
' "1 $ u* =
ln&$ z1 #!
!2
U 2 = U G (& 2 %#
z
' "2 $ % z0 "
U 2 ( z2 %
!2
( "1 %
!1
z0 must be known for the terrain.
=& # && ##
U1 &' " 2 #$ ' z1 $

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Table 2.2.2 Simiu & Scanlan

Row 1 from Davenport; 2 from ASCE7-82; 3 from ASCE7-95 Log Law
•  To convert from one terrain condition
Coastal! Open Terrain! Suburban City Center!
Terrain! to another easily, Simiu & Scanlan
recommend using generic friction
-! a=0.16! a=0.28! a=0.40!
d =275m! d =400m! d =520m!
velocity ratios:
0.0706
u* & z0 #
a=1/10; ! a=1/7! a=1/4.5! a=1/3! =$ !
d = 213 m! d =274m! d =366m! d =457m! u*1 $% z01 !"
a=1/11.5! a=1/9.5! a=1/7! a=1/5! where u *1 and z 01 correspond
d =213m! d =274m! d =366! d =457m! to open terrain conditions

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 Log Law Log Law Example [S&S]
•  Values tabulated based upon empirical •  At the airport, z0=0.08m and u(z=10m)
results and z01=0.07m
=11.7 m/s.
•  What is the mean wind speed at
z0(m)! 0.005! 0.07! 0.30! 1.00! 2.50! z=195m in a nearby city center where
z0=2.5m?
u*/u*1! 0.83! 1.00! 1.15! 1.33! 1.46!

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What about averaging time?

Solution
11.7
u*1 = = 0.968 m / s
(
2.5 ln 10 0.08 ) •  Standard for ASCE-7 is 3-sec gust.
u* •  Conversions to hourly (or other durations) are
= 1.46 from the table made through the Durst plot.
u*1
•  Historic note: Fastest-mile wind speeds were
u* = 1.46(0.968) = 1.41m / s
an attempt to circumvent averaging times. In
! 195 $ order to convert these, one must establish an
U(195) = 2.5(1.41)ln # = 15.35m
" 2.5 &% averaging time first.

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 What about measuring
Durst Conversion [ASCE7, p. 308]
height?
•  10 m (33 ft) is the international
standard.

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What about mean recurrence

interval?
•  For code consideration, we must use a
cumulative distribution to solve for
values associated with a desired mean
recurrence interval.
•  Type I probability distributions are best-
fit for most US locations.

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 Loadings
•  Wind velocities are only part of the
story: we need to understand the effect
on structures of different shapes and
sizes.

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Hurricane Wind Speeds

Flow considerations [Hannah Handbook]

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 Flow around buildings also important References
•  ASCE7
•  Breyer, et al. Design of Wood
Structures, 2004.
•  Simiu & Scanlan, Wind Effects on
Structures, 1998.

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