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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load

verters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

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Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential


connection of six inverters in each phase of the load
May 9, 2012 by admin Comment »

In converters with a series connection of six single-phase transistor inverters in each phase of the load, rectifiers can also be performed on
transistors [91], that is, active. The circuit of the specified frequency converter is shown in Fig. 17.1.

[/img/ProninVoroncovSiloviyPreobrazovately_image307.jpg]

Fig. 17.1 Frequency conversion circuit with active rectifiers and six inverters in each phase of the load
upstairs
In the diagram of fig. 17.1 The frequency converter contains a multi-winding transformer and a rectifier-inverter converter.

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

The frequency converter receives power from a voltage source that contains a three-phase EMF system, e (n is the phase number) and
sn
inductance l . The source has phase voltages u and currents i . It is equipped with an active voltage regulator. Signals are received at the input
s sn sn
of the regulator by the instantaneous values of the phase voltages; at the regulator output, the amplitude of the phase emf of the network E
sm is formed
.

The transformer has one primary winding and 18 single-phase secondary windings. In the primary winding currents flow, equal to the network
current i (n = 1, 2, 3), in the secondary windings flow currents i (n = 1, 2, ... 18). The transformer can be made in accordance with the vector
sn n
diagram of Fig. 17.2, which depicts the vector EMF of the primary and secondary windings.

[/img/ProninVoroncovSiloviyPreobrazovately_image308.jpg]

Fig. 17.2 Vector diagram of phase EMF transformer

In accordance with the diagram in fig. 17.2 with a three-bar version of the transformer, the turns of each phase are placed on only one rod, that
is, the transformer has a relatively simple design.

The rectifier-inverter converter has 18 low-voltage frequency conversion cells with single-phase transistor rectifiers, capacitor filters and single-
phase transistor inverters. Each single-phase rectifier is connected to an individual secondary winding of the transformer. Single-phase inverters are
included in series 6 and connected in a star. In doing so, they form a high-voltage three-phase power source for an engine or other load, in which a
voltage can be generated, for example 6 kV (or another voltage level determined by the elements used). Rectifiers have rectified currents id (m =
m
1, 2, .. 18). The rectified voltage circuits take into account the parameters of capacitors, in particular the capacitance Ci-Cis, as well as the active
_
resistances g -r (not shown in the diagram). Capacitors have voltages u i-u i , currents flow through them ici ici8- Single-phase inverters
C1 c18 rc rc 8
have idii-idiis-input currents. In rectifiers, the status of keys is described by functions of k , in inverters of state of keys are described by functions
vn
of k , moreover one single-phase bridge (rectifier or inverter) uses the two specified functions (these functions are indicated in the diagram in Fig.
m
17.1). Functions are 1 if the right shoulder of the bridge is open, and 0 if the right shoulder is closed.
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In the rectified voltage circuits of single-phase-to-single frequency converters, overvoltage protection circuits containing resistors r and
z
transistors, the state of which is described by the functions k (0 or 1), are also taken into account . In protective transistors flow
zm

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

TOKI ian.

In the diagram of fig. 17.1 transistor rectifiers and inverters operate in the mode of pulse-width modulation. The frequencies of the reference
voltages of the rectifiers and inverters may be the same or different.

To control the transistors of the rectifiers in each phase of the load are used six reference voltages u i-u 6, mutually shifted in phase by
onv onV
60 e. hail, at the frequency of the reference voltages. Thus for controlling the transistors connected to the beginnings of phases 1-6 are six rectifiers
Uyvi control voltage, u ,u ,u 7, u <, u and u, approximately coinciding in phase. To control the transistors connected to the ends of
yv 3 yv 5 VV yv y,
phases 1-6 of the rectifiers, six control voltages and “. . u ,u , u s. u i „. u i: approximately coinciding in phase, but shifted in phase
2 yv 4 yv 6 vv vv yv
relative to the first six control voltages by 180 e. hail, at the mains voltage frequency. The rectifiers used to power the other phases of the load use
the same reference voltages. At the same time, the “smooth” components of the control voltages are phase shifted relative to the control voltages of
the first phase of the load, respectively, by 120 and by 240 e. hail, at the frequency of the mains voltage (the instantaneous values of the control
voltages in each rectifier are formed by the current regulator, and for them the indicated phase shifts are only approximate). The control pulses of
the rectifier transistors are formed in the process of comparing the reference voltages with the control voltages. The algorithm for generating control
pulses of transistors 1-6 rectifiers can be explained using Fig. 17.3.

[/img/ProninVoroncovSiloviyPreobrazovately_image309.jpg]

Fig. 17.3 Formation of pulse control transistors 1-6 rectifiers

The formation of control pulses of transistor single-phase inverters is considered in § 15.

Simulation of the circuit fig. 17.1 is carried out when dividing it into subcircuits interconnected by dependent voltage and current sources. It
upstairs
uses the separation of the transformer into subcircuits with primary and secondary windings. The secondary windings and the elements attached to
them are represented in the primary winding as dependent current sources, and the primary winding with the supply network is represented in the

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

secondary windings as dependent EMF sources. Conversion of currents and voltages of the transformer phases is carried out taking into account the
vector diagram shown in fig. 17.2.

Another conversion of the circuit is to replace capacitors with dependent voltage sources and to transfer these sources to other branches of the
circuit, as described in the previous sections.

The mathematical description of the power part of the considered scheme is the closest to the description of the diagram in fig. 16.1. The
converter control system is also described in a similar manner.

In accordance with the above description of a circuit with a frequency converter with active rectifiers and a series connection of six single-phase
transistor inverters in each phase of the load (Fig. 17.1), a program for calculating electromagnetic processes (program 17, presented on CD) was
developed.

As an example of this program, the calculation of electromagnetic processes in the considered scheme with the following data is performed. The
duration of the calculated time interval is 2.14 s, the beginning of the output of the information in the file is 2 s, the integration step is 1 μs, the step
of recording the information in the file is 20 μs, the voltage of the network is 6 kV, the frequency of the network voltage is 50 Hz, the inductance of
the network is 1 mH, the transformer power is 2000 kVA , transformer short-circuit voltage 10%, transformation ratio 8.5, capacity of each of 18
capacitor batteries 10,000 μF, load inductance 27.46 mH, load resistance 11.518 Ohms, load voltage 50 Hz. The specified effective load current is
240.5 A, the coefficient in feedback on the integral of the deviation of the load current is 0.05, and the coefficient in feedback on the deviation of
the load current is 0.005. At the same time, the active load power is 2000 kW, the power factor is 0.8, the linear effective voltage is 6 kV. Transistor
rectifiers operate at a reference voltage frequency of 1500 Hz. Transistor inverters operate at a reference voltage frequency of 2000 Hz. When
performing calculations, it was assumed that the control cycle duration of rectifiers is 200 µs, and the control cycle duration of inverters is equal to
the period of the reference voltages, that is, 500 µs. The calculation results are presented in fig. 17.4 in the form of diagrams we instantaneous
values of currents and voltages, as well as in table 17.1. that the duration of the control cycle of rectifiers is 200 µs, and the duration of the control
cycle of inverters is equal to the period of the reference voltages, i.e. it is 500 µs. The calculation results are presented in fig. 17.4 in the form of
diagrams we instantaneous values of currents and voltages, as well as in table 17.1. that the duration of the control cycle of rectifiers is 200 µs, and
the duration of the control cycle of inverters is equal to the period of the reference voltages, i.e. it is 500 µs. The calculation results are presented in
fig. 17.4 in the form of diagrams we instantaneous values of currents and voltages, as well as in table 17.1.

upstairs

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

[/img/ProninVoroncovSiloviyPreobrazovately_image310.jpg]

Fig. 17.4 Voltages and currents in the circuit fig. 17.1

Table 17.1 The results of the analysis of currents and voltages in the scheme of fig. 17.1

Phase mains voltage, V 3465.036

Sinusoidal distortion factor 0.003902

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

50 3465.010 -0.07159

Phase network current, A 193.877

Sinusoidal distortion factor 0.07501 upstairs

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

50 193.331 3.6297
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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

Voltage 1 transf-ra secondary winding, V 525.210

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

50 412.475 -5.9953

Current 1 secondary transformer, A 288.420

Current 2 of the secondary winding of the transformer, A 295.683

Current 3 of the secondary winding of the transformer, A 284.500

Current 4 of the secondary winding of the transformer, A 270.219

Current 5 of the secondary winding of the transformer, A 258.527

Current 6 of the secondary winding of the transformer, A 267.537

Rectified rectifier current 1, A 155.848

The current in the shoulder 1 of the rectifier, A 166.305

Average current, A 80.212

Maximum current, And 344.409

Minimum current, A -341.721

Current 1 capacitor, A 248.392

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

100 196.474 -50.1264

3000 92.888 -81.7395

Voltage of 1 capacitor, V 731.435

Phase load voltage, V 3469.945


upstairs
Sinusoidal distortion factor 0.08001

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

50 3458.818 -33.1625

Phase load current, A 240.369

Sinusoidal distortion factor 0.01561

It should be noted that in the considered scheme in the transitional regimes, energy can be recovered into the supply network. To implement a
long-term mode of transmission of electricity to the network in the phases of the load, sources of emf must be taken into account or the load must be
represented, for example, by an electric machine.

§ 18 Frequency Converter with Parallel Transistors

The parallel connection of transistors or thyristors in active rectifiers, in inverters, in frequency converters allows not only increasing the power
of converting devices, but also significantly improving the quality of electricity at the input and output by organizing multi-cycle operating modes
[17]. Parallel connection of devices is usually carried out using equalizing chokes. In this case, in converters operating with pulse-width modulation
or with pulse-width voltage conversion, the mutual displacement of the switching points of parallel-connected semiconductor devices is ensured.
Due to this, the amplitude of the ripple voltages and currents of the transducers is reduced, the ripple frequency increases, and filtering of the input
and output voltages and currents is facilitated.

A diagram of a two-level frequency converter with parallel connection of two transistors in each arm of the rectifier and inverter is shown in
Fig. 18.1.

[/img/ProninVoroncovSiloviyPreobrazovately_image311.jpg]

Fig. 18.1 Frequency conversion circuit with parallel transistors in each arm of the rectifier and inverter

In accordance with Fig. 18.1 the frequency converter is powered from a three-phase voltage source, which contains a phase emf e (n = 1, 2, 3)
sn
and inductance l . Phases have voltages u and currents i
. The diagram also shows a proportional-integral regulator of the effective voltage U
s sn sn upstairs s
. The input of this regulator receives signals on the instantaneous values of the network voltage. At the output of the regulator is formed the
amplitude of the phase EMF of the supply network.

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

The load of the frequency converter is represented by inductances 1 and active resistances of phases g . The phases of the load have voltages
n n
and and currents i (n = 1, 2, 3).
np Hn

The frequency converter contains a transistor rectifier and a transistor inverter with parallel connection of two transistors in each bridge arm.

In the rectified voltage circuit of the frequency converter, a capacitor filter is installed, which has a capacitance c and an active resistance g . A
s
current flows through the capacitor filter i . Voltage capacitor filter and . A capacitor filter provides the switching of the transistors in both the
c c
rectifier and the inverter.

In the rectified voltage circuit there is also an overvoltage protection circuit containing a resistor r and a transistor, the state of which is
z
described by the function k (0 or 1). In the protective transistor current flows i .
z z

In the transistor rectifier, the states of the transistors and reverse diodes in each arm of the bridge are described by one function K . taking
vnm
the value 1 if the upper arm of the bridge is open, and the value 0 if the lower shoulder is open (where the phase number is n = 1, 2, 3, the number of
the parallel-connected transistor is t = 1, 2). The currents in the shoulders of the rectifier i .
vnm

The rectifier is connected to the mains through phase chokes. Each choke has two half windings placed on the same core. In the semi-windings,
the active resistance r leakage inductance l i and the mutual inductance l i are taken into account . The currents i flow in the semi-
sb of the s m snm

windings
. The semi-windings are connected to the converter so that for identical currents of the semi-windings in the chokes there are only magnetic
scattering flows, and the mutual induction flows are 0.

In the transistor inverter, the states of the transistors and reverse diodes in each bridge arm are described by the function K , which takes the
mm
value 1 if the upper arm of the bridge is open, and the value 0 if the lower arm is open (where the phase number is n = 1, 2, 3, the number is in
parallel transistor w = 1, 2). The currents in the inverter shoulders i .
mm

The inverter is connected to the load via phase chokes. Each choke has two half windings placed on the same core. The semi-windings take into
account the active resistances r , the leakage inductance l and mutual inductances 1 . In the semi-windings flow currents i . The semi-
s2 s2 m2 mm
windings are connected to the converter so that, at the same half-winding currents, only magnetic leakage fluxes exist in the chokes, and the mutual
upstairs
induction flows are 0.

The frequency converter is equipped with a control system. In the control system, an active rectifier stabilizes the rectified voltage at a given
level, maintains the sinusoidal form of the network current, and maintains the specified network power factor. The inverter maintains the current
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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

load current at a given level.

When modeling the circuit in fig. 18.1 it is divided into interconnected subschemes. In this case, the capacitor is replaced by a dependent
voltage source and (1.1), which is transferred to all branches of the circuit connected to each other in the positive pole of the rectified voltage
gc
circuit. The resulting subcircuits are shown in Fig. 18.2-18.5,

[/img/ProninVoroncovSiloviyPreobrazovately_image312.jpg]

Fig. 18.2 Power supply and rectifier subcircuit

All subcircuits are interconnected through dependent voltage sources and and current i .
rf c

Fig. 18.10 Voltages and currents in the circuit fig. 18.1 with parallel connection of two transistors in the arms of the rectifier and inverter

Table 18.1 The results of the analysis of currents and voltages in the circuit of fig. 18.1 with two parallel transistors in the shoulders of the
rectifier and inverter

Phase mains voltage, V Sine wave distortion factor 219.465


upstairs
0.09310

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

50 218.511 -3.4089

4950 11.756 19.8904

5050 10.824 172.9033

9950 4.813 24.5723

Phase network current, A 802.911

Sinusoidal distortion factor 0.02369

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

50 802.685 4.9732

Half-winding current 1 rectifier choke, A 401.520

Current 1 shoulder rectifier, A 287.285

Mean value, A -120.152

Maximum value, A 567.731

Minimum value, A -591.867

Rectifier output current, A 703.694

Capacitor voltage, V 725.372

Capacitor current, A 272.553

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

5000 115.620 -68.0720

9700 80.336 -99.0703

10300 93.893 -55.3915


upstairs
Inverter input current, A 704.288

Inverter choke 1 current, A 473.214

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4/28/2019 Frequency converter with active rectifiers and sequential connection of six inverters in each phase of the load | Technique and Programs

Phase load voltage, V 233.414

Sinusoidal distortion factor 0.3457

Harmonic frequencies, Hz Valid Values Phases, gr.

50 219.022 43.0168

4950 39.152 -42.8422

5050 35.878 -122.0128

Phase load current, A 946.332

Sinusoidal distortion factor 0.004711

It should be noted that in the considered scheme in the transitional regimes, energy can be recovered into the supply network. To implement a
long-term mode of transmission of electricity to the network in the phases of the load, sources of emf must be taken into account or the load must be
represented, for example, by an electric machine.

Pronin MV, Vorontsov AG, Power fully controlled semiconductor converters (modeling and calculation) / Ed. Krutyakova E.A. St.
Petersburg: Electrosila, 2003. - 172 p.

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