INTRODUCTUON TO QUANTUM MECHANICS

Quantum Theory was first introduced by the German physicist Max

Planck in the early 20th century. In the following years it was
developed by Bohr and was finally transformed into a present by
Heisenberg and Schrödinger. Therefore, the quantum theory of
quantum vision before 1925 is called classic quantum theory and after
1935 is called modern quantum theory. Well, why and how did
quantum theory emerge at a point where most scientists thought that
many events related to science had been solved and that the science of
physics had been closed?
Does modern science really explain quantum theory at the present
time? Will it be possible to make phantom phenomena possible in the
near future?
The concept of atoms, is in Greek means indivisible, the idea that
matter consists of atoms but proposed some 24 centuries ago, a
experimental evidence could be shown until the 17th century. Finally
Boyle, Avogadro and Dalton and with their experiments showed that
substance composed of very small particles. However, the structure or
size of these small particles called atoms were not precisely known
until the end of the 19th century. However, at the end of this century,
many events and traits could be calculated with such high sensitivities
that even the leading physicists of the period thought that there was
nothing to discover about the science of physics. This development in
which Newton laid the foundations of classical physics led to the
emergence of a great technology and the development of astronomical
and mechanical sciences. Thomson found electrons in 1879 when he
first studied cathode rays. Rutherford, who was interested in
radioactivity, discovered the alpha and beta rays in 1898, and if Pierre
and Marie Curie discovered polonium element. These discoveries
encouraged physicists to do more research. Today, this mechanics is
called classical mechanics (Newtonian Mechanics) to distinguish it
from quantum mechanics. Electromagnetism initiated by Orsted,
Faraday, and others in classical physics, has been finalized by
Maxwell. Maxwell's equations have successfully predicted the speed
of light and led to the discovery of many electromagnetic devices such
as radio. In the same way, Claisus, Boltzmann, Gibbs developed the
kinetic theory and statistical mechanics of gases, and by the end of a
century the gravitational and electromagnetic forces were thought to
be fully understood. But despite all these developments, there were
some incidents such as the radiation of the black substance that the
classical physics could not explain, the photoelectric effect and the
line spectrum of the hydrogen atom. At the time,because Newtons
great prestige, the ignored ideas of physicists who defended this view
as the wave character of Huygens' light theory were proven by Frenet
- Young in the following years. At the beginning of 1900, Max Planck
found an empirical formula that can fully explain the glow of a black
substance. Then in Planck found empirically that this formula was able
to produce theoretically. This derivation is met by the Boltzmann
statistic, which is quite strange at that time. this statistic is The
substance absorbs or emits energy in the form of quanta (photon) and
in the form of E = h.v.
Planck's quantitative energy hypothesis could not have had the
expected effect on physicists until Einstein later use to explain the
photoelectric event. At the same time, in 1903, Rutherford and Soddy
explained radioactive fragmentation. In 1904, a female physicist
named Magaoho introduced an atom with a core (+) and an atomic
model of electron rings. Later in 1907, Thomson proposed an atomic
model of electrons scattered in a cloud. These two models were short-
lived because they were far from explained the atom. In 1911,
Rutherford and his student Marste discovered in this scattering
experiment that alpha particles that the atomic nucleus was that very
dense and constituted that very small fraction of the atomic volume.
On top of that, they identified the Rutherford atomic model of a very
intense (+) charged core and electrons circulating around it. According
to the laws of classical physics, the life of an atom in this model could
not exceed 10 (-12). At last in 1913, Bohr offered a quantum-
constrained atomic model. This model could successfully explain the
line spectrum of the hydrogen atom. The 10-year cycle between 1913
and 1923 was overhoul by the elimination of the deficiencies of the
Bohr model, and in 1924, De Broglié claimed that the movements of
the electrons were related to the pilot waves accompanying them and
gave the mathematical correlation between the momentum of the
particles and the wavelengths of the accompanying waves.
In the end of 1924, the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger de
Broglie developed the wave mechanics based on classical equations in
the classical mechanics. Almost at the same time, German physicist
Werner Heisenberg, the help of with Max Born and Pascal Jordan,the
put forward the idea of matrix mechanics. These two approaches,
which initially appeared to be separate from each other, were shown to
later be mathematically equivalent. In the meantime, if we go back to
Planck 's theory, Einstein's began to see the photoelectric
phenomenon, then the quantum concept started to show interest after
the light showed that it had become divisive. So, the particle character
of light was once again revealed after Newton. In 1926, Lewis was
called by photon the small energy packages of light. Before
proceeding with examining some of the events that are preparing the
development of quantum mechanics, it is useful to touch an important
point. Quantum mechanics is a model work that we cannot fully
perceive with our classical information. However, in quantum
mechanics applications and in explaining these with models or
pictures, expressing the models as if they are real can sometimes lead
to misconstructions.
In classical mechanics, every event has a reason. Given the initial
conditions, the outcome can be predicted. There is a certainty and
awareness. But in quantum mechanics, there is uncertainty and
possibility. For example, we can measure the position and momentum
of an electron with little uncertainty. If we know its energy and its
momentum then the uncertainty in determining its location is infinite.
This means that electrons cannot be represented by a model.