Devy Br Ginting

II-C

218.110.069

A. ASSIMILATION
Assimilation is the process of sound change where one sound is influenced or modified
by other sounds. There are two types of assimilation:
Asimilasi adalah proses perubahan suara di mana suara dipengaruhi atau diubah oleh
suara lain. Ada dua jenis asimilasi:
1. Regressive assimilation.
“A regressive (anticipatory) change is one in which the sound that undergoes the
change comes earlier in the word (nearer the beginning, more to the left) than the
sound which causes or conditions the assimilation.”
Regresif : bunyi yang mempengaruhi terletak di belakang/setelah bunyi yang
mengalami perubahan.
It happens when the following sound in a word influences the preceding sound.
Hal in terjadi sewaktu suara dalam sebuah kata mempengaruhi suara sebelumnya.

Note:
The letter “N” is written in a capital letter since it is still in the form ofabstract nasal.
You can find a lot of example of regressive assimilation in Bahasa Indonesia.
Catatan:
Surat”N” ditulis dalam surat huruf capital karna masih dalam bentuk nasal abstrak.
Anda dapat menemukan banyak contoh dari asimilasi di Indonesia.

2. Progressive assimilation
“Progressive changes affect sounds which come later in the word than (closer to the
end than, to the right of) the conditioning environment.”
Progresif : bunyi yang mempengaruhi terletak di depan/sebelum bunyi yang
mengalami perubahan.
It happens when the preceding sound influences the following sound since the
preceding sound is too dominant.
 Hal itu terjadi sewaktu suara yang sebelumnya mempengaruhi bunyi yang berikut ini
karena sebelumnya terlalu dominan.

In non Standard English the word ‘seven’ is usually pronounced as [sεvm] instead of
[seven] in which [en] is changed into [m] syllabic.
Dalam non bahasa inggris standar kata ‘tujuh’ biasanya diucapkan sebagai [sεvm] bukan
‘tujuh’ dimana [en] berubah menjadi [m] silabis.

B. Dissimilation
Dissimilation is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become
less similar.
Example In English
Vanantara (Sanskrit) > wilderness;
Citta (Sanskrit) > copyright;
Sajjana (Sanskrit) > bachelor;

Example In Indonesia
Disimilasi adalah proses berubahnya dua buah fonem yang sama menjadi tidak sama.
Misalnya:
Vanantara (Sanskerta) > belantara;
Citta (Sanskerta) > cipta;
Sajjana (Sanskerta) > sarjana;

C. EPENTHESIS
Epenthesis means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior
of a word (at the beginning prothesis and at the end paragoge are commonly used).
Example in English
General > general;
Gopala > shepherd;
Racana > plan;

Example In Indosesia
Epentesis ialah proses penambahan fonem di tengah kata.
General > jenderal;
Gopala > gembala;
Racana > rencana;
D. APHAERESIS

Areresis is the process of phoneme removal at the beginning of the word

Example in English

Upawasa > fasting;

Uelociped > bicycle;
Recumbent > about;
Example In Indoesia
Aferesia ialah proses penghilangan fonem pada awal kata.
Upawasa > puasa;
Uelociped > sepeda;
Telentang > tentang;

E. APOCOPE
It refers to process of the reduction of the syllable caused by the end vowel deletion in a
word. In the old English we know many terms which are modified in the number of
syllable in modern English, such as:
Example In English
Missile > rainbow;
Possessive > possessive;
Import > import;
Mpulaut > island.
Example in Indonesia
Apokop ialah proses penghilangan fonem pada akhir kata.
Pelangit > pelangi;
Possesiva > posesif;
Import > impor;
Mpulaut > pulau.

F. SYNCOPE
Syncope is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss
of an unstressed vowel. It is found both in synchronic analysis of languages
and diachronics. Its opposite, whereby sounds are added, is epenthesis.
Example in English
Utpati > tribute;
Listuhayu > lituhayu;
Sahaya > me;
 Example in Indonesia
Sinkop ialah penghilangan fonem di tengah-tengah kata.
Utpati > upeti;
Listuhayu > lituhayu;
Sahaya > saya;

G. HAPLOLOGY
Haplology is defined as the elimination of a syllable when two identical or similar
syllables occur consecutively. The phenomenon was identified by
American philologist Maurice Bloomfield in the 20th century. Linguists sometimes
jokingly refer to the phenomenon as "haplogy". As a general rule, haplology occurs in
English adverbs of adjectives ending in "le", for example gentlely > gently; ablely > ably.
Example In English
Sarnantara> temporary;
Cultivation> culture;
Mahardhika> freedom.

Haplologi adalah proses penghilangan suku kata yang ada di tengah-tengah kata. Contoh:
Sarnantara > sementara;
Budhidaya > budaya;
Mahardhika > merdeka.

H. METATHESIS
Metathesis is the transposition of sounds orsyllables in a word or of words in a sentence.
Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more contiguous sounds, known
as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis.
Example in English
Rontal> lontar;
Thinking> gravel;
Banteras> fight;

Metatesis suatu pertukaran, adalah perubahan kata yang fonem-fonemnya bertukar

tempatnya. Contoh:
Rontal > lontar;
Kelikir > kerikil;
Banteras > berantas;