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Waves & Thermodynamics

Lesson 14th to 19th

By DC Pandey
14. Wave Motion
Introductory Exercise 14.1
1. A function, f can represent wave 1 1
and y( x, z) = 2
=
equation, if it satisfy 1 + ( x - 2w) 1 + ( x - 1) 2
1
¶2 f 2
2 ¶ f Þ w=
= v 2
¶t 2 ¶x 2
w 1/ 2
For, y = a sin wt, \ v= = = 0.5 m/s
k 1
¶2 y 10 a
2
= - w2 a sin wt = - w2 y 4. y = =
¶t 5 + ( x + 2t) 2
b + ( kx + wt) 2
¶2 y a 10
but, =0 Amplitude, y max = = = 2m
¶x 2 b 5
So, y do not represent wave equation. and k = 1; w = 2
2 2
2. y ( x, t) = ae - (bx - et) = ae - ( kx - wt) w
v = = 2 m/s and is travelling in (–) x
w c k
Þ k = b and w = e Þ v = = direction.
k b
1 10
3. y ( x, t) = represent the 5. y =
1 + ( 4 x + wt) 2 ( kx - wt) 2 + 2
10 10
given pulse, where, y( x, 0) = 2 2 = 2 Þk =1
k x +2 x +2
1 1
y( x, 0) = =
2 2
1+ k x 1 + x2 w = vk = 2 m/s ´ 1 m -1 = 2 rad/s
10
Þ y=
Þ k =1 ( x - 2t) 2 + 2

Introductory Exercise 14.2


x t ö 0.2 0.3 ö
1. y( x, t) = 0.02 sin æç + ÷m cos æç + ÷
è 0.05 0.01 ø è 0.5 0.01 ø
= A sin ( kx + wt) m = 2 cos ( 4 + 30)
1 1 -1 = 2 cos 34
Þ A = 0.02 m, k = m -1 , w = s
0.05 001
. = 2( - 0.85)
w 0.05
(a) v = = m/s = 5 m/s = - 1.7 m/s
k 0.01
¶y w
(b) v p = 2. Yes, (v p ) max = Aw = Ak × = ( Ak)v
= Awcos ( kx + wt) k
¶t
1 3. l = 4 cm, v = 40 cm/s (given)
v p (0.2, 0.3) = 0.02 ´
0.01 v 40 cm /s
(a) n = = = 10 Hz
l 4 cm
2 | Waves & Motion

2p y = A sin ( wt - kx)
(b) D f = Dx
l æ 2p 2p ö
2p 5p = A sin ç v × t- x÷
= ´ 2.5 cm = rad è l l ø
4 cm 4 æ 2p 2p ö
T 1 = 0.05 sin ç 12 ´ t- x÷
(c) D t = Df = Df è 0.4 0.4 ø
2p 2 pn
= 0.05 sin (60 pt - 5px)
1 p
= ´ (b) y(0.25, 0.15)
2p ´ 10 3
1 = 0.05 sin (60 p ´ 0.15 - 5p ´ 0.25)
= s = 0.05 sin (9 p - 1.25 p)
60
(d) v p = (v p ) max = 0.05 sin (7.75 p) = 0.05 sin (1.75 p)
= - Aw = - 2pAn = - 0.0354 m = - 3.54 cm
T Df 0.25 p
= - 2p ´ 2 cm ´ 10 s -1 (c) Dt = Df = =
2p w 60 p
= - 40 p cm/s 1
= - 1.26 cm/s = s = 4.2 ms
240
y
4. (a)

Introductory Exercise 14.3


T T Tl T T
1. v= = = 2. v= =
m m/ l m m r× A
500 ´ 2 100 5 0.98
= = = 129.1 m/s = = 10 m/s
0.06 3 9.8 ´ 10 3 ´ 10 -6

Introductory Exercise 14.4


P 1W 1 1
1. I = = = W /m 2 Þ I µ and as I µ A 2
4 pr 2
4 p ´ (1 m) 2
4p r
1
r Þ Aµ
2. For line source, I = r
2prl
Waves & Motion | 3

AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level 1)
1. 7p 7
y( x, t) =6.50 mm cos 2p = = m = 0.166 m
60p 50
æ p t ö 2p
ç ÷
ç 28.0 cm - 0.0360s ÷ (b) Df = Dt = 2pn Dt = 2p ´ 500 ´ 10 -3
è ø T
æ x tö = p = 180°
= A cos 2p ç - ÷ 6
èl Tø 5. y ( x, t) =
Þ A = 6.50 mm, l = 28.0 cm, ( kx + wt) 2 + 3
1 1 6 6
n= = s -1 = 27.78 Hz y ( x, 0) = 2 2 = 2
T 0.036 k x +3 x +3
v = nl = 28.0 cm ´ 27.78 s -1 = 778 cm/s Þ k = 1 m -1
= 7.78 m/s Þ w = vk = 4.5 m/s ´ 1 m -1 = 4.5 rad/s
The wave is travelling along ( +)ve x-axis. 6
Þ y ( x, t) =
x ö ( x - 4.5t) 2 + 3
2. y = 5 sin 30p æç t - ÷
è 240 ø x t ö
p 6. y = 1.0 sin p æç - ÷
= 5 sin æç 30pt - x ö÷ = A sin ( wt - kx) è 2.0 0.01 ø
è 8 ø x t ö
p = 1.0 sin 2p æç - ÷
(a) y (2, 0) = 5 sin æç 3 p ´ 0 - ´ 2 ö÷ è 4.0 0.02 ø
è 8 ø x t
p 5 = A sin 2p æç - ö÷
= - 5 sin = - = - 3.535 cm èl Tø
4 2
2p 2 p (a) A = 1.0 mm, l = 4.0 cm, T = 0.02 s
(b) l = = = 16 cm ¶y x t
k p/ 8 (b) v p = = - wA cos 2p æç - ö÷
¶t èl Tø
w 30p 2pA x t
(c) v = = = 240 cm/s =- cos 2p æç - ö÷
k p/ 8 T èl Tø
w 30 p 2p ´ 1.0 mm æ x
(d) n = = = 15 Hz t ö
2p 2p =- cos 2p çç - ÷
÷
0.02 s è 4.0 0.02 s ø
3. y = 3 cm sin (3.14 cm -1 x - 314 s -1 t) p æ x t ö
= - m/s cos p çç - ÷
÷
= 3 cm sin ( p cm -1 x = 100 ps -1 t) 10 è 2.0 cm 0.01 s ø
= A sin ( kx - wt) v p (1.0 cm, 0.01s) =
(a) (v p ) max = Aw = 3 cm ´ 100p s -1 p 1 0.01 ö
- m/s cos p æç - ÷
= 300 p cm/s = 3 p m/s = 9.4 m/s 10 è 2 0.01 ø
(b) a = - w2 y = - (100 ps -1 ) 2 ´ 3 cm p p
= - m/s cos = 0 m/s
sin (6p - 111p) 10 2
= - 300p sin ( -105p) = 0 (c) v p (3.0, 0.01)
p 3
l v/n 350 p =- cos p æç - 1 ö÷ = 0 m/s
4. (a) Dx = Df = Df = ´ 10 è2 ø
2p 2p 500 ´ 2p 3
4 | Waves & Motion

p 5 2p
v p (5.0 cm, 0.01 s) = - ms cos p æç - 1 ö÷ sin æç x - 2p ´ 3750 t ö÷
10 è2 ø è 0.08 ø
= 0 m/s = 0.06 m sin (78.5 m -1 x - 23561.9 s -1 t)
p 7 v 8.00 m/s
v p (7.0 cm, 0.01s) = - m/s cos p æç - 1 ö÷ 9. (a) n = = = 25 Hz
10 è2 ø l 0.32 m
= 0 m/s 1 1
T= = s = 0.043 Hz
(d) v p (1.0 cm, 0.011s) n 15
p 2p 2p
= - m/s k= = = 19.63 rad/m
10 l 0.32 m
1 0.011 ö
cos p æç - ÷ x t
(b) y = A cos ( kx + wt) = A cos 2p æç + ö÷
è 2 0.01 ø èl Tø
p 1
= - cos p æç - 1.1 ö÷ æ x t ö
10 è 12 ø = 0.07 m cos 2p çç + ÷
÷
p p 3p è 0.32 m 0.04 s ø
= - cos 0.6p = - cos = 9.7 cm/s 0.36 0.15 ö
10 10 5 (c) y = 0.07 m cos 2p æç + ÷
v p (1.0 cm, 0.012s) è 0.32 0.04 ø
9 30 ö
p
= - m/s cos æç -
1 0.012 ö = 0.07 m cos 2p æç + ÷
÷ è8 8 ø
10 è 2 0.01 ø
p 39
= - cos p (0.5 - 1.2) = 0.07 m cos p
10 4
p
p
= - cos 0.7 p = 18.5 cm/s = 0.07 m cos æç 10p - ö÷
10 è 4ø
p p
v p (1.0 cm, 0.013 s) = - m/s = 0.07 m cos = 0.0495 m
10 4
æ 1 0.013 ö p T Df p + p/4
cos p ç - ÷ = - cos 0.8 p (d) Dt = Df = =
è 2 0.01 ø 10 2p 2pn 2p ´ 25
= 25.4 cm/s 3
= s = 0.015 s
2p 2p p 200
7. (a) k = = = cm -1
l 40 cm 20 T T Mg
10. v = = =
m rA rA
= 0.157 rad/cm
1 1 2 ´ 9.8
T = = s = 0.125 s =
n 8 8920 ´ 3.14 ´ (1.2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
w = 2pn = 16p rad/s = 50.26 rad/s
2 ´ 9.8 ´ 104
v = nl = 8 s -1 ´ 40 cm = 320 cm/s = = 22 m/s
89.2 ´ 3.14 ´ 1.44
(b) y ( x, t) = A cos ( kx - wt)
= 15.0 cm cos (0.157 x - 50.3 t) 11. l µ n µ T µ M
8. A = 0.06m and 2.5l = 20 cm l2 M2
Þ =
20 l1 M1
Þ l= cm = 8 cm
2.5 8
= = 4 = 2.
v 300 m/s 2
n= = = 3750 Hz
l 8 cm Þ l2 = 2l1
y = A sin ( kx - wt) = 0.06m = 0.12 m.
Waves & Motion | 5

T( x) 2
12. T( x) = m ( L - x) g, v( x) = Þ t= ´ 2 l0
m g

= g ( L - x) 8l0
\ t=
dx x g
= dt ;
g ( L - x) dm
15. m= = kx
dx
Let, L - x = y 2 1 2
dx = - dy Þ M = ò dm = ò kx dx = kL
0 2
0 - dy
2M
òL g y = t Þ k=
L2
0
1 - y L T T TL2 dx
\ t= =2 v( x) = = = =
g 1/2 1 g m kx 2Mx dt
1
+1
13. (a) dm w2 R = 2T sin dq L 2Mx 2M L2
\ t = ò dt = ò dx =
0 TL2 TL2 1 + 1
2
T dq
dq 2 2ML3 2 2ML
T = =
3 TL2 3 T
R
T Mg
16. (a) v = =
m m
mR 2dq w2 R = 2T dq 1.5 ´ 9.8
T = = 16.3 m/s
Þ w2 R2 = 0.055
m v 16.3 m/s
(b) l = = = 0.136 m
T n 120 / s
\ Wave speed, v = = w2 R2 = Rw
m
(c) l µ v µ T µ M i. e., if M is
(b) Kink remains stationary when rope doubled both speed and wavelength
and kink moves in opposite sence increases by a factor of 2 .
i. e., if rope is rotating anticlockwise 17. E = I At = 2p2 n2 a2 r vAt
then kink has to move clockwise.
= 2p2 n2 a2 (rA) (v. t)
14. x is being measured from lover end of the
string = 2p2 n2 a2 m. l
x 1 = 2p2 n2 a2 m
\ m( x) = ò dm = ò m 0 x dx = m 0 x2
0 2 = 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (120) 2 ´ (0.16 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
T( x) m( x) g ´ 80 ´ 10 -3
\ v( x) = =
m m = 582 ´ 10 -6 J = 582 mJ = 0.58 mJ
1 E
m 0 x2 g 18. P = = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 rnA = 2p2 n2 a2 mv
2 1 t
= = gx
m0x 2 = 2p2 n2 a2 Tm
l dx t
= 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (60) 2
Þ ò 0 1 = ò 0 dt
gx ´ (6 ´ 10 -2 ) 2 80 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2
2 = 4 (3.14 ´ 60 ´ 0.06) 2 = 511.6 W
6 | Waves & Motion

19. P = IA = 2p2 n2 a2 Tm T
20. P = 2p2 v2 a2 rvA = 2p2 v2 a2 mv ; v =
m
= 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (200) 2
T
´ 10 -6 60 ´ 6 ´ 10 -3 m=
v2
= 8 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ 10 -2 ´ 6 ´ 10 -1 W T T
= 0.474 W = 2p2 n2 a2 2
× v = 2p2 n2 a2
v v
l
E = Pt = P × 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (100) 2 (0.5 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 ´ 100
v =
0.474 ´ 2 0.474 ´ 2 100
= = J = 9.48 mJ
60 100 = 2 ´ (3.14) ´ 10 ´ 0.25 ´ 10 -6
2 4

6 ´ 10 -3 = 4.93 ´ 10 -2 W = 49 mW

¢ Objective Questions (Level 1)


150 ´ 2p p 2p
1. w = = 5p rad/s, A = 0.04 m and Þ = ´ 0.04
60 6 l
p
q= \ l = 12 ´ 0.04 = 0.48 m.
4 v 300 m/s
p 5. l = = = 12 m
\ y = A sin ( wt + q) = 0.04 sin æç 5pt + ö÷ n 25 Hz
è 4ø
w 2p 2p
2. w = 600p, v = 300 Þ k = = 2p Df = Dx = (16 - 10) m = p
v l 12 m

Þ y = A sin ( wt - kx) 6. y = 0.02 sin ( x + 30t) = A sin ( kx + wt)


= 0.04 sin (600pt - 2px) Þ k = 1, w = 30
3
y (0.75, 0.01) = 0.04 sin æç 600p ´ 0.01 - 2p ´ ö÷ w T
è 4ø v = = 30 m/s =
3p ö k m
= 0.04 sin æç 6p - ÷ 2 4
è 2 ø -
Þ T = m v = 1.3 ´ 10 ´ 900 = 0.117 N
æ pö ¶y ¶y ¶x ¶y
= 0.04 sin ç 4 p + ÷ = 0.04 m 7. v p = = × =v = slope ´ v
è 2ø ¶t ¶x ¶t ¶x
1 up
3. y ( x, t) = 2
In transverse wave they are
2 + 3 ( kx - wt)
v
1 1
y ( x, 0) = =
2 + 3 k2 x2 2 + 3 x2 p
perpendicular i. e., . In longitudinal
Þ k =1 2
1 1
y ( x, 2) = =
2 + 3 ( x - 2w) 2 2 + 3 ( x - 2) 2 wave up , they are either at 0 or
v
w p
Þ w = 1 \ v = = 1 m/s p so, 0, and p are the possible angles
k 2
A
4. y = A sin ( wt - kx) = between v p and v.
2
p
Þ wt - kx = 8. w = 2p n = 200 p rad/s,
6
2p T p w m 3.5 ´ 10 -3
\ × - = kx k = = w = 200 p
T 6 6 v T 35
Waves & Motion | 7

= 2p rad/m Dl Dl E
Stress = Y =E =
y = A cos ( wt - kx) = A cos (200pt - 2px) l l 100
¶y p p p
= 2p A sin (200pt - 2px) 14. A = 4 m, w = , k = , q =
¶x 5 9 6
When, y = 0 w p/5 9
\ v= = = m/s
Þ sin (200pt - 2px) = 0 k p/ 9 5
Þ sin (200pt - 2px) = 1 2p 2p
l= = = 18 m
p 1 k p/ 9
\ 2pA = ÞA= = 0.025 m
20 40 w p/ 5 1
\ y = 0.025 cos (200pt - 2px) n= = = Hz
2 p 2 p 10
2p 2p
9. w = = = 8 p rad/s; 15. w = 10p and k = 01 . p
T 0.25
w 8p p 2p 2p
k= = = rad/cm Þ l= = = 20 m
v 48 6 k 01 . p
2p 2p
y = A sin ( wt - kx) \ Df = Dx = ´ 10 = p
p l 20
= A sin æç 8 p ´ 1 - ´ 67 ö÷ 2
è 6 ø 16. y =
p A (2x - 6.2t) 2 + 20
= A sin = A sin 30° = = 3 cm
6 2 2
Þ A= = 0.1 m, k = 2 rad/m
Þ A = 6 cm 20
vA TA rA B TA p d2B and w = 6.2 rad/s
10. = × = w 6.2
\ v= = = 3.1 m /s
vB rA A TB TB p d2A k 2
w 6.2
dB TA dB TB / 2 n= = = 1 Hz
= = 2 p 2 ´ 3.1
dATB dB / 2 TB 2p 2p
1 l= = = pm
=2´ = 2 k 2
2 1
17. I = 2p2 n2 A 2 rv = w2 A 2 rv
11. E µ A 2 n2 for E to constant, An = 2
2 2 2
constant E IST 2p n A rv St
u= = =
A A n A = A Bn B Þ A A 4n B = A Bn B V V V
1
Þ AB = 4 A A = 2p2 n2 A 2 r = rw2 A 2
2
12. k = 1 rad/m; v = 4 m/s E 2 2 2
P = = I . S = 2p n A rv × S
t
Þ w = vk = 4 rad/s 1 2 2
6 6 = rw A v × S
\ y= = 2
( kx - wt) + 3 ( x - 4 t) 2 + 3
2
E P
E = Pt Þ P = = IS Þ I =
Dl t S
Y
Y l =v Dl 18. y = A sin ( px + pt)
13. v l = and v t = l
r r l
y ( x, 0) = A sin ( px) Þ y = 0 for x =0 and 1
l v Dl 1
Þ = l = 10 \ = a = - w2 y = - w2 A sin ( px)
Dl v t l 100 1 3
Þ a = ± w2 A at x = and
2 2
8 | Waves & Motion

1 3 x t x t
v P = pA cos ( px) Þ v p = 0 for x = and 20. y = A sin 2p æç - ö÷ = A sin 2p æç - ö÷
2 2 è a bø èl Tø
So all the above options are correct. Þ l = a, T = b
2p l a
19. y = A sin ( x - bt) = A sin ( kx - wt) Þ v = nl = =
a T b
2p 2pb y a
k= , w= 21.
a a
w 2pb/ a
Þv= = =b x Þ x
k 2p/ a
2p 2p
l= = =a
k 2p / a
as a = - w2 y

JEE Corner
¢ Assertion and Reason
1. For propagation of transverse waves 7. Electromagnetic wave are non-
medium require tension which is mechanical, they travel depending upon
possible due to modulus of rigidity. And electric and magnetic properties of
in gases there is no such Young’s medium. They can travel in medium as
modulus or surface tension. So the well as an vacuum. So reason is false.
reason given is correct explanation.
T 1
2. Surface tension of water plays the role of 8. As speed, v = Þ vµ in second
m m
modulus of rigidity and that is why
transverse waves can travel on liquid string m is more (by looking) so v will be
surface. less. Thus reason is true explanation of
assertion.
3. Both the waves are travelling in same
direction with a phase difference of p. So 9. At point A both v p and Dl is zero ie, K.E.
reason is false. and P.E. are minimum while at B both v p
4. v = fl is constant for a particular and Dl are maximum i. e., both K.E. and
medium so if frequency is doubled P.E. are maximum. Thus both assertion
wavelength becomes half, and speed and reason are true but not correct
remains constant. Thus assertion is explanation.
false. 12. y
5. Sound is mechanical wave which
requires material medium for P
propagation and as on moon there is no x
atmosphere, sound cannot travel.
2p
6. Angular wave number, n = while
l
1 If P is moving downword then it shows
wave number, k = which is defined as
l that the wave is travelling in (-) ve x
the number of waves per unit length. direction. So assertion is false.
Waves & Motion | 9

Df 2p 360°
11. A = 2a cos , for A = a \ Df = = = 120°
2 3 3
Df 1 p Assertion is true but the reason is false.
Þ cos = = cos
2 2 3

¢ Match the Columns


1. y = a sin ( bt - cx) = A sin ( wt - kx)
w b (c) vB = ± Aw ® s
(a) v= = r
k c (d) aB = 0 ve y0 = 0® r
(b) (v p ) max = Aw = ab s 2 2 2
E IST 2 p n A rvst
4. (a) u = = =
(c) w b p V V V
n= =
2 p 2p 2 2 2 1 2 2
= 2p n A r = rw A
(d) 2p 2p s 2
l= =
k c [ML2 T -2 ]
[u] = = [ML-1 T -2 ] ® s
[L3 ]
2. y = 4 cm sin ( pt + 2px)
E ISt
(b) P = = = IS = 2p2 n2 A 2 rvs
v p = 4 p cm /s cos ( pt + 2px) t t
a = - 4 p2 cm /s 2 sin ( pt + 2px) 1 1
= w2 A 2 rvs = rw2 A 2 s v ® q
(a) v p (0, t) = 4 p cm s cos pt q, r 2 2
E [ML2 T -2 ]
= ± 4p for cos pt = ± 1 [ P] = = = [ML2 T -3 ] ® p
or pt = np Þ t = n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ® t [T]
(b) a(0, t) = - 4 p2 cm /s2 sin pt p, s E [ML2 T -2 ]
(c) I = =
= ± 4 p2 for sin pt = ± 1 St [L2 T]
p
or pt = (2n + 1) = [MT -3 ] = [ML0 T -3 ] ® s
2 1
1 (d) = [L-1 ] = [M 0 L-1 T 0 ] ® s
Þ t = n + = 0.5, 2. 5 ®
2 l
(c) v p (05
. , t) = 4 p cm /s cos ( pt + p) q, r 5. (a) y = A sin ( wt - kx) ® p
= ± 4p for pt + p = np v p = wA cos ( wt - kx) ® r
or t = n - 1 = 0, 1, 2, 3, ®
a = - w2 A sin ( wt - kx)
(d) a (0.5, t) = - 4 p2 cm /s2 p
p (b) y = A sin ( kx - wt) ® p
= ± 4 p2Þ pt + p = (2n + 1)
2 v p = - wA cos ( kx - wt)
1
or t = n - = 0.5, 15 . , 25
. ® a = - w2 A sin ( kx - wt)
2
(c) y = - A cos ( wt + kx) ® q
3. y = A sin ( wt ± kx) at t = 0
v p = wA sin ( wt + kx)
Þ y = ± A sin kx a = w2 A cos ( wt + kx) ® s
v p = ± w A cos kx and a = - w2 y (d) y = - A cos ( kx - wt) ® p
(a) v p = ± wA cos kx ® s v p = - A w sin ( kx - wt)
(b) a A = ( +) ve as y A is negative p a = w2 A cos ( kx - wt) ® ds
®
15. Superposition of Waves
Introductory Exercise 15.1
1. (b) For free end, there is no change in
Þ phase for reflected wave and
direction becomes opposite.
When displacement of all the particles is as Yi = 0.3 cos (2x - 40 t)
momentarily zero, then there is no Þ Yr = 0.3 cos (2x + 40 t)
elastic potential energy stored in the w 50
4. v1 = = = 25 m/s and v2 = 50 m/s
string and as the speed is maximum at k1 2
mean position, so entire energy is purely 2v2 2 ´ 50
Þ at = ai = ai
kinetic. v1 + v2 25 + 50
T 4 8
2. (a) v = = ´ 2 ´ 10 -3 m = mm.
m 3 3
v2 m1 v2 - v1 50 - 25
Þ = ar = ai = ai
v1 m2 v2 + v1 50 + 25
1 2
m1 1 = ´ 2 ´ 10 -3 m = mm.
= = 3 3
0.25 m 1 0.25
1 as v2 > v1 Þ the boundary is rearer and
= =2 there is no phase change.
05
. w
k2 =
Þ v2 = 2 v1 = 20 cm/s v2
2 v2 50 p
(b) a t = ai = =p
v1 + v2 50
2 ´ 20 4 2
= ai = ai \ y r = ´ 10 -3 cos p (0.2 x + 50 t)
10 + 20 3 3
v2 - v1 8
and a r = ai and y t = ´ 10 -3 cos p (1.0 x - 50 t)
v2 + v1 3
2 ´ 40 cm
20 - 10 1 5. t1 = = 8 s, inverted
= ai = ai 1 cm/s
20 + 10 3
3. (a) For fixed end, a phase change of p Þ
takes place in reflected wave and 4cm 4cm
direction becomes opposite.
as Yi = 0.3 cos (2x - 40 t) Þ
Þ Yr = 0.3 cos (2x + 40t + p) 6cm
Superposition of Waves | 11

4 + 10 + 6 y y
t2 =
1 4
3 3
= 20 s upright 1 1
y y x x
6. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
4 t = 2s t = 3s
3 3
y y
1 1
x x 4
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 3 3
t = 2s t = 3s
1 1
x x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t = 2s t = 5s

Introductory Exercise 15.2


px T 100 102
1. y = 5 sin cos 40pt = 2a sin kx cos w t v= = = = 50 m/s
3 m 4 ´ 10 -2 2
5 p
a = = 2.5 cm, k = cm -1 , w = 40 ps -1 v 50
2 3 n= = = 125. Hz
w 40p l 4
v= = = 120 cm/s
k p/ 3 and is fundamental tone or first
l 1 2p p p harmonic.
Dx = = × = = cm = 3 cm 2p
2 2 k k p/ 9 y = 0.1 sin x sin 2 pnt
l
dy px 2p
vP = = - 200 p sin sin 40 p t = 0.1 sin x sin 2p ´ 12.5 t
dt 3 4
9 p 3 p
v P æç 1.5, ö÷ = - 200 p sin æç × ö÷ = 0.1 sin x sin 25 p t
è 8 ø è 2ø
3 2
9 l 4
sin æç 40 p ´ ö÷ (b) 3 = 2 m Þ l = m and v = 50 m/s
è 8ø 2 3
pö v 50
æ
= - 200 p sin ç ÷ sin ( 45 p) n= = Hz = 37.5 Hz and is 2nd
è2ø l 4 /3
= - 200 p ´ 1 ´ 0 overtone or 3rd harmonic.
2p
= 0 cm/s y = 0.04 sin x sin 2p ´ 37.5 t
4 /3
2. Two waves with different amplitudes 3p
can produce partial stationary waves = 0.04 sin x`sin 75 pt
2
with amplitude of antinodes being
F Fl 400 ´ 4
a1 + a2 and amplitude of nodes being 4. v = = =
a1 ~ a2 . As here node is not stationary m m 160 ´ 10 -3
that is why energy is also transported 1600
through nodes. = = 102 = 100 m/s
16 ´ 10 -2
l
3. (a) = 2 m Þ l = 4 m, l0
2 (a) = l Þ l 0 = 4 l = 16 m
4
12 | Superposition of Waves
3 l1 4 l 16 1 F
= l Þ l1 = = m = 5.33 m 7. n0 =
4 3 3 2l m
5l 4 l 16
and 2 = l Þ l2 = = m = 3.2 m n2 F2
4 5 5 Þ =
v 100 n1 F1
(b) n 0 = = = 6.25 Hz
l0 16 M + 2.2 260 13
= = =
v 100 2.2 220 11
n1 = = = 18.75 Hz
l1 16/ 3
v 100 M + 2.2 169 48
n3 = = = 31.25 Hz Þ = =1 +
l 3 16/ 5 2.2 121 121
l 0.54 M
5. l = n = n = 0.27 n =1 +
2 2 2.2
l¢ 0.48 48 ´ 2.2 9.6
and l = ( n + 1) = ( n + 1) Þ M = = = 0.873 kg
2 2 121 11
= 0.24 ( n + 1) 8. nn 0 = 250 Hz and ( n + 1)n 0 = 300 Hz
Þ 0.27 n = 0.24 n + 0.24 Þ n 0 = 50 Hz
Þ 0.03 n = 0.24 Þ n = 8 and n = 5 Þ So these are 5th and 6th
(a) These are 8th and 9th harmonic harmonics.
(b) l = 0.27 n = 0.27 ´ 8 = 2.16 m 1 F
l n0 =
(c) 0 = l Þ l 0 = 2l = 4.32 m 2l m
2
Þ F = 4 l 2 v20 m = 4 ´ 502
6. 5n 0 - 2n 0 = 54 Hz 36 ´ 10 -3
´ = 360 N
Þ 3n 0 = 54 Hz Þ n 0 = 18 Hz 1

AIEEE Corner
Subjective Question (Level 1) p
¢ A = 102 + 202 + 2 ´ 10 ´ 20 cos
3
1. A = A12 + A12 + 2 A1 A1 cos 90°
= 100 + 400 + 200 = 700 = 10 7
= A1 2 = 4 2 cm = 5.66 cm = 26.46 units
2. v2 = 2 v1 p
20 sin
v - v1 v 1 tan q = 3
Ar = 2 A= 1 A= A p
v2 + v1 3v1 3 10 + 20 cos
2 v2 4v1 4 3
At = A= A= A p 3
v2 + v1 3v1 3 = sin =
2 3 2
I r æ Ar ö 1
=ç ÷ = -1 æ 3 ö
Ii è A ø 9 Þ q = tan ç ÷ = 0.714 rad
è 2 ø
It 1 8
and =1 - = \ Phase = 5x + 25t + 0.714 rad.
Ii 9 9
4. y1 = 1 cm sin ( p cm -1 x - 50 ps -1 t)
Superposition of Waves | 13

p
y2 = 1.5 cm sin æç cm -1 x - 100 ps -1 t ö÷ Þ
è2 ø
t=0s t = 0.01 s
Þ
æ 250 p ö
y1 ( 4.5, 5 ´ 10 -3 ) = 1 cm sin ç 4.5 p - ÷
è 1000 ø Þ
t = 0.02 s
9 p
= 1 sin æç p - ö÷ 6. (a)
è2 4ø
æ 17 p ö 1 cm 1 cm/3 1 cm 1 cm/s
= 1 sin ç ÷ Þ
è 4 ø
p 1 cm 1 cm 2 cm 1cm 1cm 1cm
= 1 cm sin æç 4 p + ö÷ t=0 t=1s
è 4ø
p 1 1 cm 1 cm/s
= 1 sin = cm and
4 2 Þ Þ
-3 æ 9 p 500 p ö 1cm 1cm
y2 ( 4.5, 5 ´ 10 ) = 1.5 cm sin ç - ÷
è 4 1000 ø t = 2s t = 3s
1 cm 1 cm
9p p ö
= 1.5 cm sin æç - ÷
è 4 2ø 1 cm
æ 5p ö
= 1.5 sin ç ÷ t = 4s
è 4ø
p
= 1.5 sin æç p + ö÷ (b)
è 4ø
æ pö 1 cm 1 cm/s 1 cm 1 cm/s
= - 1.5 sin ç ÷ Þ
è4ø
1.5 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm 1cm 1cm 1cm
=- cm t=0 t = 1s
2
1 1.5 1 cm 1 cm/s
\ y = y1 + y2 = - 2 cm
2 2 Þ
0.5 1 1cm 1cm 1 cm
=- =- cm
2 2 2 t = 2s t = 3s

T 16 N
5. v = = 1 cm
m 0.4 ´ 10 ´ 102 kg/N
-3

1cm 1cm
16 ´ 102 t = 4s
= = 20 m /s
4
7. y = 1.5 sin (0.4 x) cos (200t)
(a) For same shape, time,
2 l 2 ´ 0.2 = 2A sin kx cos wt
t= = s = 0.02 s 2p 2p
v 20 l= = = 5p m = 15.7 m
(b) k 0.4
w 200 100
n= = = Hz = 31.8 Hz
2p 2p p
w 200
v= = = 500 m /s
k 0.4
14 | Superposition of Waves

8. y = y1 + y2 = 3 cm sin ( px + 0.6 pt) n+1 T n+1 50


12. n n = =
2l m 2 ´ 0.6 0.01
+ 3 cm sin ( px - 0.6 p t)
50 2
= 6 cm sin px cos 0.6 pt = R cos 0.6 pt = ( n + 1) = 58.93 ( n + 1) Hz
where, R = 6 cm sin px. 1.2
1 n n £ 20,000 Hz Þ n = 338
(a) R (0.25) = 6 cm sin p ´
4 \ n 338 = 339 ´ 58.93 = 199758 . Hz
6
= = 3 2 cm = 4.24 cm = 19.976 kHz
2
1 13. nn 0 = 420 Hz and ( n + 1) n 0 = 490 Hz
(b) R (0.50) = 6 cm sin p ´ = 6 cm
2 Þ n 0 = 70 Hz and n = 6
3p 450
(c) R (1.50) = 6 cm sin = - 6 cm
2 1 T 1 T
\n0 = Þl = = 0005 .
Þ |R| = 6 cm 2l m 2n 0 m 2 ´ 70
(d) For antinodes, R = ± 6 cm 300
= = 2.143 m
p 140
Þ sin px = ± 1 Þ px = (2n + 1)
2 v 400 m /s 1
1 14. l = = = m,
or x = n + = 0.5 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.5 cm n 800 Hz 2
2 l
2p 2p l = 4 = 2l = 1 m
9. l = = = 4 cm 2
4 p/ 2
(a) 4 n 0 = 400 Hz Þ n 0 = 100 Hz
(a) Distance between successive (b) 7n 0 = 700 Hz
l
antinodes = = 2 cm 1 T
2 16. n 0 =
(b) R( x) = 2 A sin kx 2l m
p 1
= 2 ´ p cm sin ´ 0.5 Þ n0 µ
2 l
p n1 : n2 : n 3 = 1 : 2 : 3
= 2p sin
4 1 1 1
2p = : :
= = 2 p cm l1 l2 l 3
2 1 1 1
Þ l1 : l2 : l 3 = : :
n+1 T n+1 20 1 2 3
10. n n = =
2l m 2 ´ 20 9 ´ 10 -3 = 6 : 3 : 2 = 6x : 3 x : 2x
n+1 100 2 5 2 5 2 6x + 3 x + 2x = 1 m
= ´ = = ( n + 1) 1
60 3 9 9 Þ x= m
11
= 0.786 ( n + 1) 6
\position of first bridge = 6x = m
= 0.786 Hz 11
1.57 Hz, 2.36 Hz, 3.14 Hz and position of second bridge
11. (a) T = mv2 = mn2 l2 9
= 6x + 3 x = 9 x = m
1.2 ´ 10 -3 11
= ´ (220) 2 ´ (1.4) 2 From the same end or 1 -
9
=
2
m
0.7 11 11
= 162.6 N from other end .
(b) n2 = 3 n 0 = 3 ´ 220 Hz = 660 Hz
Superposition of Waves | 15

v (b) 2A = 5.60 cm Þ A = 2.80 cm


17. n 0 =
2l l 3 2p 3 p
(c) l = 3 = × =
v 2 2 k k
Þ n¢0 =
2 l¢ 3p
= cm = 277.2 cm
n0 124 0.0340
Þ l¢ = l= ´ 90 cm = 60 cm 2p 2p
n¢0 186 (d) l = = cm = 184.8 cm
k 0.0340
Thus length of the vibrating string has w 50
to be 60 cm. n= = = 7.96 Hz
2p 2p
l
18. = 15 cm Þ l = 30 cm, 1 1
2 T= = s = 0.216 s
n 7.96
Rmax = 2 A = 0.85 cm, v = nl = 7.96 Hz ´ 184.8 cm
T = 0.075 s = 1470 cm /s
(a) y = 2 A sin kx sin wt (e) (v p ) max = Rmax w = 2 Aw
æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
= 0.85 cm sin çç x ÷÷ sin çç t ÷÷ = 5.60 cm ´ 50 rad/s
è 0.3 m ø è 0.075 s ø = 280 cm/s
w 2p/ 0.075 0.3 (f) for eight harmonic,
(b) v = = = = 4 m /s
k 2p/ 0.3 0.075 l l 277 .2
8 = l Þ l¢ = = = 69.3 cm
l 30 2 4 4
(c) = = 7.5 cm
4 4 2 p 2 ´ 3.14
k= = = 0.0907 rad/cm
\ R (7.5 + 3) = 2 A sin kx l¢ 69.3
2p 8 8
= 0.85 sin ´ 10.5 v¢ = 8 v 0 = × v = ´ 7.96 Hz
30 3 3
21p ö = 21.22 Hz
\ R(115 . cm) = 085. sinæç ÷
è 30 ø w¢ = 2pn = 133.4 rad/s
= 0.85 sin (0.7 p) Þ y = 5.60 cm sin (0.0907 rad/s × x)
= 0.85 (126° ) = 0.688 cm sin × (133 rad/s × t)
v 48
19. n 0 = = = 16 Hz 21. (a) v = nl = n 0 × 2 l = 60 ´ 2 ´ 0.8
2 l 2 ´ 1.5
= 96 m/s
and l 0 = 2l = 3 m
v 48 40 ´ 10 -3
n2 = 3n 0 = 48 Hz and l2 = = =1 m (b) T = m v2 = ´ (96) 2
n2 48 80 ´ 10 -2
n 3 = 4 n 0 = 64 Hz 962
= = 460.8 N
v 48 3 20
and l 3 = = = = 0.75 m
n 3 64 4 (c) (v p ) max = Rmax w
20. y = 5.60 cm sin (0.340 rad/cm x) = 0.3 cm ´ 2p
´ 60 rad/s = 113 cm /s = 1.13 m/s
sin (50.0 rad/s t)
a max = w2 Rmax = (120 p) 2 ´ 0.3 cm /s 2
= 2 A sin ( kx) sin ( w t)
= 426.4 m /s 2
(a)
¢ Objective Questions (Level 1)
16 | Superposition of Waves

n2 T2 3 T + 2.5 7. In stationary wave all particles errors


1. = Þ =
n1 T1 2 T the mean position simultaneously and
are at their maximum displacement
Þ 9 T = 4 ( T + 2.5)
simultaneously at different instant at
Þ 5T = 10 Þ T = 2N this time all of them are at rest. So all
n+1 T n+1 T are correct.
2. n = =
2l m 2l pr2 r 8. Maximum displacement
n+1 T n+1 T y max = 3 A - A + 2 A = 4 A
= = = constant.
2 l r pr ld pr Y Dl
ld l
n+1µ vt vt
T
r Dl
= = =
n1 + 1 l1 d1 T2 vl vl Y l
= ×
n2 + 1 l2 d2 T1 r
1 1 1
= ´ ´ 2 l
2 3 h 1
= =
1 l h
= =1:3 2
3 2 n+1 100
n +1 10. f n = = 50 ( n + 1)
or 2 =3 2 2´ 1 0.01
n1 + 1
1 = 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz
3. f µ ; l = l1 + l2 + l 3 2n + 1 100
l nn = = 25 (2m + 1)
1 1 1 1 4 ´ 1 0.01
Þ = + +
f0 f1 f2 f3 = 25 Hz, 75 Hz, 125 Hz
f + f2
4. During overlapping the \ n2 = 75 Hz = 1
displacement of particles 2
is zero while velocity is 50 Hz + 100 Hz
= = 75 Hz
maximum. So the entire 2
energy is purely kinetic. 11. In stationary waves all particles perform
5. y ( x, y) = y1 + y2 = a cos ( kx + wt) + y2 SHM such that they are at their positive
and negative
= - 2a sin kx sin wt is necessary for a extremes N N
node at x = 0 . Thus, one time N
y2 = 2a sin kx sin wt - a cos ( kx + wt) each in a
= - 2a sin kx sin wt - a cos kx cos wt time period, where they come to rest.
+ a sin kx sin wt Particles between two successive nodes
are in phase while beside node are in
= - a[cos kx cos wt + sin kx sin wt]
opposite phase. So all the particles
= - a cos ( kx - wt) cannot be at positive extreme
6. In transverse stationary wave, simultaneously.
longitudinal strain is maximum at node. 12. The question is wrong, string has to be
While in longitudinal stationary wave at fix at one end and free at other. Then
displacement node pressure and density
(2n + 1) n 0 = 90 Hz, (2n + 3) n 0 = 50 Hz
are maximum. So all are correct.
and (2n + 5) n 0 = 210 Hz
Superposition of Waves | 17

Þ 2 n 0 = 60 Hz or n 0 = 30 Hz and n = 1 2p
17. R = 2 A sin Kx = 4 mm sin x
i. e., vibrations are 3rd, 5th and 7th l
harmonic.
2mm 4mm 2mm
l 0 = 2l = 1.6 m
\ v = n 0 l 0 = 30 Hz ´ 1.6 m 1 2

= 48 m /s 2px
p = 4 mm sin
13. y = y1 + y2 + y 3 = 12 sin æç q - ö÷ 3m
è 2ø
2 px
p 2 mm = 4 mm sin
+ 6 sin ( q + 0) + 4 sin ç q + ö÷
æ
3
è 2ø 2 px p
Þ =
= 6 sin q - 12 cos q + 4 cos q 3 3
= 6 sin q - 8 cos q Þ x = 0.5 m
p
Þ R = 62 + 8 2 + 2 ´ 6 ´ 8 cos Thus points 1 and 2 are at 0.5 m from
2 their nearest boundary. So separation
= 100 = 10 mm between them is
1.5 m - 2 ´ 0.5 m = 0.5 m = 50 m
14. (2n + 1) n 0 = 105 Hz
18. y = - A sin ( wt - kx)
and (2n + 3) n 0 = 175 Hz 2pn ö
Þ 2n 0 = 70 Hz = - A sin æç 2pnt - x÷
è v ø
Þ n 0 = 35 Hz = - A sin (6 pt - 2px)
1 1 1 1 1 1 y(3, t) = + A = - A sin (6 pt - 6 p)
15. l1 : l2 : l 3 = : : = : :
n1 n2 n 3 1 3 4 = A sin (6p - 6p t)
p 11
= 12 : 4 : 3 \ 6p - 6p t = Þ = 6t
2 2
\ 12x + 4 x + 3 x = 114 cm 11
114 Þ t= s
Þ x= cm = 6 cm 12
19 2p 2p 3
19. Df1 = Dx = × l =3p
\ l1 = 12x = 72 cm, l2 = 4 x = 24 cm, l l 2
l 3 = 3 x = 18 cm p p 5p
and Df2 = - Þ Df = 3 p - =
16. f µ T 2 2 2
f /2 Vrg - Vs1 g s2 1 20. nn 0 = 400 Hz , ( n + 1)n = 450 Hz
= = 1- =
f Vrg r 2 Þ n 0 = 50 Hz and n = 8
s1 1 s 3 1 T 1 T
Þ 1- = Þ 1 = n0 = Þl =
r 4 r 4 2l m 2n 0 m
f /3 Vrg - Vs2 g s 1 1 490 70
= = 1- 2 = = = = 0.7 m
f Vrg r 3 2 ´ 50 0.1 100
s 1 s 8 l 2
Þ 1- 2 = Þ 2 = 21. 3 × = 1 m, l = m
r q r 9 2 3
s1 3 / 4 27 s 32 2
\ = = Þ 2 = = 1.18 v = nl = 300 Hz ´ m = 200 m/s
s2 8 / 9 32 s1 27 3
l1 2l2 3 l 3
where s1 is density of water and s2 is 22. l = , ,
density of the other liquid. 2 2 2
18 | Superposition of Waves

2l 2l 1 T 1
Þ l1 = 2l, l2 = , l3 = = = nA
2 3 4 ld pr 4
2l 2l
\ l1 : l2 : l 3 = 2l : : \Third overtone of n B = 4n B = n A
2 3
1 1
=1: : ¢ Passage (Q 28 to 30)
2 3
2p I r = (100% - 36%) I i = 64% I i = 0.64 I i
23. Df = Dx
l Ar Ir v - v1
2p 2p \ = = 0.64 = 0.8 = ± 2
= Dx = ´ (16 - 10) Ai Ii v2 + v1
vT 300 ´ 0.04
Þ 0.8 v2 + 0.8 v1 = ± (v2 - v1 )
2p
= ´6=p Þ - 0.2 v2 = 1.8 v1
12
w 30 Þ v2 = 9 v1
24. v = = = 30 m/s
k 1 for rarer boundary
1
T T or 1.8 v2 = 0.8 v1 Þ v2 = v1
= = 9
m rA
for danser boundary
\ T = rAv2 = 8000 ´ 10 -6 ´ 900 = 7.2 N
2 28. A r = 0.8 A
25. 5n 0 = 480 Hz, 2n 0 = ´ 480 Hz
5 p
29. Y = A sin æç ax + bt + ö÷ + 0.8
= 192 Hz è 2ø
2 p
Ir æA ö A sin æç ax - bt + + p ö÷
26. = 0.64 = ç r ÷ è 2 ø
Ii è Ai ø p
Ar = A sin æç ax + bt + ö÷ - 0.8
Þ = 0.8 Þ A r = 0.8 A i è 2ø
Ai p
v - v1 A sin æç ax - bt + ö÷
4 è 2ø
Ar = 2 A i = 0.8 A i = A i
v2 + v1 5 = A cos ( ax + bt) - 0.8 A cos ( ax - bt)
Þ 5 v2 - 5 v1 = ± ( 4v2 + 4v1 ) = A cos ax cos bt - A sin ax sin bt
- 0.8 A cos ax cos bt
1
Þ v2 = 9v1 , v1 - 0.8 A sin ax sin bt
9
= 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 1.8 A sin ax sin bt
For, v2 > v1 the boundary is rarer and = 0.2 A cos ax cos bt - 0.2 A sin ax sin bt
there will not be any change in phase of - 1.6 A sin ax sin bt
reflected wave and for v2 < v1 a phase = 0.2 A cos ( ax + bt)
change of 180° takes place.
- 1.6 A sin ( ax) sin ( bt)
\ Yr = 0.8 A sin ( kx + wt + 30°+ 180° )
= cA cos ( ax + bt) - 1.6 A sin ax sin bt
1 T 1 T
27. n A = 2
= Þ e = 0.2
2 l rpd ld pr
30. For antinodes, sin ax = ± 1
4
p
1 2T Þ ax = (2n + 1)
nB = 2
2 ´ 2l 4 d2 p p 3 p 5p
2r p x = (2n + 1) = , ,
4 2a 2 a 2a 2a
Superposition of Waves | 19

3p
So for second antinode, x = constant, wavelength increases while
2a frequency is constant, wavelength
n 0 + 15 1 + 0.21 increases while phase do not change
31. = = 1×1
n0 1 during change in medium.
Þ 15 = 0.1 n 0 Þ n 0 = 150 Hz 35. Y = A sin kx cos wt = 2a sin kx cos wt
n2 T2 1.21 A
= = = 11
. a = , third overtone means fourth
n1 T1 1 2
harmonic and wire oscillate with four
Þ n2 = 110% of v1 loops.
l 0 = 2l which do not change l 2p 4 p
l = 4 = 2l = 2 × =
So, (a), (c) and (d) are correct. 2 k k
32. For interference, sources must be and stationary wave do not propagate.
coherent there frequency has to be equal 36. For stationary waves, frequency and
and phase different has to be constant. amplitude has to be same and direction
So, (a) and (d) are correct. has to be opposite with constant phase
33. Stationary waves are formed due to difference.
superposition (here use of the term It is satisfied in (b) and (d) only.
‘interference’ is literary and not 37. y = y1 + y2 = 2 A cos kx sin wt
scientific because interference is a
different phenomenon than = R sin wt
stationary waves) of waves having R = 2 A cos kx so at x = 0 there is
some amplitude, same frequency and antinode.
travelling opposite direction. Here nodes \ cos kx = ± 1
are the points who always remain at np p 2p
Þ kx = np, x = = 0, , ,
rest. Total energy is always conserved. k 4 x
34. A medium is said to be rarer if speed of are antinodes.
wave in it is higher. And as frequency is

JEE Corner
Assertion and Reason p p
¢ = 2 A sin æç kx + ö÷ cos æç wt - ö÷
è 4ø è 4ø
1. y1 + y2 = A sin ( wt + kx) p
= R cos æç wt - ö÷
+ A cos ( wt - kx) è 4ø
p p
= A sin ( wt + kx) + A sin æç - wt + kx ö÷ where, R = 2 A sin æç kx + ö÷;
è2 ø è 4ø
p p
wt + kx + - wt + kx R(0) = 2 A sin = A 2
= 2 A sin 2 4
2 So, at x = 0, node is not present, i. e.,
p
wt + kx - + cot - kx Assertion is false.
cos 2
2. In stationary waves only nodes are at
2
rest and not other particles. It is so
20 | Superposition of Waves
p
called as energy is not transmitted, thus + A sin æç q + ö÷
assertion is false. è 2ø
3. In rarer medium speed of wave is higher = - A cos q + A sin q + A cos q
and as = A sin q
2 v2 \ R = AÞ I f = Ii
At = Ai
v1 + v2 Assertion and reason are both true but
Þ At > Ai reason do no explain assertion.
so reason is correct explanation to 10. For two coherent sources phase
assertion. difference has to be constant and that
constant be same at all points as
4. In second overtone or third harmonic
Df ¹ Df ( t). Different light sources can
there are three loops or three antinodes never be coherent. So phase difference
or four nodes. And length of the string, must be same, thus assertion is false.
l
l = 3 so, assertion and reason are both
2 ¢ Match the Columns
true.
T T v
1. v1 = and v2 = = 1
m 9m 3
N A N A N A N
v1
Þ =3
5. As speed of wave is constant in stretched v2
wire, and v = fl, so with increase in v - v1 / 3 2/ 3 1
Ar = 1 Ai = Ai = Ai
frequency, wavelength decreases. So v1 + v1 / 3 4 /3 2
reason is correct explanation of 2 v2
assertion. and A t = Ai
v1 + v2
6. In stationary waves, amplitude of nodes 2 v1 / 3 1
is zero and it is possible only when = Ai = Ai
v1 + v1 / 3 2
superposing waves has same amplitude.
But it is not the only condition, there has A1 A r 1/ 2 A i
(a) = = = 1®q
to be same frequency, opposite direction A2 A t 1/ 2 A i
of propagation and constant phase v
(b) 1 = 3 ® r
difference. So assertion is not completely v2
true. 2
I æA ö 1 2 1
7. Energy lying between conservative node (c) r = ç r ÷ = æç ö÷ = and
I i è Ai ø è2ø 4
and antinode is constant where it moves
to and fro between node and antinode. It 1 3
=1 - =
2 Ii 4 4
I 25 æ 5 ö2 æ A1 + A2 ö
8. max = = ç ÷ = çç ÷÷ I 1 I r I r / I i 1/ 4 1
I min 1 è1ø è A1 - A2 ø \ = = = = ®s
I2 It I t / I i 3/ 4 3
Þ 5 ( A1 - A2 ) = A1 + A2
(d) P = IS = 2p2 n2 A 2 r vr
Þ 4 A1 = 6 A2 Þ A1 : A2 = 3 : 2.
1 T
Thus reason is the correct explanation = w2 A 2 m
2 m
of assertion.
p 1 2 2
9. y = A sin æç q - ö÷ + A sin q = w A Tm
è 2ø 2
Superposition of Waves | 21

1 2 2
w A1 Tm 1 increase in speed wavelength
P1 2
= increases ® p
P2 1 w2 A 2 Tm
2 2 (c) As v t > v i then A t > A i ® p
2
(d) Frequency remains unchanged ® r
A2 m 1 m1
= 12 = 4. R= A 2 + A 2 + 2 × A × A × cos q
A2 m 2 9m 1
1 q
= ®s = 2 A cos
3 2
3 60°
v (a) R(60° ) = 2 A cos
n 3 2
2. (a) 2 = 2l = ® r 3
5
n4 v 5 = 2 A cos 30° = 2 A × =A 3®s
2l 2
(b) Number of nodes in 3rd harmonic is (b) R(120° ) = 2 A cos 120°/ 2 = 2 A cos 60°
4 and in Fifth harmonic 6, 1
= 2A × = A ® s
4 2 2
so, = ® p
6 3 (c) R (90° ) = 2 A cos 90°/ 2
(c) Number of antnodes in 3rd = 2 A cos 45° = A 2
harmonic is 3 and in fifth harmonic
3 Þ I R = 2 A 2 = 2I i ® p
5, 50, ® r
5 (d) R(0° ) = 2 A cos (0°/ 2) = 2 A
l2 n4 5 Þ I R = 4 A2 = 4I i ® r
(d) = = ®s
l4 n2 3 5. n2 = 3n 0 = 210 Hz Þ n 0 = 70 Hz
3. In danser medium speed of wave is (a) n 0 = 70 Hz ® s
lesser and in rarer medium it is greater.
(b) n2 = 3n 0 = 210 Hz ® p
(a) When wave goes from denser to
rarer medium its speed increases (c) n 3 = 4n 0 = 4 ´ 70 Hz = 280 Hz ® r
® p (d) n1 = 2 n 0 = 140 Hz ® s
(b) As frequency do not change with
change in medium then with
16. Sound Waves
Introductory Exercise 16.1
1. P0 = S0 kB p0 p0
(b) S0 = =
kB 2 p
P0 P l × rv2
Þ B= = 0 l
S0 k 2pS0 p0 vl
p0 l p0
14 ´ 0.35 = 2
= 2
=
= 2p rv 2p nr v 2p nrv
2 ´ 3.14 ´ 5.5 ´ 10 -6
10
= m
= 1.4 ´ 105 N/m 2 2 ´ 3.14 ´ 10 3 ´ 1.29 ´ 340
v 1450 m /s
2. l = Þ l max = = 72.5 m, = 3.63 ´ 10 -6 m
n 20 Hz P P0 P
1450 m /s 4. S0 = 0 = = 0
l min = = 7.25 cm kB 2p nr v wrv
20000 Hz P0 k
= 2
3. Pressure wave and displacement wave rw
p 12 ´ 8.18
has a phase difference of , so,
2 =
. ´ (2700) 2
129
(a) When pressure is maximum,
displacement is minimum i.e., zero. = 1.04 ´ 10 -5 m

Introductory Exercise 16.2


v2 T2 3. v = nl = 250 ´ 8 = 2000 m/s
1. = = 2 Þ T2 = 4 T1 = 4 ´ 273 K
v1 T1 B = rv2 = 900 ´ (2000) 2
= 3 ´ 273 ° C = 819 ° C = 36 ´ 10 8 N/m
t ö1/ 2 t ö = 3.6 ´ 10 9 Pa
2. v t = v 0 æç 1 + æ
÷ = v0 ç 1 + ÷
è 273 ø è 546 ø 7
´ 8.314 ´ 273
30 3 ù gRt
v 30 - v 3 = v 0 é1 + -1 + 4. v = = 5
êë 546 546 úû M 32 ´ 10 -3
33 ö
= v 0 æç ÷ = 315 m/s
è 546 ø
33
= 332 ´ = 20.06 m/s
546
Sound Waves | 23

Introductory Exercise 16.3


3 ö
1. P0 = S0 kB = 2p nrv S0 = 20 log æç ÷ = 20 dB
è 0.3 ø
= 2 ´ 3.14 ´ 300 ´ 1.2 ´ 344 ´ 6 ´ 10 -6
P02 (28) 2
= 4.67 Pa 4. (a) I = ; I max =
P2 ( 4.67) 2 2rv 2 ´ 1.29 ´ 345
I = 0 =
2 rv 2 ´ 1.2 ´ 344 = 0.881 W/m 2
0.881
= 2.64 ´ 10 -2 W/m 2 Lmax = 10 log = 119.45 dB
10 -12
I 2.64 ´ 10 -2
L = 10 log = 10 log (2 ´ 10 -5 ) 2
I0 10 -12 I min =
2 ´ 1.29 ´ 345
= 104 dB
= 4.49 ´ 10 -13 W/m 2
hI I
2. 2L - L = 10 log - 10 log 4.49 ´ 10 -13
I0 I0 Lmin = 10 log dB
10 -12
= 10 log (h) = 9 dB
= - 3.48 dB
Þ log h = 0.9, h = 10 0. 9 = 7.9 Po Po
(b) S0 = =
1 k kB 2pnrv
3. I µ 2 Þ I = 2
r r 28
I ( S0 ) max =
LF - LM = 10 log F 2 ´ 3.14 ´ 500 ´ 1.29 ´ 345
IM
2
= 2 ´ 10 -5 m
ær ö 2 ´ 10 -5
= 10 log çç M ÷
÷ ( S0 ) min =
è rF ø 2 ´ 3.14 ´ 500 ´ 1.29 ´ 345
= 1.43 ´ 1011 m

Introductory Exercise 16.4


l d2
1. (2n - 1) = 12 cm 3. Dx1 = 2 H 2 + - d = nl
2 4
l
and (2n + 1) = 36 cm and
2
d2 1
Þ l = 36 - 12 = 24 cm Dx2 = 2 ( H + h) 2 + - d = æç n + ö÷ l
v 330 m /s 4 è 2ø
n= = = 1375 Hz l d2 d2
l 0.24 m Þ = 2 ( H + h) 2 + - 2 H2 +
l l p l 2 4 4
2. Dx = Df = × = d2 d2
2p 2p 3 6 or l = 4 ( H + h) 2 + -4 H2 +
v 350 4 4
= = = 0.117 m = 11.7 cm
6 n 6 ´ 500 l = 2 4 ( H + h) 2 + d2 - 2 4 H 2 + d2
2p 1
Df = Dt = 2p nD t = 2p ´ 500 ´ 10 -3 4. Dx p = d sin q = æç n + ö÷ l for minima
T è 2ø
= p rad = 180°
24 | Sound Waves

Y 2p 2pn
Df = Dx = Dx
P l v
S1 2 p ´ 170
q
v
= ´ (11 - 8) = 3 p = q
d X 340
q 3p
S2
(a) \ I R = 4 I 0 cos 2 = 4 I 0 cos 2
í ì

=0
ì

d sin q
2 2
l (b) Df¢ = 3 p + p = 4 p
(a) \ d sin q = for first minima 4p
2 Þ I R¢ = 4 I 0 cos = 4I 0
l v ö 2
q = sin -1 æç ö÷ = sin -1 æç ÷ = 4 ´ 10 -6 W/m 2
è 2d ø è 2nd ø
4 ´ 10 -6
æ 340 ö LR¢ = 10 log
= sin -1 çç ÷
÷ 10 -12
è 2 ´ 600 ´ 2 ø
= 10 log 10 6 dB + 10 log 4
= sin -1 (0.142) = 0.142 rad
= 60 dB + 2 log 2 dB
= 8.14 °
= 60 dB + 6 dB = 66 dB
(b) For, first maxima d sin q = l 2pn 2p ´ 85
l 340 ö (e) Df¢¢ = × Dx = ´ (11 - 8)
Þ q = sin -1 æç ö÷ = sin -1 æç ÷ v 340
è dø è 1200 ø 3p
= =q
= 16. 46° 2
d 3p
(c) Dx max £ d Þ nl £ d, n £ I R ¢¢ = 4 I 0 cos 2
l 4
2 ´ 600 p
= = 3.53 = 4 I 0 cos ç p - ö÷ = 2I 0

340 è 4ø
Þ n = 3 maxima. 2 ´ 10 -6
Þ LR ¢¢ = 10 log = 63 dB
5. (a) For coherent speakers in phase, 10 -12
I R = 4 I 0 cos 2
q 10 -3 10 -3
7. (a) I 1 = =
2 4 p ´ 22 16 p
2p 2p l
Df = Dx = × = p= q = 19.9 ´ 10 -6 W/m 2
l l 2
p = 19.9 mW / m 2
Þ I R = 4 I 0 cos = 0
2 10 -3 10 -3
I2 = =
(b) For incoherent sources, 4 p ´ 32 36 p
I R = I 1 + I 2 = I 0 + I 0 = 2I 0 = 8.84 ´ 10 -6 W/m 2
(c) For coherent speakers with a phase = 8.84 mW / m 2
difference 180°. (b) ( I P ) max = ( I 1 + I 2 ) 2
Df¢ = 180° + Df = p + p = 2p = ( 4.46 + 2.97 ) 2
2p
Þ I R¢ = 4 I 0 cos 2 = 4I 0 = 55.27 mW/m 2
2
(c) ( I P ) min = ( I 1 - I 2 ) 2
I0
6. 60 dB = 10 log = ( 4.46 - 2.97) 2
10 -12
= 2.22 mW/m 2
Þ 10 6 ´ 10 -12 = I 0
(d) I P = I 1 + I 2 = 28.7 mW/m 2
Þ I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2
Sound Waves | 25

Introductory Exercise 16.5


v v 345 m /s harmonics are odd, which can be seen in
1. (a) n 0 = Þ lc = =
4lc 4n 0 4 ´ 220 Hz closed organ pipe only.
= 0.392 m (b) These are 5th and 7th harmonic.
3v v
(b) = 5n 0 (c) n 0 =
2l 0 4lc
3v 3 ´ 345 v 344
Þ l0 = = = 0.470 m Þ lc = = = 1.075 m
10 n 0 10 ´ 220 4n 0 4 ´ 80

2. (a) 4. v = nl = 1000 ´ 2 ´ 6.77 ´ 10 -2 m /s


N AN N = 135.4 m /s
Fundamental A N A ANAN A gRT Mv2
First overtone Second overtone v= Þ r=
tone M RT
l
d A = l = 0.8 m d A = , l =
0.8
m, dA =
l 3l
, ,l n ´ 127 ´ 10 -3 ´ (135.4) 2
0.8 2.43 3 5 5 = = 0.7 n
= m, m , 0.8 m 8.314 ´ 400
5 4

(b) As 1 < r < 2


7
A NA N A N
Þ n = 2 Þ r = 0.7 ´ 2 = 1.4 = diatonic
N AN A
5
N A
(2n + 1)v (2n + 3)v
d A = 0n d A = 0,
2l 2l 4l
d A = 0, ,
5. n = =
3 5 5 4 l1 4 l2
= 0,0.533 m = 0 m , 0.32 m, 0.64 m
2n + 3 l2 100 5
3. = = =
2 400, 560 2n + 1 l1 60 3
0
Þ n =1
4 20, 28
4 l1 n 4 ´ 0.6 ´ 440
\v = = = 352 m/s
Þ HCF of the two shows, 80 and the 2n + 1 3
values, 400 Hz and 560 Hz are odd
multiples of 80. These conservative

Introductory Exercise 16.6


1. A'1 A' B A1 A \ n A = 256 - 4 = 252 Hz
252Hz 256Hz 260Hz 2. A'1 A' B A1 A
ý

>4 <4 381 384 387


ý

Þ n A = 252 Hz >3 <3

n A = (256 ± 4) Hz Þ n A = 387 Hz
and n A - n = (256 ± 6) Hz n A = (384 ± 3) Hz
\ 256 ± 4 - n = 256 ± 6 and n A - n = 384 ± m, m < 3
± 4 m 6 = nÞ n = - 4 + 6 = 2 \ 384 ± 3 - n = 385 ± m
26 | Sound Waves

Þ ±3-n=±m TA
Þ = 1.02
Þ ± 3 m m = n = ( +) ve TB
Þ n=+3-m v
4. 256 ± 4 =
Þ n A = 384 + 3 = 387 Hz 2 ´ 0.25
1 TA v
6 Hz = 600 Hz = and 256 =
2l m 2 ´ (0.25 - x)
256 2 ´ 0.25 1
1 TB = =
and 600 Hz = 252 2 (0.25 - x) 1 - 4 x
2l m
TA 256 - 4 ´ 256 x = 252
606
Þ = = 1.01 Þ 4 = 4 ´ 256 x
600 TB 1 100
x= m= cm = 0.4 cm
256 256

Introductory Exercise 16.7


1. When source is moving, 3. For doppler effect there has to be
v 1 relative motion between source and
n s¢ = n= n
v + vs v receiver, but as they are at rest relative
1m s
v to each other that’s why there is no shift
-1
æ v ö in wavelength and frequency.
= ç1 m s ÷ n
è v ø v 344
4. l = = = 0.688 m
æ v ö u n 500
= ç 1 ± s ÷ n = æç 1 ± ö÷n 30
è v ø è vø (a) l front = l - uT = 0.688 -
v ± v0 500
When observer is moving, n 0 = n = 0.688 - 0.060 = 0.628 m
v
æ v ö v (b) l behind = l + uT = 0.688 + 0.060
= ç 1 ± 0 ÷ n = æç 1 ± ö÷ n
è v ø è vø = 0.748 m
344
So, it can be seen that, n 0 and n s are (c) n front = = 547.8 Hz
equal if u << v. 0.628
344
340 (d) n behind = = 459.9 Hz
2. l = = 1.7 m 0748
.
200
80 v - w - v0 340 - 5 - 20
(a) l¢ = l - uT = 1.7 m - = 1.7 m 5. n¢ = n= ´ 300 Hz
200 v - w + vs 340 - 5 + 10
- 0.4 m = 1.3 m 315
= ´ 300 Hz = 273.9 Hz
v 340 m /s 345
(b) n¢ = =
l¢ 1.3 m 6. S vs P
r
= 262 Hz
Sound Waves | 27

AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level 1)
t1 t 1 1 T2 v 300
1. d = d1 + d2 = v +v 2 v mix = vH = v0 = 0
2 2 3 2
3 T1 3 273
v 332 æ 3 5 ö
= ( t1 + t2 ) = ç + ÷ v0 1300
2 2 è 2 2ø = = = 787 m /s
2.73 2.73
= 332 ´ 2 = 664 m
10 -6
The time for third eco is, 7. L1 = 10 log = 60 log 10 = 60 dB
3 5 10 -12
t = t1 + t2 = + = 4 s 10 -9
2 2 L2 = 10 log = 30 log 10 = 30 dB
7 10 -12
´ 8.314 ´ 300 Þ L1 = 2L2
gRT
2. v = = 5 I
M 2 ´ 10 -3 8. 100 dB = 10 log dB
I0
= 21 ´ 8.314 ´ 104 = 1321 m /s
Þ I = 1010 I 0 = 10 -2 W /m 2
gp P = 4 pr2 I = 4 p ´ ( 40) 2 ´ 10 -2
3. v =
r = 64 p W = 201 W
5 I
´ 76 ´ 10 -2 ´ 13.6 ´ 10 3 ´ 9.8 9. (a) 60 dB = 10 log dB
= 3 I0
0.179 Þ I = 10 6 I 0 = 10 -6 W/m 2
5 ´ 76 ´ 136 ´ 9.8 (b) P = AI = 120 ´ 10 -4 ´ 10 -6 W
= = 971 m /s
3 ´ 0.179 = 1.2 ´ 10 -8 watt
I
4. (a) B = rv2 = rn2 l2 10. (a) DL = 13 dB = 10 log 2 dB
I1
= 1300 ´ 16 ´ 104 ´ 64
Þ I 2 = 101. 3 I 1 = 20 I 1
= 1.33 ´ 1010 N/m 2
(b) As with doubling the intensity,
r l2 6400 ´ (15. )2
(b) Y = rv2 = 2 = loudness increases by 3 dB
t (3.9 ´ 10 -4 ) 2 irrespective of the initial intensity.
= 9.47 ´ 1010 Pa P 5 5
11. I = = =
2 4 pr2 4 p (20) 2 4 p ´ 400
Dl Dl æç v t ö÷ F Dl
5. v t = vl Þ = ; =Y 1
l l çè v l ÷ø A l = W/m 2 = 9.95 ´ 10 -4 W/m 2
2
320p
æv ö 1 2 Y 1 I
= Y çç t ÷÷ = Y æç ö÷ = (b) I = 2p2 n2 a2 rv Þ a =
è tl ø è 30 ø 900 pn 2 r v
2 ´ 2 + 1 ´ 14 1 1
6. M mix = = 6 m/mole =
2+1 300 p 320 p ´ 2 ´ 129
. ´ 330
v mix MH 2 1 1 1
= 2
= = =
vH M mix 6 3 300 p ´ 1012 85.5
2
= 1.15 ´ 10 -6 m
28 | Sound Waves

I Aa 5.66 ´ 10 -9
12. 60 dB = 10 log dB (c) A a > A w ; = = 60
10 -12 A w 9.44 ´ 10 -11
1 T
Þ I = 10 -6 W/m 2 and a = As bulk modulus of water is much
pn 2 rv larger than air, such that
1 10 -6 displacement of particles of medium
= = 13.6 ´ 10 -9 m becomes less.
800 p 2 ´ 1 .29 ´ 330
p2 (6 ´ 10 -5 ) 2
13. 102 dB = 10 log
I
dB 16. I = 0 = W/m 2
I0 2 rv 2 ´ 1.29 ´ 343

Þ I = 1010.2 I 0 = 1010.2 - 12 = 4 ´ 10 - 12 W
I 4 ´ 10 -12
= 10 -1. 8 W/m 2 \ L = 10 log = 10 log
P = 4 p r2 I
I0 10 -12
= 4 ´ 3.14 ´ (20) 2 ´ 10 -1. 8 = 20 log 2 = 6 dB
v
= 80 W 17. n o = = 594 Hz;
2l
14. I = 2p2 v2 a2 rv v n 0 594
nc = = = Hz = 297 Hz
= 2 ´ (3.14) 2 ´ (300) 2 4l 2 2
´ (0.2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2 ´ 1.29 ´ 330 W/m 2 ( n + 1)v 344
18. n 0 = = ( n + 1)
= 30 .25 W/m 2 2l 2 ´ 0.45
I 30.25 = ( n + 1) ´ 382.2 Hz
L = 10 log dB = 10 log dB
I0 10 -12 = 3822 . Hz, 764.4 Hz, 1146.7 Hz,
= 134.8 dB (2n + 1)v
nt =
B 2.18 ´ 10 9 2l
15. (a) v w = = 344
r 10 3 = (2n + 1)
2 ´ 0.45
= 1.48 ´ 10 3 m /s
I 1 I (2n + 1) ´ 191.1 Hz
Aw = =
2 2
2p n rv pn 2rv = 191.1 Hz, 573.3 Hz, 955.6 Hz
v
1 3 ´ 10 -6 19. n c =
= 4l
3400 p 2 ´ 10 3 ´ 1.48 ´ 10 3
Þ v = 4 l n c = 4 ´ 0.15 ´ 500 = 300 m /s
= 9.44 ´ 10 -11 m v 300
no = = = 250 Hz
v 1.48 ´ 10 3 2l o 2 ´ 0.6
lw = N = = 0.43 m
n 3400 20. y = A cos kx cos wt
gp 1.4 ´ 105 2p 330
(b) v a = = = 341.6 m /s = A cos x cos 2p t
r 1.2 1.6 1.6
1 3 ´ 10 -6 = A cos 3.93 x cos 1296 t
Aa =
3400 p 2 ´ 1.2 ´ 3416
. 2n + 1 2n + 3
21. n = v= v
-9 4 ´ 0.5 4 ´ 0.84
= 5.66 ´ 10 m
341.6 2n + 3 84
la = = 0.1 m Þ = = 1.68
3400 2n + 1 50
Sound Waves | 29

Þ 3 - 1.68 = 2n ´ 0.68 v
25. (a) n c =
\ n = 0.97 = 1 as n is an integer 4lc
4l v 4 ´ 0.5 ´ 512 v 345
v= = m /s Þ lc = = = 0.392 m
2n + 1 3 4n c 4 ´ 220
5l 3l 3 4
= 341.3 m/s (b) l 0 = , l 0 = = × lc
2n + 5 4 2 2 5
n= n 6 6
4l = l c = ´ 0.392 m = 0.47 m
2n + 5 5 5
7
Þ l= v= ´ 341.3 vs v
4n 4 ´ 512 26. n s = n c Þ = s
2 ´ 0.8 l c 4 l c
= 1.167 m = 116.7 cm v s 1.6
v 340 Þ = = 0.4
22. n c = = = 85 Hz va 4
4l 4 ´ 1
v 340 17
v 1 F 27. (a) l s = = = m = 113. m
ns = = = 85 n 300 15
l 0.4 m v - vs
(b) l a = l - v s T Þ
4 ´ 10 -3 n
Þ F¢ = (85 ´ 0.4) 2 m = (34) 2 ´ 340 - 30 31
0. 4 = = = 1.03 m
300 30
= 11.65 N v + vs
v l b = l + vs T =
23. n c = Þ v = 4n ( l + l) n
4( l + e) 340 + 30 37 37
= = = = 1.23 m
= 4n( l + 03. d) 300 30 30
= 4 ´ 480 (016
. + 03 . ) = 336 m/s
. ´ 005 1 F Dn 1 DF
28. n = Þ =
(2n + 1) n 2l m n 2 F
24. (a) n e =
4l DF Dn 15. 3
Þ =2 =2´ = = ± 0.68%
5 ´ 330 F n 440 440
Þ 440 =
4l n¢ = n + Dn = 440 ± 1.5
5 ´ 330 15 = 438.5 Hz or 441.5 Hz
Þ l= = m
4 ´ 440 16 29. v = 0.32 m/s;
5l 15
(b) N A =l= l = vT = 0.32 ´ 1.6 m = 0.512 m.
4 16 l - l¢
15 4 3 l¢
Þ l= ´ = m l¢a = l - v s T Þ v s = =v -
16 5 4 T T
2 p 15 0.12
= 0.32 - = 0.245 m/s
Dp = Dp0 cos kx = Dp0 cos ´ 1.6
3 / 4 32
15 p 5p Dp0 l b ¢ ¢ = l + v s T = 0.512 m + 0.245 ´ 1.6
= Dp0 cos = Dp0 cos = = 0.512 + 0.392 = 0.904 m.
12 4 2
v - v0 340 + 18
(c) At open end there is pressure node, 30. (a) n a = n= ´ 262 Hz
v - vs 240 - 30
so, pmax = Dpmin = Dp0
358
(d) At closed end there is pressure = ´ 262 Hz = 302.5 Hz
antinode, such that, 310
v - v0 340 - 18
pmax = p0 + Dp0 and (b) n r = n= ´ 262
pmin = p0 - Dp0 v + vs 340 + 30
30 | Sound Waves
322 1
= ´ 262 Hz = 228 Hz \ v s = m/s
370 2
v v l
31. Dn = n- n 35. (2n + 1) = 11.5 cm
v - vs v + vs 2
2 vv n 2v n vDn l
= 2 s2 ~ - s Þ v= (2n + 3) = 34.5 cm
v - vs v 2v s 2
2n + 3 34.5
340 ´ 4 Þ = = 3 Þ 4n = 0 Þ n = 0
\ n= = 680 Hz 2n + 1 11.5
2´ 1
l
v \ = 11.5 cm Þ l = 23 cm
32. n 0 = n c ± Dn = 110 ± 2.2; n c = 2
4lc v 331.2 m/s
v 330 n= = = 1440 Hz
Þ lc = = l 0.23 m
4n c 4 ´ 110 v 330
3 2v 36. l = = = 1.5 m
\ l c = m; n 0 = n 220
4 2 l0 3 9
Dx = S2 P - S1 P = 3 - = m
2v 2 ´ 330 4 4
Þ l0 = = 3 3 3 l
2n 0 2 (330 ± 2.2) = × = l = (2n + 1)
2 2 2 2
= 0.993 m or 1.007 m 3 1
7 Here, S1 P = = l
33. n p = n Q ± and n P < n Q as beat 4 2
2 2p 2p l
Þ f1 = S1 P = × =p
frequency increases waxing of P. l l 2
v 332 3
nQ + 5 = nQ = nQ and S2 P = 3 = 2 × = 2l
v - vs 332 - 5 2
332 5 2p
= nQ Þ5 = nQ Þ f2 = × 2l = 4 p
327 327 l
Þ n Q = 327 Hz and Destructive interference will take place
7 at P.
n P = 327 - = 323.5 Hz
2 \ PP = Pmin = ( P1 - P2 ) 2
When Q gives 5 beats with its own echo.
= ( 1.8 ´ 10 -3 - 1.2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
OR
7 332 = 0.6 ´ 10 -3 ( 3 - 2) 2
n P = n Q - = n¢ q - 5 = nQ - 5 = 0.6 ´ 10 -3 ´ 0.1 = 6 ´ 10 -5 W
2 327
7 5 x 2
Þ 5- = nQ 37. Dx = 2 22 + æç ö÷ - x = nl = 1 ´ l
2 327 è2ø
327 ´ 1.5
Þ nQ = = 98.1 Hz 360 m/s
5 = =1m
360 Hz
Þ n P = 98.1 - 2.5 = 94.6 Hz
x2
When P gives 5 beats with the echo of Q. 2 4+ =1 + x
v v 2vv n 2v n 4
34. Dn = n- nÞ 2 s 2 ~ - s æ x2 ö
v - vs v + vs v - vs v or 4 çç 4 + ÷ = 1 + 2x + x2
4 ÷
vn 340 ´ 2 è ø
Þ vs = =
2 n 2 ´ 680 16 - 1 = 2x
x = 7.5 m
Sound Waves | 31

¢ Objective Questions (Level 1)


1. Sound cannot travel in vacuum, as it is 10
1 ´ 1.01 ´
mechanical wave. \ v= 3 = 337 m/s
0.01
2. Longitudinal waves can travel through v 1 1
all mechanical mediums. 11. n¢ = n = n = nn Þ n = = 0.5
v+v 2 2
gRT gR ´ 288
3. = 12. I max = ( I + I ) 2 = 4 I = NI Þ N = 4
32 28
32 8 v 3v
T= ´ 288 K = ´ 288 K = 56° C 13. n = =
28 7 4 ( l1 + e) 4 ( l2 + e)
4. Third overtone is 7th harmonic ie, there Þ l2 + e = 3 l1 + 3 e
4 nodes and 4 antinodes. l - 3 l1
Þ e= 2
A N 2
N AN A N A 42 - 3 ´ 17
\ e= cm = 0.5 cm
v 2
5. n µ Þ n µ T so with increase in
l v = 4n( l1 + e) = 4 ´ 500 (17 + 8.5) ´ 10 -2
temperature, frequency increases. = 20 ´ 17.5 = 350 m/s
6. For sound water is rarer medium and air 14. At the moment when velocity of source is
is densor medium so, it bends towards perpendicular to the line joining source
normal while going from water to air. and observer then there is no Doppler
v v l 2 effect i.e., n + n1 = n Þ n1 = 0
7. n c = = no = Þ c = =1:2
4lc 2l o lo 4 ( n + 1)v 340
15. n = = (2n + 1) = 85 (2n + 1)
n2 F2 4l 4´1
8. =
n1 F1 = 85, 255, 425, 595, 765, 935
æn
2
ö \ 6 frequencies below 1 kHz.
Þ F2 = çç 2 ÷÷ F1 v - v0 v - v0 æ v + v0 ö
è n1 ø 16. Dn = n- n = n çç 1 - ÷
÷
2 v - vs v + vs è v + vs ø
æn ö 256 ö2
Þ M 2 = çç 2 ÷÷ M 1 = æç ÷ ´ 10 kg A
è n1 ø è 320 ø
= 6.4 kg o S
\ OM = M 2 - M 1 = 6.4 - 10 = - 3.6 kg vs + v0
10
= n× ´ 180 = 5 Hz
=
i.e., Mass has to be decreased by 3.6 kg v + vs
360
v v v v
9. n direct = n and n reflected = n 17. Dn = n = n1 - n2 = -
v - vs u - vs l1 l2
as n D = n R so there will be no beats i. e., v( l2 - l1 ) nl1 l2
= Þv =
beat frequency will be zero. l1 l2 l1 - l2
v v ( l - l2 )
10. Dn = n2 - n1 = - =v 1 18. A' A B
l2 l1 l1 l2
l1 l2 Dn 345Hz 250Hz 355Hz
Þ v=
ý

Dl Dn<5 Dn>5
32 | Sound Waves

As beat frequency between A and B v v v


23. n c = = 512 Hz, n o = =2
decreases on loading A. 4l 2l 4l
i. e., n B < n A Þ n B = 345 Hz = 2 n c = 2 ´ 512 Hz = 1024 Hz
1 ´ 32 + 1 ´ 2
C' B C 24. M min = = 17
1+1
341Hz 245 Hz 349Hz
v min MH 2
2
= =
After loading A, n A ¢ = 345 + 2 = 247 Hz vH 2 M min 17
and n A ¢ - n c = ± 6 Þ n c = l A ¢ m 6
25. n a > f and n r < f but n a = constant and
= 347 m 6
= 341 or 353 Hz. n r = cosntant.
So, curve in (b) represents correctly.
As possible frequency of C are 341 Hz
(2n + 1) v ( m + 1) v
and 249 Hz then only 341 Hz is justified. 26. u = -
l - 3 l1 122 - 3 ´ 40 4l 2l
19. e = 2 = cm = 1 cm (2n + 1) v ( m + 1) v
2 2 How, -
v 5v 4 ´ 2l 4 ´ 2l
So, = 4
l ( l1 + e) 4( l1 + e) = = 2 beat/s
2
Þ l 3 = 5l1 + 4 l
v v
= 5 ´ 40 + 4 ´ 1 = 204 cm 27. Dn = n a - n r = n- n
v - v1 v + v1
Dn 1 DF 1 DF
20. = Þ Dn = n 2 vv1n
n 2 F 2 F =
1 1 (v - v1 ) (v + v1 )
= ´ 200 ´ = 1 Hz 2 ´ 320 ´ 4 ´ 243
2 100 = = 6 Hz
2n + 1 2n + 1 316 ´ 324
21. n = v Þ l= v
4l 4n (2n + 1) v 320
340 2n + 1 28. n c = = (2n + 1)
= (2n + 1) = m 4lc 4´1
4 ´ 340 4
1 3 5 = (2n + 1) ´ 80 Hz = 80 Hz, 240 Hz,
= m, m, m. 400 Hz,...
4 4 4
( n + 1)v 320
As, l max = 120 cm Þ l = 25 cm 75 cm. n0 = = ( n + 1)
2l 0 2 ´ 1.6
\Height of water column
= 120 cm - 75 cm = 45 cm = ( n + 1) ´ 100 Hz = 100 Hz, 200 Hz,
l 105 ´ 4 300 Hz, 400 Hz,...
22. 7 = 105 cm Þ l = = 60 cm
4 7 \ n c = n o = 400 Hz
N N 29. I max = 4 I 0
N
N and I max
¢ = 4 I max = 16I 0
l 60 L¢ = 10 dB + 10 log 16
Þ = = 15 cm
4 4 = 10 dB + 40 log 2 dB = 22 dB
l l l l 2p 2p
So, nodes are at, , 3 , 5 and 7 from 30. l = = = 4m
4 4 4 4 k p/2
closed end i. e., they are at, l 4
15 cm, 45 cm, 75 cm and 105 cm. l =5 =5´ m =5m
4 4
Sound Waves | 33

l (2n + 1) 330 v + v0 æ v ö
31. d = (2n + 1) = × m 34. f a = f = ç 1 + 0 ÷ f and
4 4 660 v è v ø
330 æ v ö
= (2n + 1) cm = (2n + 1) ´ 13.75 cm. fr = ç1 - 0 ÷ f
24 è v ø
= 13.75 cm, 41.25 cm, 68.75 cm, 96.25 cm f a v + v0
etc. =
fr v - v0
v v v ( l2 - l1 )
32. Dn = - = Þ ( f a - f r )v = ( f a + f r )v 0
l1 l2 l1 l2 v f + fr
332 ´ 1 ´ 10 -2 Þ = a .
= = 13.15 Hz v0 fa - fr
0.49 ´ 0.5
and
300 2v0 æ f - fr ö
33. Dn B = n A - n B = ´ 300 - 300 fa - fr = f = 2 çç a ÷f
÷
300 - 30 v è fa + fr ø
= 33.33 Hz and n ¢A ¹ n B¢ f + fr
Þ f = a .
So both (a) and (b) options are wrong. 2

JEE Corner
¢ Assertion and Reason
v v 3v 5v 5. With increase in intensity sound level
1. n c = (2n + 1) = , , ,...
4l 4l 4l 4l increases in lograthmic order so
( n + 1)v v 2 v 3v 4v
while, n 0 = = , , , ,... assertion is false.
2l 2l 2l 2l 2l
gp
it can be seen that n c ¹ n o at all situation 6. Speed of sound v = , with increase in
r
1
and n c = n o so assertion is true but only pressure density increases such
2
reason is false. that p/r remains constant. Again
gRT
2. Apparent frequency is constant for v= so both assertion and reason
constant relative velocity so assertion is M
false. are true but reason is not correct
3. At a point of minimum displacement explanation of assertion.
pressure amplitude is maximum i. e., 7. n A = n B + 4 when A is loaded with little
pressure difference is maximum not
wax then n A sightly decreases and then
pressure. So assertion is false.
beat frequency decreases, but if it is
4. The deriver receiver two sounds one heavily loaded with wax then its
v+u
direct, n 0 = n and other n R = n such frequency goes much below n B such that
v -u beat frequency increases. So, assertion
that be detects beats. So reason is true and reason are both true but reason is
explanation of assertion. not correct explanation of assertion.
34 | Sound Waves

8. 150 450, 7 50, 1


9. n µ with increase in diameter end
l+e
3, 5
correction, e, increases and n decreases.
The frequencies are odd harmonics then So reason is correct explanation of
the pipe is closed and fundamental assertion.
frequency is also 150 Hz. So assertion
and reason are both true but reason is 10. With increasing length of air column,
not correct explanation of assertion. number of overtone increases and not
the wavelength so assertion is false.

¢ Objective Questions (Level 2)


1. At the boundary between two mediums, l 2L
6. 7 =L Þl=
one part of incident wave gets reflected 2 7
and other part gets transmitted or 2p L
A = a cos kx = a cos × = a cos p = - a
refracted. L 7
2
3l 3.9 p 7
2. = 3.9 p Þ l =
2 1.5 7. For maxima, nl = 3
2p 2p 3 3 v nv
Þ k= = = r 0 = S0 kB Þ l= ;n= = = 110 n.
l 3.9 p 3.9 n l 3
1.5
\n = 110, 220, 330 Hz, ..etc. maxima will
r0 10 -2 ´ 105
Þ S0 = = be formed so maximum will not be
kB 3
´ 1.3 ´ (200) 2 formed at 120 Hz and 100 Hz.
3.9
8. 20 m/s
3.9 ´ 10 -1
= = 0.025 m = 2.5 cm
12 ´ 1.3 W 60°
2 v2 2 ´ 100 S 20 m/s
At 2
3. = = = v + wcos 60°
A i v1 + v2 200 + 100 3 n¢ =
v v v + w cos 60° - v s
4. Dn = n- n 300 + 10
v + v2 v + v1 = ´ 500 Hz
vn (v1 - v2 ) ~ n (v1 - v2 ) 300 + 10 - 20
= - 310
(v + v2 ) (v + v1 ) v = ´ 500 = 534 Hz
290
vDn 340 ´ 10
\ v1 - v2 = = = 2 m/s év + 20 v + 20 ù
n 1700 9. Dn = n R - n 0 = ê - ú ´ 500
5. v s = gt = 10 m/s ë v - 10 v + 10 û
360 360 ö
v + v0 v - v0 = æç - ÷ ´ 500 Hz = 31 Hz
Dn = n- n è 300 350 ø
v - vs v + vs
404 p 400p
æ 300 + 2 300 - 2 ö 10. Dn = - = 202 - 200 = 2 Hz
= çç - ÷ ´ 150 Hz 2p 2p
÷ 2
è 300 - 10 300 + 10 ø I max æ 2 + 1 ö
302 298 ö = ç ÷ =9 :1
= æç - ÷ ´ 150 = 12 Hz I min çè 2 - 1 ÷ø
è 290 310 ø
Sound Waves | 35

l 4 y
11. 3 = 34 cm Þ l = ´ 34 cm
4 3
v 136
Þ n = Þ v51 = nl = n D E
l 3 x
A B C
v16 273 + 16 289 1 1
= = = =
v51 273 + 51 324 1.121 1.1
nl51 Both (a) and b are correct.
Þ nl16 =
1.1 More Than One
136
\ l16 = = 41.21 cm (2n + 1)v
3 ´ 1.1 19. n =
4l
v -v v+v v 330
12. 176 ´ = 165 ´ Þl = (2n + 1) = (2n + 1) m
v - 22 v 4n 4 ´ 264
Þ 176 v (v - v) = 165 (v + v) (v - 22) = (2n + 1) ´ 31.25 cm
\ = 31.25 cm, 93.75 cm, 156.25 cm
176 ´ 330 (330 - v) = 165(330 + v) (330 - 22)
20. (a) v µ p0 , (b) v µ T Þ v2 µ T,
or 1.143 (330 - v) = 330 + v where T is absolute temperature.
1
or 0.143 ´ 330 = 2.143 v Þ v = 22 m/s (c) v µ F (d) n µ
2 ´ 32 + 3 ´ 48 l
13. M min = = 41.6 \(c) and (d) are correct.
2+3
Dp Dp
n2 v2 m1 32 21. P0 = BA k; B = - -
= = = = 0.77 DV Dp
n1 v1 m2 41.6 p
V
= 0.875 = 175 Hz Dpr r
\ Dr = = BA k = rA k
14. v 0 = gt = 30 m/s B B
v + 30 r µ p;
1100 = ´ 1000, 1.1v = v + 30
v Pressure and density equations are in
p
0.1 v = 30 Þ v = 300 m/s opposite phase i. e., Df = and not p.
2
Passage (Q 5 to 17) So, (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
v m + v p = 8 m/s, 50v m = 150v p 5v 3v 125
. 2 l 2 8
22. = Þ = Þ o = = .
Þ v m = 3v p , 4v p = 8 m/s 4 l c 2l o lc lo l c 1.25 5
v p = 2 m/s and v m = 6 m/s v v 2v
(a) n c = = =
v+2 332 4lc 4 ´ l 5 5 lo
15. n¢ = f0 = f 0 = constant 8
o
v -6 324
4 v 4
v -2 328 = × = no Þ nc < no
16. n¢ ¢ = f0 = f 0 = constant 5 2l o 5
v+6 336 3v 3v 12 v
(b) n c = = = ×
17. n¢ ¢ < f 0 < v¢ and graph is (a) 4lc 4 ´ 5 l 5 2l 0
0
8
18. 6 2v 6
= × = × no Þ nc > no.
5 2 lo 5
36 | Sound Waves
15 v 15 v 6v v
(c) n c = = = = 12 (b) increase in T Þ increase in v Þ
4 lc 4 ´ l 5 lo 2l o increase in f
o
8 (c) increase in M Þ decrease in v Þ
= 12 v 0 twelbth harmonic. decrease in f
(d) Closed organ pipe cannot have (d) increase in P Þ increase in r Þ no
tenth harmonic it only has odd change in v Þ no change in f
harmonics. v v
24. f a = f and f r = f are
v 1 gRT v - vs v + vs
23. f = =
4( l + e) 4( l + e) M constants during approach and received.
(a) increase in r Þ increase in e Þ
decrease in f

¢ Match the Columns


v 3. f = f T - f S
1. n o = =f
2l
v f (a) If tuning fork is loaded f T decreases
(a) n c = = = 0.25 f ® s such that beat frequency may
4 ´ 2l 4
5v 5 increase or decrease depending
(b) n c2 = = × f = 1.25 f ® p upon amount of wax ® r, s
4 ´ 2l 4
3v 3 (b) If prongs are filed, beat frequency
(c) n c1 = = f = 0.75 f ® r must increase ® p
4 ´ 2l 4
3v (c) If tension is increased beat
(d) n c1 = = 0.75 f ® r frequency may increase or decrease
4 ´ 2l
depending upon the amount of
æ v v ö÷ 2 vv f change in tension. ® r, s
2. Dn1 = çç - ÷ f = 2 f
è v - vs v + vs ø v - v2s (d) If tension is decreased, beat
v frequency must increase ® p
2v
4 f = 16 ´ 1 f = 8 f 1 1
= 4. (a) For point source, I µ , and A µ ® r
v2 15 2 15 r r
v2 - (b) ® q
16 1
æ v + vs ö 2vs (c) For line source, I µ and
Dn2 = çç - 1 ÷÷ f = f r
è v - vs ø v - vs

1
®q
2 v/4 2 r
= f = f
v - v/4 3 (d) ® p
æ v v ö÷ 2 p 2p
Dn 3 = çç 5. l = = =2m
- ÷f =0 k p
è v - v5 v - v5 ø l 5
8 l = 5 = m = 2.5 m
(a) ® Dn1 = f®q 4 2
15
2 (a) l = 2.5 m ® s
(b) ® Dn2 = f ® p (b) l = 2 m ® r
3 l 2l
(c) Dn 3 = 0 ® s (c) , = 1m, 2 m ® p, r
2 2
(d)Dn ¢3 = 0 ® s l l
(d) , 3 = 0.5 m, 1.5 m ® q
4 4
17. Thermometry, Thermal
Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
Introductory Exercise 17.1
C F - 32 5 C F - 32 9
1. (a) = for F = 0, C = - ´ 32 5. = Þ x = x - 32
5 9 9 5 9 5
= - 17.8 ° C 4
Þ x = - 32
K - 273.15 F - 32 5
(b) = for K = 0, 5
5 9 Þ x = - ´ 32 = - 40 ° C
9 4
F = - ´ 273.15 + 32 = - 459.67 ° F 1
5 6. Dt = at Dq
x 2x - 32 10x 2
2. (a) = Þx= - 17.8 1
5 9 9 = ´ 1.2 ´ 10 -5 ´ 86400 ´ 30
10 2
Þ 17.8 = æç - 1 ö÷ x = 1.5 ´ 1.2 ´ 8.64 s = 15.55 s given.
è9 ø
Þ x = 17.8 ´ 9 = 160.2 ° C 7. As from 0°C to 4°C, density of water
x x / 2 - 32 5 increases so the volume of wooden block
(b) = Þ x= x - 17.8
5 9 18 above water level increases and as from
13 4°C to 10°C density of water decreases
Þ 17.8 = - x Þ x = - 24.65 °C
18 so the volume of block above water
C -5 F - 32 decreases.
3. =
99 - 5 212 - 32 8. V1r 1 g = V2¢ s1 g and V2 r 2 g = V2¢ s2 g
C - 5 F - 32 DV1 V¢ s
Þ = Þ =1 - 1 = -1 - 1
94 180 V1 V1 r1
52 - 5 F - 32
Þ = DV2 s
94 180 and =1 - 2
180 V2 r2
Þ F = 32 + ´ 47 = 122 ° F DV2 DV1
94 \ -
K - 273.15 F - 32 V2 V1
4. = æ s ö æ s ö s s
5 9 = çç 1 - 2 ÷÷ - çç 1 - 1 ÷÷ = 1 - 2
5 è r2 ø è r1 ø r1 r2
Þ x - 273.15 = x - 17.8
9 s1 s1 (1 - g 2 DT)
4 = -
Þ x = 255.35 Þ x = 574.54 r1 r 1 (1 - g 1 T)
9
38 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases
DT
s1 æ g 2 - g 1 ö 9. On cooling brass contracts more than
= ç ÷
r 1 çè 1 - g 1 ÷ø T iron ( a B > a Fe ) such that brass disk gets
s1 s1 (1 - g 2 DT) loosen from hole of iron.
= -
r1 r 1 (1 - g 1 T) 10. V µ T Þ V = kT Þ ln V = ln k + ln T
DT DV DT DV 1
s1 æ g 2 - g 1 ö Þ = Þ = =g
= ç ÷ V T VDT T
r 1 çè 1 - g 1 ÷ø T

Introductory Exercise 17.2


1. For ideal gases, pV = nRT 101
. ´ 36
= . kg/m 3
= 15
V VM 8.31 ´ 29
.
Þ T= p= p
nR mR N
4. pV = nRT = RT
VM NA
Slope =
mR pVN A
1 Þ N=
As slope µ Þ m2 < m1 RT
m 10 -6 ´ 13.6 ´ 10 3 ´ 10 ´ 250 ´ 10 -6
p T ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
2. pV = nRT Þ 2 = 2 =
p1 T1 8.31 ´ 300
360 6
= = 13.6 ´ 5 ´ 6.02
300 5 = ´ 1015 = 8.21 ´ 1015
6 6 8.31 ´ 6
Þ p2 = p1 = ´ 10 atm = 12 atm
5 5 5. pV = nRT
1 1 nR
´ 28 + ´ 44 Þ V = ×T
7 + 11
3. M mix = 4 4 = = 36 p
1 1 1
+ 1
4 4 2 Slope µ
m r
pV = nRT = RT
M Þ p1 > p2
m pM 1
Þ pM = RT = rRT Þ r = 6. pV = nRT Þ p = ( nRT)
V RT V
. ´ 105 ´ 36 ´ 10 -3
101 Þ y = mx is a straight line passing
\ r=
8.31 ´ 290 through origin.

Introductory Exercise 17.3


1. Average velocity depends on the in one direction while other are moving
direction of motion of gas molecules and in opposite direction. But in case of
as container do not move such that their average speed only magnitudes are in
net effect becomes zero, due to the use which do not cancel each other.
reason that some molecules are moving
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 39

3 3 8.31 1
2. KE = kT = ´ ´ 300 J = ´ 1023 ;
2 2 6 ´ 1023 3
3 S = 4 pR2 = 4 ´ 3.14 ´ (6400 ´ 10 3 ´ 102 ) 2
= ´ 8.31 ´ 10 -21 J
4
= 6.21 ´ 10 -21 J = 5.14 ´ 1018 cm 2
N 1023
3 RT \ =
3. v rms = , S 3 ´ 5.14 ´ 1018
M
3 ´ 8.31 ´ 300 = 6.5 ´ 10 3 molecules/cm 2
v He = 3
4 ´ 10 -3 (a) nCV = nR = 35 J/K
2
= 1.37 ´ 10 3 m /s 70
Þ n= = 2.8 mole
3 ´ 8.31 ´ 300 3R
v Ne = = 608.5 m/s 3
20.2 ´ 10 -3 (b) U = nRT = 35 J/K ´ 273 K = 9555 J
2
3 5
KE = kT = 6.21 ´ 10 -21 J (c) C p = CV + R = R = 20.8 J/K mole
2 2
3 RT 8. (a) n(C p - CV ) = nR = 29.1 J/K
4. v rms =
M 29.1
Mv2rms 4 ´ 10 -3 ´ 10 6 Þn= mole = 3.5 mole
ÞT = = 8.314
3R 3 ´ 8.31 3
(b) CV = nc V = n R = 3.5 ´ 1.5 ´ 8.314
= 160.45 K 2
n1r 1 + n2 r 2 (1 - n2 ) r 1 + n2 r 2 = 43.65 J/K
5. r = = 5
n1 + n2 1 - n2 + n2 C p = nc p = n R = CV + nR
2
= r 1 + n2 (r 2 - r 1 ) = 43.65 + 3.5 ´ 8.314
r - r1 1.293 - 1.429 = 72.75 J/K
Þ n2 = =
r 2 - r 1 1.251 - 1.429 5
(c) CV ¢ = nc V = n ´ R = 72.75 J/K
136 3
= = 0.764 = 76.4% by mass 7
178 C p¢ = nc p = n ´ R
V pT ( p + hrg) 2
6. 2 = 1 2 = 0
V1 p2 T1 p0 ´ 277 = 72.75 + 3.5 ´ 8.314
(1.01 ´ 105 + 40 ´ 10 3 ´ 10) ´ 293 = 101.85 J/K
= 3 RT 8 RT
1.01 ´ 105 ´ 277 10. v rms = and v av =
5.01 ´ 293 M pM
= = 5.25 8
1.01 ´ 277 Here 3 > Þ v rms > v av ,
p
Þ V2 = 5.25 V1 = 105 cm 3 i. e., the statement is true.
1
7. N = nN A = ´ 6 ´ 1023
18
40 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases

AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level 1)
C¢ 68 - 32 36 \ T2 = 2 ´ 273.15 K = 546.30 K
1. = = =4
5 9 9
K¢ - 273 68 - 32 7. Rt = R0 (1 + a D q)
Þ C¢ = 20° C ; = =4
5 9 Þ 3.50 = 250 . (1 + 100a) Þ 1 = 250 K
10
.
Þ K¢ = 293 K or a = = 4 ´ 10 -3 /°C
C¢ 5 - 32 27 250
= =- = -3
5 9 9 \ 650 . = 250 . (1 + 4 ´ 10 -3 Dq)
K¢ - 273 5 - 32 Þ 4 = 10 -2 ´ Dq
Þ C¢ = - 15° C; = = -3
5 9 Þ Dq = 400 Þ q2 = 400°C
Þ K¢ = 258 K Þ Dq = 400 Þ q2 = 400°C
C¢ 176 - 32 144 i. e., boiling point of sulphur is 400°C.
= = = 16
5 9 9 T p 75 + 45 120 3
K¢ - 273 8. 2 = 2 = = =
Þ C¢ = 80° C; = 16 T1 p1 75 + 5 80 2
5 3 3
Þ K¢ = 353 K T2 = T1 = ´ 30015 . K
2 2
30 F¢ - 32 = 450225
. K = 177.08 ° C
2. = Þ F¢ = 54 + 32 = 86° F
5 9
9. Dg = g ( a Br - a Fe ) Dq
= 546° R
Dg 1
5 F¢ - 32 Þ Dq = ×
= Þ F¢ = 9 + 32 = 41° F = 501° R g a Br - a Fe
5 9
20 F¢ - 32 0.01 ´ 10 -3 1
- = = -2
×
5 9 6 ´ 10 a Br - a Fe
-3
Þ F¢ = - 36 + 32 = - 41° F 10
=
= 456° R 6 ( a Br - a Fe )
x x - 32 9 4 10 -3
3. = Þ 32 = x - x = - x \ q2 = q1 +
5 9 5 5 6 ( a Br - a Fe )
5
Þ x = - ´ 32 = - 40° 10 -3 100
4 = 30° C + = 30° C +
6 ( a Br - a Fe ) 6 ´ 0.63
Þ - 40° C = - 40° F
DC DF 9 9 = 57.78 ° C.
4. = Þ DF = DC = ´ 40 = 72°
5 9 5 5 10. (a) Dl = l aDq ~
- 88.42 ´ 2.4 ´ 10 -5 ´ 30
\ F2 = F1 + 72° = 140 .2° F = 0.064 cm
32 - 20 C¢ - 0
5. = (b) Dl = l ( a Al - a St ) Dq
80 - 20 100 - 0
= 88.42 (2.4 - 1.2) ´ 10 -5 ´ 30
12 C¢ 12 ´ 100
Þ = Þ C¢ = = 20° C = 0.032 cm
60 100 60
l S = l + Dl = 88.42 + 0.032 cm
T2 p 160
6. = 2 = = 2 Þ T2 = 2T1 = 88.45 cm
T1 p1 80
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 41

Dl p1 V1 T2 p T
11. ´ 100% = a D q ´ 100% 17. V2 = × = 1 × 2 × V1
l T1 p2 p2 T1
= - 1.2 ´ 10 -5 ´ 35 ´ 100% =
1
´
270
´ 500 m 3 = 900 m 3
= - 0.042% 0.5 300
Dl pV p V
12. F = YA = YA a Dq 18. 1 1 = 2 2
l T1 T2
= 2 ´ 1011 ´ 2 ´ 10 -6 ´ 1.2 ´ 10 -5 ´ 40 æ mg + p ö A × h æ mg + p ö Ah
ç 0 ÷ i ç 0 ÷ f
A A
= 4 ´ 1.2 ´ 40 N = 160 ´ 1.2 N = 192 N Þè ø =è ø
293 273
13. Vsg = (50 - 45) ´ 10 -3 kg 373 373
Þ hf = hi = ´ 4 cm = 50.9 cm
= 5 ´ 10 -3 kg 293 293
V ¢ s¢ g = (50 - 451. ) ´ 10 -3 kg n n 25/ 28 40/ 4
19. p1 = p2 Þ 1 = 2 = =
= 4.9 ´ 10 -3 kg V1 V2 L1 A L2 A
s L1 25 1 5
V (1 + g s Dq) g = 4.9 ´ 10 -3 Þ = ´ = = 0.089
1 + g l Dq L2 28 10 56
1 + g s Dq 4.9 n1 25/ 28 25 5
= = = = = 0.089
1 + g l Dq 5 n2 40/ 4 280 56
Þ 5 + 5g s Dq = 4.9 + 4.9 g e Dq
0.1 + 5g s Dq 1 5 20. n = n1 + n2
gl = = + gs
4.9 Dq 49 Dq 4.9 Þ p( V1 + V2 ) = p1 V1 + p2 V2
1 5 p V + p2 V2
gs = + ´ 12 ´ 10 -6 Þ p= 1 1
49 ´ 75 4.9 V1 + V2
1.38 ´ 0.11 + 0.69 ´ 0.16
= 272.1 ´ 10 -6 + 12.2 ´ 10 -6 \p = MPa
0.11 + 0.16
= 2.84 ´ 10 -4 ° C
0.1518 + 0.1104 0.2622
14. M = 14 + 3 = 17 g/mole = = = 0.97 MPa
0.27 0.27
= 17 ´ 10 -3 kg/mole pV1 pV2 pV pV
21. + = 1 1 + 1 2
17 ´ 10 -3 T T T1 T2
ÞM = kg/molecule
6033
. ´ 10 -23 1 atm
´ 600 cm 3
. ´ 10 -26 kg/molecule
= 282 293 K
6
pV 1.52 ´ 10 ´ 10
-2 æ 400 cm 3 200 cm 3 ö
15. n = = = 6.13 = p1 ç + ÷
RT 8.314 ´ 298.15 ç 373 K 273 K ÷
è ø
-3 600/ 293
m nM 6.13 ´ 2 ´ 10 Þ p1 = atm
r= = = 400 200
V V 10 -2 +
= 1.23 kg/m 3 373 273
3
m¢ nM ¢ 16 nM \ p1 = atm
r¢ = = = = 16 r æ 2 1 ö
V V V 293 ç + ÷
è 373 273 ø
= 19.62 kg/m 3 3 3
V 76 = = atm
16. p2 = p1 1 = 1 atm ´ 1.57 + 1.07 2.64
V2 6
= 1.136 atm
= 12.7 atm
42 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases

nRT 1 ´ 8.314 ´ 273.15 3 Þ K 2 = 4.5 K


22. V = = m
p 1.013 ´ ´ 105 f +2 58
29. C p = R = 29 Þ f = -2 =5
= 0.02242 m 3 = 22.42 litre 2 R
pV T V T pV
23. p2 = 1 1 × 2 = p1 1 × 2 pT = p ×
T1 V2 V2 T1 nR
0.75 430 Þ p2 V = constant
= 1.5 ´ 105 ´ ´ 1
0.48 300 Þ pV 1/ 2 = constant Þ a = ,
= 3.36 ´ 105 Pa 2
f R f +4
24. r = p1 + p1¢ + p2 c= R+ = R = 29
2 1 2
n RT n1¢ RT n2 RT 1-
= 1 + + 2
V V V 58
1.4 1.4 0.4 ù RT f = - 4 =3
= é0.7 ´ + 0.3 ´ + R
êë 28 14 4 úû V 3 2
0.7 0.3 1ù 8.314 ´ 1500 30. TKE = of total energy and RKE = of
=é + + ´ 5 5
ëê 20 10 10 ûú 5 ´ 10 -3 total energy, so the gas is diatomic.
3.3 3 3
= ´ 8.314 ´ 3 ´ 105 Pa TKE = kT = ´ 1.38 ´ 10 -23 ´ 300 J
20 2 2
= 4.11 ´ 105 Pa = 6.21 ´ 10 -21 J/molecule
1 1 5
25. RKE = 2 ´ kT = Iw2 DQ = nCV DT = 1 × ´ 8.314 ´ 1 = 20.8 J
2 2 2
2kT 2 ´ 1.38 ´ 10 -23 ´ 300 n1C p1 + n2 C p2
Þ w= = 31. C p =
I 8.28 ´ 10 -38 ´ 10 -7 n1 + n2
6 ´ 1.38 2.5 R + 3.5 R
\ w = 1012 = 1012 rad/s = = 3R
8.28 1+1
gp n1`CV + n2 CV
26. v = CV = 1 2
r n1 + n2
2
rv2 1.3 ´ (330) 1.5 R + 2.5 R
Þ g= = = 1.398 = = 2R
p 1.013 ´ 105 1+1
f +2 2 ~ C
= Þf = -5 3R
f 0.398 g= P = = 1.5
CV 2R
5 7
n1C p1 + n2 C p2 3 ´ 2 + 2 ´ 2 n1C p1 + n2 C p2 ( n1 + n2 )C p1
27. g = = 32. g = =
n1CV + n2 CV 3 5 n1CV + n2 CV ( n1 + n2 )CV
1 2 3 ´ + 2´ 1 2 1
2 2 C p1
15 + 14 29 = =g
= = = 1.53 CV
9 + 10 19 1

3 33. p = aV Þ pV - b = constant
b
28. K = pV
2 DQ
3 C= = 0 for adiabatic process for
p2 V2 nDT
K2 3 15
Þ =2 = × = 4.5 which pV g = constant comparing, we
K1 3 2 5 get, b = - g
p1 V1
2
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 43
-6
34. p = kV Þ pV -1 = constant m 50 ´ 10
N= = = 6.25 ´ 1020
m1 8 ´ 10 -26
Þ pV = a constant Þ a = - 1
R R R K 0.3 30
C = CV + = CV + = CV + \K 1 = = 20
= ´ 10 -22 J
1-a 1+1 2 N 6.25 ´ 10 6.25

3 RT 3 ´ 8.314 ´ 373.15 = 4.8 ´ 10 -22 J


35. v rms = =
M 2 ´ 10 -3 40. v 0 =
3 RT0
M0
= 2.16 ´ 10 3 m /s
= 2.16 km/s v T 573
(a) = = = 1.4 Þ v = 1.4 v 0
v0 T0 293
(500) 2 + (600) 2 + (700) 2 + (800) 2
+ (900) 2 (b) v = v 0 as RMS speed changes with
36. v rms = temperature and not with pressure.
5
100 v M0 M0 1
= 25 + 36 + 49 + 64 + 81 (c) = = =
5 v0 M 3M 0 3
= 714 m/s v0
Þ v= = 0.58 v 0
500 + 600 + 700 + 800 + 900 3
v av =
5 gRT gRT¢ MH
2
41. = ÞT = × T¢
= 20 (5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) = 700 m/s MH MO MO
2 2 2
v rms ¹ v av 2
3 = ´ 320 = 20 K = - 253 ° C
37. KE = pV 32
2
1 GMm
Þ N ´ 6 ´ 10 -26 = 1.5 ´ 2 ´ 105 ´ 100 42. mv2e = = g e Re m
2 Re
´ 10 -3 ´ 10 -3 3 RT
3 ´ 10 Þ v e = 2 g e Re = v H =
\ N= = 5 ´ 1026 2 M
6 ´ 10 -26 2 g e Re M
5000 Þ Te =
= ´ 6.023 ´ 1023 = 830.15 Na 3R
6.023 2 ´ 9.8 ´ 6367
. ´ 10 6 ´ 2 ´ 10 -3
=
\ n = 8300.15 moles 3 ´ 8.314
v v = 10007 K
38. Frequency of collision, n = =
2 3 l 2 3 ×V 2 g m Rm M
and Tm =
1 3 RT 3R
= 2 ´ 1.6 ´ 1.75 ´ 10 6 ´ 2 ´ 10 -3
2 3V M =
RT RT p 3 ´ 8.314
\n = = =
4 VM nRT 4 nM = 449 K
4× ×M 3 3
p 43. (a) KE = kT = ´ 1.38 ´ 10 -23 ´ 300 J
2 2
2 ´ 10 +5 -21
= = 6.21 ´ 10 J
4 ´ 1 ´ 46 ´ 10 -3 3
(b) KE¢ = kT × N a = 6.023 ´ 1023
2
= 41.04 ´ 10 3 /s
´ 6.21 ´ 10 -21 J
3 3
39. KE = pV = ´ 105 ´ 2 ´ 10 -6 = 0.3 J = 3740 J
2 2
44 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases

3 RT 3 ´ 8.314 ´ 300
(c) v rms = =
M 32 ´ 10 -3
= 483.6 m /s

¢ Objective Questions (Level 1)


8 RT p( V1 + V2 ) T T p( V1 + V2 )
1. v av = T= = 1 2
pM p1 V1 p V p1 V1 T2 + p2 V2 T1
+ 2 2
12 + 02 + 22 + 3 2 T1 T2
2. v rms =
4 Dl 0.08 ´ 10 -3
10. a = =
14 l Dq 10 ´ 10 -2 ´ 100
= = 3.5 m /s
4 = 8 ´ 10 -6 / ° C
Dl DV = VgDq = 3 VaDq = 3 ´ 100 cc ´ 8
3. = - aDq = - 12 ´ 10 -6 ´ 50
l ´ 10 -6 ´ 100
= - 600 ´ 10 -6 = - 6 ´ 10 -4 = 0.24 cc
V T Þ V¢ = 100 cc + 0.24 cc = 100.24 cc
4. V µ T Þ 2 = 2 = 2;
V1 T1
11. T = T0 + tan 45° V = T0 + V
DV V - V1
= 2 = 2 - 1 = 1 = 100% pV = nRT = nR( T0 + V ) = nRT0 + nRV
V V1
nRT0 b
K 2 T2 2E or p = nR + Þ p=a+
5. KE µ T Þ = = =2 V V
K 1 T1 E
ie, p versus V graph will be hyperbola.
Þ T2 = 2T1 = 2 ´ 283 K
12. p2 V = constant
\ T2 = 566 K = 293 ° C 2
f n æ nRT ö
6. TE = kT = kT. Þ ç ÷ V = constant.
2 2 è V ø
v T2 1200 Þ T2 µ V
7. 2 = = = 2 Þ v2 = 2 v1
v1 T1 300 T2 V2 3 V0
Þ = = = 3
T1 V1 V0
8. (a) pav = m1v is different for different m1
3 Þ T2 = 3 T1 = 3 T0
(b) (KE) molecule = kT is same for any 1 2 1 m 2
2 13. p = rv rms = v rms
gas. 3 3 V
3 pV 3 Þ mT = constant
(c) (KE)/ V = = p is different as
2 V 2 m1 T2 310
= = = 1.1
p is different for different. m2 T1 280
3 pV 3 p
(d) (KE) m = = is different as
2 m 2 r 14. As temperature of vessels A and B are
p some so is average velocity of O2 , i.e., u.
is different.
r pV
15. N = nN a = Na
pV p V pV1 pV2 p( V1 + V2 ) RT
9. 1 1 + 2 2 = + = 10 -13 ´ 10 -6
RT1 RT2 RT RT RT = ´ 6.023 ´ 10 +23
8.314 ´ 300
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 45

602.3 9 63
= = 24 = ´ 28 g = g
8.314 ´ 3 20 5
1 GMm GMm m m mp
16. mv2 = - = mgh 21. r = = =
2 R R+h V RT ( n1 + n2 ) RT
( n1 + n2 )
p
v2 3 RT
Þ h~
- = 12 ´ 1.01 ´ 10 ´ 10 -3
5
2 g 2 gM = = 0.12 kg/m 3
3 ´ 8.314 ´ 273 (2 + 2) ´ 8.314 ´ 300
\ h= m
2 ´ 10 ´ 28 ´ 10 -3 kM
22. p = kr =
V
. ´ 10 3 m » 12 km
= 1216
l Þ pV = constant is for isothermal
a 19
17. 1 = 2 = and l1 - l2 = 30 cm process, i. e., T = constant
l2 a 1 11
p2
11 23. = constant
Þ l1 = l1 = 30 cm r
19
Þ l1 =
19
´ 30 cm = 7125
. cm Þ p2 V constant Þ pT = constant
8 p2 r2 r /2 1
11 = = =
and l2 = l1 = 41.25 cm p1 r1 r 2
19 p
Þ p2 = 1
18. p µ V µ T ÞV = constant 2
p T2 p1
= = 2
T1 p2
Þ T2 = 2T1 = 2T
1
V as pT = constant Þ p µ
T
m i. e., p - T graph is hyperbola.
19. V = V0 + tan q × T, pV = nRT = RT
M 24. p2 V = constant
m
\ p( V0 + tan q ´ T) = RT Þ PT = constant and T 2 V -1 = constant.
M
1 ém p2 V1 V 1
Þ tan q = RT - pV0 ù = = =
pT êë M úû p1 V2 4V 2
mR V0 p p
or tan q = - Þ p2 = 1 =
pM T 2 2
T2 V2 4V
\ tan q remains same when m ® 2 m = = =2
and p ® 2 p T1 V1 V
pV p V Þ T2 = 2T1 = 2T
20. n1 = 1 and n2 = 2 1
RT1 RT2 as p µ Þ p-T graph is hyperbola.
n1 p1 T2 10 ´ 300 600 20 T
= × = = = C -0 F - 32 F - MP
n2 T1 p2 5 ´ 330 330 11 25. = =
11 100 - 0 212 - 32 BP - MP
\ n2 = n1
20 Þ ice point = 32° F and steam point
11 = 212° F
\ Dm = m1 - m2 = m1 = m1
20
46 | Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases

26. p µ V at ‘a’ p = p0 and V = V0 and at ‘b’ , (c) false


m (d) false
p = 2 p0 and V = 2V0 , r =
V 28. V µ T ÞV = tan q × T
r b Va V0 1
Þ = = = m
ra Vb 2V0 2 pV = nRT = RT
M
1 mRT mR
Þ r b = Pa Þ p × T tan q = Þ tan q +
2 M MP
Tb PV 2 p0 × 2V0 m1 m2
= b b = =4 tan q1 > tan q2 Þ >
Ta Pa Va P0 V0 p1 p2
Þ Tb = 4 Ta Þ all a, b, c and d are possible.
U µ T Þ Ub = 4Ua
29. pV = nRT
as P µ V Þ T µ V2 N m/V
n m
Þ Parabola passing through origin Þ p = RT = a RT = RT
V M M
27. (a) TKE = 3 nRT is independent of type 3 RT 3 kN a T 3 kT
2 v rms = = =
M M M
of gas ® true.
(b) In one degree of freedom for one Þ (a) and (d) are correct.
1
mole of gas, V = RT
2

JEE Corner
¢ Assertion & Reason
1. Assertion is false. 4. Internal energy remains same in train
p frame of reference, so temperature do
isobaric
not change, but KE of gas molecules in
ic
h or ground frame increases.
isothermal
oc
is 5. According to equipartition theory,
T
energy is equally distributed for each
degree of freedom, so assertion is false.
2. Assertion and reason are both true but
reason is not correct explanation of 6. At high temperature and low pressure
assertion. As at low temperature atoms intermolecular distance is much larger
in molecules are tightly bound such that than size of the molecules and
they cannot oscillate. intermolecular forces can be neglected.
2 So, assertion and reason are both true
3. pV = nRT = × KE but not correct explanation.
3
2 KE 2 7. At 4°C, volume is minimum or density is
Þ p= Þ p = E.
3 V 3 maximum i. e., liquid will overflow on
Assertion and reason are both true but increasing or decreasing temperature
reason cannot explain assertion. This reason is false.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion & Kinetic Theory of Gases | 47

8. Temperature remains constant as nR æ MR ö


10. V = T = çç ÷÷ T Þ slope µ m; reason
pressure is double and volume is halfed, r è Mp ø
so internal energy remains constant. So is correct explanation.
reason partially explains assertion.
9. Assertion and reason are both true but
not correct explanation.

¢ Match The Columns


1.
(d) 1 p
(a) TKE = 3 nRT = 3 × 2RT = 3 RT ® r DT = aTDq increases with
2 2 2
2 2 ® increasing temperature
(b) RKE = nRT = × 2RT = 2RT® p
2 2
(c) PE = ® s 5. (a) p = constant® q
(d TKE = 5 nRT = 5RT ® s p
) 2

¾® q
2. U
T

(b) V µ T
p
1
Þ µU
1 r
U = pÞ T µ Þ VT = constant U
V
Þ pT 2 = constant and pV 2 = constant
(a) U increases Þ T increases ¾® R
Þ P decreases ® r p
(b) p increase Þ V decreases ® r
(c) U increases Þ T increases ® q
T TV constant T
(d) = = = increase as (c)
V V2 V2
Vdecreases ® q ¾® p
8
3. x1 = 3, x2 = , x 3 = 2 and x4 = r V
p
(a) ® r, (b) ® s, (c) ® q, (d) ® s 1
(d) V µ T Þ µT
4. r
(a) density of water is ® s T
maximum of 4°C
(b) depends of change in ® s ¾® r
density of solid and liquid
(c) depends of change in ® s r
density of solid and liquid
18. First Law of Thermodynamics
Introductory Exercise 18.1
1. (a) DW = pDV = - 1.7 ´ 105 (1.2 - 0.8) J 3. As the box is insulated i.e., no heat
4 exchange takes place with surrounding
= - 6.8 ´ 10 J
and as the gas expands against vacuum
(b) DV = 1.1 ´ 105 J i.e., zero pressure that’s why no work
Þ DQ = DU + DW = - 17.8 ´ 104 J has been done and there is no change in
i.e., 1.78 ´ 105 J of heat has flown out of internal energy. Thus, temperature do
the gas. not change, internal energy and gas does
(c) No, it is independent of the type of not do any work.
the gas. f 3
4. U = nRT = nRT
2 2
2. (a) In p - V graph of cyclic process, 2U 2 ´ 100
clockwise rotation gives positive Þ n= =
3 RT 3 ´ 8.314 ´ 300
work and anticlockwise gives
negative work. And as loop 1 has = 0.0267 mole.
greater area than loop 2, that is why 5. DQ = ms Dq = 1 ´ 387 ´ 30 J = 11610 J
total work done by the system is m
DV = Vg Dq = ´ 3 a Dq
positive. r
(b) As in cyclic process change in 1
= ´ 3 ´ 7 ´ 10 -6 ´ 30
internal energy is zero, that’s why 8.92 ´ 10 3
for positive work done by the
system, heat flows into the system. = 7.1 ´ 10 -8 m - 3
(c) In loop ‘1’ work done is positive so, DW = p DV = 1.01 ´ 105 ´ 7.06 ´ 10 - 8
heat flows into the system and in = 7.13 ´ 10 - 3 J
loop ‘2’ work done is negative so DU = DQ - DW = 11609.99 J
heat flows out of the system.

Introductory Exercise 18.2


1. (a) At constant volume, (b) At constant pressure,
DU = 0 Þ DW = 0 DQ 200
DT = = = 9.62 K
DQ = nCV DT nC p 1 ´ 5 ´ 8.314
DQ 200 2
Þ D= = = 16.04 K
nCV 1 ´ 3 ´ 8.314 Þ Tf = 300 + 9.62 K = 309.62 K
2 2. For adiabatic process,
\ Tf = Ti + DT = 300 + 16.04 = 316.04 pVg = constant = c (say)
K V V c V
\ ò f p dV = ò f g dV = cò f V - g dV
Vi Vi V Vi
49 | First Law of Thermodynamics
Vf -g + 1 -g + 1 M DQ 200 ´ 199
V -g +1 Vf - Vi = =
=c =c m ´ 3R 2010 ´ 3 ´ 8.314
-g+1 Vi
1-g
-g + 1 - g +1 = 0.8 ° C
pf Vf × Vf - pi Vig × V f
= 6. DW = DW AB + DWBC + DWCD + DWDA
1-g æ p ö
p f V f - pi Vi pi Vi - p f V f = nRT1 mçç 1 ÷÷ + p2 ( VC - VBC )
= = (Proved) è p2 ø
1-g g -1 æp ö
+ nRTm çç 2 ÷÷ + p1 ( V1 - V2 )
3. DW AB = + 500 J,DQ AB = + 250 J è p1 ø
Þ DU AB = - 250 J æp ö
= nR( T2 - T1 ) ln çç 2 ÷÷ + p1 V2 - p1 V1
DW AC = + 700 J, DQ AC = + 300 J è p1 ø
Þ DU AC = - 400 J + p1 V1 - p1 V2
(a) Path BC is isochoric process, i.e., æ p2 ö
= ( p2 V2 - p1 V1 ) ln çç ÷÷
DWBC = 0 è p1 ø
\ DQBC = DUBC = DU AC - DU AB
= - 400 J - ( - 250 J) = - 150 J 7. DW ABCA = (+)ve Þ DW AB = (+)ve,
(b) DWCDA = DWCD + DWDA DWBC = 0, DWCA = ( -)ve
= - 800J + 0 = - 800 J For BC, DQ = ( -)ve Þ DUBC = ( -)ve and
(Work is negative as volume is
DWBC = 0
decreasing)
DUCDA = DU AC = - DU AC = 400 J For CA, DU = ( -)ve Þ DQCA = ( -)ve as
Þ DQCDA = DWCDA + DUCDA DWCA = ( -)ve.
= - 800 J + 400 J = - 400 J DU DW DQ
-2 5
pV 1 ´ 10 ´ 2 ´ 10 AB + + +
4. (a) T = =
nR 1 ´ 8.314 BC - 0 -
= 240.6 K CA - - -
5 -3
pDV 2 ´ 10 ´ 5 ´ 10 Total 0 + +
(b) DW = =
g -1 5
-1 For AB, as DU ABCA = 0 and
3 DUBC = ( -)ve,
3
10
= J DUCA = ( -) ve
2/ 3
Þ DU AB = ( -) ve
5. (a) As DQ ABCA = DW ABCA = ( +)ve and
p2 p2 p2 æç 1 1 ö÷ DQBC = ( -)ve
DK = - = -
2m i 2m f 2 çè m i m f ÷ø DQCA = ( -)ve Þ DQ AB = ( +)ve
(10 ´ 10 -3 ´ 200) 2 é 1 1 ù In isobaric process, DW = pDV = nR DT
= ê -3
- ú
2 ë10 ´ 10 2.01 û = 0.2 ´ 8.314 ´ (300 - 200) = 166.3 J
1
1
= 2 é100 - ù = 199 J 9. DW = ò p dV = ò aV 2 dV = aV 3
ëê 2 ûú 3
1
DQ DQ = ´ 5 ´ 1.01 ´ 10 ´ (2 3 - 1 3 )
5
(b) DQ = nCV DT Þ DT = = 3
nCV m
CV = 1.18 ´ 10 6 J
M
First Law of Thermodynamics | 50

Introductory Exercise 18.3


p Cp
1. 29.39
Þ g= = = 1.4
CV 21.07
C 2. DQ = DU + DW ; DQ = nC p DT
p0
A
Þ 1600 = 1 × C p × 72
p0/5 Þ C p = 22.22
B
Cp
V CV = C p - R = 13.9 Þ g = = 1.6
V0 5V0 CV
æV ö DW = DQ - DU = 1600 - nCV DT
DWBB = nRT ln çç B ÷÷ = 3 R ´ 273 ln 5
è VA ø = 1600 - 1 ´ 13.9 ´ 72
= 10959 J = 1600 - 1000.8 J
DWBC = 0 = 599.2 J
DQ = DU + DW and DU = nCV DT = 1 ´ 13.9 ´ 72
DU = DQ - DW = 1001
= 80000 - 10959 = 1 kJ
= 69041 1
3. DW = DpDV
Tf = 5Ti = 5 ´ 273 K = 1365 K 2
1
DQ ABC = DQ AB + DQBC = ´ 20 ´ 1.01 ´ 105 ´ 1 ´ 10 -3
2
= DWBC + 0 + 0 + DUBC
DQBC = 10 ´ 101 = 1010 J
DQBC = nCV DT Þ CV = nDW 100 ´ 1010 J
nDT \p= =
69041 Dt 60 s
= = 21.07
3 ´ 4 ´ 273 = 1.68 kW
C p = CV + R = 29.39

AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjectve Questions (Level 1)
1. DU = DQ - DW = 254 J + 73 J DQ 2 DQ 2 ´ 200
(b) DT¢ = = =
nC p 5 nR 5 ´ 1 ´ 8.314
= 327 J
DQ 2 DQ 2 ´ 200 = 9.6 K
2. (a) DT = = =
nCV 3 nR 2 ´ 1 ´ 8.314 Þ T¢f = Ti + DT¢ = 309.6 K
= 16 K 3. DU = nCV DT, in adiabatic process,
Þ Tf = Ti + DT = 316 K DQ = 0 and DU = - DW
51 | First Law of Thermodynamics
nR DT DU 900
where, DW = DT = = = 14.43
1-g 3
nCV 5 ´ ´ 8.314
nRDT 2
Þ DU = for all process.
g -1 Þ Tf = Ti - DT = 127 ° C - 14.43 ° C
= 112.6° C
4. DV = 0 Þ DW = 0
5 8. When gas expands it does positive work
\ DQ = DU = nCV DT = n × R DT on the surrounding and for this purpose
2
5 5 heat has to be supplied into the system.
= ( p f V f - pi Vi ) = ( p f - Vi ) V
2 2 9. DW = rDV = r( V f - Vi )
5
= (5 ´ 10 - 10 ) ´ 10 ´ 10 -3
5 5
æ 1 1 ö÷ 1 1 ö
2 = rm ç - = rm æç - ÷
5 çr r ÷ è 1000 999.9 ø
= ´ 4 ´ 105 ´ 10 -2 = 104 J è f i ø
2 105 ´ 2 ´ 0.1
5 =- = - 0.02 J
5. DQ1 = DU1 = nCV DT = n × R (3 Ti - Ti ) 1000 ´ 999.9
2
= 5 nRTi (work done is negative as volume
5 decreases)
DQ2 = nC p DT = n × R (6Ti - 3 Ti )
2 DQ = ms Dq = 2 ´ 4200 ´ 4
= 7.5 nRTi = 33600 J
DQ 12.5 nRTi 12.5 R DU = DQ - DW = 33600.02 J
\c = = = = 2.5 R
n DT n (6Ti - Ti ) 5 m
10. DW = pDV » pV f = p
p 1 r
6. DW AB = 0, DWBC = 0 ´ V0 = p0 V0 5 -3
2 2 10 ´ 10 ´ 10
= = 1666.67 J
1 0.6
= × nRT0 = 300 R
2 DQ = msDq + mL
p = 10 -2 ´ 4200 ´ 100 + 10 -2 ´ 25
. ´ 10 6
A
= 4200 J + 25000 J = 29200 J
p0
DU = DQ - DW = 29200 J - 1666.67 J
= 27533.33 J = 2.75 ´ 104 J

p0/5 B C
11. DW = p DV
= 1.013 ´ 105 ´ 1670 ´ 10 -6
V = 1.013 ´ 167 J = 169.2 J
V0 2V0
DQ = mL = 10 -3 ´ 2.256 ´ 10 6 J
DQ = ( DU + DW ) AB + ( DU + DW ) BC
= 2256 J
= DU AB + DUBC + DWBC
\ DU = DQ - DW = (2256 - 169.2) J
= 0 + 300 R
= 2086.8 J » 2087 J
(As TA = TC )
12. DW = pDV = - 2.3 ´ 105 ´ 0.5
= 2.49 ´ 10 3 J = 2.49 kJ
7. DU = DQ - DW = 1200 J - 2100 J = - 1.15 ´ 105 J
DU = - 1.4 ´ 105 J
= 900 J
Þ DQ = DU + DW
First Law of Thermodynamics | 52

= - (1.4 + 1.15) ´ 105 J 2 p0 2


=- V + 5 p0 V
= - 2.55 ´ 105 J V0
d
Thus, 2.55 ´ 105 J of heat flows out of the For pV = maximum ( pV ) = 0
dV
system and it is independent of the type 2p
of the gas. Þ - 2V × 0 + 5 p0 = 0
V0
13. In a cyclic process, U = 0 Þ DQ = DW 5V0
Þ V =
(a) \Wh = (Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 ) 4
- (W1 + W2 + W3 ) 2 p0 5V0 5
p=- × + 5 p0 = p0
= (5960 - 5585 - 2980 + 3645) V0 4 2
( pV ) max
- (2200 - 825 - 1100) \ Tmax =
nR
= 1040 - 275 = 765 J 5 5
work done 1040 p0 × V0
(b) h = = = 10.83% 25 p0 V0
heat supplied 9605 \ p= 2 4 =
1× R 8R
1 ¾® ¾® 1 nRTA 2R ´ 300
14. (a) DW = AB ´ AC = ´ 2 p0 ´ V0 15. V A = = = 3 ´ 10 -3 R
2 2 pA 2 ´ 105
= p0 V0
p
2 p0 V0 p V
(b) TC = and TA = 0 0
nR nR 2 atm A B
p V
Þ DQCA = nC p DT = - nC p × 0 0
nR
5 p0 V0 5
= - R× = - p0 V0 1 atm C
2 R 2 D
3 p0 V0
TB = , DQ AB = nCV DT V
nR
3 æ3 p V p V ö 2R ´ 400
= n ´ Rç 0 0 - 0 0 ÷ VB = = 4 ´ 10 -3 R,
2 è nR nR ø 2 ´ 105
3 2R ´ 400
= ´ 2 p0 V0 = 3 p0 V0 VC = = 8 ´ 10 -3 R
2 105
2R ´ 300
(c) DQ AB + DQBC + DQCA = DW V0 = = 6 ´ 10 -3 R
5 10
= 3 p0 V0 + DQBC - p0 V0 = p0 V0
2 DW = 2 ´ 105 ( 4 - 3) ´ 10 -3 R
p0 V0 8
Þ DQBC = + 2R ´ 400 ln æç ö÷ + 1 ´ 105 (6 - 8) ´ 10 -3
2 è4ø
(d) Temperature is maximum at a point K
D lying somewhere between B and C æ 3ö
+ 2R ´ 300 ln ç ÷
where the product pV is maximum. è6ø
2 p0 \ DW = 200R + 800R ln 2 - 200R
p=- + 5 p0
V0 - 600R ln 2
æ - 2 p0 ö = 2000R ln 2 = 1153 J
Þ pV = çç V + 5 p0 ÷÷ V
è V 0 ø As DQ = DW = 1153 J and DU = 0 cyclic
process.
53 | First Law of Thermodynamics

1 æ 3V V ö (b) In loop I work done is positive and


16. DW = ç 0 - 0 ÷ ( pB - p0 )
2è 2 2 ø in loop II work done is negative.
1 æ 3V V ö (c) As network done in one cycle is
+ ç 0 - 0 ÷ ( p0 - p0 )
2è 2 2 ø positive so heat flows into the
1 1 system.
= V0 ( pB - p0 ) + V0 ( p0 - pD ) (d) In loop I heat flows into the system
2 2
1 and in loop II heat flows out of the
= V0 ( pB - pD )
2 system.
p V 3 p0 p V 1.01 ´ 105 ´ 22.4
where, pB = p0 + 0 × 0 = 19. TA = A A =
V0 2 2 nR 10 3 ´ 8.314
p0 V0 p0
and pD = p0 - × = = 273 K
V0 2 2
1 æ3 1 1 p V 2 pA VA
\DW = V0 ç p0 - p0 ÷ = p0 V0 ö TB = B A = = 2TA
2 è2 2 ø 2 nR nR
æ 3V V ö 1 æ 3V V ö = 546 K = Tc
DW ABC = p0 ç 0 - 0 ÷ + ç 0 - 0 ÷
è 2 2 ø 2è 2 2 ø nRTc nRTc nRTB
Vc = = =
1 æ3 ö pc pA pA
( pB - p0 ) = p0 V0 + V0 ç p0 - p0 ÷
2 è2 ø 2nRTA
5 = = 2V A = 44.8 m 3
= p0 V0 pA
4
DU ABC = nCV ( TC - TA ) 20. (a) DW = AB ´ BC
é 3 V0 V ù
p p0 0 ú = ( 4 - 1.5) ´ 10 -6 ´ ( 4 - 2) ´ 105
3 ê 0 2 2 =3 p V
= n× R ê - ú 0 0 = 2.5 ´ 0.2 = 0.5 J
2 ê nR nR ú 2
ë û (b) DQ = DW as DU = 0 in a cycle
5 11 Þ DQ = 0.5 J
\DQsupplied = p0 V0 = p0 V0
4 4 1
1 21. As r µ
p0 V0 V
2
h= 2 = = 0.1818 = 18.18% r
11 11
p0 V0
4 2
2r0
17. (a) As the cyclic process is clockwise i.e.,
p
work done is positive, so heat is
absorbed by the system. 21 3
r00
2p 3
(b) In cyclic process work done is equal
to the net heat absorbed (as change
p
in internal energy is zero) so, work p0 2p0
done in one cycle is 7200 J. p0 1
(c) In anticlockwise rotation, work done
is negative and heat is liberated by V0/2 V0
V
the system, and its magnitude is
7200 J.
18. (a) As area under clockwise loop is
more than that at anticlockwise
loop, so network done is positive.
First Law of Thermodynamics | 54

æ V / 2ö DWBC = 0, DWCA = ?
(a) DW12 = nRT0 ln çç 0 ÷÷
è V0 ø DQ = DW AB + DWBC + DWCA
M - 800 J = P0 V0 + 0 + DWCA
= - p0 V0 ln 2 = - p0 ln 2
r0 Þ DWCA = - 800 J - p0 V0
æ V ö 1
DW23 = 2 p0 ç V0 - 0 ÷ = p0 V0 = - 800 J - nRTA
è 2 ø 2
M \ DWCA = - 800 J - 200R = - 2463 J
= p0 ; DW31 = 0
r0 p V - pA VA
23. DW AB = B B
(b) DQ231 = DQ23 + DQ31 1-g
= nCV DT23 + DW23 + nCV DT31 p
æ V ö A
ç2p V 2 p0 0 ÷
3 2 ÷+ p V
= n ´ Rç 0 0 - 0 0
2 ç nR nR ÷
ç ÷
è ø C
æ V ö
çp V 2 p0 ´ 0 ÷ B
3 2 ÷+
+ n´ Rç 0 0 -
2 ç nR nR ÷ V0 2V0
V
ç ÷
è ø
3 5 3
p0 V = p0 V0 + p0 V0 = p0 V0 = ( p A V A - pB VB )
2 2 2
3 3 æT ö
\ Heat rejected = DQ231 - DW = nR( TA - TB ) = nRTB çç A - 1 ÷÷; TV g - 1
5 2 2 è TB ø
= p0 V0 - p0 V0 + pV ln 2
2 0

3 æ 5
ö
= p0 V0 + p0 V0 ln 2 3 çæ 2 ö 3
-1
÷ 3
2 = nRTB ç ÷ - 1 = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
p M 3 2 ç
çè T ø ÷÷ 2
5
= p0 V0 æç + ln 2 ö÷ - 0 æç - ln 2 ö÷ è ø
è2 ø p0 è 2 ø æ V ö
work done DW DWBC = nRTB lnçç 0 ÷÷
(c) h = = è 2V0 ø
heat supplied DQ231
= -nRTB ln 2 and DWCA = 0
p V - p0 V0 ln 2 2
= 0 0 = (1 - ln 2) Heat Supplied
5 3
p0 V0 3
2 DQCA = DUCA = nR( TA - TC )
2
22. DW AB = p0 (3 V0 - 2V0 ) = p0 V0 ; 3
= nR( TA - TB )
p 2
3 æT ö 3
c = nR TB çç A - 1 ÷÷ = nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
2 è TD ø 2
DW
\ h=
DQCA
3
p0 a b nRTB (22 / 3 - 1) - nRTB ln 2 + 0
(200 K) (300 K) 2
=
3
2V0 3V0
V nRTB (22 / 3 - 1)
2
55 | First Law of Thermodynamics

2 ln 2
h =1 - × 2/ 3 = 1 - 07867
. = 0 .213
3 2 -1
= 21.3%

¢ Objective Questions (Level 1)


3 3
1. U = nCV T = ´ 1 ´ RT = RT
2 2
2U
Þ T=
3R p
2V0
TD = = 300 K Þ U0 = 450 R,
3R 2 3
4 V0
TA = = 600 K
3R
æ 2V ö
DW = DW AB + WCD = nRTA ln çç 0 ÷÷ 1 4
è V0 ø
æ V0 ö V
+ nRTD ln çç ÷÷ = nR( TA - TD ) ln 2
è 2V0 ø
p
= 1 ´ R ´ (600 - 300) ln 2
= 300R ln 2 = DQ
2 3
2. DW12 = pDV = nRDT
= 2R ´ 300 = 600R
DW23 = ?; DW31 = 0.
1 4
As, DQ = DW12 + DW23 + DW31
= - 300 J = 600R + DW23 + 0 T
Þ DW23 = - 300 J - 600R = - 5288 J
k 2
3. nC p DT1 = nCV DT2 6. W = ò p dV = ò kVdV = V
2
7 5 1 1 R
Þ ´ 30 = DT2 = pV = nR ( T2 - T1 ) = ( T2 - T1 )
2 2 2 2 2
Þ DT2 = 42 K
7. p µ V 2 , W = ò p dV = ò kV 2 dV
n-1
4. TV = constant 1 1
kV 3 = pV
=
Þ pV × V n - 1 = pV n = constant 3 3
ln p + n ln V = ln c 1
Dp DV Dp = nR ( Tf - Ti ) = ( +) ve
=-n Þ- = np = B 3
p V D V /V
V
4
æ Vf ö
8. DW = - nRT ln ç ÷
5. 2 ® 3 and 4 ® 1 are isobaric. çV ÷
è i ø
3 ® 4 is close to isothermal and 1 ® 2 is 1
= - nRT ln æç ö÷ = nRT ln 2
isochoric. è2ø

1 9. DU = 600 J - 150 J = 450 J


3 3
2 = nCV DT = R × nDT
T 2
First Law of Thermodynamics | 56

DQ 600 J 3 600 CV CV
C= = = R´ = =
nDT 450 J 2 450 C p - CV R
3 1
R 16. DW = 50 ´ (0.4 - 0.1) + ´ 50 ´ (0.2 - 0.1)
2 2
3 4
= R ´ = 2R = 15 + 2.5 = 27.5 J
2 3
DU = 2.5 J
10. DW1 = ( +) ve, DW2 = 0, DW3 = ( -) ve
Þ DQ = DU + DW = 20 J
and DU1 = DU2 = DU3 2 V0
17. W1 = ò pdV = p(2V0 - V0 ) = pV0
as DQ = DU + DW Þ Q1 > Q2 > Q3 V0
2 V0 1
11. U = 2 p0 2V0 - 2 p0 V0 = 2 p0 V0 W2 = ò kV 2
kVdV =
V0 2
and DW = p0 (2V0 - V0 ) = p0 V0 1 3 3
= k ( 4 V02 - V02 ) = kV02 = PV0
\ DQ = DU + DW = 3 p0 V0 2 2 2
12. In adiabatic compression, temperature Þ W1 < W2
of the gas increases and as pV µ T so, 18. DW = p r1 r2 = p ab
pV increases. r - r1 ( p2 - p1 )
=p 2 ×
13. As DW1 < DW2 while DU1 = DU2 2 2
p
Þ DQ1 < DQ2 = ( p2 - p1 ) ( V2 - V1 )
4
Þ C1 < C2
nRT dx
C1 19. W = ò PdV = ò dV = nRT ò
Þ <1 V -b x
C2
nR (5T - 4 T) x=V -b
14. DW = nR( 4 T - T) + dx = dV
1-g 2V
nR ( T - 3 T) = nRT ln x = nRT ln ( V - b)
V
+ nR (3 T - 5T) + = nRT [ln (2V - b) - ln ( V - b)]
1-g
nRT 2nRT ½ 2V - b½ ½ 2V - b½
= 3 nRT - 2nRT + - = nRT ln ½ ½ = RT ln ½ ½
1-g 1-g ½ V - b½ ½ V - b½
nRT as n = 1 mole
= nRT +
g -1 20. AB is isochoric process, so, DW AB = 0
nRT g
= ( g - 1 + 1) = nRT BC is isothermal process, so,
g -1 g -1 æV ö æV ö
5/ 3 DWBC = nRT2 ln çç 2 ÷÷ = RT2 ln çç 2 ÷÷
= × 1 RT = 2.5RT è V1 ø è V1 ø
5/ 3 - 1
CA is close to isobaric process, so,
15. Up = constant DWCA = nRT = nR ( T1 - T2 )
3 nM 3 2 T = R ( T1 - T2 )
= nRT × = n MR
2 V 2 V
21. DQ = DU + DW = - DQ + DW
Þ T µ V i.e., isobaric process.
DU DU 3/2 3 Þ DW = 2 DQ
= = = f n
DW DQ - DU 5 - 3 2 DU = nCV DT = n RD T = RDT;
2 2 2 g -1
57 | First Law of Thermodynamics
f +2 2 positive. Looking at the graph, area can
g= =1 +
f f be assumed to be equal so,
2 WDEF = - W ABC .
f =
g -1
24. DWisobaric = pDV = p(2V - V ) = pV
2n
DW = ò p dV = 2 DQ - RD T æ 2V ö
g -1 DWisothermal = nRT ln ç ÷ = pV ln 2
2 nRDT nRDT è V ø
= =for polytropic = 0.693 pV
1-g 1-a
p f × 2V - pi V
process with pV a = constant DWadiabatic =
2 1 1-g 1-g
\ = Þ1 - a = r
1-g 1-a 2 æ V ö
pi ç ÷ × 2V - pi V
1 g è 2V ø pV (21 - r - 1)
Þ 1- + =a = =
2 2 1-g 1-r
1 1+ g
or a= +g= æ 1 - 21 - r ö æ 1 - 4 -1/ 3 ö
2 2 = pV ç ÷ = pV ç ÷
ç r -1 ÷ ç 2/3 ÷
\ pV a = constant è ø è ø
1+ g
-1 = 0.55 pV
= TV a - 1 = TV 2
g -1
So, work done is minimum in adiabatic
2 process.
= TV = constant
25. DQ = DU + DW
22. DW AB = 0, DU AB = 600 J 7 5
RT0 = 10 ´ RDT + 10RDT = 35RDT
p 2 2
B C
T0 = 100T = 10 ( T - T0 )
8 atm
Þ 11 T0 = 10 T
Þ T = 1.1 T0
pV0 pV
=
3atm A RT0 R ´ 1.1 T0
11
V Þ V = V0 = 1.1 V0
2×10–4 5×10–4 10
DWBC = 8 ´ 105 (5 - 2) ´ 10 -4 = 240 J 26. DW = (3 p0 - p0 )(2V0 - V0 ) = 2 p0 V0
DUBC = QBC - WBC = 200 - 240 3 æ3 p V p V ö
DQsupplied = n R ç 0 0 - 0 0 ÷
= - 40 J 2 è nR nR ø
DU = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0 in cyclic 5 æ 3 p0 × 2V0 3 p0 V0 ö
+ n× R ç - ÷
process. 2 è nR nR ø
\ DUCA = - DU AB - DUBC 3 2p V 5 3p V
= nR × 0 0 + nR 0 0
= - 600 J + 40 J = - 560 J 2 nR 2 nR
15 21
23. Starting and ending points along x-axis = 3 p0 V0 + p0 V0 = p0 V0
2 2
in graph are not clear, so nothing can be 2 p0 V0
DW 4
said about the magnitude of work. h= = =
Dr 21
p0 V0 21
It can only be said that work done in 2
ABC is negative and that in DEF is
First Law of Thermodynamics | 58

27. DW12 < DW13 can be seen from area


under the curve, while DV1 = DV2
Þ DQ12 < DQ13
Þ Q2 < Q1 or Q1 > Q2
28. DWCA = p0 ( V0 - 2V0 ) = - p0 V0 Þ 800 T ln VB = 9 ´ 104 J
3 225
and DUCA = - p0 V0 Þ T ln VD =
2 2
5 DW ABCD = DW AB + DWBC
Þ DQCA = - p0 V0
2 + DWCD + DWDA
29. DQ AB = 200 kJ = nCV DT; æ VB ö pC pC - pB pB
= nRT ln çç ÷+
÷
p è VA ø 1-g

C B + pC ( VD - VC ) + 0
5
10 - nRT
= 9 ´ 104 + B
+ 105 (2 - 1)
5
1-
3
A 4 3 5
= 19 ´ 10 - (10 - 800 TB )
2
V 4
= 4 ´ 10 + 1200 TB
2.4 ´ 105 ´ 1
DUBC = - 100 kJ and DWBC = - 50 kJ = 4 ´ 104 + 1200 ´
100 ´ 8
DW AB = 0 Þ DU AB = 200 kJ, DQCA = 0
DU ABC = DU AB + DUBC + DUCA = 0 = 4 ´ 105 J
or 200 kJ - 100 kJ + DUCA = 0 p V - pB VB
31. DW = DW AB + C C + DWCD
DUCA = - 100 kJ 1-g
DQ AB + DQBC + DQCA 103N/m2
= 200 kJ + ( - 100 kJ - 50 kJ) + 0 2.4 A
= 50 kJ B
DW AB + DWBC + DWCA
= 0 + 200 kJ + DWCA
1 C
= DQ ABC = 50 kJ D

\ DWCA = - 150 kJ
m3
20 ´ 10 -3 20 ´ 10 3 1 2
30. DQ = DW = p ab = p ´ ´
2 2 2 ´ 105 - 9 ´ 104
p = 9 ´ 104 + - 1 ´ 105
1 - 5/ 3
2.4
= 102A p J 3
B = 9 ´ 104 + ´ 11 ´ 104 - 10 ´ 104
æ VB ö 4 2
31. DW AB = nRT ln ç ÷ = Q AB = 9 ´ 10 J
è 1 ø 33
= æç - 1 ö÷ ´ 104 = 15.5 ´ 104
1 D
C è 2 ø
1
32. DW = ò p dV = ò kVdV = kV 2
V 2
1 2
59 | First Law of Thermodynamics
1 1 1 Tsink 300
=pV = nRT0 = RT0 37. h = 1 - =1 -
2 2 2 Tsource 600
3
DU = nCV DT = 1 × RT0 1
2 = 1 - = 0.5 = 50%
2
æ 3 1ö
Þ DQ = ç + ÷RT0 = 2RT0
è 2 2ø 38. As the volume is adiabatically
decreased, temperature of the gas
pV p2 V
33. pT = constant = p = increases and as the time elapsed,
nR nR temperature normalizes i.e., decreases
2
Þ p V = constant and so pressure also decreases.
p
39. As the compression is quick , the process
C is adiabatic while leads to heating of the
gas.
40. pV g = constant
A
nRT g
B = V = nRTV g - 1
V
V Þ TV g - 1 = constant
5 2
g -1 -1
p 2 T1 æ V2 ö æL ö3 æL ö3
\ p20 V0 = æç 0 ö÷ V Þ V = 4 V0 =ç ÷ = çç 2 ÷÷ = çç 2 ÷÷
è 2 ø T2 çè V1 ÷ø è L1 ø è L1 ø
p0 g
× 4 V0 æ ngT ö
p V 41. pV g = constant = pç ÷
Þ T= 2 = 2 0 0 = 2T0 è p ø
nR nR
3 Þ p1 - g T g = constant
\ DU = nCV DT = 2 ´ R (2T0 - T0 )
2 Þ pg - 1 µ T g
p0 V0 3 g
= 3R × = p0 V0 g -1
2R 2 Þ pµT
æV ö g 7/5 7
35. DWBC = nRT0 ln çç C ÷÷ As = = for diatom gases.
g -1 7
è VB ø -1 2
5
æp ö æV ö
= nRT0 ln çç B ÷÷ = 2 × nRT0 ln çç B ÷÷ 3.5
\ p µ T Þ a = 3.5
p
è Cø è VA ø nRDT
æp ö 42. pV x = constant , DW = ,
= 2nRT0 ln çç A ÷÷ 1-x
è pB ø 5
D U = n × RD T
2
æp ö æ p ö 2
\ ln çç B ÷÷ = ln çç 0 ÷÷ = ln 4 nRDT 5
è pC ø è p0 / 2 ø + nRDT
DQ 1-x 2
Þ pB = 4 pC C= =
nDT nDT
p p 5 R
Þ pC = B = 0 = R+ <0
4 8 2 1-x
36. As, DWa > DWb Þ DW1 > DW2 5 R 2
R< Þx -1 <
while, DU1 = D U2 Þ DQ1 > DQ2 2 x -1 5
First Law of Thermodynamics | 60

7 3
x< Þ x < 1.4 but x > 1 as for x < 1, =n´ R ( TC - TB )
5 2
C will become positive. 3 æp V p Vö
= n ´ Rç C - B ÷
\ 1 < x < 1.4 2 è nR nR ø
n1CV + n2 CV 3 1 2
43. CV = 1 2
=
13
R = æç p A - p A ö÷ V
n1 + n2 6 2 è3 3 ø
5 5 1 1 3 3
2´ R + 4 ´ R =- p A V = - ´ pB V = - × nRTB
(a) 2 2 = 15 R 2 2 2 4
2+ 4 6 3 25
5 3 = - ´ 1´ ´ 850 = - 5312.5 J
2´ R + 4 ´ R 4 3
(b) 2 2 = 11 R
49. DW AB = ( +) ve, TA = TB
2+ 4 6
3 5 p
2´ R + 4 ´ R
(c) 2 2 = 13 R and
A
2+ 4 6 p0
6 3
2´ R + 4 ´ R
(d) 2 2 = 12 R
2+ 4 6 p0/2 B

Passage 44 & 45 V
1 pV V0 2V0
44. DW ABCA = ´ p ´ V = = DQnet
2 2 p0 3
p=-
V + p0
45. CA ® isobaric and BC ® isochoric, 2V0 2
Cp nRT p0 3
5 Þ =- V + p0
\ =g= V 2V0 2
Cv 3
p0 2 3 p0
g or T =- V + V0
g æ nRT ö 2nRV0 2nR
46. pV = constant = pç ÷
è p ø Þ y = ax2 + bx is parabola .
Þ p1 - g T g = constant p nRT 3
g -1
Again, p = - × + p0
2V0 p 2
g
Þ Tµ p
Þ is also equation of parabola.
5/ 3 - 1
\ Tµ p 5/ 3 ÞT µ p 2 /5 While going from A to B temperature
2 /5 2 /5
first increases ad than decreases.
TB æ p ö æ 2p ö
\ = çç B ÷÷ = çç c ÷÷ = 0.85 50. pV 2 = constant
TA è pA ø è 3 pc ø k 1
DW = ò p dV = ò 2
dV = kæç - ö÷
\ TB = 0.85TA = 850 K V è Vø
25 f
= - pV i = pi Vi - p f V f
1´ ´ 150
nRT 3
47. DW AB = = = nR( Ti - Tf ) = - nR ( Tf - Ti ) = ( -) ve
1-g 5
-1 as Tf > Ti
3
as Ti < Tf Þ Ui < U f
= 75 ´ 25 J = 1875 J
Þ DU = ( +) ve
48. DWBC = 0, DQBC = DUBC
61 | First Law of Thermodynamics

DQ = nCV DT - nRDT = n(CV - R) DT 3


=2´ RT0 + 4 RT0 ln 2
= ( +) ve as CV > R 2
i.e., heat is given to the system. = 3 RT0 + 4 RT0 ln 2

51. In cyclic process, DU = 0 52. ab ® isochoric, bc ® isobaric and

p ca ® isothermal.
p
2T0 b c

a b

T0 d
a
c
V
V0 2V0
V
æ 2V ö
DW = 0 + nR2T0 ln çç 0 ÷÷ DWab = 0, DUca = 0
è V0 ø
as in ca density is increasing, so
æ V ö
+ 0 + nRT0 ln çç 0 ÷÷ volume is decreasing i.e.,
è 2V0 ø DWca = ( -) ve, i.e., DWca < 0
= 2nRT0 ln 2 - nRT0 ln 2 in isochoric process DQab is positive for
= nRT0 ln 2 = ( +) ve increase in temperature.
i.e., DW > 0 53. In isochoric process DW = 0.
DQsupplied = DUab + DWbc and in adiabatic process
æ 2V ö
= nCV (2T0 - T0 ) + nR 2T0 ln çç 0 ÷÷ DQ = 0 Þ Q3 to be minimum
è V0 ø Þ Q2 > Q1 > Q3

JEE Corner
¢ Assertion & Reasons
1. In adiabatic expression, DW = ( +) ve depends on the path through which the
while DQ = 0 and as according to first law gas was taken from initial to find state.
of thermodynamics, 3. Assertion is false, as first law can be
DQ = DU + DW Þ DU = - DW applied for both real and ideal gases.
i.e., DU = ( -) ve this implies decrease in 4. During melting of ice its volume
temperature. So, Assertion and reason decreases, so work done by it is negative
are both true but not correct and that by atmosphere is positive. So,
explanation. reason is true explanation of assertion.
2. Assertion is false, as work done is a path 5. As DQ = DU + DW Þ DU = DQ - DW ,
function and not a state function i.e., it where DU is state function while DQ and
DW are path function as for definite
First Law of Thermodynamics | 62

initial and final state DU is constant and Þ T2 µ V


so is Q - W . Thus assertion and reason or, V µ T2
are both true but not correct Thus assertion is true but reason is
explanation. false.
6. Carnot’s engine is ideal heat engine with 8. In adiabatic changes for free expansion,
maximum efficiency but it is not also Q = 0, W = 0 and DU = 0
100%. So assertion and reason are both as in free expansion no work is done
true but not correct explanation. against any force.
pV p2 V For ideal gases pV = constant as DU = 0
7. pT = constant = p × =
R nR Þ T = constant So, assertion and reason
Þ p2 V = constant are both true but not correct
dV V 1/ 2 explanation.
\ DW = ò p dV = ò k = k×
V 1/ 2 9. Assertion and reason are both true and
2 correct explanation.
= 2 k V = 2 kV = 2 p / V
= 2 pV = 2nR ( Tf - Ti ) = 2nRT DT 10. Assertion and reason are both true and
correct explanation.
\ DW = ( +) ve for DT = ( +) ve
nRT
and T = constant.
V

¢ Match the Columns


1. (a) DW = pò dV = pV = nR ( Tf - Ti ) (d) Nothing can be said about molar
heat capacity ® s
= nRT = 2RT ¾® r
3 3. (a) DW = ò pdV
(b) DU = nCV T = 2 ´ R (2T - t)
2 k dV
=ò dV = k ò
= 3RT ¾® p V V
nR (2T - T) 3
(c) DW = = - ´ 2RT = 2 kV = 2 pV = 2nRDT ¾® p
1 - 5/ 3 2 3
(b) DU = nCV DT = nRDT ¾® s
= - 3RT ¾® s 2
3
(d)DU = nCV DT = 3 RT ¾® p (c) DQ = 2nRDT + nRDT
2
2. (a) In ab slope is more so, pressure is less 7
nR = nRDT ¾® s
as V = × T, but is constant and in 2
p
(d) ¾® s
isobaric process. DW = pDV = nRDT and
as DT is same in both process so, DW is 4. (a) DW = pDV = nRDT and DU = nCV DT
same for both ¾® r Þ DW < DU ¾® q
(b) As DU = - nCV DT is same for both (b) DW = 0 Þ DQ = DU ,DU = ( -) ve ® p, r
process ¾® r
(c) DW = ( +) ve, DU = ( -) ve, DQ = 0 ® p
(c) As DQ = DU + DW , it is also same for
both process ¾® s (d) DW = ( +) ve, DU = 0, DQ = ( +) ve ® p
1
5. (a) DW AB = p0 V0 + p0 V0
2
63 | First Law of Thermodynamics
3 Þ C = 2R ® p
= p0 V0 ® s
2 (d) DU
(b) DU AB = DQ - DW æ 4 p0 V0 p V ö
3 9 = nCV ç - 0 0÷
= + 6 p0 V0 - p0 V0 = + p0 V0 ® s è nR nR ø
2 2 p V 9
(c) DQ = + 6 p0 V0 = 3CV 0 0 = p0 V0
R 2
æ 4 p0 V0 p V ö 3
= nC ç - 0 0÷ Þ CV = R ® s
è nR nR ø 2
3 p0 V0
= C
R
19. Calorimetry and Heat
Tansfer
Introductory Exercise 19.1.
1. 140 g 140 g mg 200 g ms B (23 - 19) = ms C (28 - 23)
ice Q1 ice Q2 water water Þ 4sB = 5 sC
–15°C 0°C 0°C 0°C
4
200 g \ ms A ( q - 12) = ms (28 - q)
5
Q3 water 3 4
40°C or s B ( q - 12) = s B (28 - q)
4 5
As Heat gain = Heat loss or 15 ( q - 12) = 16 (28 - q)
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 or 31q = 448 + 180
Þ 140 ´ 0.53 ´ 15 + m ´ 80 Þ q = 20.26° C
= 200 ´ 1 ´ 40 3. mL = msDq
8000 - 1113
Þm = = 86 g is the mass of Þ 80 cal = 1 cal/ °C (q - 0° C)
80
ice melt Þ q = 80° C
\ Mass of water 4. As Heat gain = Heat loss
= 200 g + 86 g = 286 g Þ (100 - m) ´ 529 = m ´ 80
and mass of ice \ 100 ´ 529 = 609 m
100 ´ 529
= 140 g - 86 g = 54 g Þm = g = 86.86 g of ice will
while final temperature of mixture is 609
0°C. be formed.
dq d dm
2. 16°C 23°C 5. P = = ( msDq) = sDq
dt dt dt
dm P
Þ =
A B C dt sDq
12°C 19°C 28°C dm 500 ´ 10 6 J/s
\ =
0°C dt 4200 J/ kg ° C ´ 10° C
5
ms A (16 - 12) = ms B (19 - 16) = ´ 104 kg/s = 12
. ´ 104 kg/s
4.2
Þ 4s A = 3sB
65 | Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer

Introductory Excersise 19.2


1. Rest of the liquid will be heated due to 242
or q = - = - 8.07 ° C
conduction and not convection. 30
2 dQ 0.01 ´ 1 ´ (19 + 8.1)
dQ k × 4 pr ( - dq) =
2. = dt 3.5 ´ 10 -2
dt dr
= 7.74 W/m 2
dQ dm 0.44 kg
5. = ×L= ´ 2.256 ´ 10 6 J/kg
r r+dr dt dt 300 s
a = 3308.8 J/s
b kA q 50.2 ´ 0.15 ´ ( q - 100)
= =
t 1.2 ´ 10 -2
= 627.5 ( q - 100)
dQ dr
\ × = - 4pk dq 3308.8
dt r2 Þ q - 100 = = 5.27
dQ b dr T
627.5
or ò 2
= - 4 pk ò 2 dq Þ q = 105.27 ° C
dt a r T1
dQ æ 1 1 ö dQ kA [0 - ( - q)] dm
or 6. = = ×L
ç - ÷ = - 4 pk ( T2 - T1 ) dt y dt
dt è a b ø
dQ 4 pk ( T1 - T2 ) T - T2 dy
Þ = = 4 pkab 1
dt 1 1 b-a
-
a b A
dQ kADq
3. =
dt t
dQ t
Þ k= ×
dt ADq y
m
\ Unit of k = watt 2 = W/m - K
m -k dV dy
K 1 A D q1 K 2 A D q2 =r × L = rA ×L
4. = dt dt
l1 l2 kAq dy
Þ = rAL
19°C q –10°C y dt
dy kq
Þ = (Proved)
dt Lry
dQ
0.01 0.08 7. = esAT 4
dt
= 4 ´ 5.67 ´ 10 -8 ´ 4 p ( 4 ´ 10 -2 ) 2
´ (3000) 4
3.5 cm 2 cm 2 4
= 0. 4 ´ 4 p ´ 5.67 ´ 4 ´ 3 J/s
001
. (19 - q) 0.08 ( q + 10)
= = 3.7 ´ 104 watt
3.5 2 dQ Dq Dq K
8. = Þ Rth = = = KW -1
or 2 (19 - q) = 28 ( q + 10) dt Rth dq W
or 38 - 280 = 30q dt
Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer | 66

AIEEE Corner
¢ Subjective Questions (Level-1) Þ q = 40° C
Q1 Q2 Q3 1 1
1. ice ¾® Water ¾® Water ¾® steam 5. Q = ´ mv2 = ms Dq + mL
0 °C 0 °C 100 °C 100 °C 2 2
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = mL f + msDq + mLv Þv= 4 ( sDq + L)
= 10 [80 + 1 ´ 100 + 540] \ v= 4 (125 ´ 300 + 25 . ´ 104 )
= 10 ´ 720 cal = 7200 cal = 4 ´ (3.75 + 2.5) ´ 104
2. 10 g of water at 40°C do not have = 4 ´ 6.25 ´ 104 = 500 m /s
sufficient heat energy to melt 15 g of ice 6. h mg Dh = msDq
at 0°C , so there will be a mixture of hgDh 0.4 ´ 10 ´ 0.5 1
ice-water at 0°C. Let the mass of ice left \ Dq = = = °C
s 800 400
is mg.
= 2.5 ´ 10 -3 ° C
\ (15 - m) ´ 80 = 10 ´ 1 ´ 40 K 1 A ( q - 0) K 2 A(100 - q)
15 - m = 5 Þ m = 10 g 7. =
l l
\Mass of ice = 10 g Þ ( K 1 + K 2 ) q = 100 K 2
and mass of water = (10 + 5) g = 15 g 100 K 2 100 ´ 46
\ q= = = 1055
. °C
3. 4 ´ s P (60 - 55) = 1 ´ s R ´ (55 - 50) K 1 + K 2 390 ´ 46
Þ 4s P = s R 8. iCD = i AC - iCB
1 ´ s P (60 - 55) = 1 ´ s Q (55 - 50) KA( q - 25) KA(100 - q) KA( q - 0)
= -
Þ sP = s Q l l /2 l /2
1 ´ s Q (60 - q) = 1 ´ s R ( q - 50) or q - 25 = 2 (100 - q) - 2q
or s P (60 - q) = 4 s P ( q - 50) or 5q = 225 Þ q = 45° C
260 45 - 25
260 = 5q Þ q = = 52° C Dq
5 \ iCD = = =4W
3
Rth 5
dQ m ´ 336 ´ 10 J/ kg
4. = 9. i A = iC + iD
dt 4 ´ 60 s
KA ( T1 - q) KA( q - T3 ) KA( q - T2 )
T = +
l 3l /2 3l /2
2 2
Þ T1 - q = ( q - T3 ) + ( q - T2 )
q°C 3 3
2 4
or T1 + ( T2 + T3 ) = q ç 1 + ö÷
æ
0°C 3 è 3ø
2
t T1 + ( T2 + T3 )
1 5 7 Þ q= 3
7/3
= 1400 J/ kg
3 T + 2 ( T2 + T3 )
= 1400 mW/ kg = 1
m × sDq m ´ 4200 ( q - 0) c 7
= = KA(200 - q1 ) 2 KA( q1 - q2 )
t 2 ´ 60 s 10. =
1400 ´ 2 ´ 60 l l
\ =q
4200
67 | Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer
3 KA( q2 - 100) (60 - 30) 6
= =
l t 45
\ 200 - q1 = 2 ( q1 - q2 ) = 3 ( q2 - 100) æ 60 + 30 ö
ç - 20 ÷ Þ t = 9 min
Þ 3 q1 - 2q2 = 200 è 2 ø
q1 + 3 q2 = 500
-11q2 = - 1300 ¢ Objective Questions (Level-1)
3 KA(35 - q) KA( q - 0)
1300 1. =
Þ q2 = = 118.2° C 10 20
11
1 Þ 6 (35 - q) = q
q1 = [200 + 2q2 ] = 145.45° C 6 ´ 35
3 Þ q= = 30° C
400 ´ 10 -4 ( q - 100) 7
11. 25 = \ Dq A = 35 - 30 = 5° C
1/2
TS l N 350
400 ´ 10 -4 ( q - 0) 2. = = = 0.69
+ TN l S 510
1/ 2
25 W
According to Wien’s law

1 K × 4 A Dq
100°C S 0°C
3. æç
dQ ö æ dQ ö = 4 l /2
=2
÷ ç ÷
1/2 m 1/2 m è dt ø2 è dt ø1 KD q
l
25 = 8 ´ 10 -2 [ q - 100 + q] dm ö
Þ æç æ dm ö = 0.2 g/s
or 312.5 = 2q - 100 ÷ =2ç ÷
412.5 è dt ø2 è dt ø1
Þ q= = 206.25 dQ 4 pK ( q - 0) 4 p K (100 - q)
2 4. = =
dt 2a - a 3 a - 2a
\ Dq1 = 106.25 and Dq2 = 206.25
a × 2a 3 a × 2a
Dq1 106.25° C
\ = = 212.5° C/m Þ 2q = 6 (100 - q)
Dl 1/ 2 m 6
Dq2 206.25 ° C Þ q = ´ 100 = 75° C
and = = 412.5 °C/m 8
Dl 1/ 2 m K 1 A( T2 - T1 ) K 2 A( T3 - T2 )
5. =
dQ d 3d
12. = esAT 4 = 0.6 ´ 5.67 ´ 10 -8
dt 1
Þ K 1 ( T2 - T1 ) = K 2 ( T3 - T2 )
´ 2 ´ (0.1) 2 ´ (1073) 4 3
1
= 0.6 ´ 5.67 ´ (10.73) 4 ´ 10 -2 ´ 2 Þ K1 = K2 Þ K1 : K2 = 1 : 3
3
= 902 W
6. æç
dQ ö æ dQ ö é2 K × 2 A × Dq ù é KA Dq ù = 2
dQ ö = esAT 4 and æ dQ ö = sAT 4 ÷ ç ÷ =ê
13. æç ÷ ç ÷ è dt ø2 è dt ø1 ë 2l úû êë l úû
è dt ø1 è dt ø2
( dQ/ dt) 1 210
Þ e= = = 0.3 dQ ö æ dQ ö = 8 cal/s
( dQ/ dt) 2 700 Þ æç ÷ =2ç ÷
è dt ø2 è dt ø1
(80 - 50) c æ 80 + 50 ö
14. =ç - 20 ÷c 7. q, q, + dq
5 è 2 ø
6 0°C dx
Þ K = ; x
45
Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer | 68

dQ K × Adq K 0 (1 + ax) A d q KA( T - Tc ) KA( Tc - 2 T)


P= = = 16. =
dt dx dx 2l l
l dx K 0 A 100
\ò = dq T T
0 1 + ax P ò0 Þ + 2T = Tc + c
2 2
1 102 ´ 10 -4 3 1+ 2
ln (1 + ax) |l0 = × q |100
0 =1 Þ T= Tc
a 1 2 2
Þ ln (1 + al) - ln 1 = 1 3
Þ Tc = T
Þ ln (1 + al) - ln 1 = 1 1+ 2
Þ ln (1 + al) = 1 17. P = (1000 - 160) W = 840 W
or 1 + al = e1 2 ´ 4200 ´ 50
1 =
or l = ( e - 1) = e - 1 = 1.7 m t
a
42 ´ 104
l2 T1 2 2 \ t= = 500 s = 8 min 20 s
8. = = Þ l2 = l m 840
l1 T2 3 3
dQ KA( T2 - T) 2 KA( T - T1 )
18. = =
9. Heat required to boil 1 g of ice is 180 cal dt x 4x
while 1 g of steam can release 540 cal 1 1
Þ T2 - T = T - T1
during condenstion. So, temperture of 2 2
the mixture will be 100°C with 2/3 g 1 3
steam and 4.3 g water. Þ T2 + T1 = T
2 2
10. T1 < T2 < T3 as temperature of a body 2æ 1 1
Þ T = ç T2 + T1 ö÷ = (2T2 + T1 )
decreases in rate of cooling also 3è 2 ø 3
dQ KA é 1
decreases such that time increases for \ = T2 - (2T2 + T1 ) ù
equal temperature difference. dt x ëê 3 ûú
KA 1
11. Conduction is maximum for which = [3 T2 - 2T2 - T1 ] ´
thermal resistance is minimum, as x 3
l KA 1
Rth µ 2 then for = ( T2 - T1 ) ´
r x 3
1
(a) 50 (b) 25 (c) 100 (d) 33.33, Þ f =
3
So option ‘b’ has minimum resistance. 1
12. Slope of temperature versus heat graph 19. Dq µ
K
gives increase of specific heat or heat Dq A K 1
capacity and the portion DE is the Þ = B =
Dq B KA 2
gaseous state.
1
13. dQ = m sdt = maT 3 dT Þ Dq A = Dq B = 18 ° C
2
Q a 42 a 15a
Þ = T |1 = (16 - 1) =
m 4 4 4 ¢ More than One Correct Options
14. Resistance becomes 1/4th in parallel of 20. Amount of heat radiated or absorbed
that in series, so times taken will also depends upon. Surface type, surface
become 1/4th ie, 12/4 = 3 min. area, surface temperature and
temperature of surrounding, so (a) and
15. ms1 ´ 12 = ms2 ´ 8 Þ s1 : s2 = 2 : 3
(b) are correct.
69 | Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer

KA( 40 - q) KA( q - 30) KA( q - 20) So, (b) and (c) are correct.
21. = +
l l l 23. In series rate of R = R1 + R2
Þ 40 - q = 2q - 50 1 1 1 qq
Þ = + Þq= 1 2
Þ 3 q = 90° q q1 q2 q1 + q2
or q = 30° C 1 1 1
In parallel = +
So, (b) and (d) are correct. R R1 R2
22. m ´ s ´ (2q - q 0 ) = m ´ 2s ´ ( q 0 - q) 1
Þ q = q1 + q2 as q µ
4 R
Þ 4q = 3q 0 Þ q 0 = q
3 So, (b) and (c) are correct.
c1 : c2 = m1 : s2 = s1 : s2 = 1 : 2 24. (a), (c) and (d) are correct.

JEE Corner
¢ Assertion and Reason 2 -2
1. Assertion is false. (c) e = E = [ML T ] = [MT -3 ] r
At [L2 T]
2. According to Wien’s law assertion and
(d) Rth = dq = q s
reason are correct. dQ/ dt [ML2 T -2 T -1 ]
3. Assertion and reason are true but not = [M-1L-2 T 3q]
correct explanation.
2.
4. Assertion is true but reason is false as
resistance becomes 1/4th. (a) Slope of line ab s
5. Assertion and reason are both false. (b) Length of line bc µ m r
(c) Solid + liquid ® bc s
6. Assertion is false as this statement was
not given by Newton. (d) Only liquid ® cd q
KA (100 - q b ) KA ( q b - q d )
7. Assertion and reason are both true with 3. =
correct explanation. l l
KA ( q d + 80)
8. Both are true but not correct =
explanation. l
\ 100 - q b = q b - q d and
9. Assertion is false as temperature at
different points become different. 100 - q b = q d + 80
q - 2q b = - 100ü
10. As mass of follow sphere is less so \ d Þ -3 q b = - 120
cooling will be faster. So, both are true q d + q b = 20 ýþ
with correct explanation. Þ q b = 40° C Þ q d = - 20° C
40 - 20
¢ Match the Columns qc = q f = = 10° C
1. 2
2 -2 -1
(a) s = ( dQ/ dt) = ML T T s \ (a) ® q, (b)® p, (c)® p, (d) ® r
AT4 L2 q4 4. (a) ms ( q1 - q) = 2ms (2q - q1 )
-3 -4
= [MT q ] 5
(b) b = lT = Lq p Þ 3 q1 = 5q Þ q1 = q ® q
3
Calorimetry and Heat Tansfer | 70

(b) ms ( q2 - q) = 3 ms (3 q - q2 ) 5.
5 1 dQ J
Þ 4 q2 = 10 q Þ q2 = q ® p (a) s= = ¾® q
2 m dq kg ° C
(c) 2ms ( q 3 - 2q) = 3 ms (3 q - q 3 ) (b) dQ s
13 c = ms = m = J°/C ¾®
Þ 5q 3 = 13 q Þ q 3 = q®s mdq
2 (c) dQ r
i= = J/s ¾®
(d) ms ( q4 - q) + 2ms ( q4 - 2q) dt
= 3 ms(3 q - q4 ) (d) E s
L= = J/kg ¾®
7 m
Þ 6q4 = 14 q Þ q4 = q ® r
3

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